Who declared in 1920 the autonomy of Dagestan. The creation of the Dassr is a new starting point in the development of the Dagestan people
On December 17, the Supreme Council of Dagestan adopted a declaration on the indivisibility and integrity of the republic, in which it is called Republic of Dagestan .
On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia introduced the double name "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic - Republic of Dagestan" into the Russian constitution; the change went into effect on May 16, 1992. On July 30, 1992, the Supreme Council of Dagestan amended the constitution of the republic, which proclaimed the equivalence of the names "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic" and "Republic of Dagestan", while in the preamble and main body of the constitution, preference was given to the second name, and the double designation of the republic was preserved only in the name of the constitution.
On June 25, 1952, in addition to the regional division, 4 districts were formed as part of the Dagestan ASSR: Buynaksky, Derbent, Izberbashsky, Makhachkala.
Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan ASSR included 10 cities of republican subordination:
and 39 districts:
Population
Population dynamics of the republic:
| Year | Population, people | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 788 098 | 1926 census | |
| 930 416 | 1939 census | |
| 1 062 472 | 1959 census | |
| 1 428 540 | 1970 census | |
| 1 627 884 | 1979 census | |
| 1 802 579 | 1989 census |
National composition
| year | Russians | Avars | Dargins | Kumyks | Laks | Lezgins | Nogais | Azerbaijanis | Tabasarans | Tats and Mountain Jews |
Chechens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12,5% | 17,7% | 13,9% | 11,2% | 5,1% | 11,5% | 3,3% | 3,0% | 4,0% | 1,5% | 2,8% | |
| 14,3% | 24,8% | 16,2% | 10,8% | 5,6% | 10,4% | 0,5% | 3,4% | 3,6% | ? | 2,8% | |
| 20,1% | 22,5% | 13,9% | 11,4% | 5,0% | 10,2% | 1,4% | 3,6% | 3,2% | 1,6% | 1,2% | |
| 14,7% | 24,4% | 14,5% | 11,8% | 5,0% | 11,4% | 1,5% | 3,8% | 3,7% | 1,3% | 2,8% | |
| 9,2% | 27,5% | 15,6% | 12,9% | 5,1% | 11,3% | 1,6% | 4,3% | 4,3% | 0,9% | 3,2% |
Notes
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- , article 22
- (unavailable link - story) . .
- See: Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. - 1992. - No. 20. - Art. 1084. This law came into force from the moment of its publication in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on May 16, 1992.
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Links
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
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"We'd better part ways," he said brokenly.
“To part, if you please, only if you give me a fortune,” said Helen ... To part, that’s what scared me!
Pierre jumped up from the sofa and staggered towards her.
- I'll kill you! he shouted, and seizing a marble board from the table, with a force unknown to him, took a step towards it and swung at it.
Helen's face became terrifying: she yelped and jumped away from him. The breed of his father affected him. Pierre felt the fascination and charm of rage. He threw the plank, smashed it, and approaching Helen with open arms, shouted: “Out!!” in such a terrible voice that the whole house was terrified to hear this cry. God knows what Pierre would have done at that moment if
Helen didn't run out of the room.
A week later, Pierre gave his wife a power of attorney to manage all the Great Russian estates, which accounted for more than half of his fortune, and left alone for St. Petersburg.
Two months passed after receiving news in the Bald Mountains about the battle of Austerlitz and the death of Prince Andrei, and despite all the letters through the embassy and all the searches, his body was not found, and he was not among the prisoners. The worst thing for his relatives was that there was still the hope that he had been raised by the inhabitants on the battlefield, and perhaps he was recovering or dying somewhere alone, among strangers, and unable to give news of himself. In the newspapers, from which the old prince first learned about the defeat of Austerlitz, it was written, as always, very briefly and vaguely, that the Russians, after brilliant battles, had to retreat and made a retreat in perfect order. The old prince understood from this official news that ours had been defeated. A week after the newspaper that brought the news of the Battle of Austerlitz, a letter arrived from Kutuzov, who informed the prince about the fate that befell his son.
“Your son, in my eyes,” wrote Kutuzov, with a banner in his hands, ahead of the regiment, fell a hero worthy of his father and his fatherland. To the general regret of me and the whole army, it is still unknown whether he is alive or not. I flatter myself and you with the hope that your son is alive, because otherwise, among the officers found on the battlefield, about whom the list was submitted to me through parliamentarians, and he would have been named.
Having received this news late in the evening, when he was alone at. in his study, the old prince, as usual, the next day went for his morning walk; but he was silent with the clerk, the gardener, and the architect, and, although he looked angry, he said nothing to anyone.
When, at the usual time, Princess Mary came in to see him, he stood behind the machine and sharpened, but, as usual, did not look back at her.
- BUT! Princess Mary! he suddenly said unnaturally and dropped the chisel. (The wheel was still spinning from its swing. Princess Marya remembered for a long time this dying creak of the wheel, which merged for her with what followed.)
Princess Mary moved towards him, saw his face, and something suddenly sank into her. Her eyes couldn't see clearly. She saw from her father’s face, not sad, not killed, but angry and unnaturally working on herself, that now, now, a terrible misfortune, the worst in life, a misfortune that she had not yet experienced, an irreparable, incomprehensible misfortune, hung over her and crushed her. the death of the one you love.
– Mon pere! Andre? [Father! Andrei?] - Said the ungraceful, awkward princess with such an inexpressible charm of sadness and self-forgetfulness that her father could not stand her gaze, and turned away with a sob.
- Got the message. None were taken prisoner, none were killed. Kutuzov writes, - he shouted piercingly, as if wanting to drive the princess away with this cry, - killed!
The princess did not fall, she did not become faint. She was already pale, but when she heard these words, her face changed, and something shone in her radiant, beautiful eyes. As if joy, the highest joy, independent of the sorrows and joys of this world, spilled over the strong sorrow that was in it. She forgot all her fear of her father, went up to him, took his hand, pulled him towards her and hugged his dry, sinewy neck.
“Mon pere,” she said. Don't turn away from me, let's cry together.
- Scoundrels, scoundrels! the old man shouted, pulling his face away from her. - Destroy the army, destroy the people! For what? Go, go, tell Lisa. The princess sank helplessly into an armchair beside her father and wept. She saw her brother now at the moment he was saying goodbye to her and to Liza, with his gentle and at the same time arrogant air. She saw him at the moment when he tenderly and mockingly put the icon on himself. “Did he believe? Did he repent of his unbelief? Is he there now? Is it there, in the abode of eternal peace and bliss? she thought.
– Mon pere, [Father,] tell me how it was? she asked through tears.
- Go, go, he was killed in a battle in which they led the Russians to kill the best people and Russian glory. Go, Princess Mary. Go and tell Lisa. I will come.
When Princess Mary returned from her father, the little princess was sitting at work, and with that special expression of an inward and happily calm look, peculiar only to pregnant women, she looked at Princess Mary. It was evident that her eyes did not see Princess Marya, but looked deep into herself - into something happy and mysterious that was happening in her.
“Marie,” she said, moving away from the hoop and waddling back, “give me your hand here.” - She took the hand of the princess and put it on her stomach.
Her eyes smiled expectantly, the sponge with the mustache rose, and childishly happily remained raised.
Princess Mary knelt before her and hid her face in the folds of her daughter-in-law's dress.
- Here, here - do you hear? It's so strange to me. And you know, Marie, I will love him very much,” said Lisa, looking at her sister-in-law with sparkling, happy eyes. Princess Mary could not raise her head: she was crying.
- What's wrong with you, Masha?
“Nothing ... I felt so sad ... sad about Andrei,” she said, wiping her tears on her daughter-in-law's knees. Several times, during the morning, Princess Marya began to prepare her daughter-in-law, and each time she began to cry. These tears, for which the little princess did not understand the reason, alarmed her, no matter how observant she was. She didn't say anything, but looked around uneasily, looking for something. Before dinner, the old prince, whom she had always feared, entered her room, now with a particularly restless, angry face, and, without saying a word, went out. She looked at Princess Marya, then thought with that expression of eyes of inward-turning attention that pregnant women have, and suddenly burst into tears.
Did you get anything from Andrew? - she said.
- No, you know that the news could not come yet, but mon pere is worried, and I'm scared.
- Oh nothing?
“Nothing,” said Princess Marya, looking firmly at her daughter-in-law with radiant eyes. She decided not to tell her and persuaded her father to hide the terrible news from her daughter-in-law until her permission, which was supposed to be the other day. Princess Marya and the old prince, each in his own way, carried and hid their grief. The old prince did not want to hope: he decided that Prince Andrei had been killed, and despite the fact that he sent an official to Austria to look for his son's trace, he ordered a monument to him in Moscow, which he intended to erect in his garden, and told everyone that his son is killed. He tried not to change his former way of life, but his strength betrayed him: he walked less, ate less, slept less, and became weaker every day. Princess Mary hoped. She prayed for her brother as if she were alive, and waited every minute for news of his return.
- Ma bonne amie, [My good friend,] - said the little princess on the morning of March 19 after breakfast, and her sponge with a mustache rose from the old habit; but as in all not only smiles, but the sounds of speeches, even gaits in this house, from the day the terrible news was received, there was sadness, even now the smile of the little princess, who succumbed to the general mood, although she did not know its cause, was such that she even more reminiscent of the general sadness.
- Ma bonne amie, je crains que le fruschtique (comme dit Foka - cook) de ce matin ne m "aie pas fait du mal. [My friend, I'm afraid that the current frischtik (as Chef Foka calls it) would not make me feel bad. ]
What about you, my soul? You are pale. Oh, you are very pale, said Princess Marya in fright, running up to her daughter-in-law with her heavy, soft steps.
“Your Excellency, why not send for Marya Bogdanovna?” - said one of the maids who were here. (Marya Bogdanovna was a midwife from a district town, who had been living in Lysy Gory for another week.)
“And indeed,” Princess Marya picked up, “perhaps, for sure. I will go. Courage, mon ange! [Don't be afraid, my angel.] She kissed Lisa and wanted to leave the room.
- Oh, no, no! - And besides pallor, the face of the little princess expressed a childish fear of inevitable physical suffering.
- Non, c "est l" estomac ... dites que c "est l" estomac, dites, Marie, dites ..., [No, this is the stomach ... tell me, Masha, that this is the stomach ...] - and the princess began to cry childishly, suffering, capriciously and even somewhat feignedly, breaking their little hands. The princess ran out of the room after Marya Bogdanovna.
— Mon Dieu! Mon Dieu! [My God! My God!] Oh! she heard behind her.
Rubbing her full, small, white hands, the midwife was already walking towards her, with a considerably calm face.
- Maria Bogdanovna! It seems to have begun, ”said Princess Marya, looking at her grandmother with frightened open eyes.
“Well, thank God, princess,” said Marya Bogdanovna without adding a step. You girls don't need to know about this.
“But why hasn’t the doctor arrived from Moscow yet?” - said the princess. (At the request of Lisa and Prince Andrei, they were sent to Moscow for an obstetrician by the deadline, and they were waiting for him every minute.)
“It’s okay, princess, don’t worry,” said Marya Bogdanovna, “and without a doctor everything will be fine.”
Five minutes later the princess heard from her room that something heavy was being carried. She looked out - for some reason the waiters were carrying into the bedroom a leather sofa that stood in Prince Andrei's office. There was something solemn and quiet on the faces of the carrying people.
Princess Marya sat alone in her room, listening to the sounds of the house, occasionally opening the door when they passed by, and looking closely at what was going on in the corridor. Several women walked to and fro with quiet steps, looked back at the princess and turned away from her. She did not dare to ask, shut the door, returned to her room, and either sat down in her chair, or took up her prayer book, or knelt before the kiot. To her misfortune and surprise, she felt that prayer did not calm her excitement. Suddenly the door of her room quietly opened and on the threshold appeared her old nurse, Praskovya Savishna, tied with a handkerchief, who almost never, due to the prince's prohibition, did not enter her room.
“I came to sit with you, Mashenka,” said the nanny, “yes, she brought the prince’s wedding candles in front of the saint to light, my angel,” she said with a sigh.
“Oh, how glad I am, nanny.
“God is merciful, dove. - Nanny lit candles entwined with gold in front of the icon-case and sat down at the door with a stocking. Princess Mary took the book and began to read. Only when footsteps or voices were heard did the princess look frightened, inquiringly, and the nanny looked at each other reassuringly. At all ends of the house, the same feeling that Princess Mary experienced while sitting in her room was overflowing and possessed everyone. According to the belief that the fewer people know about the sufferings of the puerperal, the less she suffers, everyone tried to pretend to be ignorant; no one talked about it, but in all people, apart from the usual degree and respectfulness of the good manners that reigned in the prince's house, one could see one kind of general concern, softened heart and consciousness of something great, incomprehensible, happening at that moment.
There was no laughter in the big girls' room. In the waiter's room, all the people sat in silence, ready for something. On the courtyard they burned torches and candles and did not sleep. The old prince, stepping on his heel, walked around the study and sent Tikhon to Marya Bogdanovna to ask: what? - Just tell me: the prince ordered to ask what? and come and tell me what she will say.
“Report to the prince that the birth has begun,” said Marya Bogdanovna, looking significantly at the messenger. Tikhon went and reported to the prince.
“Very well,” said the prince, shutting the door behind him, and Tikhon no longer heard the slightest sound in the study. A little later, Tikhon entered the office, as if to fix the candles. Seeing that the prince was lying on the sofa, Tikhon looked at the prince, at his upset face, shook his head, silently approached him and, kissing him on the shoulder, went out without adjusting the candles and without saying why he had come. The most solemn sacrament in the world continued to be performed. The evening passed, the night came. And the feeling of expectation and softening of the heart before the incomprehensible did not fall, but rose. Nobody slept.
It was one of those March nights when winter seems to want to take its toll and pour out its last snows and snowstorms with desperate anger. To meet the German doctor from Moscow, who was expected every minute and for whom a set-up was sent to the main road, to the turn into a country road, horsemen with lanterns were sent to lead him along the potholes and gaps.
Princess Mary had long since left the book: she sat in silence, fixing her radiant eyes on the wrinkled, familiar to the smallest detail, face of the nanny: at the lock of gray hair that had come out from under the scarf, at the hanging bag of skin under the chin.
Dagestan - part of the RSFSR. Located in east. parts of Sev. Caucasus, in the East it is washed by the Caspian Sea. Formed on January 20. 1921. Square. 50.3 thousand km 2. Us. - 1,062,472 hours (1959); as of 1 Jan. 1963 - 1222 thousand people (Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Kumyks, Tabasarans, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs, Mountain Jews, etc.); mountains us. - 314,968 hours, rural - 747,504 hours (1959). In D. - 8 cities, 25 villages. districts, 7 settlements of mountains. type. The capital is Makhachkala.
The primitive communal system on the territory of D. Terr. D. was mastered by man in the Paleolithic era. Stone monuments were found in D. centuries (Chumis-Inits, Usisha, Chokh, Rugudzha), the oldest of which belonged to the Acheulian era. Neolithic materials. eras (Tarnair, Buynaksk, Akusha) show the transition of the D. tribes to hoe agriculture and cattle breeding. Subsequent, Eneolithic. an era covering the 3rd millennium BC. e., characterized by the further development of agricultural and cattle breeding. x-va and a peculiar culture characteristic of the entire Caucasus. The most important achievement of this era is the development of copper and its alloys. In the Eneolithic era, the maternal system of kinship was replaced by the paternal one. Monuments of the Bronze Age (in the districts of Derbent, Manas, Karabudakhkent, Makhachkala, B. Chiryurt, Irganai, Chokha, Kuli) show continuity in the development of local culture. In the Bronze Age, the first major division of labor took place. Plowed agriculture and cattle breeding are developing, which is predominant. settled character. Inter-tribal exchange is intensifying. Relig. beliefs: animism, magic, cult of fire; began to take shape cosmogonic. representation. Within the framework of a single culture, the North-East. Caucasus, its local variants arise. This reflected the process of ethnic. differentiation within the dag. kinship groups. tribes, ending with the formation of smaller cultural groups - the distant ancestors of modern. ethnic D. The process of decomposition of the tribal system, which began in the Late Bronze Age, intensified in the 1st millennium BC. e., in the era of development and widespread introduction of iron. The D. tribes (legs, gels, ducks, etc.) embark on the path of forming tribal unions, which ended with the entry at the end of the 1st millennium BC. e. in a large state association on the territory Azerbaijan - Caucasian Albania. During the existence of Albania on the territory. South D. cities arose: Choga, Toprakh-Kala, Urtseki, etc. In the 3rd century. n. e. South D. up to Derbent was occupied by the Sassanids, and the coastal strip to the north from Derbent in the 4th century. captured by the Huns. The population of D. was engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding; handicraft and trade developed, mainly on the coast of the Caspian Sea. Significant centers of craft and trade were the years. Derbent, Semender, Zerekhgeran (Kubachi). Linens, metal products, madder, and saffron were exported from Dagestan. In the 5th c. in D. the Albanian alphabet became widespread. Monuments with Albanian inscriptions were found in Derbent, Belidzhi, Kumukh and Oroda.
The origin and development of feudal relations in Dagestan (6th-19th centuries). In the 6th-10th centuries. there was a decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of feuds. relations. The process of feudalization took place more intensively in the flat part of the Dagestan. the flat part of Dagestan became part of the Khazar Khaganate with its center in Semender. In the rest of the D. there were political. early feudal education. such as Sarir, Lakz, Gumik, Dzhidan, Kaitag, Zerekhgeran, Tabasaran, and others. The boundaries of these associations basically corresponded to the boundaries of the settlement of the Dagestan peoples - Avars, Dargins, Laks, and Lezgins. The development of the feud. relations in D. contributed to the Arab. colonization. Since 664 D. was subjected to incessant invasions of the Arabs, who finally subjugated the entire D. to their power in the 1st half. 8th c. They imposed heavy taxes on the subjugated population—kharaj (land tax) and jizya (head tax on non-Muslims)—and vigorously planted Islam in D.. The peoples of Dagestan offered stubborn resistance to the Arabs. In the beginning. 9th c. in connection with the cross. In the uprising of Babek, anti-Arabs intensified in Transcaucasia and Dagestan. speeches. In 851 the highlanders of Dagestan supported an uprising against the rule of the Arabs in Georgia. In 905 and 913-914 the united forces of the highlanders of D. defeated the protege of the Arabs, the ruler of Shirvan and Derbent. Since that time, D.'s connections with Russia have been established.
In the 10-11 centuries. further development was received by agriculture and cattle breeding, blacksmithing, foundry, jewelry, and ceramics developed. production. The craft centers were Kumukh, Shinaz, Bezhta, Gotsatl, and others. Kubachi weapons, Lezgin and Tabasaran carpets and rugs were exported through Derbent to the east and north (Rus). Prominent place in ext. trade was occupied by the merchants of Derbent. Successes in the development of the economy were accompanied by the development of Dagestan culture. Construction has reached a high level. technique, applied art; Arab spread. writing. Historians appear. chronicles. In 1106 the "History of Dagestan, Shirvan and Arran" was compiled. Christianity penetrated into Dagestan through Georgia (temples in Antsukh, Tsakhur, and Genukh, a chapel near Datong, and Christian cemeteries in Khunzakh and Urada). Means. number of stones crosses with cargo. and Georgian-Avar inscriptions testify to the fairly widespread distribution of Christianity in D. and to attempts to create a written language in the Avar language. based on freight. charts. However, in a number of places pagan ideas were still strong.
All R. 11th c. the Seljuks captured Azerbaijan and b. h. D. At the end of the 11th century. Derbent emerged as an independent principality. Around the end of the 12th century in D. formed large state. formations: Avar Khanate, Kazikumukh Shamkhalate, Kaitag Utsmiystvo, Maysumstvo Tabasaranskoe and a number of minor political. associations. The Shamkhals and khans repeatedly tried to unite the entire Dagestan under their rule, but the lack of an economic and political prerequisites (underdevelopment of feudal relations, ethnic diversity, civil strife) prevented the creation of a single state-va. D. at Wed. century remained fragmented into small political. units, each of which had an internal. order and armament. strength.
In the 20s. 13th c. D. was devastated. the invasion of the Mongols. In the 14th century troops of Uzbek, Tokhtamysh, and Timur invaded D. They destroyed cities and many villages (Kadar, Kaitag, Tarki, Batlukh, Kuli, Tanus, Khunzakh, and others) and contributed to the planting of Islam in Dagestan. With the death of Timur (1405), the desire for liberation from the foreign yoke intensified in Dagestan. Great influence on will free. struggle in D. was rendered by Russia. With the education and strengthening of Rus. centralizations. state-va, especially after the annexation of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates, strong ties were established between D. and Russia. All in. D. originated in Russian. Terki, developed economic. D.'s connections with Transcaucasia and North. Caucasus. This contributed to the development of x-va, trade, restoration of crafts. centers. In the 15-16 centuries. Muslims were discovered in Derbent, Tsakhur, Kara-Kureish, Kubachi, Kumukh, Khunzakh and others. schools (madrasas), in which, along with the study of the Koran, young people studied Arab. languages, mathematics, philosophy, etc. In the 15th century. attempts were made to develop on the basis of the Arab. alphabet writing for the Avar and Lak languages, and in the 16th century. - for the Dargin language. Scientists D. created a number of original works, the most valuable of which is the history of the Middle Ages. D. - "Tarihi Dagestan" by Muhammad Raffi.
In the 14th-17th centuries. feudal development continued. relations in D. But at the same time, in a number of districts of the country, patriarchal-clan relations still existed. In the 16-17 centuries. in the Kaitag Utsmiystvo and the Avar Khanate, feuds were drawn up. codes that strengthened the rights of feudal lords over the dependent population. Customary law played an important role in Dagestan, and blood feuds existed. In x-ve feudal lords used slaves. Feud. fragmentation, frequent feuds. feuds and constant invasions tour. and iran. troops led to the fact that D. lasts. time remained patriarchal-feudal. relationship, slowly developed produces. strength.
From the beginning 16th century up to the 1st floor. 17th century Dagestan was subjected to the incessant aggression of Iran and Turkey, which fought among themselves for the mastery of the Caucasus. In the conditions of constant struggle with external. an economically and politically fragmented, torn feud by the enemy. strife, the multilingual D. was forced to seek the patronage of Russia, in which the highlanders saw a counterbalance to the Iranian tour. aggression. In the 1st floor. 17th century Tarkov shamkhalate, Kaitag utsmiystvo, Avar and Kazikumukh khanates, etc. passed into Russian citizenship. complications and internal difficulties under the Ganja Treaty of 1735, Russia ceded them to Iran. But the peoples of D. continued to liberate. anti-Iran. fight. In 1742, Nadir Shah, at the head of a huge army, invaded Dagestan, but was defeated. Economical the development of the coastal districts outstripped the upland D., where the main. industry with farming was transhumance, household crafts were developed (clothing, simple agricultural equipment) that satisfied their own needs. x-in. Int. trade was mainly barter, its centers were Derbent, Tarki, Enderey, Khunzakh, Kumukh, Akhty. Livestock products and handicrafts were exported to Azerbaijan, Georgia, to the North. Caucasus. Trade intensified. D.'s connections with Russia. In the 18th century there were changes in the social-economic. order. Feuds continued to develop in the flat and partly upland Dagestan. relations. In high-mountain D. early feud. relations were still combined with obsolete primitive communal relations. The strongest possessions were the Avar, Kazikumukh khanates and Tarkov shamkhalate.
Despite the political and economic fragmentation and constant invasions of foreign invaders, in the 17-18 centuries. the culture of the peoples of D. developed. The most striking of the products that have come down to us. folklore, telling about the heroic. D.'s fight against Iran. dominion, was epic. song in Avar, Lak and Lezgi. about Nadir Shah; heroics spread. songs reflecting the ist. ties with Georgia, Azerbaijan and the peoples of the North. Caucasus, class. wrestling (for example, the Avar. "Song of Khochbar", which has become common in Dagestan). The most prominent poet was Said Kochkhursky (1767-1812). In the 18th century was finally developed for the Avar, Lak, Dargin, Kumyk, and other languages, the Adjam writing system, based on. into Arabic. alphabet. Scientists D. - Magomed from Kudutl (1635-1708), Damadan from Megeb (d. 1718), Taishi from Kharakhi (1653-63), Dibir-Kadi from Khunzakh (1742-1817) - with their works on philology, jurisprudence, philosophy , mathematics, astronomy, and other sciences became famous outside of D. op. "Chronicle of the Wars of Jar", etc.
Joining D. to Russia. Penetration and development of capitalist relations. All R. 18th century over D. the threat of tour loomed. conquests, but the victory of Russia in Russian-tour. the wars of 1768-74 and 1787-91 eliminated this threat. In 1796, in connection with the invasion of the hordes of Agha Mohammed Khan, Rus. command squad. V. Zubova annexed the coastal territory to Russia. D. In 1797, Paul I returned the Russian. troops from the Caucasus. D. remained fragmented into 10 khanates, shamkhalism, utsmiystvo and more than 60 "free" societies. societies at different levels. development. In the domains where the feud. relations were more developed, the exploited population consisted of peasants who were in varying degrees of dependence on shamkhals, khans, utsmi, beks. In the "free" societies of Dagestan, where cattle breeding was the leading branch of the economy, the feudalizing nobility concentrated mountain pastures and cattle in their hands. Operation directly. the producer was covered with remnants of patriarchal-tribal relations, idyllic. customs and pseudo-kinship ties.
The Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813 legally formalized the accession of Dagestan to Russia, which firmly protected the peoples of Dagestan from foreign invasions and created conditions for the liquidation of political power. fragmentation, contributed to the introduction of the highlanders to the economy and culture of the Russian. people. However, the colonial policy of tsarism caused spontaneous uprisings of the highlanders. Muslim. the clergy, pro-Turkish feudal lords, striving for selfish purposes to use the actions of the highlanders, led the anti-Russian. propaganda. In these difficult conditions at the turn of the 30s. 19th century under the banner of Muridism, an anti-colonial liberation arose. movement of mountaineers lod hands. Gazi-Magomed (in 1828-32), Gamzat-bek (in 1832-34) and Shamil (in 1824-59) proclaimed Imams of D. and Chechnya. In the beginning. 40s military-theocratic state-in - imamat, included means. part of D. and Chechnya. But for external the successes of the imamate increased the latent classes. contradictions, to-rye in the 50s. led to a departure from the bunk movement. wt. Tsarism strengthened the military. onslaught. Shamil was forced to capitulate in 1859. In 1860, the Dagestan region was organized, military people were introduced. management is bureaucratic. apparatus adapted to colonial conditions. In 1865-68 the slaves and part of the feudally dependent peasants were emancipated. But even this stubby cross. reform created the prerequisites for the penetration and development of capitalist. relations.
In 1877, with the beginning of the Russian tour. war, in D. after Chechnya, an uprising broke out against the colonial regime. Various segments of the population took part in it. While the working people of Dagestan fought for their emancipation, the feudal-clerical leaders, who seized the leadership of the uprising, sought to take advantage of the favorable situation and wrest D. from Russia. The uprising was put down.
All R. 19th century and especially after the construction in the 90s. well. D. D. joined the mainstream of the capitalist. development. Cooperage, oil refineries, nailing, canning, and alcohol-and-vodka plants, tobacco, rope, and paper-spinning factories, a refrigerator, a mill, a printing house, and other enterprises are being built in Dagestan. A working class is being formed, the population of Petrovsk-Port (now Makhachkala), Derbent, Temir-Khan-Shura (now Buynaksk), Kizlyar, Khasavyurt is growing. Means. changes are taking place in x-ve. In the plains and foothill districts, large capitalist cities arose. farms of Vorontsov-Dashkov, Argutinsky-Dolgoruky, Lazarev, Konovalov and others. Rus. the peasants who moved to D. brought with them a higher level of agriculture. culture, and also unknown in D. page - x. crops: potatoes, tomatoes, beets, etc. In the 90s. an iron plow, harrows, mowers, and other agricultural products are being introduced. implements, a transition to a three-field crop rotation is made. In 1884-1913, the area under crops increased by 70%, the yield increased by 1.5 times, and the number of livestock increased by 40%. Home industry and handicrafts began to develop into small-scale production and scattered manufactory. However, the developing capitalist relations in D. did not become dominant. Prerevolutionary D. remained one of the backward outskirts of Russia. Secular schools opened by tsarism in the interests of colonial administration, honey. and veterinary stations, postal and telegraph institutions objectively contributed to the development of the culture of the peoples of Dagestan. A noticeable influence on the culture of the highlanders was exerted by: L. N. Tolstoy, A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, N. I. Pirogov, P. K. Uslar, D. N. Anuchin, V. V. Dokuchaev, M. M. Kovalevsky, and others. They studied the nature, history, ethnography, and languages of Dagestan and contributed to the development of friendship between the highlanders and Russians. In the 19th century in D. appeared nat. historians, ethnographers and folklorists: M. Khandiev, D. M. Shikhaliev, A. Cherkeevsky, A. Omarov, M.-E. Osmanov, S. Gabiev, B. Dolgat and others.
The alliance of working mountaineers with the Russians was strengthened. proletariat, under the influence of which developed nat. and social self-awareness of the highlanders. Dec. In 1904, the first RSDLP organization in D. was created in Petrovsk-Port, the Derbent group of the RSDLP soon arose, and at the beginning. 1905 Temir-Khan-Shurinskaya. Leadership of the Social-Democrats D. org-tions were carried out by the Caucasian Union, Baku and Terek-Dagestan committees of the RSDLP. During the revolution of 1905-07 in February, May, October. 1905 workers went on strike. etc., ports, textile workers, employees of postal and telegraph institutions, students. In July 1906, one of the major revolutions broke out in Deshlager (now Sergokala). performances of military units in the tsarist army in the Caucasus - the uprising of the Samur infantry. a shelf. In 1913, the tsarist government issued a law emancipating the dependent peasants of Dagestan from feuds. duties. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in March in Temir-Khan-Shura was organized by the Time. region perform. set, and 6 April. created local government Provisional. pr-va - Special Commissariat, subordinate to the Special Transcaucasian Committee. Burzh. nationalists and Muslims. The clergy sought the separation of D. from Russia and the formation of independent. state-va. To this end, on Apr. In 1917 they created the Jamiat ul-Islamiye society, and in Sept. - Dagestan milli-committee.
D. in the period of socialist construction. After the victory of Oct. revolutions in Russia, 7(20) Nov. 1917 at a meeting of the Petrovsky Council of Workers and Military. deputies on the report of the delegate of the 2nd All-Russian. Congress of Soviets N. Anisimov adopted a resolution recognizing the Sov. authorities. At the end of Nov. 1917 Voen.-revolutionary was created in Petrovsk-Port. committee (VRK) headed by U. Buynaksky. Dec 1 at a rally in Petrovsk-Port, Buynaksky, on behalf of the Military Revolutionary Committee, announced the establishment of the Sov. authorities. March 25, 1918 counter-revolutionary. forces organized armament. attack on Petrovsk-Port. The detachment of the Red Guard of Petrovsk-Port was forced to retreat to Astrakhan and partly to Baku. After the replenishment of the Red Guard. detachments returned to D., where they restored the Sov. power: 20 Apr. in Petrovsk-Port, May 2 in Temir-Khan-Shura and April 25. in Derbent. In Temir-Khan-Shura, the region was organized. VRK (U. Buynaksky, M. Dakhadaev, D. Korkmasov, A. Ismailov, S. Gabiev, E. Gogolev and others). In the fight for the Soviet In power, the working people of D. received great help from the Baku Council of People's Commissars, whose activities extended to D. On May 16, 1918, he appointed V. I. Naneishvili Extraordinary Commissar of the Dagestan Region. with the authority to organize there Sov. power, and before its formation to manage the region. By July 1918 Sov. power was established in Temir-Khan-Shurinsky, Kaitago-Tabasaransky, Kazikumukhsky, Darginsky and partially Gunibsky and Kyurinsky districts. In July 1918, a congress of Soviets of cities and liberated districts was held in Temir-Khan-Shura. The congress adopted laws on the nationalization of land, fisheries, and large industrial enterprises. enterprises, Doug chose. regional executive committee. With the invasion of the Caucasus, the German-tur., and then the English. interventions of the Soviets. power in D. temporarily fell. In the summer of 1918 the counter-revolutionary detachments of L. Bicherakhov (see Bicherakhovs) captured Derbent, Petrovsk-Port and Temir-Khan-Shura. At the head of the counter-revolution. pr-va became Prince. Tarkovsky. The Bolsheviks: M. Dakhadaev, N. Ermoshkin, I. Kotrov, G. Kandelaki, G. Tagizade were captured and brutally killed. All R. Feb. in the village of Kumtorkala, the 1st party was convened underground. conference, at which the underground Dagestan regional committee of the RCP (b) was elected, headed by Buynaksky, the Military was created. council (Buinaksky, O. Leshchinsky, S. Abdulkhalimov and others). In the cities and villages of D., partisans unfolded. motion. Detachments of the Red Army were created (about 8 tons). In May 1919 the counter-revolutionary The pr-in arrested almost the entire staff of the Dagestan Regional Committee of the RCP (b). Buynaksky, Leshchinsky, Ismailov and others were shot. In July, Denikin's troops entered Dagestan. However, the revolutionary the movement grew, and by the end of 1919 the whole of Dagestan was engulfed in an uprising, which was led by the newly created underground Dag. the regional committee and the Caucasian Regional Committee of the RCP (b) headed by A. I. Mikoyan. In March, the 11th Red Army approached D. Rebel detachments that went on the offensive liberated Derbent and Temir-Khan-Shura. On March 30, units of the 11th Red Army under the leadership of G.K. Ordzhonikidze and S.M. Kirov, together with the partisans, captured Petrovsk-Port. Owls. power was restored throughout Dagestan. In the spring of 1921, anti-Sovs were suppressed in Dagestan. the rebellion of N. Gotsinsky.
Nov 13 1920 at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of D., a decision was made to create owls. autonomy D. 20 Jan. 1921 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree establishing the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR. Dec. 1921 1st Const. The Dag congress adopted the Dag constitution. ASSR, elected the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the republic. Ownership began. the revival of D. By 1926, the gross output of the industry of D. exceeded the gross output of 1913 by 21.5 percent. During the years of the socialist construction, the economy of Dagestan was completely transformed. Dozens of large and medium-sized enterprises were built; oil fields and coal mines arose. By 1939, 120 power stations had been built with a total capacity of 30,500 kilowatt-hours. Gross output of large-scale industry by 1940 had increased by 13 times compared to 1913. On the socialist In the beginning, the handicraft industry was rebuilt. The national frames. The working class of Dagestan, in comparison with 1920, increased fivefold in number. To the beginning 1940 was collectivized 98.5% cross. x-in. The sown areas of the republic amounted to 347.4 tons ha, exceeding the level of 1913 by 66%. Irrigate length. network has increased in comparison with 1921 by 5.5 times. Eliminating the age-old economic and cultural backwardness, the peoples of D. created the socialist. economy and culture. During the Fatherland period. war 1941-45 St. 40 Dagestanis were awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union, more than 10 thousand soldiers were awarded military orders and medals. In the postwar years, the peoples of D. achieved new successes in the socialist. construction. More than 40 large industrial projects have been put into operation. enterprises: z-dy elektrotermich. equipment, "DagZETO", Dagelektroapparat, separator, grinding machines, Dagelektroavtomat, mechanical repair. etc., completed the construction of the largest in the North. Caucasus, the Chiryurtovskaya HPP, the development of new oil fields in the Karanogay, Tarumovsky, Krainovsky and Kizlyar regions has begun. The chemical, glass, textile, and food industries are developing rapidly. prom-st, especially canning and wine-making. By 1961 prom. In comparison with 1913, Dagestan's output increased by more than 50 times, electricity generation by more than 70 times, and oil production by hundreds of times. After the September plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1953), the p. D. In 1953-62, the number of cattle increased by 166,000 heads, and that of sheep, by 1,118,500 heads. The average grain yield increased from 4.3 to 12.7 centners per 1 ha. In the coastal and foothill zones of Dagestan, plowing is completely mechanized, sowing by 93%, and harvesting by 95%. The working people of Dagestan are successfully fighting for the implementation of the program for building communism adopted by the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). According to the long-term plan for the development of Nar. In 1961-80, oil production, machine building, and the metal-working industry will develop at an especially accelerated pace in Dagestan, and the output of the canning and wine-making industries will increase several times over. By 1980, the area of irrigated land will increase significantly in the republic. Until Oct. revolution, almost the entire population of D. was illiterate, there were no universities, theater, cinema, etc. During the years of Sov. authorities in D. carried out a cultural revolution, liquidated illiteracy, which means. part of the population got rid of religions. vestiges. A written language was created for the seven peoples of Dagestan. The works of S. Stalsky, G. Tsadasa, T. Khuryugsky, R. Gamzatov and other prominent representatives of the multilingual owls are widely popular. doug. liters. In 1962 there were 1,586 schools in Dagestan, and 27 specialized secondary schools. and 4 higher uch. institutions, 1203 libraries, 951 clubs, 7 theaters, 570 film installations, a television center. In 1950, a branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established. In 1962, 49 newspapers and 10 magazines were published in Dagestan. Journals: "Friendship" (in 5 languages), "Goryanka" (in 5 languages), "Dagestan" (in Russian), "Proceedings of the Dag. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR", "Uch. history, language and literature", "Uch. zap. Dag. state. un-ta" (in Russian). Newspapers: "Dagestanskaya Pravda" (in Russian), "Bagarab Bayrakh" ("Red Banner", in Avar.), "Lenin Bayrakh" ("Lenin's Banner", in Dar-Gin.), "Communist" (in Lezg.), "Lenin Elu" ("Lenin's Way", in Kumyk), "Komsomolets of Dagestan" (in Russian), 29 region. and regional newspapers.
Historical institutions: Institute of History, Language and Literature Dag. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (established in 1925), East.-philological. f-t Doug. state un-ta im. V. I. Lenin (1931), Central State Archive (1929), Party Archive Dag. Regional Committee of the CPSU (1921), 4 local historian. museum, 1 historical and revolutionary. museum.
Source: Materials on the archeology of Dagestan, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1959; Berzhe A., Materials for the description of mountainous Dagestan, Tiflis, 1859; his own, Caspian region, Tiflis, 1856; History, geography and ethnography of Dagestan XVIII-XIX centuries. (archival materials), M., 1958; Butkov P., Materials for the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803, parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1869; Bronevsky S., The latest geographical (statistical, ethnographic) and historical. news about the Caucasus, vol. 1-2, M., 1823; Sat. information about the Caucasian highlanders, c. 1-10, Tiflis, 1868-1881; AKAK, vol. 1-12, Tiflis, 1866-1904; Belokurov S. A., Relations between Russia and the Caucasus, M., 1889; Khashaev Kh. M., Code of Laws of Ummu Khan of Avar, M., 1948; Alkadari G.-E., Asari - Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1929; Gidatlin adats, in Russian. and Arab. lang., Makhachkala, 1957; Adats of the Dagestan region and the Zagatal district, Tiflis, 1899; The movement of the highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus in the 20-50s. 19th century Sat. dok-tov, Makhachkala, 1959; The revolutionary movement in Dagestan in 1905-1907 (Sb. dok-tov and mat-lov), Makhachkala, 1956; The struggle for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in Dagestan in 1917-1921. (Sb. dok-tov and mat-lov), M., 1958; Revolutionary committees of Dagestan and their activities to strengthen Soviet power and organize socialist construction (March 1920 - December 1921), (sat. Documents and materials), Makhachkala, 1960.
Lit .: Lenin V. I., The development of capitalism in Russia, Soch., 4th ed., Vol. 3; his own, Comrade-Communists of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan, Mountain Republic, ibid., vol. 32; Ordzhonikidze G.K., Izbr. Art. and speech. 1911-1937, M., 1939; Kirov S. M., Articles, speeches, documents, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 3, L., 1936; Essays on the history of Dagestan, vol. 1-2, Makhachkala, 1957; Magomedov R.M., History of Dagestan. From ancient times to the beginning XIX century, Makhachkala, 1961; Peoples of Dagestan. Sat. Art., M., 1955; Gadzhieva S. Sh., Kumyks. Historical and ethnographic research, M., 1961; Kotovich V. G., Sheikhov N. B., Archaeological. study of Dagestan for 40 years (results and problems), Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 8, Makhachkala, 1960; Bartold VV, The place of the Caspian regions in the history of the Muslim world, Baku, 1925; Kovalevsky M. M., Law and custom in the Caucasus, vol. 2, M., 1890; Neverovsky A. A., A brief look at the northern and middle Dagestan in the topographic. and statistic. relations, St. Petersburg, 1847; Yushkov S.V., On the question of the features of feudalism in Dagestan (before the Russian conquest), Uch. app. Sverdlovsk ped. in-ta, in. 1, 1938; Kusheva E., North Caucasus and international relations of the 16th-17th centuries, "IZH", 1943, No 1; Smirnov N. A., Characteristic features of the ideology of Muridism, M., 1956; his, Russian Policy in the Caucasus in the 16th-19th centuries, M., 1958; his, Muridism in the Caucasus, M., 1963; On the movement of mountaineers under the leadership of Shamil (session materials), Makhachkala, 1957; Fadeev A. V., Essays on the economic development of the steppe Ciscaucasia in the pre-reform period, M., 1957; his own, Russia and the Eastern Crisis of the 20s of the XIX century, M., 1958; his, Russia and the Caucasus in the first third of the 19th century, M., 1960; Khashaev Kh., The social system of Dagestan in the 19th century, M., 1961; Magomedov R. M., Socio-economic and political system of Dagestan in the 18th - early 19th centuries, Makhachkala, 1957; Gadzhiev VG, Accession of Dagestan to Russia. Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; Nishunov I.R., Economic consequences of the accession of Dagestan to Russia (pre-October period), Makhachkala, 1956; Kaimarazov G. Sh., Russia's progressive influence on the development of education and culture in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1954; Daniilov G.D., Dagestan during the Revolution of 1905-1907, Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; his, Socialist. transformations in Dagestan (1920-1941), Makhachkala, 1960; Daniyalov A. D., Soviet Dagestan, M., 1960; Kazanbiev M., National-state construction in Dag. ASSR (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Abilov A. A., Essays on the Soviet culture of the peoples of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959; Struggle for victory and consolidation of Soviet power in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1960; Alikberov G., Revolution and civil war in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1962; Efendiev A.-K. I., Formation of owls. intelligentsia in Dagestan (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Osmanov G., Collectivization p. x-va and DASSR, Makhachkala, 1961; Magomedov R. M., Chronology of the history of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959.
V. G. Gadzhiev. Makhachkala.
Dagestan ASSR
After the end of the civil war, the party was faced with the task of organizing the state of the national outskirts.
The main issue of the national policy of the party was the question of self-determination of various nationalities on the basis of Soviet autonomy.
By the autumn of 1920. many nationalities have already received autonomy, but the state status of Dagestan has not yet been finally determined. This was prevented by civil war and foreign intervention.
To solve the state structure of Dagestan, it was decided to convene congresses of the peoples of Dagestan and the Terek region. Some leading officials of Dagestan, such as Vekshin, Isaev, considered it untimely to decide on the autonomy of Dagestan and accused the supporters of autonomy of putting the interests of Dagestan above the interests of the revolution. The disputes also revealed the position of the rightists, who understood complete independence by autonomy. These positions were criticized at the meeting of party activists on November 13, 1920. On the same day, the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan opened in Temir-khan-Shura, which was attended by about 300 delegates. Here the declaration on the Soviet autonomy of Dagestan was announced. At the congress, a delegation was elected for a trip to Moscow, which consisted of D. Korkmasov, A. Takho-Godi, S. Gabiev and was supposed to develop, together with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the main provisions of the decree on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR. They also took part in the drafting of the Constitution of the DASSR.
January 20, 1921 The Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR issued a decree on the formation of an autonomous Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic. The Dagestan ASSR included the Avar, Gunib, Darginsky, Kazikumukhsky, Kaitago-Tabasarnsky, Kyurinsky, Samursky, Temirkhanshurinsky, Khasavyurtsky districts and the territory of the Caspian coast. The authorities and administration of Dagestan became the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR and local councils
The immediate task of the regional party organization and the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee was to convene the Constituent Congress of Soviets, which opened on December 1, 1921. in Buynaksk. At the congress, questions were discussed about the activities of the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee for the entire period of its existence, the results of the campaign to help the starving in the Volga region, the activities of the Economic Council, the approval of the draft constitution of the DASSR, and the elections of the Central Executive Committee of Dagestan. The congress approved the activities of the Dagrevkom and considered questions of economic development. The discussion and adoption of the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR was of great importance. The presidium of the CEC was elected at the congress, it included N. Samursky (chairman), A. Nakhibashev (secretary), N. Aliyev, M. Khizroev, G. Hajiyev and others. Korkmasov was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Soviet power in Dagestan was finally established.
Dagestan during the restoration of the national economy.
As a result of the civil war, the national economy of the region fell into decay, cities and railways were destroyed, and the port suffered. The industry of Dagestan was going through a difficult period. Fish, textile, canning industries were in decline. The handicraft industry suffered greatly. Even more deplorable was the state of agriculture. The number of livestock was reduced, there was not enough bread. In 1922, there were 200 thousand starving people in the region, various epidemics raged. It was necessary to take up the restoration of the national economy in an organized manner, to eliminate the devastation.
The attention of the peoples was primarily focused on the restoration of the villages destroyed by the White Guards. The Darevkom attached particular importance to this and demanded an active attitude to this problem from the members of the presidium.
By a resolution of the Dagrevkom of June 16, 1920, a temporary special department was formed under him for the restoration of destroyed villages, the leadership of which was entrusted to the chairman himself and the heads of departments. For the direct organization of work, a commission of technicians was created. In the areas of Temir-Khan-Shura, Derbent and Khasavyurt, three party departments began to function.
18 auls took part in the week of labor in honor of the 111th International, organized to restore the most affected villages of the Temirkhanshurinsky district. The workers of Dagestan organized a week of the red plowman and came to the aid of the peasants. This was of great importance for the rapprochement of workers and employees with the working highlanders. A lot was done to clean and rebuild irrigation canals. The Sulak Canal was restored. Channels of the Kyurinsky district. Workers everywhere carried out work on laying roads, repairing and building bridges.
As soon as the territory of the region was cleared of Denikin, the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee began preparations for the nationalization of industry and, first of all, took into account existing enterprises. The government commission included representatives of the Revolutionary Committee, Economic Council and prof. organizations, including D. Korkmasov, N. Samursky, A. Takho-Godi and others.
Its conclusions were considered in the regional committee of the RCP (b) and in the Daghrevkomey
Since most enterprises did not work due to the sabotage of their owners, it was necessary to speed up the implementation of nationalization measures, establish a centralized management, and, by investing additional capital, modernize industrial equipment.
The practical implementation of this task was not entrusted to the organizational bureau of the Dagestan Regional Council of the National Economy. In May 1920, the bureau decided to immediately transfer the tanneries located in Temirkhanshur with all inventory, stocks of raw materials and materials, assets and liabilities to the economic council. In May, the question of the nationalization of fisheries was discussed. Fisheries and fish canning factories were transferred to the department of the fishing industry created under the Dagestan Economic Council. At the same time, oil mills, soap factories, distilleries, distilleries and vodka factories were nationalized. To manage the distillery and alcohol-vodka industry, a special department was formed under the economic council.
Thus, at the beginning of 1921, the economic council already controlled the main industrial enterprises, port and railway facilities, and the entire banking system. At the same time, he was engaged in the centralization of handicrafts and the organization of their systematic work.
The joint meeting of representatives of the economic councils of the South-East and the Dagestan Economic Council on the issue of the nationalization of small industry, held on January 11, 1921, decided: to carry out a formal nationalization of enterprises on the basis of existing instructions; in the mountains, nationalization should not be carried out temporarily; small enterprises owned by Persian subjects should not be nationalized. A commission of representatives of party, Soviet, trade union and economic bodies was established.
During the years of peaceful construction, the system of war communism came into conflict with the interests of the peasantry and could lead to a break in the alliance between the working class and the peasantry. It was necessary to develop a form of union on a different basis. The path to this lay through the new economic policy. The issue of transition to it was one of the main issues on the agenda of the 10th Congress of the Communist Party, held in March 1921. The congress decided to immediately replace the surplus tax with a tax in kind.
The restoration of the country's national economy had to begin with agriculture: it was necessary to provide industry with raw materials, and workers with food. The replacement of the surplus appropriation led to a restructuring of the entire economic front, the entire economic policy of the state, not only in the field of agriculture, but also in the field of industry and labor organization. Nevertheless, the adoption of the NEP could not be limited to a decree on tax in kind. In order for the peasant to be able to freely dispose of the surplus of his farm, free trade had to be allowed. Hence, the question of the role of cooperation, of the normalization of monetary circulation, arose in a new way. The system of wages for workers has changed. The transition from the natural form of remuneration to cash linked wages with an increase in labor productivity. The problem arose of reviving small and handicraft industries, leasing out some small enterprises, and transferring large state enterprises to self-financing.
In Dagestan, the policy of war communism began to be carried out later than in Central Russia - as the territory was liberated from the White Guards and bourgeois-nationalist gangs. On August 24, 1920, the Dagrevkom issued an order that the owners of bread, fodder and livestock are obliged to hand over excess food to the food authorities. The food authorities must distribute everything received among the working people of the region. The rest should be sent to other regions in exchange for those products that are produced in insufficient quantities in Dagestan, mainly bread. Further, it was noted that the Food Committee sets fixed prices for these products. Procurement and export outside the region of grain products, fodder, livestock and raw materials were prohibited both by individuals and all institutions and departments, except for food authorities. Such an emergency measure found support among the peasantry.
The surplus appropriation was burdensome both for the main producer - the middle peasant, and for the poor, it directly or indirectly interfered with the development of agriculture. On July 27, 1921, the government of Dagestan issued a decree on tax in kind. The entire rural population of the republic was involved in paying it, while establishing the norms, the hardships and devastation suffered by the mountaineers in connection with military operations were taken into account. The tax in kind was much less than the food appropriation. The size and timing of its introduction became known to the peasants before the spring sowing.
The poor peasants were exempted from paying the tax in whole or in part, and it was levied from the middle peasants in a smaller amount than from the prosperous and kulak farms. In 1922 the farms of the mountain districts were completely exempted from the tax, having less than one quarter of a tithe of crops, less than two heads of cattle. A number of benefits were presented to peasants who increased the area of crops and applied advanced methods of cultivating the land.
The New Economic Policy opened up favorable opportunities for the development of agriculture. The food situation in the republic has somewhat improved. Highlanders began to show interest in increasing labor productivity, more actively engaged in gardening. Nevertheless, the insecurity of the population of the mountain districts with bread, the fragmentation of peasant farms, the uneven distribution of land and livestock, and the presence of a large number of landless farms testified to the extremely difficult living conditions of the working people.
The decisions of the 10th Congress on the national question were of great importance. They pointed out that with the victory of October in our country, national oppression was abolished, but actual national inequality remained, the elimination of which is a lengthy process. This inequality consisted in the fact that a number of republics, including Dagestan, noticeably lagged behind central Russia in the political, economic and cultural level.
The peoples of our country were given the task of helping the working masses of the outlying regions in every possible way.
It was necessary to eliminate one-sidedness in the development of the national economy, to create new branches of industry, taking into account the natural conditions of each region, to equip the industry and agriculture of the border regions with new equipment, to increase labor productivity on this basis, to develop modern modes of transport, to organize the transfer of small-scale peasant farms to large-scale mechanized collective economy, provide objective conditions for the formation of a national working class.
Dagestan in 20-30s 20th century
In the 20-30s. The Soviet government adopted a tax policy that allowed various sections of the peasantry to more rational methods of farming. The strengthening of peasant farms made it possible to develop all branches of agricultural production, to create the necessary economic base for the normal operation of industry.
In 1920, agronomic centers were restored in the Temirkhanshurinsky, Khasavyurt and Derbent districts. They made plans for mandatory crops and participated in their implementation, distributed agricultural equipment and promoted better farming methods. Two-year courses for the training of agricultural specialists have been opened in Buynaksk. Steps were taken to organize agriculture on a modern scientific basis. In 1923, an exhibition of farm animals was held.
The promotion of agricultural knowledge among the population, the organization of courses, lectures, talks and reports, contributed to the spread of modern farming methods.
Land management work has been carried out. Many poor peasant farms were allotted land. The water problem was very important for Dagestan. For the organization of the water management of Dagestan, the government of the RSFSR began to allocate significant funds and the necessary equipment.
The devastation and acute lack of land forced the population of the mountains and foothills to rush to the plane. It was necessary to solve the problem of increasing the land suitable for cultivation. First of all, the Prisulakskaya lowland attracted attention. In the autumn of 1921, the construction of the Canal named after. October revolution.
Soon water management work began in areas of fertile lands - Babayurt, Khasavyurt, Kizlyar and Samur regions, restoration and development of mountain irrigation in Levashinsky, Gunibsky, Avar and other districts. Since 1927, the efforts of the highlanders have been directed towards regulating the flow of mountain rivers, draining swamps, increasing irrigated areas in areas of irrigated agriculture, and supplying villages with water.
In the 1920s, peasant committees began to be created on the basis of a decree of the government of Soviet Russia dated May 14, 1921. Their functions included organizing mutual assistance in case of crop failures and natural disasters, providing low-power and farm laborers with food, seeds, and draft power. These bodies were supposed to help in every possible way to wrest the poorest part of the population from the influence of the kulaks and the clergy; at the expense of the peasant committees, the poor were cooperative.
The role of mutual aid committees was determined by the fact that they rallied farm laborers and the poor in the struggle for the implementation of the social and economic measures of the party and government, and acquainted the population with the principles of collective farming.
The construction and operation of the entire Dagestan industry was in charge of the Dagestan Council of the National Economy, created first as a department under the revolutionary committee, and then after the formation of the Dagestan ASSR, functioning as a people's commissariat. In the sphere of its activity there were up to 45 large and small enterprises concentrated in Makhachkala, Buynaksk and Derbent and designed for the processing of local raw materials.
All enterprises were divided into three groups: the first included enterprises of state importance and therefore accepted for state supply; in the second - to be leased; the third were those that had to be liquidated due to lack of raw materials and for various other reasons.
The Dagestan Economic Council set about organizing their work in an atmosphere of general ruin, among ruins and poverty. In addition to the help of the center, he attracted his extremely limited funds, tried to find internal resources.
The party organization and the government of Dagestan resolved the issues of the economic revival of the republic.
In June 1921, the presidium of the Dagrevkom considered the work plan of a scientific and technical expedition to explore the Khiut and Mogokh sulfur deposits and the issue of appropriations for the Mines Administration. Certain amounts were allocated for the development of mercury.
In July, the issue of restoring the Dagestan Lights glass factory was discussed, which had not only economic but also political significance: the enterprise served the entire country and was at that time the only plant in Russia that operated on petroleum gas. It was decided to restore the plant of the Labor and Defense Council. New machines were purchased in Germany and Belgium, foreign workers and specialists arrived, and mechanization of production was introduced. In addition to window glass, the plant began to produce bottles for Caucasian wine and mineral water, as well as for export to the countries of the Middle East.
Since May 1922, by decision of the government, all Dagestan industry was removed from the state. supply and transferred to self-financing. Pre Doug. The Economic Council took a number of measures aimed at reducing the cost of production. A new production program and financial estimates of enterprises were drawn up, the staff was revised, the organization of labor was improved, the technical and accounting apparatus was strengthened, and overhead costs were reduced. In April, a trade department was organized for the procurement of materials and the sale of products of all enterprises of the republic. Soon the trading department took over the local market. Self-supporting enterprises soon became stronger, their leaders gained considerable experience.
The Economic Council directed all its efforts to identifying and using the reserves of individual enterprises and the industry of the republic as a whole, which led to a further strengthening of the positions of Soviet power here.
DAGESTAN DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR.
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany treacherously attacked the Soviet Union. The whole country rose to fight the invaders.
Dagestan also took its place in the battle formation. The working people of the republic were indignant at the invasion of the hordes of German fascism. On June 22, in the evening, a rally of residents of the capital took place in the Makhachkala city garden. The people of Makhachkala, in a unanimously adopted resolution, vowed to defend their homeland.
In the very first days of the war, the military registration and enlistment offices began to receive hundreds of applications from the population with a request to be enrolled as volunteers in the ranks of the Soviet Army and immediately sent to the front.
Thousands of Dagestanis went to the front in the very first days of the war. The departed men were replaced by their mothers, wives and sisters, they gave all their strength to the common cause of defeating the Nazi invaders. Many pensioners and elderly cadre workers returned to factories and factories, collective farms and state farms. The peoples of Dagestan rose to military and labor feats.
From the very beginning of the war, the Dagestan party organization united and directed the efforts of the working people of the republic to comprehensive assistance to the front, called on the highlanders to strengthen discipline and increase revolutionary activity.
Meetings of party activists were held in all cities and regions of the republic. Specific measures were outlined for restructuring organizational and political work and subordinating it to the interests of the front. Particular attention was paid to strengthening party leadership in industry, agriculture, and transport.
In the very first days of the war, the Communist Party and the Soviet government took steps to organize a nationwide rebuff to the aggressor. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars addressed the party, Soviet, trade union and Komsomol organizations of the front-line regions with a directive that contained a detailed program for the fight against the Nazi invaders.
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Soviet government set before the party and the people the task of immediately reorganizing all work on a war footing, subordinating it to the interests of the front. For the rapid mobilization of all forces and means on June 30, 1941, the State Defense Committee was created. The Committee concentrated in its hands all power, state and economic leadership in the country. Stalin was appointed chairman of the committee.
The war demanded from the party, Soviet, and economic organs of the rear a radical change in the methods of leadership. The party organization of Dagestan in the shortest possible time reshuffled personnel in connection with the departure of a significant number of workers to the army, providing all areas of work with party leadership. Party organizations in the localities, leading mass political work among the population, took urgent measures to organize a rebuff to the enemy.
In Dagestan, as elsewhere in the country, selfless work began to fulfill military orders. In production, people worked, regardless of time.
The war demanded huge efforts from the workers of the fields. Thousands of collective farmers went to the front, agricultural machinery, acreage, and the number of draft animals were greatly reduced. Under these conditions, Party and Soviet organs in rural areas mobilized all the forces of collective farms and state farms for harvesting, for early fulfillment of obligations to the state. The most important areas of agricultural production were headed by the communists.
Successes in agriculture were largely ensured by a clear organization of work, the correct distribution of the workforce. Party organizations sought to involve all able-bodied people in social production.
The Soviet intelligentsia worked selflessly together with the working class and the collective farm peasantry. All engineers and technicians not drafted into the army, agricultural specialists, teachers and doctors, scientists, writers, artists tried to make their work as useful as possible for defense. They sought out new types of local raw materials for industry, studied ways to improve agriculture, reorganized educational work in schools and higher educational institutions, improved the forms and methods of political education of the population, and treated the wounded.
However, the Dagestanis, like all Soviet people, understood that what had been achieved was only the beginning of subordinating the economy to the needs of the war, that there was difficult work ahead to restructure the national economy on a war footing. It was necessary in the shortest possible time to double and triple aid to the front, to create such conditions for industry, transport and agriculture that they would best satisfy the growing needs of the country and the army.
At the same time, defense work was launched in the republic to prepare the reserves of the Soviet Army, and the activity of sports organizations intensified. In almost all districts, the formation of detachments of the people's militia, the creation of self-defense groups, as well as sanitary teams, began. Former red partisans, participants in the civil war, elderly and young workers, collective farmers and intellectual workers turned to party committees and military registration and enlistment offices with a request to enroll them in the militia units being created. By the end of July 1941. about 6 thousand people signed up for the people's militia units. The Republican headquarters of the people's militia was created.
During the war, party organizations changed the forms and methods of agitational mass work. Rallies and talks were of great importance. Party offices under city party committees were transformed into city propaganda centers. A clear result of mass political work was a patriotic upsurge, expressed in the movement for the creation of a defense fund. The initiators of the movement were the workers and employees of the three largest enterprises in Makhachkala - the factory named after. of the International, a fish cannery, and among the rural workers, the collective farmers of the Sergokalinsky district, who unanimously decided to contribute five workdays to the defense fund. This initiative was supported by all the workers, employees and peasantry of the republic.
To account for the funds received by the defense fund, special commissions were organized at the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR, at city and district executive committees.
In the very first days of the war, a program was outlined for the restructuring of the peaceful socialist economy. The people began to implement this program.
The military restructuring of industry was carried out in Dagestan, as well as throughout the country, by switching enterprises to fulfill military orders and a radical change in the range of products. This changed not only the structure of industry, but also the ratio of the capacities of its various branches. The production of some types of civilian products was stopped and the production of military products was mastered. The metalworking industry began to produce, for example, ammunition; canning enterprises have mastered the production of new types of canned meat and vegetables; leather and footwear factory - cavalry saddles.
The war distracted thousands of workers from production. Many skilled workers in industry and transport were drafted into the army. In the first month alone, about 8 thousand people left the Dagestan industry. They were replaced by women and teenagers. Thus, along with the restructuring of the national economy on a war footing, the issue of providing enterprises with skilled workers was resolved. In the initial period, in connection with the mobilization into the army, the expansion of production and the relocation of enterprises to new places, the workforce was largely renewed. The main form of personnel training was individual and team training directly in the shops.
The increase in labor productivity was of great importance during the war years. Therefore, it was necessary to ensure that not just a few, but hundreds and thousands of workers, entire teams, fulfilled and exceeded the norms. Party, trade union and Komsomol organizations paid much attention to this. They searched for reserves, enterprises, provided practical assistance to innovators, and carried out a great deal of educational work. As a result, the number of pioneers has increased.
By the autumn of 1941. the industry of the republic has basically restructured its work. The most important measures were taken to mobilize the development of the national economy: the redistribution of resources and reserves of the republic in favor of the front, the transfer of civilian industry to the production of weapons, ammunition and other military materials, the redistribution of human reserves, the deployment of the first enterprises evacuated to the republic. At all these enterprises, the production of ammunition and other products necessary for the front was adjusted. The industry of Dagestan mastered and mass-produced mortars, fragmentation bombs, shells, mines, etc.
The manufacture of ammunition and equipment was carried out mainly from raw materials available in Dagestan. In the development and production of weapons and ammunition, in the mobilization of all the forces of the working people of the republic, an important role belonged to the created in October 1941. Makhachkala Defense Committee. This committee directly supervised the construction of defensive structures, the strengthening of the capital of the republic as the most important strategic point, the mobilization of funds to help the front, followed the implementation of military orders, the deployment of evacuated enterprises and the population, etc.
The style and methods of work of the party organization have changed. The city and district committees of the parties, the city and district Soviets of Working People's Deputies acted clearly and promptly. Under the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR and at the district executive committees, special meetings were created to resolve numerous economic and political issues, which were engaged not only in national economic plans, but also in carrying out mobilization work.
In November 1941 The 10th plenum of the Dagestan Regional Party Committee was held to discuss the practical tasks of the party organization in war conditions. The plenum especially noted the need to turn the republic into an obscene fortress in the path of the enemy as soon as possible. The plenum proposed to organize uninterrupted and fast transportation of goods, primarily military, to strictly guard transport routes, and establish communications. Introduce strict order and firm discipline on the routes, stations, communications enterprises.
The decisions of the 10th plenum formed the basis of the work of the party. Soviet and economic bodies of the republic. Inspired by the defeat of the Nazi invaders near Moscow, the working people of Dagestan increased their assistance to the front.
Many difficulties arose in supplying enterprises with raw materials and materials - the supply of scarce materials to the republic was limited. The restructuring of the entire national economy radically changed the work of transport. The movement of productive forces, the evacuation of the population and various cargoes - all this required from transport, especially railway, an increase in freight turnover, throughput capacity of stations. Makhachkala became the most important point through which there was direct communication between the front and the rear. A huge burden and hardest trials fell on the shoulders of the railway workers. By joining the All-Union socialist competition, the Dagestan railway workers achieved good production results. The average daily loading and unloading has significantly increased, the departure and running of trains on schedule has improved, and the number of violations of the rules for the technical operation of rolling stock has decreased.
The importance of the Makhachkala port as an important transport hub has greatly increased. A large load during the war years was assumed by automobile and horse-drawn transport.
In fierce battles with the enemy, the love of the Soviet people for their homeland was manifested. Representatives of the peoples of Dagestan also fought on the fronts of the war. The frontier guards took the first blows. Among them there were many Dagestanis who bravely entered the fight against the enemy. Maksud-Gerei Shikhaliev, the commander of the military unit of the Brest Fortress, fought back to the last bullet. Kh. Gamidov fought in the Far North and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In the south, an immortal feat was accomplished by M. Ibragimov - he broke through to a group of Germans in the enemy rear and, having stunned the Nazis, alone brought 22 prisoners to the headquarters of his unit.
The Nazi command relied on the lightning capture of Moscow. However, this plan disgracefully failed. Among the defenders of the capital was a tankman A. Mardakhaev. In one of the battles, he inflicted a lot of damage on the Nazis. When the Germans set fire to his tank, Mardakhaev sent his flaming car to the enemy headquarters and died a hero's death. He was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin.
At the end of 1941, a submarine under the command of Magomed Gadzhiev conducted a surface battle unprecedented in the history of naval battles. Floating to the surface, the boat attacked three enemy ships. Two went down. The third hastily disappeared. M. Hajiyev died in May 1942. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Captain Valentin Emirov bravely fought against the Nazi invaders. He commanded a squadron of combat fighters and died in an unequal air battle with Nazi aircraft.
Taking advantage of the absence of a second front in Europe, the Nazi command in the spring of 1942. concentrated large forces on the Soviet-German front. The enemy troops were going to strike the main blow in the southern sector. The Caucasus, with its richest resources, occupied a special place in the aggressive plans of Nazi Germany.
In the autumn of 1942 Dagestan found itself directly in the front line, turned into an important strategic region. Before the party organization of the republic, before all the peoples of Dagestan, the task arose - not to let the enemy go to the south, in Transcaucasia, to stubbornly defend every city, aul. Create defensive lines. Since the second quarter of 1942. some enterprises were relocated outside the DASSR. Most of the equipment of the metalworking and oil refining industries were evacuated to the regions of Transcaspia. The construction of individual large enterprises was mothballed.
Warriors-Dagestanis continued to fight desperately against the Nazi-German invaders. They were participants in the greatest battle of Stalingrad. The names of the heroes of Stalingrad H. Nuradilov, M. Baymurzaev and others are covered with unfading glory. Machine gunner Khanpasha Nuradilov exterminated 920 German soldiers and officers. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Highlander from the village of Kumtorkal Magomed-Zagir Baimurzaev fought on the banks of the Volga. In August 1942 He was seriously wounded, but did not leave the battlefield. All the fighters and Baimurzaev himself died, preventing the Nazi column from reaching the Volga.
In the ranks of the 62nd army of General V. Chuikov, Vera Khanukaeva fought against the Nazis. She carried out responsible work at the headquarters of the regiment and received several awards.
The Battle of Stalingrad was in full swing when the Soviet troops began preparing for a counteroffensive. After the Battle of Stalingrad, a turning point in the war came.
In the summer of 1943 the Nazis suffered a major defeat near Kursk. This battle brought Germany to the brink of disaster and heralded a new stage in the offensive actions of the Soviet troops. The most important economic and military-strategic regions were liberated: the North Caucasus, Donbass, Rostov, Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol, Smolensk, Bryansk regions and the entire Left-Bank Ukraine.
The radical change in the course of the war was ensured by the heroic efforts of the Soviet soldiers, the selfless labor of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, and the enormous organizational activity of the party and government. In 1943 the Soviet rear faced new military and economic tasks. They were determined by the need to increase aid to the front, materially provide for the growing strikes of the Soviet troops, meet the needs of the army and navy, supply them with first-class weapons, ammunition, food, and eliminate the enemy's superiority in tanks, aircraft and some other types of military equipment.
The same tasks were to be solved by the DASSR. Here, of course, there were specific features, but the purpose of production was the same for the whole country: to satisfy the needs of the front and the needs of the rear.
The defeat of the Nazis on the Volga and in the North Caucasus created favorable conditions for the deployment of offensive operations along the entire front. The blockade of Leningrad was broken, Donbass was liberated. Kharkiv, hundreds of cities and other settlements. In the spring of 1943 Soviet troops pushed back the fascist army by 600-700 km, the expulsion of the invaders from the USSR began. However, the Nazi war machine was still in operation. Moreover, in the summer the Nazis tried to take revenge in the region of Orel and Belgorod, but they received a crushing blow near Orel and Kursk.
After this defeat, the Germans began to pin their hopes on natural barriers - the Kerch Strait, the Desna, the Dnieper and other large rivers, beyond which they expected to regroup their defeated armies. Soviet troops successfully crossed the water lines and continued a broad offensive along the entire front.
1944 was marked by new victories of the Soviet people over the invaders. Now the main task was to completely expel the enemy from Soviet soil, and then eliminate the fascist "new order" in Europe.
In September 1944, the Soviet Army entered the territory of Germany. In this final period of the war, Dagestani warriors fought on all fronts, in all branches of the military. Sergeant Abdurakhman Abdullaev participated in the battles near Rostov and Sevastopol. Ismail Isaev was among the defenders of Leningrad. Sadu Aliev, a teacher from the Gunib district, who fought in the Far North, was nicknamed "the champion of snipers" in his unit. He destroyed 127 Nazis, for which he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Major Magomed Gamzatov distinguished himself in the battle for the Crimea. Gamzatov's battalion crossed the Kerch Strait, took up defensive positions and repulsed many counterattacks. This was the beginning of the liberation of the Crimea.
Warriors-Dagestanis were active participants in the offensive operations of the Soviet army. Remarkable feats marked the path of the tanker Elmurza Dzhumagulov. In the battles of 1944 the fearless pilot of Naval Aviation Yusup Akaev distinguished himself. He fought near Sevastopol. After the war Hero of the Soviets. Union Y. Akaev returned to Dagestan. Dagestan is proud of the wonderful pilot, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Akhmetkhan Sultan and others.
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the USSR
Makhachkala
Russian, Avar, Dargin, Lak, Lezgin, Kumyk, Nogai (before 1936 and after 1978), Tabasaran, Azerbaijani, Tat, Chechen (since 1978)
Russians, Avars, Laks, Lezgins, Tabasarans, Kumyks, Nogais, Dargins, Tats, etc.
50.3 thousand km²
Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Dagestan ASSR)- an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR that existed in 1921-1993.
The capital is the city of Makhachkala.
- 1. History
- 2 Administrative divisions
- 3 Population
- 3.1 National composition
- 4 Notes
- 5 Links
Story
On January 20, 1921, the Dagestan Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was formed on the territory of Dagestan and part of the territory of the Terek regions. The First All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets, held on December 1-7, 1921, adopted the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR. In 1923 the republic was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR.
With the adoption of the new Stalinist constitution on December 5, 1936, the republic was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory, and the word order in the name was also changed: Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Later, on June 12, 1937, the Extraordinary 11th All-Dagestan Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR.
On February 22, 1938, five northern regions of the republic (Achikulaksky, Karanogaysky, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyarsky, Shelkovskaya) were transferred to the Ordzhonikidze Territory. Of these, the Kizlyar Autonomous Okrug was formed with the center in the city of Kizlyar.
On March 7, 1944, as a result of the liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, several of its mountainous regions were ceded to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On January 9, 1957, its territories were returned to the restored Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; most of the territory of the former Kizlyar district was included in the Dagestan ASSR from the abolished Grozny region, as a result of which the territory of Dagestan adopted modern borders.
In 1965 the republic was awarded the Order of Lenin; in 1970 - the Order of the October Revolution.
On May 24, 1991, the Dagestan ASSR was transformed into Dagestan SSR as part of the RSFSR (which did not comply with Article 85 of the Constitution of the USSR), and on December 25, 1993, after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - in Republic of Dagestan.
Administrative division
Initially, the republic was divided into 10 districts:
- Avar - center with. Khunzakh
- Andean - s. Botlikh
- Gunibsky - Gunib fortification
- Darginsky - s. Levashi
- Kazi-Kumukhsky (Laksky) - s. Kazi-Kumukh
- Kaytago-Tabasaransky - with. Majalis
- Kyurinsky - s. Kas-Kent (Kasumkent)
- Samursky - s. Oh you
- Temir-Khan-Shurinsky - Temir-Khan-Shura
- Khasav-Yurtovsky - slob. Khasav-Yurt
On November 16, 1922, the Kizlyar district and the Achikulak district were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR from the Terek province.
On November 22, 1928, instead of districts and districts, 26 cantons and 2 sub-cantons were formed in the republic.
On February 22, 1938, the Achikulaksky, Karanogaysky, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyarsky and Shelkovskaya districts were transferred to the newly formed Kizlyarsky district of the Ordzhonikidze region.
On March 7, 1944, Vedensky, Kurchaloevsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky, Sharoevsky districts were transferred from the abolished Chechen-Ingush ASSR to the Dagestan ASSR.
Districts of the Dagestan ASSR in 1953
On June 25, 1952, in addition to the regional division, 4 districts were formed as part of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Buynaksky, Derbent, Izberbashsky, Makhachkala.
On April 24, 1953, the districts were abolished, all districts were transferred to the direct subordination of the administration of the republic.
On January 9, 1957, the Andalal, Vedensky, Ritlyabsky, Shuragatsky regions were transferred to the restored Chechen-Ingush ASSR; from the abolished Grozny region, the city of Kizlyar, Karanogai, Kizlyar, Krainovsky, Tarumovsky districts were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR.
Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan ASSR included 10 cities of republican subordination:
- Makhachkala
- Buynaksk
- Dagestan Lights
- Derbent
- Izberbash
- Kaspiysk
- Kizilyurt
- Kizlyar
- Khasavyurt
- Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk
and 39 districts:
- Agulsky - center with. Tpig
- Akushinsky - s. Akusha
- Akhvakhsky - s. carat
- Akhtynsky - s. Oh you
- Babayurtovsky - s. Babayurt
- Botlikhsky - s. Botlikh
- Buynaksky - Buynaksk
- Gergebilsky - s. Gergebil
- Gumbetovsky - s. Mechelta
- Gunibsky - s. Gunib
- Dakhadaevsky - s. Urcarach
- Derbent - Derbent
- Kazbekovsky - s. Dylym
- Kaytagsky - s. Majalis
- Kayakentsky - s. Novokayakent
- Kizilyurt - Kizilyurt
- Kizlyarsky - Kizlyar
- Kulinsky - s. wachi
- Kurakhsky - s. Kurakh
- Laksky - s. Kumukh
- Levashinsky - s. Levashi
- Leninsky - s. Karabudakhkent
- Magaramkentsky - with. Magaramkent
- Novolaksky - s. Novolakskoye
- Nogaisky - s. Terekli Mekteb
- Rutulsky - s. Rutul
- Sergokalinsky - s. Sergokala
- Soviet - p. Soviet
- Suleiman-Stalsky - p. Kasumkent
- Tabasaransky - s. Huchni
- Tarumovsky - s. Tarumovka
- Tlyaratinskiy - s. Tlyarat
- Untsukulsky - s. Untsukul
- Khasavyurt - Khasavyurt
- Khivsky - s. Khiv
- Khunzakhsky - s. Khunzakh
- Tsumadinsky - s. Agvali
- Tsuntinsky - s. Bezhta
- Charodinsky - s. Tsurib
Population
Population dynamics of the republic:
| Year | Population, people | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 788 098 | 1926 census |
| 1939 | 930 416 | 1939 census |
| 1959 | 1 062 472 | 1959 census |
| 1970 | 1 428 540 | 1970 census |
| 1979 | 1 627 884 | 1979 census |
| 1989 | 1 802 579 | 1989 census |
National composition
| year | Russians | Avars | Dargins | Kumyks | Laks | Lezgins | Nogais | Azerbaijanis | Tabasarans | Tats and Mountain Jews |
Chechens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 12,5% | 17,7% | 13,9% | 11,2% | 5,1% | 11,5% | 3,3% | 3,0% | 4,0% | 1,5% | 2,8% |
| 1939 | 14,3% | 24,8% | 16,2% | 10,8% | 5,6% | 10,4% | 0,5% | 3,4% | 3,6% | ? | 2,8% |
| 1959 | 20,1% | 22,5% | 13,9% | 11,4% | 5,0% | 10,2% | 1,4% | 3,6% | 3,2% | 1,6% | 1,2% |
| 1970 | 14,7% | 24,4% | 14,5% | 11,8% | 5,0% | 11,4% | 1,5% | 3,8% | 3,7% | 1,3% | 2,8% |
| 1989 | 9,2% | 27,5% | 15,6% | 12,9% | 5,1% | 11,3% | 1,6% | 4,3% | 4,3% | 0,9% | 3,2% |
Notes
- 1 2 All-Union Population Census 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
- ALL-RUSSIAN CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Decree of January 20, 1921. ON THE AUTONOMOUS DAGESTAN SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLIC
- 1 2 Brief information about the administrative-territorial changes in the Stavropol Territory for 1920-1992.
- USSR Constitution of 1936, article 22
- Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 "On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR"
- World Historical Project. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union population census of 1926. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union population census of 1939. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union population census of 1959. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union population census of 1970. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
- All-Union Population Census 1979. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
Links
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
| RSFSR | |
|---|---|
| Autonomous republics (ASSR) | |
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Bashkir (1919-1990¹) Buryat (1923-1990¹) Gorno-Altai (1990¹-1991²) Mountain (1921-1924) Dagestan(1921-1990¹) Kabardino-Balkarian (1936-1990¹; 1944-1957 Kabardian) Cossack (1925-1936) Kalmyk (1935-1943; 1958-1990¹) Karakalpak (1932-1936) Karachay-Cherkess (1990-1990) (¹) 1923-1940; 1956-1990¹) Kirghiz (1920-1925) / Kirghiz (1926-1936) Komi (1936-1990¹) Crimean (1921-1945) Mari (1936-1990¹) Mordovian (1934-1990¹) Volga Germans (1924- 1941) North Ossetian (1936-1990¹) Tatar (1920-1990¹) Tuva (1961-1990¹) Turkestan (1918-1924) Udmurt (1934-1990¹) Chechen-Ingush (1936-1944; 1957-1990) Chuvash (1925) 1990¹) Yakutskaya (1922-1990¹) |
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| Autonomous regions | |
|
Adyghe (Circassian) (1922-1928) Adyghe (1928-1992) Buryat-Mongolian (1921-1923) Votskaya (1920-1932) Gorno-Altai (1948-1992) Jewish (since 1934) Ingush (1924-1934) Kabardian ( 1921-1922) Kabardino-Balkarian (1922-1936) Kalmyk (1920-1935; 1957-1958) Karachay-Cherkess (1922-1926; 1957-1992) Karachay (1926-1943) Komi (Zyryan) (1921-1936) Mari (1920-1936) Mongolian-Buryat (1921-1923) Mordovian (1930-1934) Volga Germans (1918-1924) Oirat (1922-1932) / Oirot (1932-1948) North Ossetian (1924-1936) Tuva (1944) -1961) Udmurt (1932-1934) Khakass (1930-1992) Circassian (Adyghe) (1922) Circassian (1928-1957) Chechen (1922-1934) Chechen-Ingush (1934-1936) Chuvash (1920-1925) |
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| Autonomous and national districts (AO, NO) | |
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Aginsk Buryat-Mongolian NGO (1937-1958) / Aginsk Buryat Autonomous Okrug (1958-2008) Argayash NGO (1934) Balkar (1921-1922) Vitimo-Olekma NGO (1931-1938) Ingush (1921-1924) Kabardian NGO (1920- 1921) Karachaevsky NO (1920-1922) Karelian NO (1937-1939) Komi-Permyatskiy (1925-2005) Koryak Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Nenets NO (1929-1977) / Autonomous Okrug (since 1977) Ostyako-Vogulskiy NO (1930) -1940) Okhotsk-Evensky NO (1930-1934) North Ossetian (1920-1921) Sunzhensky Cossack (1920-1929) Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetsky) NO (1930-1977) / AO (1977-2006) Ust-Ordynsky Buryatsky NO (1937-1978) / AO (1978-2008) Khanty-Mansiysk NO (1940-1978) / AO (since 1978) Chechen NO (1920-1922) Circassian NO (1926-1928) Chukotka AD (since 1930) Evenk AD (1930-2007) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) |
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| ¹ Date of adoption of the declaration of sovereignty ² Confirmation of the status of the republic |
, Azerbaijani, Tat, Chechen (since 1978)
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above sea level
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Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Dagestan ASSR)- an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR that existed in -1993.
Story
On December 17, the Supreme Council of Dagestan adopted a declaration on the indivisibility and integrity of the republic, in which it is called Republic of Dagestan .
On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia introduced the double name "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic - Republic of Dagestan" into the Russian constitution; the change went into effect on May 16, 1992. On July 30, 1992, the Supreme Council of Dagestan amended the constitution of the republic, which proclaimed the equivalence of the names "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic" and "Republic of Dagestan", while in the preamble and main body of the constitution, preference was given to the second name, and the double designation of the republic was preserved only in the name of the constitution.
Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan ASSR included 10 cities of republican subordination:
and 39 districts:
Population
Population dynamics of the republic:
| Year | Population, people | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 788 098 | 1926 census | |
| 930 416 | 1939 census | |
| 1 062 472 | 1959 census | |
| 1 428 540 | 1970 census | |
| 1 627 884 | 1979 census | |
| 1 802 579 | 1989 census |
National composition
| year | Russians | Avars | Dargins | Kumyks | Laks | Lezgins | Nogais | Azerbaijanis | Tabasarans | Tats and Mountain Jews |
Chechens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12,5% | 17,7% | 13,9% | 11,2% | 5,1% | 11,5% | 3,3% | 3,0% | 4,0% | 1,5% | 2,8% | |
| 14,3% | 24,8% | 16,2% | 10,8% | 5,6% | 10,4% | 0,5% | 3,4% | 3,6% | ? | 2,8% | |
| 20,1% | 22,5% | 13,9% | 11,4% | 5,0% | 10,2% | 1,4% | 3,6% | 3,2% | 1,6% | 1,2% | |
| 14,7% | 24,4% | 14,5% | 11,8% | 5,0% | 11,4% | 1,5% | 3,8% | 3,7% | 1,3% | 2,8% | |
| 9,2% | 27,5% | 15,6% | 12,9% | 5,1% | 11,3% | 1,6% | 4,3% | 4,3% | 0,9% | 3,2% |
Notes
- . .
- USSR Constitution of 1936, Article 22
- (unavailable link - ). .
- See: Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I “On Changes and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic” // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. - 1992. - No. 20. - Art. 1084. This law came into force from the moment of its publication in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on May 16, 1992.
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Links
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
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I could go on for a very, very long time, because all this annoyed me a lot at that time, and I had thousands of questions that no one gave me answers to, but only advised me to simply “believe”, which I would never do in my life could not, because before believing, I had to understand why, and if there was no logic in the same “faith”, then for me it was “looking for a black cat in a black room”, and such faith was not neither my heart nor my soul needs. And not because (as some told me) I had a “dark” soul that did not need God ... On the contrary, I think that my soul was bright enough to understand and accept, only there was nothing to accept ... Yes, and what could be explained if people themselves killed their God, and then suddenly decided that it would be “more correct” to worship him?.. So, in my opinion, it would be better not to kill, but would try to learn from him as much as possible, if he really was a real God... For some reason, much closer at that time I felt our "old gods", carved statues of which in our city, and throughout Lithuania, a great a bunch of. These were funny and warm, cheerful and angry, sad and stern gods who were not as incomprehensibly "tragic" as the same Christ, who was given amazingly expensive churches, as if really trying to atone for some sins...
"Old" Lithuanian Gods in my hometown of Alytus, homely and warm, like a simple friendly family...
These gods reminded me of kind characters from fairy tales, who were somewhat similar to our parents - they were kind and affectionate, but if necessary, they could also severely punish us when we played pranks too much. They were much closer to our soul than that incomprehensible, distant, and so terribly perished by human hands, God...
I ask the believers not to be indignant, reading the lines with my then thoughts. It was then, and I, like everything else, in the same Faith was looking for my childish truth. Therefore, I can argue about this only about my views and concepts that I have now, and which will be presented in this book much later. In the meantime, it was a time of "stubborn search", and it was not so easy for me ...
“You are a strange girl...” the sad stranger whispered thoughtfully.
“I’m not weird—I’m just alive. But I live among two worlds - the living and the dead... And I can see what many, unfortunately, do not see. Because, probably, no one believes me ... But everything would be so much easier if people would listen, and at least for a minute think, even if not believing ... But, I think that if this happens when Someday, it certainly won’t happen today ... But today I have to live with this ...
“I'm sorry, honey…” the man whispered. “You know, there are a lot of people like me here. There are thousands of them here... It would probably be interesting for you to talk to them. There are even real heroes, not like me. There are many here...
I suddenly had a wild desire to help this sad, lonely man. In fact, I had absolutely no idea what I could do for him.
“Do you want us to create another world for you while you are here?” Stella suddenly asked unexpectedly.
It was a great idea, and I felt a little ashamed that it hadn't occurred to me first. Stella was a wonderful person, and somehow, she always found something nice that could bring joy to others.
- What kind of "other world"? .. - the man was surprised.
“Look, look…” and a bright, joyful light suddenly shone in his dark, gloomy cave!.. “How do you like such a house?”
Our "sad" friend's eyes lit up happily. He looked around in bewilderment, not understanding what had happened here... And in his creepy, dark cave, the sun was shining brightly and cheerfully, lush greenery was fragrant, birds were singing, and there was a smell of amazing smells of blossoming flowers... in its far corner a brook murmured merrily, splashing droplets of the purest, freshest, crystal water...
- Well! As you like? Stella asked cheerfully.
The man, completely stunned by what he saw, did not utter a word, only looked at all this beauty with eyes widened in surprise, in which trembling drops of “happy” tears shone like pure diamonds ...
- Lord, how long have I not seen the sun! .. - he whispered softly. - Who are you, girl?
- Oh, I'm just a man. Just like you - dead. And here she is, you already know - alive. We walk here together sometimes. And we help, if we can, of course.
It was clear that the baby was happy with the effect and literally fidgeting with the desire to prolong it ...
- Do you really like? Do you want it to stay that way?
The man just nodded, unable to utter a word.
I didn’t even try to imagine what happiness he should have experienced, after that black horror in which he was daily, and for so long, was! ..
“Thank you, dear…” the man whispered softly. “Just tell me, how can it stay?”
- Oh, it's easy! Your world will only be here, in this cave, and no one will see it except you. And if you don't leave here, he will stay with you forever. Well, I will come to you to check... My name is Stella.
- I don't know what to say for this... I didn't deserve it. This is probably wrong ... My name is Luminary. Yes, not very much “light” has brought yet, as you can see ...
- Oh, nothing, bring more! - it was clear that the baby was very proud of what she had done and was bursting with pleasure.
“Thank you, dear ones...” The luminary sat with his proud head down, and suddenly burst into tears like a child...
- Well, what about the others, the same? .. - I whispered softly into Stella's ear. - There must be a lot of them, right? What to do with them? After all, it's not fair to help one. And who gave us the right to judge which of them is worthy of such help?
Stellino's face immediately frowned...
– I don't know... But I know for sure that it's right. If it wasn't right, we wouldn't be able to. There are other laws...
Suddenly it dawned on me:
“Wait a minute, but what about our Harold?! .. He was a knight, so he also killed?” How did he manage to stay there, on the “upper floor”? ..
– He paid for everything he did... I asked him about it – he paid very dearly... – Stella answered seriously, wrinkling her forehead funny.
- What did you pay? - I did not understand.
“Essence ...” the little girl whispered sadly. - He gave part of his essence for what he did during his lifetime. But his essence was very high, therefore, even having given away part of it, he was still able to remain “on top”. But very few people can do this, only truly very highly developed entities. Usually people lose too much, and go much lower than they originally were. How Luminous...
It was amazing... So, having done something bad on Earth, people lost some part of themselves (or rather, part of their evolutionary potential), and even at the same time, they still had to remain in that nightmarish horror that was called - "lower" Astral... Yes, for mistakes, and in truth, you had to pay dearly...
“Well, now we can go,” the little girl chirped, waving her hand contentedly. - Goodbye, Light! I will come to you!
We moved on, and our new friend was still sitting, frozen with unexpected happiness, greedily absorbing the warmth and beauty of the world created by Stella, and plunging into it as deeply as a dying person would do, absorbing life suddenly returned to him.. .
- Yes, that's right, you were absolutely right! .. - I said thoughtfully.
Stella beamed.
Being in the most “rainbowy” mood, we had just turned towards the mountains, when a huge, spiked-clawed creature suddenly emerged from the clouds and rushed straight at us ...
- Take care! - Stela squealed, and I just managed to see two rows of razor-sharp teeth, and from a strong blow to the back, rolled head over heels to the ground ...
From the wild horror that seized us, we rushed like bullets through a wide valley, without even thinking that we could quickly go to another “floor” ... We simply did not have time to think about it - we were too scared.
The creature flew right above us, loudly clicking with its gaping toothy beak, and we rushed as far as we could, spraying vile slimy sprays to the sides, and mentally praying that something else would suddenly interest this terrible “wonder bird” ... One felt that it is much faster and we simply had no chance to break away from it. As an evil, not a single tree grew nearby, there were no bushes, not even stones behind which one could hide, only an ominous black rock could be seen in the distance.
- There! - Stella shouted, pointing her finger at the same rock.
But suddenly, unexpectedly, right in front of us, from somewhere, a creature appeared, the sight of which literally froze our blood in our veins... It arose, as it were, “straight out of thin air” and was truly terrifying... The huge black carcass was completely covered long, stiff hair, making it look like a pot-bellied bear, only this “bear” was as tall as a three-story house ... The bumpy head of the monster was “married” with two huge curved horns, and a pair of incredibly long fangs, sharp as knives, adorned its terrible mouth, just looking on which, with fright, the legs gave way ... And then, surprising us unspeakably, the monster easily jumped up and .... picked up the flying "muck" on one of its huge fangs... We froze dumbfounded.
- Let's run!!! Stella screamed. - Let's run while he is "busy"! ..
And we were already ready to rush again without looking back, when suddenly a thin voice sounded behind our backs:
- Girls, wait! No need to run away! .. Dean saved you, he is not an enemy!
We turned around sharply - a tiny, very beautiful black-eyed girl was standing behind ... and calmly stroking the monster that approached her! .. Our eyes popped out of surprise ... It was incredible! For sure - it was a day of surprises!.. The girl, looking at us, smiled affably, not at all afraid of the furry monster standing nearby.
Please don't be afraid of him. He is very kind. We saw that Ovara was chasing you and decided to help. Dean is a good guy, he made it in time. Really, my good?
"Good" purred, which sounded like a slight earthquake, and, bending his head, licked the girl's face.
“And who is Owara, and why did she attack us?” I asked.
She attacks everyone, she is a predator. And very dangerous,” the girl replied calmly. “May I ask what you are doing here?” You're not from here, girls, are you?
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground