Biological and sociological theories in criminology

Mechanism of criminal behavior and characteristics of crime

Characteristics of crime in the USSR and modern Russia

Victimization and victimology. The concept and types of crime victims

Concept, subject of criminology

Criminology(from the Latin “crimen” - “crime” and “logos” - “teaching”) - “the doctrine of crime”. For the first time in the science of ϶ᴛᴏ the word was introduced in 1879 by the scientist Topinar. The Italian scientist Rafael Gorofalo in 1885 published the book Criminology.

Criminology- general theoretical and applied science of crime, exploring the essence and forms of manifestation of crime, the causes and patterns of its occurrence, changes and possibilities for its reduction, studying the characteristics of the personality of subjects who commit crimes, as well as methods, forms of social influence on the causes and conditions of crime in order to warnings.

Subject of criminology- ϶ᴛᴏ a set of phenomena, processes and patterns studied by this science. Subject of criminology includes 4 elements:

1. crime;
2. the identity of the perpetrator;
3. causes and conditions of crime;
4. crime prevention.

1. Crime- a set of crimes considered in the form of facts of social reality, and not legal structures (for example, the elements of a crime)

In social reality, crime is subject to certain patterns, has fixed qualitative and quantitative characteristics (for example, the level, structure and dynamics of crime), they are studied by criminology

2. Identity of the perpetrator is studied as a system of socio-demographic, socio-role, socio-psychological properties of the subjects of the crime.

With regard to the personality of the offender, the correlation of the biological and social in it is considered.

3. Determinants (causes and conditions) of crime- a set of socially negative economic, demographic, ideological, socio-psychological, political, organizational and managerial phenomena that contribute to and directly generate, reproduce (determine) crime,

4. crime prevention϶ᴛᴏ is a specific area of ​​social regulation, management and control, which has a multi-level character and pursues the goal of combating crime based on identifying and eliminating its causes and conditions.

Criminology studies crime prevention as a complex dynamic system. Its functioning is connected with the solution of both general tasks of social development and specialized tasks in the field of combating negative phenomena.

Goals, objectives, functions and system of criminology

Goals of criminology:

1. theoretical - knowledge of the patterns of crime and the development of scientific theories and concepts, hypotheses on a ϶ᴛᴏ basis;
2. practical - development of scientific recommendations and constructive proposals to improve the effectiveness of the fight against crime;
3. promising - the creation of a versatile and flexible system of crime prevention, allowing to neutralize and overcome criminogenic factors;
4. the next one is the implementation of daily scientific and practical work in the field of combating crime.

The main tasks of criminology:

1. the study of objective and subjective factors affecting the state, level, structure and dynamics of crime;
2. socio-criminal study of types of crime to determine ways to combat them;
3. study of the identity of the offender;
4. identification of the mechanism for committing a specific crime;
5. classification of types of criminal manifestations and personality types of the offender;
6. determination of the main directions and measures of crime prevention.

Functions of criminology:

1. description of the phenomena and processes included in the subject of criminology, based on the collected material;
2. clarification of the nature and order of the process under study, its features;
3. identification of ways of possible development of a phenomenon or process.

Criminology system form the General and Special parts.

The General Part deals with general criminological concepts: the subject, method, goals, objectives, functions, the history of the development of criminology, crime, the identity of the offender, the mechanism of criminal behavior, prevention, forecasting and planning of crime.

In the Special Part, a criminological description of certain types of crimes is given according to the content of criminal acts or according to the characteristics of the contingent of criminals.

The place of criminology in the system of sciences

Criminology cannot be attributed to a purely legal or sociological science. Criminology as an interdisciplinary, social and legal science interacts with both legal and social disciplines.

To the greatest extent, the close connection of criminology with the legal sciences of the criminal cycle (criminal, penal law, criminal procedure), since they use general concepts and terms; for the practice of investigation and trial of criminal cases, the provisions and conclusions of criminology about the causes and conditions of crime, the identity of the offender, etc. are important. identity of the perpetrator)

The connection of criminology with constitutional law: many provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are directly related to the education of citizens in the spirit of respect for morality, law and the rules of human society.

The connection of criminology with administrative law is due to the importance of administrative and legal means of combating offenses (administrative penalty, prevention and suppression), as well as the role of administrative and legal norms in regulating the activities of law enforcement agencies.

Criminology, which studies a negative phenomenon in society - crime, is closely related to sociology, which studies the forms of manifestation and the mechanism of action of the general laws of the functioning and development of society in relation to various spheres of its life in different historical conditions.

Communication of criminology with economic science. Some of the phenomena and processes that determine crime are in the economic sphere. The market economy largely determines crime.

Note that criminology is closely related to statistics, especially criminal statistics. Criminology is closely related to psychology (studies of the subjective causes and conditions of crime, motivation and mechanism of individual criminal behavior) Criminology is associated with pedagogy (the determinants of crime associated with the shortcomings of personality education in the family, school and other types of social environment are studied) demography (the influence of demographic processes on crime) Criminology is also connected with other non-legal sciences, for example, with genetics, psychiatry, prognosis, etc.

Based on all of the above, we come to the conclusion that criminology, based on the knowledge of many sciences, develops and deepens the idea of ​​crime and crime as a consequence of those negative factors that are inherent in modern social life. At the same time, many sciences use the achievements of criminology.

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Criminology literally means the doctrine (logos) of crime (crimen).

Criminology is an independent social and legal science. Its subject includes, firstly, crime, its essence, patterns and forms of manifestation. At the same time, the concept of crime covers the totality of crimes considered in the form of real factors of social reality, and not legal structures such as, for example, corpus delicti.

Secondly, criminology studies the origin, origins of crime, its causes, conditions and other determinants. At the same time, determinants of crime, different in their sources, content, mechanism of action, are studied in relation to: a) the totality of crimes; b) to their individual types (groups, categories); c) to individual acts of criminal behavior.

Thirdly, the subject of criminology includes the identity of the offender. The identification of the personality of a criminal from the whole mass of people is carried out on the basis of two main criteria: legal (persons who have committed criminal acts) and social, or socio-psychological (persons occupying certain social positions, statuses that have a set of demographic, moral, psychological and other qualities, including anti-social orientation or orientation). The focus of criminology on preventive, proactive approaches to solving the problems of combating crime necessitates the study of this science and those individuals who have not yet violated the criminal law, but due to antisocial views and

habits, one way or another manifested outside, for example, in the form of the commission of relevant administrative offenses, can embark on a criminal path.

Finally, fourthly, criminology studies the problem of crime prevention - a specific area of ​​social regulation, management and control, which has a multi-level character and aims to combat crime primarily by identifying and eliminating its causes, conditions, and other determinants.

The considered elements of the subject of criminology are studied not only by this science. For example, crime may attract the attention of sociologists in their study of social deviance; the problem of the identity of the offender, along with criminological, has forensic, operational-search and other aspects; issues related to the prevention of crime through the appointment and execution of punishment are studied in penitentiary law, etc.

The specificity of the criminological approach to the knowledge of what constitutes the subject of this science is as follows: criminology studies crime and related phenomena as a social and legal reality. It is characterized by the broadest and most consistent sociological approach to the study of crime, the personality of the criminal. In this respect, it differs, for example, from the science of criminal law, which has "its own" sociology, but mainly focuses on the analysis of legal norms, provisions of criminal law on crime and punishment. At the same time, criminology as a socio-legal science is not distracted from the legal characteristics of crime, crime and the offender. And in this respect it differs, for example, from those sections of sociology that study social deviations, and among them - crime.

The specificity of criminological knowledge also lies in the fact that it places a pronounced emphasis on the causal explanation of the social and legal phenomena and processes studied by this science. In general, the existence and development

Criminology is associated with such an approach to the fight against crime, in which the task of preventing this social negative phenomenon is put at the forefront. The general theory, the concept of crime prevention, is the prerogative of criminology. Finally, criminology, unlike the named and other legal sciences, takes part in the development of not only legal, but also other crime prevention measures: socio-economic, cultural, educational, etc.

Along with general scientific methods (formal logic, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy, modeling, etc.), criminology uses the tools of sociological knowledge, in particular, such methods of obtaining social and legal information as questioning and interviewing, studying documents, observation, experiment . An important role in criminological research is played by the methods of statistical analysis, and above all criminal statistics.

The goals of criminology are primarily to obtain reliable knowledge about everything that is its subject. This science reveals, fixes certain facts of social reality (one way or another connected with the existence of crime), reflects their properties and characteristics, and gives them a scientific description. Further, revealing the essence of the objects under study on the basis of empirical data and theoretical provisions, in particular, establishing the patterns of crime, the action of its causes, the formation of the personality of the offender, the functioning of the crime prevention system, criminology gives them a scientific explanation. By studying trends, prospects for changes in criminologically significant phenomena and processes, this science also predicts their future state and course. The focus of criminology on the scientific substantiation of the system of crime prevention measures also allows us to speak of its practically transformative function.

Criminology, as a complex science, puts at the service of the fight against crime the achievements of many branches of knowledge with which it is closely connected.

As a methodological

base criminology, in the study of all that is its subject, widely uses the laws, categories and concepts of philosophy. Criminology is also connected with sociology, especially applied sociology, which studies the content, forms of manifestation and the mechanism of action of the laws of the functioning of society in relation to various spheres of its life in different historical conditions. The connection of criminology with economic science is determined by the fact that some of the phenomena and processes that determine crime are in the field of economics, respectively, economic measures for preventing crime play an important role. The same can be said about political science, given that there are criminogenic factors in the sphere of political relations, and crime prevention is an important part of the policy to combat it. The data of psychological science are of particular importance for the study of the subjective causes and conditions of crime, the personality of the offender, the motivation and mechanism of individual criminal behavior, as well as for the development of important aspects of criminological prevention. Using the provisions and conclusions of pedagogy, the determinants of crime associated with the shortcomings of education and training, unfavorable conditions for the formation of personality in the family and school are studied. One of the essential characteristics of the personality of many criminals is its moral and pedagogical neglect. Based on the achievements of pedagogy, criminologists develop educational measures to influence offenders. The presence of a certain influence of demographic processes on crime determines the connection between criminology and demography. The process of mathematization of science as a whole required the expansion and strengthening of ties between criminology and mathematics. Criminology is also connected with other non-legal sciences, for example, with cybernetics, genetics, futurology, etc.

A close relationship exists between criminology and virtually all legal sciences, especially those related to the so-called criminal

cycle of criminal and penitentiary law, criminal procedure and criminalistics. This follows from the essence of criminology as a social and legal science that has arisen and is developing in the interests of combating crime. Control questions and tasks

1 What does criminology study?

2. What is the specificity of the criminological approach to the study of crime?

3. What methods are used in criminological research?

4 What are the functions of criminology/

5. With what sciences is criminology associated? (Uncover the meaning and content of these links).

Fundamentals of Organization.

Criminology is presented as a branch of science and academic discipline. The question of the consistency of criminology as a branch of law, as well as the existence of independent criminological legislation, is debatable.

Criminology was formed as a scientific direction for revealing the causal complex of the socio-legal phenomenon of crime and in order to prevent criminal behavior.

Criminology studies crime as a system of crimes committed in a particular society, the identity of the offender, the causes and conditions of crime, and the prevention of crime. The last component of the subject of criminology - criminological prevention simultaneously acts as a task and the ultimate goal of criminological research.

The formation of criminology took place on the combination of many scientific areas of legal, social and natural nature.

Criminology as a science. The subject and method of criminology

Criminology emerged as an independent scientific direction at the end of the 19th century. at the intersection of criminal law, psychiatry, criminal statistics and sociology. The term "criminology" comes from the Latin term crimen - crime and the Greek logos - doctrine. It is more correct to consider criminology as a science that studies crime as a negative mass social and legal phenomenon, expressed in the statistical totality of crimes committed in society. The task of criminology was to identify, based on the study of crime and the personality of the offender, the causes and conditions of criminal behavior (crime) in order to develop scientifically based recommendations for the prevention of crime. Based on criminal law categories, criminology differs significantly from criminal law. The task of criminal law was to punish the perpetrators of a crime, while criminology tried to solve the task of preventing crime.

It is customary to distinguish four components of the subject of criminological science. 1. Crime as a negative, massive, historically variable social and legal phenomenon, expressed in the totality of all crimes committed in a particular society over a certain period. 2. The personality of a criminal as a combination of socio-demographic, psychological and psycho-physiological properties inherent in the majority of persons who commit a crime and contribute to the formation of criminal behavior. 3. The complex of criminogenic determinants as a set of social, biological and psychological processes and phenomena that give rise to crime as their consequence. 4. Criminological prevention as a system of state and social measures aimed at the causes and conditions of crime in order to neutralize them and minimize their impact.

In the foreign criminological doctrine, the subject of criminology as an independent block includes victimology - the science of victims and the behavior of victims of crime, the task of which is to study and systematize victim behavior in order to prevent the process of victimization.

Criminology uses a significant number of specific scientific methods, many of which are borrowed from sociology - the method of questioning, observation, and others. In addition, methods of exact sciences are widely used - statistical, modeling. General scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, historical, comparative and others.

History of criminology

Criminological research formed into an independent scientific direction in the middle - the end of the 19th century, mainly in the Italian school of an anthropological nature. Two schools played a special role in the development of criminology - anthropological and sociological. The anthropological school (F. Gall, C. Lombroso, E. Ferri, R. Garofalo) was based on the ideas about the predominantly biological (hereditary) origin of criminal behavior, which is practically not amenable to eradication. The criminal personality had external stigmata, allowing him to identify and simplify the impact on him in order to protect society from criminals. The second direction was sociological (A. Quetelet, A. Lacassagne, Colaianni, G. Tarde, E. Durkheim), which was based on the idea of ​​the social origin of criminal behavior as a reaction to social contradictions and problems. As a crime prevention activity was proposed to reform society. Later, with the development of psychoanalysis, a third psychological trend in criminology was formed, which is considered by many not as independent, but as a continuation of the anthropological one. In the modern doctrine of most states, the emphasis is on biosocial areas.

In Russia, the formation of criminology as an independent scientific discipline took place quite late, after the revolution of 1917. Prior to that, criminological issues (the causal complex of crime, the identity of the criminal) were addressed within the framework of the science of criminal law or criminal sociology.

After the revolution of 1917, offices for the study of the criminal and crime appeared in Soviet Russia, which in 1925 merged into the State Institute for the Study of Crime and the Criminal. During this period, criminology in Russia is associated with the names of M.N. Gernet, A.A. Gertsenzon, A.A. Piontkovsky, E.N. Tarnovsky, A.S. Shlyapochnikov and others. However, since the mid-30s of the 20th century, statistical data have been classified, the State Institute has been reorganized, and criminological research has been curtailed. The revival of Soviet criminology took place in the period of the 50s, however, the statistical data continued to remain classified, the main criminological studies were carried out under the heading "for official use".

In 1961 the first monograph of A.B. Sakharov "On the identity of the criminal and the causes of crime in the USSR". In May 1963, the All-Union Institute for the Study of the Causes and Development of Crime Prevention Measures was established as the main criminological institution in the USSR. The foundations of Soviet criminology are being developed. In this work, the most significant are the works of A.A. Gertsenzon "Actual problems of Soviet criminology". Being essentially the founder of the new Soviet criminology, A.A. Herzenson, at the same time, considered it as a criminal sociology. In 1963, at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, the training course "Criminology" was experimentally read, which is now a compulsory academic discipline in higher legal education. In 1966, the first textbook "Criminology" was published. In the future, the development of the theoretical foundations of criminology takes place, in which prominent scientific, pedagogical and practical figures of the Soviet Union take an active part: V.N. Kudryavtsev (“Selected works on social sciences”, etc.), G.M. Minkovsky (“Personality of the criminal”, etc.), I.I. Karpets (“Crime: Illusions and Reality”, etc.), N.F. Kuznetsova (“Crime and crime”, “Problems of criminological determination”, “Modern bourgeois criminology”, etc.), V.V. Luneev (“Crime of the XX century: world, regional and Russian trends”, “Course of world and Russian criminology”, etc.), as well as many others.

The main achievements of criminology of the Soviet period include the study of the causal complex of crime, the motivation of criminal behavior, the personality of the offender, the prediction of crime, and the prevention of crime.

In the modern period, there is a further development of scientific criminological thought. The main areas of modern criminology include: the study and counteraction of organized crime, terrorism, economic crime, corruption, cybercrime, juvenile delinquency, etc. In the modern period, in addition to the previously named scientists, V.N. Burlakova, A.I. Dolgov, Ya.I. Gilinsky, S.M. Inshakova, K.K. Goryainova, E.F. Pobegailo, L.I. Romanov, A.L. Repetskaya, D.A. Shestakov and many others. There are two large criminological public organizations in Russia: the Russian Criminological Association (President - Doctor of Law, Professor A.I. Dolgova) and the International (St. Petersburg) Criminological Club (President - S.U. Dikaev).

Criminology as an academic discipline

As an academic discipline, criminology relatively late entered the complex of compulsory academic disciplines of higher legal education.

In the USSR, for the first time, the training course "Criminology" was delivered in 1963 and since that year has become a mandatory subject of higher legal education in our country. During the course, students must learn criminology, the main signs of crime, its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, the systemic nature of crime, the concept and main typologies of the offender's personality, the main domestic and foreign concepts of crime causality and the main approaches to crime prevention. In criminology as an academic discipline, there is a conditional division into General and Special parts. In the General part of criminology, the main provisions of criminology, its subject, history and basic criminological methods are studied. Students should gain skills in applying criminological methods, independently conduct simple criminological research. In the Special Part of Criminology, the main types of crime are studied - violent crime, juvenile delinquency, terrorism, property, careless, economic, organized and other types of crime.

In foreign countries, criminology as an academic discipline may be included in the program of higher sociological education (USA), law (most European countries) or medical higher education. Unlike the USSR and the Russian Federation, criminology in foreign countries is not always a compulsory academic discipline.

Criminology as a branch of law

Unlike legal disciplines (criminal, civil law), criminology is not traditionally regarded as a branch of law. This is a complex scientific discipline, located at the junction of many sciences and areas.

There is no criminological legislation in the Russian Federation, while criminological norms are included in many regulations (for example, the Federal Law “On countering terrorism”). As normative acts of a criminological nature, one can name programs for the prevention and prevention of crimes and other antisocial phenomena, however, the specificity of such normative acts does not allow us to speak of criminology as a branch of law. At the same time, a number of authors are of the opinion that the criminological branch of legislation is independent.

Recommended reading

1. Criminology: textbook. / ed. N.F. Kuznetsova, V.V. Luneev. 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M., 2004.

2. Criminology: textbook. / ed. V.N. Kudryavtseva and V.E. Eminova. 4th ed., revised. and additional - M., 2009.

4. Criminology: textbook. / ed. A.I. Debt. 4th ed., revised. and additional - M., 2010.

5. Criminology: textbook. for universities / ed. V.N. Burlakova and N.M. Kropachev. - St. Petersburg, 2003.

6. Criminology: textbook. allowance / scientific. ed. N.F. Kuznetsova. 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M., 2010.

7. Private criminology / otv. ed. YES. Shestakov. - St. Petersburg, 2007.

8. Criminology / ed. D.F. Sheli. 3rd international ed. Per. from English. - St. Petersburg, 2003.

9. Luneev V.V. Crime of the XX century: global, regional and Russian trends. 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M., 2005.

10. Schneider G.J. Criminology / trans. with him. - M., 1994.

1. Concept, subject, system and tasks of criminology.

2. The place of criminology in the system of sciences.

3. Methods of criminology.

Criminology from the Latin Crimen and the Greek Logos, the science of crime.

As an independent branch of knowledge, criminology has existed for less than two centuries. Although, undoubtedly, some judgments about the causes of crime and methods of combating it are already found in the works of Roman and Greek thinkers, as well as in the works of thinkers of the 16th-19th centuries, for example, in the work of Cesare Beccaria, but until the second half of the 19th century. they did not yet represent an independent system of scientific knowledge. The term "criminology" first appeared in the work of the anthropologist Topinard in 1879, and then criminology as an independent science was used by the Italian researchers Topinard and Garofalo, who in 1885 published a monograph under the same title.

From the moment of its inception to the present, there is no single theory about the study of crime.

The concept of criminology is defined through the SIGNS OF CRIMINOLOGY:

1. Criminology is a science, a system of knowledge.

2. The nature of criminology as a science is related to the branch of criminology.

According to Dolgova and Kuznetsova, criminology is an interdisciplinary science. Kudryavtsev and Antonyan believe that criminology is a general theoretical science, and Kvasha - that criminology is an interdisciplinary science. Most researchers are inclined to believe that criminology is social and legal science .

3. Criminology is a system of legal norms contained in legal documents and regulating the conduct of general preventive and individual preventive work. Although it is unreasonable to say that criminology is a branch of law.

4. The subject of criminology. The established view is to consider the subject of criminology as a combination of 4 independent elements Keywords: crime, personality of the offender, causes and conditions of crime (criminogenic determinants), crime prevention.

Such an idea of ​​the subject of criminology was not formed immediately, and although it is dominant, it is not the only one. Some researchers propose to exclude certain blocks from the subject of criminology, while others, on the contrary, expand the subject of criminological research. So, for example, some researchers did not endow the identity of the offender as an independent subject of criminological research, justifying this by the fact that some properties of the personality of the offender are studied in the section on the causes and conditions of crime, others - in the section on crime prevention.

In their opinion, attention should be focused on the study of the socio-psychological mechanism of individual criminal behavior, since there are no socially typical properties that distinguish persons who have committed crimes from law-abiding citizens. Thus, the legitimacy of the existence of the very concept of “personality of the offender” is questioned, an equal sign is put between this concept and the concept of the subject of a crime.

For the purpose of prevention, society will always need an average portrait of a criminal, which helps to establish which personality traits and to what extent were included in the mechanism of criminal behavior. This means that the allocation as an independent subject of criminological studies of the social properties of criminals, according to TSU professors Prozumentov and Shestler, it is objectively necessary. However, given that there is no criminal as a certain socio-psychological type, it is more correct to refer to this section of criminology as the personality of the person who committed the crime.

For example, the problem of the identity of a teenager who committed a crime in a group was never limited to the study of only persons who committed a crime in complicity. This is due to the fact that the criminal group as a real social community includes all persons who create the necessary conditions for its life, and not just those participating in the commission of specific crimes. The exclusion of these individuals from the subject of criminological research would mean the impossibility of revealing the mechanism of the formation of these groups, the development of measures for their decomposition or reorientation.

Khokhryakov proposes to introduce the victim of a crime as one of the elements of the subject of criminology. Dolgova proposes to introduce into the subject of criminology crime susceptibility to various influences. Eminov proposes to introduce into the subject of criminology separately consequences of crime(however, crime statistics almost never contain comprehensive data on the consequences of committing specific types of crimes). Antonyan singles out an independent element in the subject of criminology - factors that are directly related to crime(too broad understanding of crime-related factors). Kudryavtsev proposed to single out separately planning, coordination of preventive activities, analysis of the history of criminology and private criminological theories.

Criminology system based on two main foundations:

1) based on its subject;

2) according to the level of generalization of scientific and practical information, they distinguish:

The general part of criminology - criminological phenomena are analyzed, in general, without highlighting the specifics of specific types of crime.

The special part (Special) - the characteristics of the types of crimes are studied separately. Types of crime are distinguished either by the content of criminal acts (mercenary, violent, careless), or by subject composition (according to the characteristics of the contingent of criminals)

Tasks of criminology:

1. Crime prevention. All norms of the criminal law, first of all, are socially and criminologically conditioned.

2. Examination of draft legal acts for criminological conditionality.

3. Preparation of legal acts containing norms on the need to carry out measures aimed at combating crime. There are certain public organizations and other collective entities that deal with issues arising from this task of criminology.

4. Study and use of international experience in the fight against crime.

Criminology - socio-legal science that studies crime, the identity of the offender, the causes and conditions of crime, as well as the prevention of crime.

Criminology- this is a socio-legal general theoretical and applied science that studies crime as a social phenomenon, the essence and forms of its manifestation, the patterns of occurrence, existence and change; its causes and other determinants; the identity of those who commit crimes; crime prevention system.

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CONCEPT, SUBJECT AND SYSTEM OF CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology (from Latin criminal- Crime and Greek logos- doctrine, word) is the science of crime, its causes, the identity of the offender, ways and means of preventing crime.

Criminology explores crime as a social phenomenon, which consists in the socially dangerous behavior of people, contrary to the requirements of the norms of a social secular state.

The study of crime includes the establishment and scientific understanding of the quantitative and qualitative indicators of crime, characterizing its state, structure, dynamics, territorial distribution, crime features in various types of settlements, in various social strata and population groups.

Criminology studies data on crime in general, as well as on certain types and groups of crimes and on certain criminological problems. For example, juvenile delinquency, recidivism, gang crime.

In addition to crime, the causes of crime are also the subject of criminology, i.e. those social factors, phenomena and processes that affect the existence of crime in general and the commission of specific crimes. Criminology reveals the nature of the causes of crime, establishes their relationship with other social phenomena and processes. Criminology develops a scientific classification of the causes of crime.

Criminology reveals the conditions that contribute to the commission of crimes or hinder, revealing the mechanism of interaction between the causes and conditions of crime. Shargorodsky M.D. under the causes of crime in a broad sense, he considered all those circumstances without which crime could not have arisen. But not all of these circumstances play the same role. Some of them create only a real possibility of criminal motives, while others turn this possibility into reality. Therefore, the former should be considered as conditions, and the latter as causes. The cause of crime is the active force that gives rise to its existence. The causes of a particular crime are those active forces that cause the subjects to have interests and motives for committing it.

The subject of criminology also includes the problem of the victim of a crime. In criminology, this offshoot is called victimology. Victimization is an increased ability, due to a number of subjective and objective circumstances, to become a target for criminal encroachments. (Frank L.V. Victimology and victimization. Dushanbe, 1972).

Studies have shown that often criminal behavior is provoked by the negative behavior of the victim. In crimes where there are motives of an interpersonal order, this can be seen especially clearly. According to studies, up to 29% of crimes are either provoked by victims or committed with their assistance.

Criminology studies the personality of a criminal as a combination of social and socially significant properties, traits, qualities, connections and relationships that characterize persons who commit various crimes and in one way or another influence their behavior. Without taking into account the personality of the offender, it is impossible to understand the causes of either an individual crime or crime in general.

In the early stages of the development of criminology, in a vacuum of knowledge, it was believed that the criminal type of personality falls out of human society. Others, noting the cruelty of criminals or a commitment to theft, began to look for reasons in the biological characteristics of people. The theory of the biological causes of crime was created by Lombroso. Theories of social types of criminals were created, rejecting the biological type. Finally, there were those who found a compromise between the sociological and biological approach to the personality of the criminal.

The theory of the innateness of criminals underlies racism, giving rise to arbitrariness and lawlessness.

When today criminologists talk about the personality of a criminal, they mean by this concept a person who commits a crime. Such an approach excludes a certain predetermined nature of the concept of “personality of the offender”. Man is a social being. At the same time, a person is endowed with biological features that make a person the way he is, physically healthy or with some kind of defects. The physiological state of a person makes him capable of perceiving the social program, because, having been born as a biological being, he becomes a person, perceiving the social program.

A mentally ill person is not capable of such perception. He cannot be the identity of the criminal. He commits a socially dangerous act, but not a crime.

Conclusion: biological features affect the type of human behavior, not being the causes of his behavior, including criminal. For example, a choleric person in the same situation will act differently than a phlegmatic person, but in general, their actions are also dictated by the degree of social education.

The subject of criminology is crime prevention. Criminology develops a general concept of crime prevention as a specific form of social management and control; explores and substantiates the main directions of crime prevention, specific forms and methods of this activity, the system of criminological prevention bodies, develops its legal and organizational foundations, issues of planning and coordinating the efforts of state and public organizations and associations for crime prevention. For example, the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Homelessness and Juvenile Delinquency”.

The subject of criminology also includes the consequences of crime. They are always negative, negative. These are: the lives of the victims, harm to health, damage caused to the owner of the property, etc.

The analytical task of criminology is to study crime, the identity of the offender, the causes and conditions of crime, the system and effectiveness of crime prevention, their state in general and by categories of the most common types of crimes (especially serious, organized, recurrent).

The prognostic task is to prepare reasonable proposals on the possible development of criminological phenomena: the dynamics of juvenile delinquency, the prevalence of terrorism, etc.

The third task is to introduce the recommendations of criminology into legislative and law enforcement practice. We are talking about the adoption of laws on the prevention of offenses, on the fight against corruption, etc. In addition, today there is an acute issue of criminological examination of all laws and regulations in the field of criminal, procedural, and executive law. It is necessary to answer the question: how much does the implementation of the law cost?

The fourth task is related to the development and implementation of methods and means to intensify the activities of law enforcement agencies, to prevent crime. It is believed that a turning point can be achieved only by reviving the social prevention of crime.

The fifth task is related to the participation of the country's criminologists in international congresses, seminars, congresses dedicated to the development of coordinated measures to combat crime through the UN, Interpol, and the CSCE.

Modern specialists are cautious about the thesis of the omnipotence of science in general, and, in particular, criminology. Practice nevertheless shows that the use of correctly obtained criminological knowledge allows you to more accurately and deeply understand the processes taking place in society, avoid wrong decisions, save resources, and effectively control crime.

In criminology, it is customary to include a General and a Special part. The General Part includes scientific problems of criminology: the concept of criminology as a science, its methods, techniques, research procedures, the place of criminology in the system of sciences, the history of criminology, comparative criminology, the main ideas of foreign criminology. The General Part includes such problems as crime, its causes, the identity of the offender, the general theory of crime prevention, and the consequences of crime.

The Special Part includes: characteristics of the types of crime and criminals: juvenile delinquency, youth delinquency, women's delinquency, recidivism, organized, professional, group, violent, economic crimes, negligent crimes, murders, crimes against public order, theft of property, as well as specific crime prevention measures.

Criminology is based on the legal concepts of criminality, crime, the identity of the offender, etc. and explores the nature of these phenomena and social means of influencing them (Sakharov A.B.) as a complex scientific discipline that uses data from other branches of legal science, as well as the provisions of sociology, philosophy , economics, psychology, social psychology, pedagogy and other sciences.

Particularly significant for criminology are ideas about the nature of human behavior, the eternity of crime, the role of private property, the mechanisms of the functioning of the economy, the possibilities of using social engineering, and human cloning.

As a methodological base, criminology uses the laws, categories and concepts of philosophy. Criminology also uses the data of general, social and legal psychology to understand the causes and conditions of crime, the personality of the offender, the motivation and mechanism of individual criminal behavior, as well as to develop preventive measures. The same applies to the data of political science, sociology, demography, which are significant in predicting and programming the fight against crime, as well as in the special study of crime prevention. Using the provisions and conclusions of pedagogy, the determinants of crime associated with the shortcomings of education and training, unfavorable conditions for the formation of personality in the family and school are studied. Based on the achievements of pedagogy, criminologists develop educational measures to influence offenders. Criminology is also connected with other non-legal sciences, for example, with mathematics, cybernetics, genetics, futurology, etc.

Criminology is closely connected with almost all legal sciences, especially with criminal, penitentiary law, criminal procedure and forensic science. This follows from the essence of criminology, which has arisen and is developing in the interests of combating crime.

The criminal law theory and the criminal law based on it provide a legal description of crimes and criminals, which is mandatory for criminology. In turn, criminology provides the science of criminal law, the legislator and law enforcement practice with information about the level of crime, its structure, dynamics, and the effectiveness of crime prevention, and makes predictions about changes in socially negative phenomena. This allows timely implementation of rule-making activities in terms of recognizing acts as criminal.

The connection between criminology and penitentiary law is carried out in relation to the fight against recidivism of crimes, to the effectiveness of the execution of punishments, as well as in the resocialization and adaptation of persons who have committed a crime after serving their sentence. At the same time, penitentiary law studies the very procedure and process of serving a sentence in terms of the implementation of its goals, and criminology studies the causes and conditions of relapse and measures to eliminate them. Penitentiary law and criminology are jointly developing recommendations to prevent recidivism, to improve the efficiency of correction of convicted persons.

The connection between criminology and the criminal process lies in the fact that social relations, regulated by criminal procedural norms, are aimed at preventing impending crimes, resolving cases on the merits, identifying the causes and conditions for the commission of crimes.

Criminalistics develops techniques, tactics and methods for investigating crimes, taking into account criminological teachings about crime and its prevention. The provisions of criminology are used in forensic theories about investigative leads, planning an investigation, etc. Forensic means of preventing crimes are included in the general set of measures to prevent crime, its causes and conditions.

Criminology is also connected with other branches of legal science: administrative, civil, labor and other branches of law. This connection is due to the fact that many norms of the relevant branches of legislation are used to provide legal support for criminological prevention measures and are included in its legal framework.