Lectures on General Chemical Technology. Chemical Technology: A Course of Lectures
Chemical Technology- a field of chemistry in which technically advanced and economically viable methods of processing natural raw materials and synthetic intermediates into household items and means of production are being developed.
Chemical technology is divided into technology for the production of inorganic substances and technology for the production of organic substances. The technology for the production of inorganic substances includes: the production of acids, alkalis, soda, salts, ammonia, mineral fertilizers, metals, alloys, etc. The technology for the production of organic substances produces synthetic rubbers, plastics, dyes, alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, etc.
Chemical technology also considers the means of chemical processing of natural waters, ores, coal, gas, oil, wood, etc.
Chemical technology offers many unique materials to other sectors of the national economy - boron nitride, artificial diamonds, chemical fibers, synthetic rubbers, electroceramics, semiconductor materials and others, promotes the development of other sectors of the national economy through the introduction of effective new methods of influencing objects of labor (electroplating, biochemical synthesis, enrichment of ores, processing of fuels, etc.).
As a result chemical processing fossil fuels (coal, oil, shale and peat) the national economy receives such important products as coke, motor oils and fuels, combustible gases. Nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric acids are obtained by chemical technology, and mineral fertilizers are produced from them. Mineral fertilizers are used in agriculture.
Chemical technologies have advantages over mechanical methods of processing raw materials and materials:
- they process almost all types of raw materials: mineral (potassium salts, gypsum, sulfur, etc.), fuel (oil, gas, coal, etc.), raw materials of plant origin and agriculture, water and air, products of various industries;
- include in economic activity in the process of achieving scientific and technological progress new types of raw materials;
- replace valuable and scarce raw materials with cheaper and more widespread ones;
- complexly use raw materials and utilize industrial wastes, obtain different chemical products from the same raw materials, and vice versa - the same product from different raw materials.
Important directions in the development of chemical technology are focused on the use of heat of reactions, the creation of waste-free technologies, the use of plasma-chemical processes, laser technology, photochemical and radiation-chemical reactions, etc. A special place is occupied by biochemical technology. When using biochemical processes, the problems of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, the synthesis of proteins and fats, the use of carbon dioxide for organic synthesis, etc. are solved.
Rational use of chemical processes allows you to constantly solve the most important problem of the life support of mankind by obtaining high-value foodstuffs, improving the food base on an industrial basis, obtaining highly effective medicines and means of combating agricultural pests.
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_1.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Subject GENERAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Lectures - 34 hours (17 lux)"> Дисциплина ОБЩАЯ ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ Лекции – 34 часа (17 лк) Лабораторные работы – 34 часа Практические занятия – 18 часов Форма аттестации – зачет + ЭКЗАМЕН доцент МИНАКОВСКИЙ АЛЕКСАНДР ФЁДОРОВИЧ (ауд. 117 корп. 3) Кафедра технологии неорганических веществ и общей химической технологии!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Educational literature: 1. Beskov, V. S. General chemical technology / V. S. Beskov."> Учебная литература: 1. Бесков, В. С. Общая химическая технология / В. С. Бесков. – М.: ИКЦ Академкнига, 2006. – 452 с. 2. Кутепов, А. М., Общая химическая технология / А. М. Кутепов, Т. И. Бондарева, М. Г. Беренгартен. – М.: ИКЦ Академкнига, 2005. – 528 с. 3. Основы химической технологии: учебник Под ред. И. П. Мухленова. – М.: Высшая школа, 1991. – 463 с. 4. Ещенко, Л. С. Общая химическая технология. Расчеты химико-технологических процессов: учеб. пособие для студентов специальностей химико-технологического профиля / Л. С. Ещенко, В. А. Салоников. – Минск.: БГТУ, 2007. – 195 с. 5. Ещенко, Л. С. Общая химическая технология. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов специальностей 1-48 01 01 «Химическая технология производства и переработки неорганических материалов», 1-48 01 02 «Химическая технология производства и переработки органических материалов», 1-48 01 05 «Химическая технология переработки древесины», 1-48 02 01 «Биотехнология», 1-57 01 01 «Охрана окружающей среды и рациональное использование природных ресурсов», 1-57 01 03 «Биоэкология», 1-36 07 01 «Машины и аппараты химических производств и предприятий строительных материалов» очной и заочной форм обучения / Л. С. Ещенко, В. А. Салоников. – Минск.: БГТУ, 2006. – 74 с.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_3.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>6. Ignatenkov, V. I. Examples and tasks on general chemical technology: a textbook for"> 6. Игнатенков, В. И. Примеры и задачи по общей химической технологии: учебное пособие для вузов / В. И. Игнатенков, В. С. Бесков. – М.: ИКЦ Академкнига, 2006. – 200 с. 7. Расчеты по технологии неорганических веществ / Под общ. ред. М. Е. Позина. – Л.: Химия 1977. – 495 с. 8. Ещенко, Л.С. Общая химическая технология. Лабораторный практикум для студентов специальностей 1-48 01 01 «Химическая технология производства и переработки неорганических материалов», 1-48 01 02 «Химическая технология производства и переработки органических материалов», 1-48 01 05 «Химическая технология переработки древесины», 1-48 02 01 «Биотехнология», 1-57 01 01 «Охрана окружающей среды и рациональное использование природных ресурсов», 1-57 01 03 «Биоэкология», 1-36 07 01 «Машины и аппараты химических производств и предприятий строительных материалов» очной и заочной форм обучения / Л. С. Ещенко, М.Т. Соколов, О.Б. Дормешкин, В. Д. Кордиков. – Минск.: БГТУ, 2004. – 83 с.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_4.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Lecture 1:">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_5.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> laws of chemical production"> Целью учебной дисциплины «Общая химическая технология» является: Приобретение знаний основных закономерностей химического производства на основе использования положений общенаучных (химия, физика, физическая и коллоидная химия, математика) и общеинженерных дисциплин (процессы и аппараты химических производств) Овладение умениями применения указанных закономерностей к анализу отдельных стадий химико-технологического процесса и создания оптимальных химико-технологических систем Выполнения химико-технологических расчетов и навыками практического использования полученных знаний в своей профессиональной деятельности.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_6.jpg" alt=">">
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_7.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>After studying the discipline, the student should know: the main laws of chemical production;"> По итогам изучения дисциплины студент должен знать: основные закономерности химического производства; основные закономерности протекания химических реакций и процессов; особенности химического взаимодействия в гомогенных и гетерогенных процессах; методы выполнения химико-технологических расчетов; основные термодинамические и кинетические закономерности химических превращений в условиях промышленного производства и способы интенсификации процессов; современные методы анализа, разработки и оптимизации химико-технологических процессов; принципы построения и анализа химико-технологических систем; виды химических реакторов, их модели, характеристики и принципы сравнения эффективности их работы.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_8.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>be able to: use the basic laws of chemistry, processes and apparatus of chemical production for"> уметь: использовать основные законы химии, процессов и аппаратов химических производств для термодинамического и кинетического анализа химических процессов; проводить выбор оптимального технологического режима и аппаратуры; составлять технологические схемы и подбирать для них технологическое оборудование; рассчитывать материальные и тепловые балансы, а также основные химико-технологические показатели процессов; анализировать, синтезировать и оптимизировать химико-технологические системы, процессы и подбирать для них типовое оборудование; определять лимитирующие стадии химических превращений; вычислять термодинамические и кинетические характеристики химических превращений; выбирать типы реакторов для химических процессов, производить расчеты химических реакторов и моделировать процессы, протекающие в них.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_9.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Discipline Structure">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_10.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The origin of the word "technology" (from the Greek "technos" - art , craft and "logos" - teaching, science) fully meets"> Происхождение слова «технология»(от греческих«technos»- искусство, ремесло и «logos» - учение, наука) вполне отвечает его содержанию: учение об умении, искусстве перерабатывать исходные вещества в полезные продукты. Инженерная химия (согласно Уставу Американского общества инженеров-химиков) – наука, применяющая, принципы естественных наук совместно с принципами экономики и социальных отношений к области, охватывающей непосредственно процессы и аппараты, в которых вещество обрабатывается с целью изменения состояния, содержания энергии и/или свойств. Химическая технология – естественная, прикладная наука о способах и процессах производства продуктов(предметов потребления и средств производства), осуществляемых с участием химических превращений технически, экономически и социально целесообразным путем.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_11.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical engineering as a science has:"> Химическая технология как наука имеет: Предмет изучения – химическое производство Химическое производство – совокупность процессов и операций, осуществляемых в машинах и аппаратах и предназначенных для переработки сырья путем химических превращений в необратимые продукты Цель изучения Способ производства – создание целесообразных способов производства необходимых человеку продуктов – совокупность всех операций, которые проходит сырьё до получения из него продукта. Он слагается из последовательных операций, протекающих в соответствующих машинах и аппаратах. Операция происходит в одном или нескольких аппаратах; она представляет собой сочетание различных технологических процессов.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_12.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical production must be organized in such a way that the following requirements are met: receiving"> Химическое производство должно быть организовано таким образом, чтобы соблюдались следующие требования: получение продукта, отвечающего требованиям СТБ, ТУ; максимальное использование сырья и энергии; максимальная экономическая эффективность; экологическая безопасность; безопасность и надежность эксплуатации оборудования. Основные направления в развитии химической технологии: создание высокоэффективных производств, энерго- и материалосберегающие технологии, защита окружающей среды от промышленных загрязнений, новые эффективные процессы получения химической продукции.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_13.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical Engineering">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_14.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>2. The history of the chemical industry More than 2000 years ago - sulfur, natural soda and"> 2. История развития химической промышленности Более 2000 лет назад - сера, природная сода и минеральные краски были известны в Риме и Византии XV в. - в Европе стали появляться мелкие специализированные цеха по производству кислот, солей, щелочей, фармацевтических препаратов!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_15.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>A feature of the modern chemical industry is the orientation of the main science-intensive industries (pharmaceutical, polymer materials, reagents and"> Особенность современной химической промышленности - ориентация главных наукоемких производств (фармацевтического, полимерных материалов, реагентов и особо чистых веществ), а также продукции парфюмерно-косметической, бытовой химии и т.д. на обеспечение повседневных нужд человека и его здоровья. Особенность химической промышленности - очень широкая, разнообразная по составу сырьевая база. Она включает горнохимическую промышленность (добычу серы, фосфоритов, калийных солей, поваренной соли и т.д.) Важнейший результат НТП во второй половине XX в. - повсеместный и широкий переход химической промышленности на использование продуктов переработки нефти, попутного и природного газа.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_16.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Specific features of the chemical industry that affect its placement are as follows: 1 ) very high energy intensity"> Специфические особенности химической промышленности, влияющие на ее размещение, следующие: 1) очень высокая энергоемкость (в первую очередь теплоемкость) в отраслях, связанных со структурной перестройкой вещества (получение полимерных материалов, продукция органического синтеза, электрохимические процессы и др.); 2) высокая водоемкость производств (охлаждение агрегатов, технологические процессы); 3) невысокая трудоемкость большинства производств отрасли; 4) очень высокая капиталоемкость; 5) большие объемы используемого сырья и многих видов готовой продукции; 6) экологические проблемы, обусловленные производством и потреблением ряда химических продуктов.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_17.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>World's largest chemical companies">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_18.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>83 enterprises and organizations belonging to the state Concern "Belneftekhim""> Основу химического комплекса Беларуси составляют 83 предприятия и организации, входящие в государственный концерн «Белнефтехим». В общем объеме промышленной продукции Беларуси их доля занимает примерно 15%, в общереспубликанском экспорте - около 17%. Ведущее место по объему производимой продукции и численности работников занимают горнохимическая (производство калийных удобрений), основная химия (производство химических волокон и нитей) и нефтехимическая отрасли. Основными видами деятельности данных предприятий являются производство минеральных удобрений, шин, химических волокон и нитей, выпуск продукции из стекловолокна, производство пластмассовых изделий, лаков и красок. Данная продукция экспортируется более чем в 80 стран мира. Годовой объем внешнеторгового оборота химического комплекса республики составляет более 3 млрд. долларов США, в том числе экспорт - 1,5 млрд. долларов США. Химическая промышленность Республики Беларусь!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_19.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical Process"> Химико-технологический процесс В совокупном химико-технологическом процессе выделяются следующие виды отдельных процессов и операций, классифицированных по их основному назначению, и соответствующие аппараты и машины, в которых они осуществляются: Механические и гидромеханические процессы – перемещение материалов, изменение их формы и размеров, сжатие и расширение, смешение и разделение потоков. Все они протекают без изменения химического и фазового состава обрабатываемого материала. Теплообменные процессы – нагрев, охлаждение, изменение фазового состояния. Химический и фазовый состав в них не меняется. Массообменные процессы – межфазный обмен, в результате которого меняется компонентный состав контактирующих фаз без коренного изменения химического состава, т.е. химических превращений. Химические процессы – процессы, связанные с изменением химического состава веществ; данные процессы проводятся в химических реакторах. Химико-технологический процесс (ХТП) – последовательность химических и физико-химических процессов целенаправленной переработки исходных веществ в продукт.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_20.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical Process System is a model of a chemical plant or a chemical plant process that displays it"> химико-технологическая система представляет собой модель химического производства или химико-технологического процесса, отображающую его структуру и позволяющую прогнозировать те или иные свойства и показатели Продукт дополнительный Структура и функциональные элементы химического производства: 1 – подготовка сырья; 2 – химическая переработка сырья; 3 – выделение целевого продукта; 4 – обезвреживание и переработка побочных продуктов; 5 – энергетическая подсистема; 6 – подготовка вспомогательных материалов и водоподготовка; 7 – подсистема управления Химико-технологическая система (ХТС) – совокупность аппаратов, машин, реакторов, других устройств (элементов), а также материальных, тепловых, энергетических и других потоков (связей) между ними, функционирующая как единое целое и предназначенная для переработки исходных веществ (сырья) в продукты.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_21.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The composition of a chemical plant that ensures its operation as a production unit: chemical- technological process; storage of raw materials, products"> Состав химического производства, обеспечивающий его функционирование как производственной единицы: химико-технологический процесс; хранилища сырья, продуктов и других материалов; система организации транспортировки сырья, продуктов, вспомогательных материалов, промежуточных веществ, отходов; дополнительные здания, сооружения; обслуживающий персонал производственных подразделений; система управления, обеспечения и безопасности.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_22.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>CTP end products target products by-products waste products are products of a target or multipurpose"> Конечные продукты ХТП целевые продукты побочные продукты отходы это продукты целевого или многоцелевого назначения, получаемые при переработке сырья при заданных оптимальных условиях и соответствующие требованиям технических условий. образуются параллельно с целевым продуктом в результате переработки сырья это побочные продукты, которые в настоящее время по техническим или экономическим причинам не находят применения и выводятся из ХТП в окружающую среду.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_23.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical Production and Chemical Process Performance arising in the chemical-technological process"> Показатели химического производства и химико-технологического процесса Эксплуатационные показатели характеризуют изменения, возникающие в химико-технологическом процессе при появлении отклонений от регламентированных условий и состояний. Основными эксплуатационными показателями являются надежность, безопасность функционирования, чувствительность, управляемость и регулируемость. Технологические показатели: расходные коэффициенты; степень превращения исходных реагентов; селективность; выход продукта; производительность (мощность); интенсивность процесса; удельные капитальные затраты; качество продукта. Экономические показатели определяют экономическую эффективность производства. К ним относятся себестоимость продукции, производительность труда Социальные показатели определяют комфортность работы на данном производстве и его влияние на окружающую среду.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_24.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technological indicators Productivity (capacity) - the amount of product received or the amount of processed raw materials (G)"> Технологические показатели Производительность (мощность) – количество получаемого продукта или количество перерабатываемого сырья (G) в единицу времени (t). П = G/t αR = или αR = Выход продукта – это отношение реально полученной массы (химического количества) продукта к максимально возможной его массе (химическому количеству), которая могла бы быть получена при данных условиях осуществления химической реакции:!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_25.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Consumption coefficients are values characterizing the consumption of raw materials, water, fuel, electricity,"> Расходные коэффициенты – величины, характеризующие расход сырья, воды, топлива, электроэнергии, пара, вспомогательных материалов на производство единицы продукции. где Рк –расходный коэффициент, т/т, кг/т, м3/т; m1 – масса сырья, кг, т; m2 – масса целевого продукта, кг, т. Рк = Технологические показатели!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_26.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technological indicators Selectivity is the ratio of mass (chemical quantity) of the target product , obtained practically, to"> Технологические показатели Селективность – это отношение массы (химического количества) целевого продукта, полученного практически, к общей массе (химическому количеству) образовавшихся продуктов: Степень превращения показывает, насколько полно в химико-технологическом процессе используется сырье. Степень превращения – это отношение массы (химического количества) исходного реагента, превратившегося в результате химической реакции в продукты, к его первоначальной массе (химическому количеству). хi = где хi – степень превращения реагента I; mi, 0 – масса реагента I в исходной реакционной смеси, кг; mi – масса реагента I в реакционной смеси, выходящей из аппарата или находящейся в реакторе, кг. =!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_27.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technological indicators characterizing the dimensions of the reactor, apparatus, "> Технологические показатели Интенсивностью называется производительность, отнесенная к какой-либо величине, характеризующей размеры реактора, аппарата, его объему, площади поперечного сечения и т. д.: I = где I – интенсивность, кг/(м3 ч), т/(м2 сут); V – объем аппарата, м3; F – поверхность аппарата, м2 При анализе работы каталитических реакторов принято относить производительность аппарата в целом к единице объема или массы катализатора, загруженного в реактор. Такую величину, численно равную количеству продукта, полученного с единицы объема или массы катализатора, называют производительностью катализатора, или его напряженностью!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_28.jpg" alt=">">
Federal Agency for Education Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Novgorod State University named after Yaroslav the Wise Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty of Natural Sciences and Natural Resources Department of Chemistry and Ecology CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY Course of lectures Veliky Novgorod 2007 1 Contents. 1 Mankind and the environment 1.1 Environment 1.2 Man as a component of the environment 1.3 Human production activity and planetary resources 1.4 Environment response to anthropogenic activity 1.5 Biosphere and its evolution 2 Chemical production in the system of anthropogenic activity 2.1 Material production and its organization 2.2 Chemical industry 3 Chemical science and production 3.1 Chemical technology - the scientific basis of chemical production 3.2 Features of chemical technology as a science 3.3 Relationship of chemical technology with other sciences 4 Main components of chemical production 4.1 Chemical raw materials 4.2 Resources and rational use of raw materials 4.3 Preparation of chemical raw materials for processing 4.4 Replacement of food raw materials non-food and vegetable mineral 5 Water in the chemical industry 5.1 Water use, water properties 5.2 Industrial water treatment 6 Energy in the chemical industry 6.1 Energy use in the chemical industry industry 6.2 Energy sources 6.3 Classification of energy resources 7 Economics of chemical production 7.1 Technical and economic indicators of chemical production 7.2 Structure of the economy of the chemical industry 7.3 Material and energy balances of chemical production 8 Basic laws of chemical technology 8.1. The concept of the chemical-technological process 8.2. Processes in a chemical reactor. 8.2.1. Chemical process 8. 2.2 Rate of a chemical reaction 8.2.3 Overall rate of a chemical process 8.2.4. Thermodynamic calculations of chemical-technological processes 8.2.5. Equilibrium in the system 8.2.6 Calculation of equilibrium from thermodynamic data 8.2.7 Thermodynamic analysis 9 Organization of chemical production 9.1 Chemical production as a system 9.2 Simulation of a chemical-technological system 9.3 Organization of CTP 9.3.1 Selection of a process scheme 9.3.2 Selection of process parameters 9.4 Control of chemical production 10 Processes and apparatus of chemical production 10.1 General characteristics and classification of processes 10.2 Basic processes of chemical technology and equipment for them 10. 2.1 Hydromechanical processes 2 10.2.2. Thermal processes 10.2.3 Mass transfer processes 10.3 Chemical reactors 10.3.1 Design principles of chemical reactors 10.3.2 Classification of chemical reactors 10.3.3 Chemical reactor designs 10.3.4 Arrangement of contact apparatuses 11 Homogeneous processes 11.1 Characteristics of homogeneous processes 11.1.1 Homogeneous processes in the gas phase 11.1.2 Homogeneous processes in the liquid phase 11. 2 Basic laws of homogeneous processes 12.1 Characteristics of heterogeneous processes 12 Heterogeneous processes 12.1 Characteristics of heterogeneous processes 12.2 Processes in the gas-liquid system (G-L) 12.3 Processes in the liquid-solid system (L-S) 12.4 Processes in the system gas - solid (G - S) 12.5 Processes in binary solid, two-phase liquid and multi-phase systems 12.6 High-temperature processes and apparatuses 12.7 Catalytic processes and apparatuses 12.7.1. Essence and types of catalysis 12.7.2 Properties of solid catalysts and their manufacture 12.7.3 Instrumentation of catalytic processes 13 The most important chemical production 13.1 Production of sulfuric acid 13.2 Technology of bound nitrogen 13.2.1 Raw material base of the nitrogen industry 13.2.2 Production of process gases 13.2.3 Synthesis of ammonia 13.2.4 Production of nitric acid 13.3 Technology of mineral fertilizers 13.3.1 Classification of mineral fertilizers 13.3.2 Typical processes of salt technology 13.3.3 Decomposition of phosphate raw materials and production of phosphate fertilizers 13.3.3.1 Production of phosphoric acid superphosphate 13.3.3.4 Nitric acid decomposition of phosphates 13.3.4 Production of nitrogen fertilizers 13.3.4.1 Production of ammonium nitrate 13.3.4.2 Production of urea 13.3.4.3 Production of ammonium sulfate 13.3.4.4 Production of calcium nitrate. 13.3.4.5 Production of liquid nitrogen fertilizers 13.3.5 Production of potash fertilizers 13.3.5.1 General characteristics 13.3.5.2 Raw materials 13.3.5.3 Production of potassium chloride 13.3.5.4 Production of potassium sulfate 13.4 Production of silicate materials 13.4.1 General information about silicate materials 3 13.4.2 Standard processes of technology of silicate materials 13.5 Production of binders. 13.5.1 General characteristics and classification 13.5.2 Portland cement production 13.5.3 Air lime production 13.6 Glass production 13.6.1 Glass composition and classification 13.6.2 Glass production process 13.7 Production of ceramic materials 13. 7.1 General characteristics and classification of materials 13.7.2 Production of building bricks 13.7.3 Production of refractories 13.8. Electrochemical production 13.8.1 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride 13.8.1.1. Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution in baths with steel cathode and graphite anode 13.8.1.2 Electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions in baths with mercury cathode and graphite anode 13.8.2 Production of hydrochloric acid 13.8.3 Electrolysis of melts. Aluminum production 13.8.3.1 Alumina production 13.8.3.2 Aluminum production 13.9 Metallurgy 13.9.1 Ores and their processing 13.9.2 Iron production 13.9.3 Steel production 13.9.4. Copper production 13.10 Chemical fuel processing 13.10.1 Hard coal coking 13.10.2 Liquid fuel processing 13.10.3. Production and processing of gaseous fuels 13.11 Basic organic synthesis 13.11.1 Raw materials and environmental protection processes 13.11.2 Synthesis of methyl alcohol 13.11.3 Production of ethanol 13.11.4. Production of acetylene 13.11.5 Production of formaldehyde 13.11.6 Production of urea-formaldehyde resins 13.11.7 Production of acetaldehyde 13.11.8 Production of acetic acid and anhydride 13.12 Production of monomers 13.12.1 Polymerization monomers 13.12.2. Production of polyvinyl acetate dispersion 13.13 Macromolecular compounds 13.13.1 Production of cellulose 13.13.2 Production of chemical fibers 13.13.3 Production of plastics 13.13.4 Obtaining rubber and rubber 4 1 Mankind and the environment 1.1 Environment The primary source of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs of man is nature. It also represents his habitat - the environment. In the environment, the natural environment is distinguished, which includes natural material bodies and the processes occurring in them; material objects created by man and processes and phenomena caused by human activity. Consequently, the environment is made up of physical and socio-economic components. Physical components - natural and man-made (created by man as a result of his activities). Natural components - the geographical location of the region, energy resources, climate, water resources, air, soil, etc. They affect the choice of place and method of production, the feasibility of the location of production, types of production, etc. Technogenic components - artificial material bodies, synthetic materials and products, residential and industrial buildings, clothing, communication and vehicles, etc. e. 1.2 Man - as a component of the environment In the system man - environment, man is not only an object, but also its subject, since he has the ability to change the environment and adapt it to his needs. Natural physical 3 Technogenic physical environment PERSON 1 Human 2 Socio-economic environment Human in the structure of the environment The consequence of this is the existence in such a system of various one- and two-way relationships. Relationships of the first type are characteristic of the entire history of mankind. Connections of the second type are due to the appearance of a technogenic physical environment. They have acquired special significance in our era, due to the accelerated development of production. The connections of the third type are due to the ever-increasing influence of anthropogenic activity on nature (the creation of large artificial reservoirs, the destruction of forests, etc.), they lead to the transformation of the Earth as a planet. 1.3 Man's production activity and the resources of the planet The condition for the existence and development of mankind is material production, i. social and practical relationship of man to nature. The diverse and gigantic scale of industrial production leads to a significant impact on the environment and causes changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. The atmosphere is the natural outer gaseous shell of the Earth. The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth. The lithosphere is the solid shell of the Earth, the source of mineral raw materials and fossil fuels, the soil layer. The most important result of the functioning of the human-environment system is human consumption of the planet's resources. Resources are divided into natural and social. Social are the population, conditions of reproduction, scientific potential. Natural resources are classified according to the following criteria: 5 Natural resources EXHAUSTABLE Exhaustible INEXHAUSTABLE Solar energy Renewable non-renewable atmospheric air Destroyable dissipated Classification of natural resources. In the course of production activities, non-renewable resources are completely destroyed (fossil fuels) or dissipated (metals). The impact of industrial production on the depletion of the planet's natural resources and its consequences can be seen in the following examples: 1. Mining on Earth leads to the rapid depletion of non-renewable resources, pollution and changes in the composition of the atmosphere and lithosphere. 2. The combustion of chemical fuels releases more than 100,000 tons of gas into the atmosphere. various chemical compounds. 3. Fresh water consumption. Industrial production consumes up to 13% of the total river flow. This leads to the depletion of available fresh water on the planet. Simultaneously with consumption, the discharge of industrial effluents into water bodies increases, which leads to intense pollution of the hydrosphere. The most important consequence of industrial production was its impact on the natural energy balance and on the state of the environment. The "thermal contribution" of human activity is in n.v. 0.006% solar radiation. The consequence of this will be an increase in the temperature of the planet by 10C. 1.4 Environment response to anthropogenic activity The system "man - environment" is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, which maintains an ecologically balanced state of the natural environment, in which living organisms interact with the environment and with each other and the environment without disturbing this balance. The production activity of a person leads to a violation of this state and causes a response from the environment. According to the depth of the reaction of the environment, the following are distinguished: - perturbation, temporary and reverse change in the environment; – pollution; - anomalies. With prolonged exposure, the following may occur: - Crisis of the environment - a state in which the parameters are approaching the permissible ones, - Destruction of the environment, in which it becomes unsuitable for habitation. 1.5 Biosphere and its evolution The environment is a complex multicomponent system, the components of which are interconnected by numerous connections. The environment consists of a number of subsystems, each of which includes a certain number of elements that are functionally related to each other. In this system, the second-order subsystem, the ecosphere, is the natural environment. The cycle of the ecosphere is a system-forming flow, representing the movement of elements in the production of substances. The biosphere is the outer shell of the Earth, its thickness is 50 km. An important component of the biosphere is living matter, biogenic matter (organic and organomineral products, inert matter - rocks). A reflection of the relationships in the biosphere is the biocenosis - this is a homogeneous 6 area of the earth's surface with a certain composition of living and inert components and dynamic interaction between them. There is an exhaustion of non-renewable resources, a decrease and pollution of the transparency of the atmosphere, an increase in the temperature of the surface layer of the atmosphere, and pollution of the hydrosphere. MAN - ENVIRONMENT anthroposphere Anthroposphere Ecosphere sociosphere (physical environment) economy biosphere technosphere social sphere agrosystems technosystems health care (post office, mines, transp.) culture biogeocenosis ideology science. 2. Chemical production in the system of anthropogenic activity 2.1 Material production and its organization human interaction with the environment is realized in the form of large-scale material production. Material production is the process of creating wealth. It is the basis of all other types of human activity and includes three main components: 1. Objects of labor - everything that is processed, to which human labor is directed. They are given by nature and are products of labor. 2. Means of labor - machines, devices, devices with the help of which a person acts on the objects of labor. 3. Living labor is a conscious purposeful activity of a person. The process of material production is organizationally realized in the form of industry. 2.2 Chemical industry According to the purpose of the products produced, the industry is divided into branches, one of which is the chemical industry. The share of the chemical and petrochemical industries in the total production of the Russian Federation is 9%, which is second only to the fuel industry and mechanical engineering (20%). The chemical industry is subdivided into branches of broad specialization (mining chemistry, basic chemistry, organic synthesis production, etc.) and narrow specialization branches (production of mineral fertilizers, plastics, dyes, etc.). Products of the chemical industry according to the classification adopted in the country are grouped into 7 classes, each of which has from hundreds to thousands of different items: 1st class. Products of inorganic synthesis. Grade 2 Polymeric materials, synthetic rubbers, plastics, chemical fibers. Grade 3 Paints and varnishes. 4th grade. Synthetic dyes and intermediates. Grade 5 Products of organic synthesis (petroleum - coke and wood chemistry). 6th grade. Chemical reagents and pure substances. 7 7th grade. Chemical-pharmaceutical preparations. This classification is conditional, since metallurgy and the production of silicate materials do not belong to the actual chemical industries, although they use chemical methods of processing. In the system of material production, the chemical industry occupies a special place due to its specific features: - special methods of influencing objects of labor, leading to chemical transformations, which makes it possible to produce new substances; – high material and energy intensity; – high degree of production automation; – variety and narrow specialization of used machines and equipment. 3 Chemical science and production 3.1 Chemical technology - the scientific basis of chemical production chemical technology - the science of the most economical and environmentally sound methods of chemical processing of raw natural materials into consumer goods and means of production. Objects of chemical technology - substances and systems of substances involved in chemical production; chemical engineering processes - a set of various operations carried out in the course of production with the aim of converting these substances into others. Modern general chemical technology arose as a result of the regular process of integration of previously independent technologies for the production of individual products, which is characteristic of all branches of science at a certain stage of development, as a result of the generalization of empirical rules for their production. Modern chemical technology, using the achievements of the natural and technical sciences, studies and develops a set of physical and chemical processes, machines and apparatuses, optimal ways of implementing these processes and controlling them in the industrial production of various substances. Chemical technology is based on the chemical sciences such as physical chemistry, chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. Prominent physical chemist acad. Konovalov considered one of the main tasks of chemical technology, which distinguishes its subject from pure chemistry, the establishment of the most advantageous course of the operation and the design of appropriate factory instruments and auxiliary devices. Therefore, chemical technology is unthinkable without a close relationship with economics, physics, mathematics and other technical sciences. Chemical technology at the dawn of its existence was a descriptive science. Many early technology textbooks served as process encyclopedias. The development of science and industry has led to a significant increase in the number of chemical industries. The growth of chemical production, on the one hand, and the development of chemical and technical sciences, on the other hand, made it possible to develop the theoretical foundations of chemical-technological processes. Modern chemical production processes gigantic volumes of raw materials, uses a large amount of energy of various types, carried out with large amounts of capital and operating costs. From this follows one of the fundamental requirements for modern production - its efficiency. This feature of the technology was noted by Mendeleev, who defined it as: "The doctrine of profitable methods of processing natural products into consumer products." Technology must study the most profitable methods, choose from the possible ones the most suitable for the given conditions of time and place, in order to give the product the greatest cheapness with the desired properties and forms. Therefore, technology is the science of the most economical methods and means of converting raw natural substances into consumer products. Technologies are divided into mechanical and chemical. In mechanical technologies, processes are considered in which the shape or appearance and physical properties of materials change, and in chemical technology, processes of a radical change in the composition, properties and internal structure of a substance. 8 3.2 Features of chemical technology as a science Chemical technology differs from theoretical chemistry not only by the need to take into account the economic requirements for the production it studies. There are fundamental differences between the tasks, goals and content of theoretical chemistry and chemical technology, caused by the specifics of production processes, which imposes a number of additional conditions on the method of study. Let us consider an example of the industrial synthesis of hydrogen chloride from Cl2 and H2 and the influence of various factors on the synthesis. Design and material of equipment heat removal Nature of components Equilibrium shift due to excess H2 Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl - Δ H Electrolysis H2O Ecology electrolysis CH4 conversion energy cost of NACl solution from coke oven gas To carry out this synthesis under industrial conditions, an inorganic chemist takes into account the very possibility of such a synthesis , applying the methods of physical chemistry to control the synthesis by changing the temperature, pressure, concentration of the components, i.e. influence the kinetics and thermodynamics of the process on the scale of a laboratory experiment. The chemist-technologist must consider other factors: the availability and cost of raw materials and energy, the design of the reactor and corrosion-resistant materials for manufacturing, environmental protection measures, etc. Thus, just as chemical production cannot be considered as a kind of enlarged laboratory flask, so chemical technology cannot be reduced to theoretical chemistry. The complexity of such a system as chemical production made it expedient to use a systematic approach for its study and introduce the concept of the level of the process. With such an approach in chemical production, there are several successively increasing complexity of subsystems - levels, each of which has its own method of studying the phenomenon. Such levels in chemical production are: - the molecular level, at which the mechanism and kinetics of chemical transformations are described as molecular interaction (microkinetics); - the level of small volume, at which the phenomena are described as the interaction of macroparticles (granules, drops, catalyst grains). To analyze the phenomena at this level and describe the chemical process, the concept of macrokinetics was introduced, the task of which is to study the effect on the rate of chemical transformations of the processes of mass transfer of the initial substances and reaction products, heat transfer processes and the influence of the composition of the catalyst. Macrokinetics Mass transfer heat transfer catalyst composition M Q Kt is the flow level at which the description of the phenomena is given as the interaction of a set of particles. Taking into account the nature of their movement in the stream and changes in temperature, concentrations of reagents along the stream; – the level of the reactor, at which the description of the phenomenon is given taking into account the design of the apparatus in which the process is implemented; - the level of the system, at which, when considering phenomena, the relationship between the technological units of an industrial installation and production as a whole is taken into account. 9 Thus, the problem of the difference between theoretical chemistry and chemical technology is the problem of the difference between fundamental scientific research and real industrial production based on it. 3.3 Communication of chemical technology with other sciences Chemical technology uses the material of a number of sciences: Mathematics mathematical modeling technical calculations ecology Physics physical modeling Physical kinetic and thermodynamic chemical chemistry calculations technology Mineralogy chemical raw materials Inorganic chemistry economics Organic chemistry structure and properties of substances Biochemistry Colloid Chemistry Engineering design of equipment Sciences Chemical engineering as a science of large-scale production deals with significant masses and volumes of processed and manufactured products. To evaluate the performance of such large units, large units are needed. Therefore, in chemical engineering, along with the generally accepted SI units (m, Kg, sec, a, mol), others are also used. Value designation name designation Mass m kilogram, ton kg, t Energy, work A kilojoule, kilowatt hour kJ, kWh Pressure P. Pascal, megapascal Pa, MPS Power N kilowatt kW Temperature T, t Kelvin, degrees Celsius K, 0C Time second, day, hour sec, day, h Amount of heat Q kilojoule kJ Thermal effect N kilojoule kJ Productivity P. tons per day, year t/day, t/year Intensity I kilogram per m2 hour kg/m2 Kilogram per m3 hour kg/m3 Amount of substance v kilogram mol, ton mol kgmol, Rate constant K depends on the reaction order Molar concentration C mol per m3 mol/m3 Cubic density kilogram per m3, tonne per m3 kg/m3 Product yield Degree of conversion X fraction of a unit, percent % 10
The word "technology" is of Greek origin and has a literal translation of "the science of craftsmanship." From a modern point of view, we can define technology as a sciencestudying the methods and processes of mass processing of raw materials into consumer products with maximum economic effect.
Technologies are mechanical and chemical. Mechanical technology studies the processes associated with changing the shape and physical properties of processed raw materials, mainly through mechanical operations. For example, the manufacture of wood products - woodworking technologies, the manufacture of metal products - mechanical engineering, etc. Chemical technology studies the processes associated with a change in the composition and chemical properties of processed raw materials due to the occurrence of chemical reactions.
There is a great variety of private chemical technologies that can be combined into two large groups:
chemical technologies |
|
inorganic |
organic |
1) the main inorganic synthesis - the production of acids, alkalis, salts and mineral fertilizers; 2) fine inorganic synthesis - production of drugs, reagents, medicines, rare metals, etc.; 3) metallurgy - production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; 4) silicate production - production of binders, ceramics and glass; 5) nuclear-chemical technology. |
1) basic organic synthesis - large-scale production of organic products; 2) fine organic synthesis - production of reagents, drugs, plant protection products, etc.; 3) oil and gas processing; 4) petrochemical synthesis - production of organic products based on hydrocarbon raw materials; 5) processing of plant and animal raw materials; 6) high-molecular technologies - production of synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fibers and other macromolecular compounds; 7) biotechnology - production of fodder yeast, amino acids, enzymes, antibiotics, etc. |
When developing any private technology, you need to know three general engineering disciplines: general chemical technology (GCT), processes and apparatuses of chemical technology (CPT) and industrial heat engineering (PT), which together form the basis of industrial chemistry.
General chemical technology- a science that studies the theoretical foundations for the development of technologies for various classes of chemical reactions.
The subject of study of the CBT is the regularities underlying the functioning of chemical production.
Tasks of OCT as a science:
1) finding the general patterns of the flow of chemical-technological processes;
2) on the basis of knowledge of general laws, finding the optimal conditions for conducting chemical and technological processes;
3) study of chemical transformations taking into account mass and heat transfer processes;
4) increasing the efficiency of the use of raw materials, energy, reducing the amount of waste and emissions into the environment; improving the quality of products.
OCT methods:
Experimental;
Modeling.
Basic concepts of chemical engineeringtechnologies
Chemical production- a set of processes and operations carried out in machines and apparatus and intended for the processing of raw materials through chemical transformations into the desired product.
Chemical-Technological Process (CTP)- part of chemical production, consisting of three main stages:
target product- the product for which this CTP is organized. All other products are called by-products. By-products can be obtained both in the target and side reactions. If the by-product has no use, it is called garbage; if it is used, then it is called waste or secondary raw material. If the target product is used as a starting material in another production, then it is called intermediate.
The source material that enters processing and has a value is called raw materials. The substance that is directly involved in the target chemical reaction is called reagent. The reagent is the main, but not the only component of the raw material. All components of the raw material that do not participate in the target reaction are usually called impurities.
In technology, the concepts of "transformed" and "untransformed" reagent are often used. Converted Reagent- this is the amount of the reagent that entered into the reaction (both target and side). Unconverted reagent- this is the amount of the reagent that leaves the reactor in the unconverted, original state. The sum of the masses of the converted and unconverted reagent is equal to the mass filed into the reagent reactor.
Auxiliary materials- chemicals that ensure the normal flow of CTP (catalysts, solvents, etc.).
Initial mixture- a mixture of substances entering the reactor at the stage of chemical transformation. reaction mixture- a mixture of substances in the reactor or unloaded from it. Its composition changes during the reaction. We can talk about the composition of the reaction mixture at a certain point in time from the start of the reaction.
Example:
4NH 3 + 5O 2 → 4NO + 6H 2 O
4NH 3 + 3O 2 → 2N 2 + 6H 2 O
4NH 3 + 4O 2 → 2N 2 O + 6H 2 O
The first reaction is target, the other two are side effects. Nitric oxide (II) - NO - target product at the stage of ammonia oxidation and intermediate in the production of nitric acid. Water, nitrogen and nitric oxide (I) - by-products. Reagents in this process are ammonia and oxygen; raw materials- ammonia, containing a certain amount of impurities, and air, in which impurities are nitrogen and other gases. Auxiliary material is platinum, used in the process as a selective catalyst, accelerating only the first reaction. Initial mixture is an ammonia-air mixture with an ammonia content of 9.5 - 11.5% vol. reaction mixture- nitrous gases containing NO, N 2 O, N 2, H 2 O vapors, as well as unconverted O 2 and NH 3.