Coursework: Library profession in the modern world. Even without work experience, you can create a portfolio

Introduction

This work is devoted to translation in the modern world.

The purpose of this work is to familiarize with the linguistic and cultural barriers and the further development of translation in the modern world.

The objectives of this work are: 1) familiarization of language; 2) cultural barriers and consideration of the types of translations in the modern world.

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the translation has gone through several stages in its development, but at present, preference is given to informative translation, in which the features of the individual author's style are not so significant. Also, with the development of information technology, computer programs have appeared, to simplify the translation, we should know the disadvantages and advantages of this type of translation. All these changes are related to advertising texts, which, in terms of their importance, come to a high place.

Among the numerous complex problems that modern linguistics studies, an important place is occupied by the study of the linguistic aspects of interlingual speech activity, which is called "translation" or "translation activity".

From the very beginning, translation has performed an important social function, making it possible for people to communicate across languages. The dissemination of written translations opened wide access for people to the cultural achievements of other peoples, made possible the interaction and mutual enrichment of literatures and cultures.

What is "translation" in the everyday, non-professional sense, perhaps, it is not necessary to explain. Any case where a text created in one language is re-expressed by means of another language, we call translation. At the same time, the term "text" is understood extremely broadly: it means any oral statement and any written work from the instructions for the refrigerator to the novel. However, there are also limitations: in our reasoning, we will be limited only to verbal texts in living human languages .

If we assume that language is a kind of code, i.e. arbitrary designation of objects and phenomena of reality with the help of conventional signs, then the translation can be called recoding, since each of the conventional signs is replaced during translation by a sign of another sign system.

Translation is a complex multifaceted phenomenon, some aspects of which can be the subject of research by various sciences. Within the framework of translation studies, psychological, literary, ethnographic and other aspects of translation activity are studied, as well as the history of translation activity in a particular country or countries.

The 21st century poses new challenges in the information space of mankind. Thanks to the mass media, the role of translation in the life of mankind is steadily increasing. Today, translation links cover almost all spheres of human activity. The movement of information flows knows no boundaries, no time, no space. The endless diversity of the modern world is transmitted through the media in the sensations and interpretations of numerous participants in the international information process - journalists, correspondents, commentators, cameramen. Therefore, the importance of translation activities is constantly growing, and translation problems arise along with them. The aggravation of language problems dictates the search for new solutions. If earlier translation activity was considered only in connection with the translation of fiction, today an increasingly important place - both in terms of volume and social significance - has been occupied by translations of texts of a special nature - informational, economic, legal, technical and advertising.

1. Language and cultural barriers

Speaking about the important role of translation, we immediately mentioned its “overcoming” function. After all, it helps people get closer, understand each other. What is being overcome?

It has long been clear that translation helps to overcome language and cultural barriers. Let's try to figure out where these barriers come from and how to overcome them.

Language barriers exist because humanity is historically multilingual. According to modern researchers, the number of living languages in the world ranges from 2,500 to 50,003. There are more than a thousand Indian languages, about a thousand African languages; only on the islands of New Guinea there are more than 700 different languages. True, the main part of the languages \u200b\u200bis languages with a very small number of speakers (some of them are spoken by only 100 to 1000 people; a typical example is the Mansi language in Russia: about 150 speakers) . There are less than 100 languages spoken by 95% of the world's population. And yet, if we even hypothetically imagine that every inhabitant of the planet may need to communicate with representatives of each of the world's languages, then the number of language barriers will be unusually high 1 .

The problem is that people, as a rule, speak one or two foreign languages, and they may need information in 3-10 more languages. Moreover, knowledge of 1-2 foreign languages in most cases does not mean complete bilingualism, they know a foreign language worse and not in full.

The representatives of the so-called "small" languages, that is, languages with a small number of speakers, have the hardest time of all; they more often than others have to rely on translations. The most popular way for speakers of small languages to enter into international cultural contact is bilingualism. A foreign language in which native speakers of small languages write scientific papers and even plays and novels is usually one of the "major" languages with a large number of speakers: English, German, French, Spanish. Such a language during the existence of the USSR for many peoples was involuntarily Russian, and for Iceland and Norway - Danish. The experience of using an intermediary language for cultural contacts, as you know, is not new. For a long time, Latin was the language of ecclesiastical and then secular scientific unity. From the end of the XVIII century. French becomes the language of secular communication; up to the beginning of the 20th century. it retains the functions of the language of diplomacy, and French retained the functions of the language of international mail until the middle of the 20th century.

Now the English language is absolutely leading. In recent years, it has even supplanted the native languages Swedish and Danish in their homelands, Sweden and Denmark. The desire to overcome language barriers contributes to a reduction in the number of speakers of small languages, such as Frisian and Faroese in Europe, and complicates the task of guardians for the preservation of the cultural phenomenon of small languages.

A significant obstacle to overcoming language barriers may be the closed society. Thus, the researchers note that interlingual contact with Russian, Chinese, Japanese scientists does not cover all scientific, technical, literary fields; although Russian, and Chinese, and Japanese with a huge number of speakers. The last decade of Russia's "openness" has not yet changed this situation much: as before, many important studies by Russian scientists, for example in the field of translation theory, have not been translated into English 2 .

According to the UNESCO special almanac "Statistical Yearbook", Germany has been leading in terms of the number of translated publications over the past decade, Spain is in second place, and Russia is third. But these are absolute data, they do not take into account the population that this number accounts for. For example, Denmark (!) now occupies the 8th place with a population of 5 million people, thus, it is much more fully provided with translated literature than Russia. On average, translations account for 14 to 20% of the total volume of European book production. Among the languages from which people translate the most in different countries, English (by a wide margin), Russian and French are in the lead.

At different times, humanity has also made attempts to create an artificial common language that would not be burdened by the specifics of any one culture. The most successful of these attempts, perhaps, should be recognized as the creation of an international artificial language Esperanto, which was developed by the Warsaw doctor L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Currently, according to the General Esperanto Association, about 8 million people speak this language in the world. But, apparently, it was the artificial isolation of Esperanto from the cultural roots of living languages that did not allow it to become a world language. At the same time, attempts by scientists to create a unified, non-national information coding system, similar to living languages or using the principles of living languages, do not stop today, but none of them has seriously competed with translation 1 .

So far, we have discussed overcoming language barriers both with the help of translations and with the help of intermediary languages. A much more difficult problem is to overcome cultural barriers. Translation plays a leading role in this process. However, the specific, going back centuries, differences in everyday and spiritual cultures cannot be fully perceived by other peoples, and only an approximate idea of the specifics of a foreign culture is possible. We will discuss this in more detail in the Situational Realities section. Here we confine ourselves to one simple example. For the word "freedom" in all languages of the world there is a ready correspondence. Except in special cases, when the compatibility or context of the original suggests a special correspondence (for example, in translation into German, "freedom of style" will most likely be "Lockerheit des Stils"), so, except for these special cases, there is a one-to-one correspondence: English, freedom, germ. Freiheit, etc. Of course, the denotation is invariant in this case (one and the same). But representatives of different cultures with different historical and social backgrounds understand freedom in different ways. Americans, Russians, Germans, and Chineses have sharply different ideas about freedom. For example, for a Russian person, freedom is, first of all, the absence of any obligations, the ability to fully manage oneself and one's time, the absence of external pressure; for a German, freedom is first of all a legal guarantee of his rights, a clear regulation of the legal mechanism, material security, and he considers Russian “freedom” to be rampant. But in the Chukchi language, as M. L. Gasparov notes, there is no word “free” at all, there is only “one who has broken the chain”. Such cases often lead to misunderstandings in contacts. If these contacts are oral, then the translator, in addition to translating the text, is entrusted with the function of a consultant on intercultural communication, but if a written text is translated, comments or notes to the text are required, initiated by the translator. A similar problem is a special symbolic interpretation of certain customs of different peoples. For example, the custom of removing shoes before entering a house in the East, say in Uzbekistan, is considered a manifestation of respect for the owner; most European peoples do not have such a custom, and it is quite decent to enter the house in shoes. And here the translator can help avoid misunderstandings by explaining to his wards the meaning of customs, if he is a guide-translator, or by offering his own commentary on the written text, if a custom is described that is incomprehensible to the readers of the translated text 1 .

Similar works:

Tutorial >>
Acquaintance with the religious situation in contemporary world school teachers, public and... the term has an offensive meaning. Literally translation“Hinayana” means “small... Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1991. Quran. Translation Academician I.Yu. Krachkovsky. M., 1990. ...
Coursework >>
Is devoted translation in contemporary world. The purpose of this work: to get acquainted with the types translation in contemporary world. Tasks: 1) to get acquainted with the concept translation in contemporary world and his...

INTRODUCTION

1. REASONS FOR MIGRATION

2. ILLEGAL MIGRATION

3. RACISM AND MIGRATION

4. THE SITUATION OF MIGRANTS IN A CRISIS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

Modern migration processes in the world are one of the key problems of all mankind. The essence of these processes is the desire of migrants for well-being and security, which are inextricably linked. The reasons for migration can be local or regional military conflicts, natural and man-made disasters, epidemics, famine, low living standards, political processes, and many others. As a global challenge, migration always poses a threat to the sustainable development of the countries where migrants arrive. Forced unemployment, lack of money, employment and any social status pushes migrants to earn money and material wealth. A similar pattern of migration is the same on all continents. Based on the social essence of the problem of migration, it can be argued that all known negative social phenomena constantly accompany migration.

1. REASONS FOR MIGRATION

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, there has been a significant increase in such a process as migration. By the beginning of the 21st century, there were 36-42 million labor migrants in the world alone, with members of their families - 80-97 million people, and according to some estimates - even 120 million people.

What are the causes of migration, and what dangers does it bring?

Population migration - population movements associated with a change of residence. This is a complex social process that performs important functions in the life of society and the individual.

The historical role of population migration is associated with the processes of settling the earth, the formation and mixing of races and peoples; economic - with the economic development of the land, the development of productive forces, the connection of territorially distributed natural resources and means of production with labor; social - associated with a more complete realization of the needs of the population in housing, work, social and professional advancement, etc.

Population migrations can be permanent (moving for permanent or long-term residence) and temporary, seasonal (moving for a relatively short period of time). According to the UN methodology, persons who live in a new place for more than 6 months are recognized as migrants.

The main reasons for migration are:

1. Movement of people in search of a better life;

2. Flight from places of warfare;

3. Flight from justice.

Among the reasons for migration, socio-economic factors prevail. At the same time, in certain periods in different countries, political, national, and religious factors come to the fore. During wars (world and local), refugees and displaced persons become the main contingents of migrants.

The most popular reason for migration is, of course, migration for the sake of seeking a better life. Millions of people annually move to permanent residence in other countries. The largest flows of migrants go to the United States and Western Europe. What reasons motivate these countries to accept migrants? The main overriding reason is that in these rich countries it is not prestigious to engage in dirty and low-paid work, there are no potential workers for such positions, and the only way out is to attract foreign labor. Europeans need "slaves", but not in the original concept of the word "slave", but slaves who will be, for little money and for the opportunity to stay in this country, work, work hard and hard at non-prestigious jobs. Can a European be a cleaner, scavenger, dishwasher??? No. Therefore, the way out is to attract migrants - cheap labor. Few first or second generation immigrants have good wages, their own apartment or house, an expensive car...

The flight from the places of warfare and the flight from justice does not require an explanation. Refugees are removed from their places of permanent residence in search of a peaceful, safe place. Also, many people are fleeing the prosecution of justice for their crimes.

At present, experts distinguish three types of migration:

1) Internal migration, within the same country or region;

2) Interstate, when migration involves the movement of people to neighboring countries;

3) Transnational, observed in the case when migrants cross the territory of several countries, possibly in different ways, but to a certain final country.

In countries with a vast territory, diverse geographical and economic conditions, internal migration of the population is especially common, which is based on the same reasons as the external one: job and housing searches, differences in wages and living standards, the possibility of professional growth, national and social security, etc.

A feature of the global migration process is also the qualitative changes caused by the scientific and technological revolution, the essence of which is a significant increase in the share of qualified specialists among the migrants. Today, this process has some new features (See ibid.).

First of all. The "brain drain" was replaced by their circulation: there was a diversification of migration directions. The US continues to be a recognized center of gravity for professionals. But at the same time, representatives of the professional elite from industrialized countries, as already noted, go to temporary work in developing countries.

Secondly. A fundamentally new phenomenon was the movement of professionals not only "toward capital", but also "simultaneously with capital or after it." First of all, this is due to the activities of TNCs and great opportunities for career advancement for professionals.

Thirdly. The current level of migration of professionals is inherent in a fundamentally different organizational level, expressed in the emergence of a kind of international corporation of "bounty hunters".

Fourth. There is an integration of the higher education system. It involves continuing education of students from many countries of the world, for example, in the USA or Japan (for Chinese students). The effectiveness of this method of training specialists for sending countries is undoubted. However, many of them do not return to their homeland.

It should also be noted that countries that had the status of a metropolis in the past are oriented towards importing labor from their former colonies and dependent countries.

If in the countries of traditional migration (USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa) in the XIX century. and the first half of the twentieth century. only Europeans left, then in the 80-90s they made up an insignificant part of migrants. The immigration flows to these countries are dominated by people from Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean.

One of the characteristic features of the current stage of international labor migration has become an increasingly active intervention of the state in this process. It regulates transactions in the global labor market, grants entry permits and monitors the timing of the departure of migrants, recruits and creates favorable conditions for hiring foreign workers.

2. ILLEGAL MIGRATION

Common scourge - illegal migration. Almost every day, say, from Spain or Italy, there are reports that a ship has been detained, on which migrants, bypassing the law, tried to get to the "promised land", where they can live with dignity... The relevance of illegal migration is becoming important in connection with the activation of international extremist and terrorist organizations, as well as the expansion of drug smuggling.

The leaders of many countries of the world are concerned that illegal migrants have a negative impact on the socio-economic and criminal situation.

Migration, as a vivid example of people's desire to seek any form of income and receive material benefits, is accompanied by criminal activity. Organized crime around the world finds a huge number of "recruits" among illegal migrants. This happens regardless of race or religion. Often a person who is forced to become an illegal migrant is dissatisfied with his position and status, and has no means of subsistence.

Becoming members of criminal organized communities, former migrants quickly acquire their place and always strive to form groups of compatriots who are also involved in criminal business. The range of this criminal business is very wide. Ranging from smuggling to drugs and terrorism.

The direct connection between illegal migration and drugs has long been established and has become a headache for governments in many countries around the world. Information and statistics on the massive involvement of illegal migration in the process of smuggling and distribution of illegal drugs is reflected in the reports and reports of leading international organizations - the UN, ASEAN, IDEC, INCB, etc.

What are the disadvantages of illegal migration? First, the inter-ethnic situation is aggravated. The gap between local residents and migrants, if they profess a different religion or have a different skin color, increases and this problem can spill over beyond the limits of patience, pouring into the streets in the form of pogroms, riots, ethnic crimes. Secondly, people from the Caucasian countries and the countries of Central Asia, for the most part, have no idea about honest business. There is a problem of an increased level of criminality - drug trafficking, arms trafficking, prostitution, kidnapping, murders, robberies, theft, etc. Irregular migrants are the main offenders.

3. RACISM AND MIGRANTS

We are different. And we can't help but realize it. Xenophobia is a natural human property. As natural as curiosity. Meeting with the unknown is fraught with both danger, possibly fatal, and the opportunity to gain new knowledge and skills. An individual or population that implements a successful survival strategy will always show a normal reaction to the new - a mixture of curiosity and alertness. The absence of one of the components dooms to inevitable defeat.

At the level of social, cultural or ideological groups, these statements are obvious and are not disputed by anyone. The problems start exclusively at the ethnic level.

It seems that people who categorically reject ethnic generalizations are simply deprived of the appropriate receptors responsible for recognizing "friend or foe." Color-blind people live in the world - and nothing. True, color-blind people do not demand with foam at the mouth that normal people give up their “wrong” picture of the world ...

In every society, from time to time, the balance of curiosity and alertness towards "foreigners" is disturbed. Both in that and in the other direction. The reasons are very different, but for any nation there is a threshold number of guests, beyond which the growth in the number of “outsiders” begins to be perceived as a threat to ethnic identity itself. The height of the threshold can vary depending on the economic and demographic situation, and on the political well-being of the indigenous ethnic group, and on the degree of complimentary guests and hosts. But the presence of the threshold itself cannot be canceled. If the number of migrants obviously exceeds the ability of the hosts to integrate newcomers, excesses are inevitable.

Over the past decade, there has been an alarming rapid increase in the incidence of intolerance, discrimination, racism and xenophobia in the form of open violence against migrants in virtually every region of the world. Studies show that racial discrimination in the workplace can have a serious impact on the situation of minorities and migrant workers and on the future development and careers of their children. Employees who are discriminated against on the basis of their race, color, nationality, origin and ethnicity experience stress, anger and fatigue, which can ultimately affect the quality of work

4. THE STATE OF MIGRANTS IN A CRISIS

The financial and economic crisis, which has already turned into a social crisis, is making itself felt in all spheres of life and activity in European countries.

Everyone suffers during a crisis. Over the past four decades, international migration has flowed in only one direction. Year after year, millions of people moved from poor to rich countries and from rural to urban areas. Today, 200 million people are immigrants - those who risked their lives and fortunes to avoid death and achieve their dreams. But now - and this is perhaps one of the most dramatic effects of the global economic crisis - the human tide is slowing down and even beginning to roll back.

With job prospects dwindling even in the richest countries, and anti-immigration measures intensifying, would-be Third World emigrants are abandoning plans to move "northern" to industrialized countries. Migration experts predict a 30 percent drop in South-North migration this year. Perhaps more significant, waves of foreign workers are beginning to head home. According to Joseph Chamie, former head of the United Nations Population Fund, a number of countries report a net outflow of migrants, including Spain, the Czech Republic, the United Arab Emirates and the United States. "We may soon see a tsunami of migrants returning home," he says.

The turn of migration flows by 180 degrees is perhaps the most visible symbol of the end of an era.: The free flow of goods, services, money and people that set the direction of globalization and led us to an exceptional period of global growth that began in the late 1970s is coming to an end. Banks are sitting on their money, trade is slowing down, and migration is the subject of criticism. From many countries, the outflow has already begun. Britain's Economic Social Research Institute estimates that 30,000 workers, mostly foreigners, could leave depressed Ireland in the first quarter of this year. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed migrant workers from the former Soviet republics and countries of the Eastern bloc are also returning home, having earned practically nothing in a foreign land. And Malaysia, where the arrival and expulsion of hordes of foreign workers has long been commonplace, was forced to send home some 200,000 Indonesian citizens after the massive closure of factories in 2008.

As the global crisis deepens, this trend is likely to accelerate. The World Labor Organization predicts that the recession will wipe out 52 million jobs globally this year amid declining demand in the energy sector, light industry, construction, healthcare and hospitality sectors - all magnets for migration, both foreign and domestic. . The result: up to half of the 13 million foreign oil and service workers in the Gulf States could be laid off in the coming months. They will have to go home. In Japan, where even giants like Toyota operate intermittently, 10 of Brazil's 317,000 temporary workers have lost their jobs in the past four months. Since the provision of housing is usually conditioned by employment contracts, many of them are now leaving.

Meanwhile, about 20 million peasants who rushed to the cities during the industrial boom years in mainland China are returning to their villages after the assembly lines stopped in Shandong, Dongguan and Shanghai. A similar phenomenon is taking place in India, where factories in large cities are closing. Worse, there is no improvement on the horizon. "This is the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, and the situation for migrants is likely to get much worse," said Demetrios Papademetriou, head of the US Migration Policy Institute.

If these trends continue, demographic experts say it could bring the end of one of the most dramatic chapters in the history of global migration closer. During the growth of the global economy over the past four decades, the most hard-working citizens of poor countries have begun to break free from the “poverty trap”, as scientists call it, and dream of living in foreign lands. At the same time, there was a baby boom in developing countries and "millions of babies became millions of young people," says Harvard economist Jeffrey Williamson, precisely those who are most likely to succumb to the temptations of migration. Spurred on by technological advances that have made it easier to find work in a distant country and send money home, tens of millions of people have traveled abroad by sea, mountains and deserts, nearly doubling the total migrant population since 1975. According to Papademetriou, it was "one of the most colorful eras of human migration in peacetime."

Industrialized countries generally welcomed them with open arms, and by the end of the 1990s, the share of migrants in the world's population reached a record 3 percent and remained there for the previous decade. But now, despite the growth of the world's population (albeit at a slower pace than in the past), the percentage of migrants is declining.

The growth of urbanization and the number of women in the labor market contributed to the decline in the birth rate in Third World countries, easing the demographic pressure that forced millions of people to leave their country. Improving conditions in emerging markets have convinced many people to stay at home. Today, the deepening recession in the richest countries has become a decisive factor for many people who have decided to wait it out at home. For example, in 2000-2006. 1 million Mexicans crossed the border with the United States every month. But with the US job market shrinking and Mexico expected to grow by 1 percent this year, experts predict that 39 percent fewer Mexicans will head north in 2009. Similarly, few people in India will want to take the place of compatriots who have returned unemployed from the crisis-hit Gulf states.

In the countries of Western Europe, there is now a curtailment of production everywhere - at enterprises, in the service staff, as a result of which the number of unemployed is increasing almost every day. In total, more than 5 million people in the European Union will lose their jobs this year, and unemployment has already exceeded 8 percent of the working population in all countries, including Switzerland. Accordingly, unemployment hit the citizens who arrived in Western Europe from Eastern European countries. These migrants have no choice but to go back, which they do in droves.

At the same time, the return of migrants to their country does not solve the problems of this category of workers. The fact is that the crisis creates the same problems in the countries of Eastern Europe as in Western Europe, but with the addition of even greater difficulties and complications. In these countries, most of the banks have become financially broke, as a result of which production is being curtailed, and unemployment is also rising.

All the hope of the Eastern European countries is on the senior partners in the European Union, who, however, are not able to provide them with assistance in the amount they ask for.

CONCLUSION

In the new century, the West will have to face a dangerous challenge generated by large-scale immigration from the countries of the "third" world. The historical conditions under which this challenge becomes a reality are very specific.

First, the modern West is no longer capable of those forms of external expansion that it mastered in previous historical periods. With the refusal to preserve (rather than disintegrate) European colonial empires, the trend towards mass emigration from developed countries towards the "third" world faded away. The important lesson of history is that Western social orders were not established in those countries where Europeans did not constitute a stable majority of the population. They took root only in those regions that A. Maddison, one of the most original economic historians, aptly called "stepsons" of Western civilization (Western offshoots). Thus, the first of the types of migration named at the beginning of the article seems to have exhausted its possibilities.

Secondly, migration from the periphery to the center, so well known in past historical epochs, is now determined by the conscious individual choice of each migrant. He perceives life in an alien environment as survival; Under these conditions, both sides - both migrants and the indigenous population - inevitably tend to preserve their own traditions rather than adopt others. Thus, the potential of the second type of migration processes is exhausted.

The problem of immigration is so important today precisely because it contains a much larger question of the relationship between variability and continuity, the question of how much it is permissible to neglect one in favor of the other.

We are different. We have different behavioral stereotypes, economic ethics, songs, dances, rituals and beliefs. We must take care to cause each other less inconvenience by manifestations of this very "difference". And it is obvious that guests should take care of this much more than the hosts.

REFERENCES

1. Arkhipov Yu. A. Migration situation and its impact on the situation in the country and the region // Migration and internal security. Aspects of interaction. Collection of materials of the IX International seminar on topical issues of migration (June 23-24, 2003, Moscow). M., 2003.- S. 39.

2. Zbarskaya I. A. Preliminary results of the All-Russian population census // Migration and internal security / Collection of materials of the IX International seminar on topical issues of migration. June 23-24, 2003 M., 2003. - S. 56

3. Zorin A. Migration: a small migration of peoples / Politics and society. - 2009. - No. 2

4. Inozemtsev V.L. Immigration / V. Inozemtsev // Sociological research. - 2003. - No. 4.- P. 72.

5. Malakhov V. Racism and migrants / V. Malakhov // Emergency reserve. - 2002. - No. 5 (25).

6. Migration policy of Western countries. Alternatives for Russia. M., 2003. - S. 163.

Robots are primarily associated with the high technologies of the future. However, it is believed that the first project of a machine that can replace a person belongs to Leonardo da Vinci. Among his papers was found a sketch of a robot that could rise, sit down, move its arms and turn its head. True, it is still unknown whether the idea was put into practice. Moreover, already today in everyday life people use many robots for various purposes: from a robot vacuum cleaner to a robot artist.

Robots at the service of man

One of the most popular areas in robotics is the creation of au pairs. In general, a robot is a machine with anthropomorphic behavior. The word for the first time appeared in the play by the Czech writer Karel Capek "R. U. R", the term itself comes from the Czech word robota - forced labor. It turns out that serving people is their main task. So the Korean Mahru-Z knows how to clean up, load the washing machine, heat food in the microwave and bring it to the owner.

Of course, any mechanisms, first of all, are designed to make life easier for a person. Scientists are constantly creating medical microrobots that can penetrate the human body, mechanized arms, etc. And American specialists, for example, have developed a prototype of a wheelchair that can move independently. Laser detectors evaluate landscape features at a distance of 20 cm and plot a route.

The most unusual robots

Austrian inventors have created an alcoholic robot. Bar Bot sits in a bar, looking for a "victim". Having caught a curious look on himself, he begins to ask for a coin, having collected the necessary amount, he begins to spin around his axis, saying: "Please, one beer." The bartender inserts a can of beer into his "arm". "Thanks a lot," thanks Bar Bot, and slowly pours the drink into a shell-like "mouth." Then he throws the jar on the floor and the process begins again.

A robot is not necessarily a metal terminator. American sculptor Michael Rea made a wooden robotic suit. The model is called "a suit-prosthesis for Stephen Hawking" - a British theoretical physicist suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Outwardly, the suit looks like a combat robot: one hand is a giant fist, the other is pincers, and a huge sword is attached to the back.

As robotics advances, models become more emotional. Humanoid robots are becoming more and more human-like. They can not only perform certain functions, but also express admiration, surprise, sadness, antipathy, joy and other feelings. Capturing a change in a human face with a camera, the robot reacts accordingly. In the future, it is planned to use it as a nurse.

American David Hanson went a little further in creating emotional robots. He created a mechanized head similar to Einstein. The device frowns, smiles, winks, laughs - and all this is just like a brilliant scientist. At the same time, the facial expressions of the head depend on the reaction of others, which is recorded using two cameras-eyes.

Before you decide to become parents, start a home, suggest Japanese scientists. It is called Yotaro and is able to deliver all the difficulties that await young parents. He can express emotions and even knows how to cry.

The smallest robot was assembled, of course, in Japan in 1992. The length of the mechanism was only one centimeter. And the smallest humanoid robot is the BeRobot model with a height of just over 15 centimeters. He can walk, dance, do push-ups and knows the simple techniques of oriental tai chi wrestling. You can control the mechanism by voice or remote control.

Who are robots? Today, even a child will answer this question, although not so long ago they were only heroes of science fiction novels telling about distant space travels or meetings with extraterrestrial civilizations. And these creatures were presented exclusively as mechanical people.

Expansion of the "living space" of robots

A robot in the modern world is not a fabulous creature at all. He is increasingly interfering in a person's life, capturing new areas of activity and helping in life. Currently, robotics is put at the service of man in a number of industries, among them:

space and aircraft construction;
precision instrumentation;
military-industrial complex;
the medicine;
providing security systems;
Automotive industry
and other areas of industrial production.

The entertainment industry actively uses robots. Children have long been familiar with robot toys, transformers that change their configuration and turn the game into an exciting activity. In children's play areas today, robots are often used as hospitable hosts that arouse the interest and delight of children. As a rule, these are radio-controlled flying, running, moving, talking or singing toys.

The use of robots in modern world facilitates human labor and expands the horizons of their further use. Although plans for their creation are not new. Researchers have found a drawing of a nova in Leonardo da Vinci's documents. Researchers found in the documents of Leonardo da Vinci a drawing of a mechanism that, according to the author's descriptions, was supposed to replace a person in hard work.

Modern civilization has given impetus to the development of new technologies, among which robotics is not the last.

What do robots do

Engineering thought, aimed at improving technological processes, is increasingly introducing robotics into areas of life where accuracy, accuracy are required, or, conversely, in hard-to-reach conditions for survival or production organization. The functions of robots in the modern world have expanded significantly.

In medicine, they are used to study the state of the body and perform operations in eye clinics, in cases where extreme accuracy and caution are required so as not to harm the internal organs. The use of robotics elements in the manufacture of limb prostheses has expanded.
Since the creation of the space industry, robots have become reliable assistants and allies of people. The exploration of outer space also did not go without their participation. Self-propelled modules sent to the Moon, Mars, delivered valuable information that expands the understanding of our space neighbors.
Robots endowed with security and tracking functions have proven themselves to be effective. They are indispensable in surveillance systems, they are the first to detect fires, preventing emergencies, they were taught to distinguish the smell of smoke and transmit the information received to the fire department control panel.
Observer robots are actively used to explore the depths of the sea, to observe marine life. Robotics helps to study the life and habits of wild animals, track their migration routes.
Equipping enterprises with industrial robots allows freeing up labor and raising the quality of products, while increasing labor productivity.
The strongest armies in the world have also put robots into service. These latest devices allow you to adjust the trajectory of missiles, are used to detect enemy equipment and destroy it.

The possibilities of using robots in everyday life are expanding. There are already well-known robots-nannies invented in Japan, which can not only monitor the child and protect from injuries, but also entertain by reading fairy tales, singing children's songs, becoming a participant in children's games.

No less actively promoted the use of robotic maids. They are endowed with many functions:

cleaning with a vacuum cleaner;
without human intervention, they can mow the grass on the lawn;
wash and iron linen;
ensure the safety of the home.

At the same time, constant work is underway to expand the functions of housewife robots. They are taught how to cook, serve and clear the table. At the same time, they can answer questions from people in the house.

What the next generation of robotics can do

The areas of application of robots are expanding every day. New spheres of their use appear, their appearance also changes. Today, the most modern robots in the world are produced by Japan, where robotics has been widely developed. It is this country that owes its appearance to robots that facilitate work in various areas of everyday life and industrial production, social and cultural spheres.

Japanese engineers have created a robot fish, whose function is to monitor the number and movement of schools of commercial fish. Its silicone surface and color completely repeats the "appearance" of the abodes of the deep sea and makes it invisible among the inhabitants of the seas.
In the same place, in Japan, robots - "nurses" are being introduced to work in medical institutions. They are devices that move silently and instantly respond to the voice, and can also recognize the face of the patient. Their use facilitates the work of medical workers and helps to improve medical care. In the future, they will be able to carry patients from place to place. Outwardly, they are pleasant cute mechanical creatures, very similar to humans, tireless, calm, neat. They say that adults are the same children, only bigger ones. That is why they create robots that look like toys, the functions of which often cause a smile and, at the same time, admiration.
In the same place, in Japan, specialists have developed a robot model. This is a mechanical pretty girl, moving gracefully along the catwalk. She takes various poses and knows how to express emotions. Model HRP-4C is 158 cm tall and weighs 43 kg.
The American D. Hanson continues to work on the development of mechanical people who can express emotions like people. He owns the creation of a head with a face that looks like Albert Einstein. He "taught" the head to smile, frown, wink and laugh exactly as the scientist himself did. Eyes-cameras react to the emotional state of others and "respond" with the appropriate reaction.
A whole orchestra of robotic musicians has already been developed. They know how to play musical instruments: a flute, an electric organ, a drum, and at the same time they are able to “listen” to the melody and correct their actions, adjusting to the sounding melody.
Residents and guests of Switzerland are familiar with the unusual street artist Salvador Dabu with a mustache and a beret on his head. This is a robot that takes a photo, and then, using a special algorithm, paints a portrait. However, he is quite talkative.
Demonstrative chess battles between grandmasters and electronic brains have long been known. But today, Russian scientists have developed a mechanical man who can play this wise game, being at the same table with the master and moving the pieces with a three-fingered hand.
For future parents, Japanese robot makers have prepared a robot simulator that looks like a small child and creates the same problems for mom and dad as a real baby. He requires careful care and gentle handling, and if his parents do not pay him due attention, he begins to cry inconsolably, and it is not so easy to calm him down.
The smallest human-like robot is also assembled there. The growth of this baby is only 15cm, and the mechanism by which he walks, dances, does push-ups and even demonstrates some tai chi wrestling techniques does not exceed one centimeter. Control it by voice or remote control.

In certain situations, robots can also be used as salespeople. This function is perfectly handled by the remote presence robot from the Russian company Ucan. At the same time, a person does not have to be nearby: he can observe a picture of what is happening on the monitor and control the actions of a mechanical seller. These devices appeared on the robotics market among the first and are constantly being improved and expanded their functions.

And its latest developments in this area allow you to take customer service to a new level and give this activity dynamism and higher quality.

It is hard to say what is more rationalism or merry hooliganism in the invention of a robot, which, according to its creators, should destroy hordes of cockroaches in kitchens. Scientists from France, Belgium and Switzerland worked on this cockroach robot. Their development looks and smells like a cockroach, and moves on small wheels. "Fathers-inventors" equipped their offspring with cameras and infrared sensors. They attract insects to the light, with the help of which they are "taken away" from the house.

Guide robots and shepherds are in development and testing.

Photographer is a creative profession, in which there are not so many truly highly qualified personnel. Often, those who do not have the appropriate skills, knowledge and talents imagine themselves to be photographers, and the truly professional masters turn out to be all the more valuable. If you are just such a specialist and are interested in working in Alchevsk, then our service rabota.ua/Alchevsk will help you find a suitable vacancy. But you must understand that being a professional is not enough, you also need to be able to present yourself.

It all starts with a resume

A resume is a decisive factor that determines the likelihood of you getting a job you like in Alchevsk. If the resume turns out to be boring, banal or not complete enough, then you simply will not reach the next stage - the interview. For a photographer, a successful search for a job in Alchevsk on the Rabota.ua website is directly related to the quality of the developed portfolio. It is this that is the main component of the resume of the photographer. It will also not be superfluous to indicate information about your work experience, about which companies and positions you have already worked in, and why you want to find a job in this particular area.

Portfolio should be diverse, but not comprehensive

There are many different genres of photography: documentary, portrait, art, advertising photography and many others. The Rabota.ua service will help a fan of any of these photography genres find a suitable job.

Your portfolio can contain images of only one genre in which you have worked in the past and intend to work in the future, as well as photographs in several styles. At the same time, you should not try to cover all genres, since no one can be a highly qualified specialist in any kind of photography. Better demonstrate to a potential employer how good you are in your field.

Even without work experience, you can create a portfolio

If you want to find a suitable vacancy without any work experience in Alchevsk, then to compile an initial portfolio, you can take pictures of your family or friends in the genre that is closest to you. In the absence of at least a small portfolio, all efforts to find a job in Alchevsk will be in vain, since no one will hire a photographer whose abilities are unknown. At the same time, even a small but solid portfolio can set you apart from other candidates.