Biographies Characteristics Analysis

Lectures on General Chemical Technology. Chemical Technology: A Course of Lectures

Chemical Technology- a field of chemistry in which technically advanced and economically viable methods of processing natural raw materials and synthetic intermediates into household items and means of production are being developed.

Chemical technology is divided into technology for the production of inorganic substances and technology for the production of organic substances. The technology for the production of inorganic substances includes: the production of acids, alkalis, soda, salts, ammonia, mineral fertilizers, metals, alloys, etc. The technology for the production of organic substances produces synthetic rubbers, plastics, dyes, alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, etc.

Chemical technology also considers the means of chemical processing of natural waters, ores, coal, gas, oil, wood, etc.

Chemical technology offers many unique materials to other sectors of the national economy - boron nitride, artificial diamonds, chemical fibers, synthetic rubbers, electroceramics, semiconductor materials and others, promotes the development of other sectors of the national economy through the introduction of effective new methods of influencing objects of labor (electroplating, biochemical synthesis, enrichment of ores, processing of fuels, etc.).

As a result chemical processing fossil fuels (coal, oil, shale and peat) the national economy receives such important products as coke, motor oils and fuels, combustible gases. Nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric acids are obtained by chemical technology, and mineral fertilizers are produced from them. Mineral fertilizers are used in agriculture.

Chemical technologies have advantages over mechanical methods of processing raw materials and materials:

  1. they process almost all types of raw materials: mineral (potassium salts, gypsum, sulfur, etc.), fuel (oil, gas, coal, etc.), raw materials of plant origin and agriculture, water and air, products of various industries;
  2. include in economic activity in the process of achieving scientific and technological progress new types of raw materials;
  3. replace valuable and scarce raw materials with cheaper and more widespread ones;
  4. complexly use raw materials and utilize industrial wastes, obtain different chemical products from the same raw materials, and vice versa - the same product from different raw materials.

Important directions in the development of chemical technology are focused on the use of heat of reactions, the creation of waste-free technologies, the use of plasma-chemical processes, laser technology, photochemical and radiation-chemical reactions, etc. A special place is occupied by biochemical technology. When using biochemical processes, the problems of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, the synthesis of proteins and fats, the use of carbon dioxide for organic synthesis, etc. are solved.

Rational use of chemical processes allows you to constantly solve the most important problem of the life support of mankind by obtaining high-value foodstuffs, improving the food base on an industrial basis, obtaining highly effective medicines and means of combating agricultural pests.

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_1.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Subject GENERAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Lectures - 34 hours (17 lux)"> Дисциплина ОБЩАЯ ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ Лекции – 34 часа (17 лк) Лабораторные работы – 34 часа Практические занятия – 18 часов Форма аттестации – зачет + ЭКЗАМЕН доцент МИНАКОВСКИЙ АЛЕКСАНДР ФЁДОРОВИЧ (ауд. 117 корп. 3) Кафедра технологии неорганических веществ и общей химической технологии!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Educational literature: 1. Beskov, V. S. General chemical technology / V. S. Beskov."> Учебная литература: 1. Бесков, В. С. Общая химическая технология / В. С. Бесков. – М.: ИКЦ Академкнига, 2006. – 452 с. 2. Кутепов, А. М., Общая химическая технология / А. М. Кутепов, Т. И. Бондарева, М. Г. Беренгартен. – М.: ИКЦ Академкнига, 2005. – 528 с. 3. Основы химической технологии: учебник  Под ред. И. П. Мухленова. – М.: Высшая школа, 1991. – 463 с. 4. Ещенко, Л. С. Общая химическая технология. Расчеты химико-технологических процессов: учеб. пособие для студентов специальностей химико-технологического профиля / Л. С. Ещенко, В. А. Салоников. – Минск.: БГТУ, 2007. – 195 с. 5. Ещенко, Л. С. Общая химическая технология. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов специальностей 1-48 01 01 «Химическая технология производства и переработки неорганических материалов», 1-48 01 02 «Химическая технология производства и переработки органических материалов», 1-48 01 05 «Химическая технология переработки древесины», 1-48 02 01 «Биотехнология», 1-57 01 01 «Охрана окружающей среды и рациональное использование природных ресурсов», 1-57 01 03 «Биоэкология», 1-36 07 01 «Машины и аппараты химических производств и предприятий строительных материалов» очной и заочной форм обучения / Л. С. Ещенко, В. А. Салоников. – Минск.: БГТУ, 2006. – 74 с.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_3.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>6. Ignatenkov, V. I. Examples and tasks on general chemical technology: a textbook for"> 6. Игнатенков, В. И. Примеры и задачи по общей химической технологии: учебное пособие для вузов / В. И. Игнатенков, В. С. Бесков. – М.: ИКЦ Академкнига, 2006. – 200 с. 7. Расчеты по технологии неорганических веществ / Под общ. ред. М. Е. Позина. – Л.: Химия 1977. – 495 с. 8. Ещенко, Л.С. Общая химическая технология. Лабораторный практикум для студентов специальностей 1-48 01 01 «Химическая технология производства и переработки неорганических материалов», 1-48 01 02 «Химическая технология производства и переработки органических материалов», 1-48 01 05 «Химическая технология переработки древесины», 1-48 02 01 «Биотехнология», 1-57 01 01 «Охрана окружающей среды и рациональное использование природных ресурсов», 1-57 01 03 «Биоэкология», 1-36 07 01 «Машины и аппараты химических производств и предприятий строительных материалов» очной и заочной форм обучения / Л. С. Ещенко, М.Т. Соколов, О.Б. Дормешкин, В. Д. Кордиков. – Минск.: БГТУ, 2004. – 83 с.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_4.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Lecture 1:">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_5.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> laws of chemical production"> Целью учебной дисциплины «Общая химическая технология» является: Приобретение знаний основных закономерностей химического производства на основе использования положений общенаучных (химия, физика, физическая и коллоидная химия, математика) и общеинженерных дисциплин (процессы и аппараты химических производств) Овладение умениями применения указанных закономерностей к анализу отдельных стадий химико-технологического процесса и создания оптимальных химико-технологических систем Выполнения химико-технологических расчетов и навыками практического использования полученных знаний в своей профессиональной деятельности.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_6.jpg" alt=">">

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_7.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>After studying the discipline, the student should know: the main laws of chemical production;"> По итогам изучения дисциплины студент должен знать: основные закономерности химического производства; основные закономерности протекания химических реакций и процессов; особенности химического взаимодействия в гомогенных и гетерогенных процессах; методы выполнения химико-технологических расчетов; основные термодинамические и кинетические закономерности химических превращений в условиях промышленного производства и способы интенсификации процессов; современные методы анализа, разработки и оптимизации химико-технологических процессов; принципы построения и анализа химико-технологических систем; виды химических реакторов, их модели, характеристики и принципы сравнения эффективности их работы.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_8.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>be able to: use the basic laws of chemistry, processes and apparatus of chemical production for"> уметь: использовать основные законы химии, процессов и аппаратов химических производств для термодинамического и кинетического анализа химических процессов; проводить выбор оптимального технологического режима и аппаратуры; составлять технологические схемы и подбирать для них технологическое оборудование; рассчитывать материальные и тепловые балансы, а также основные химико-технологические показатели процессов; анализировать, синтезировать и оптимизировать химико-технологические системы, процессы и подбирать для них типовое оборудование; определять лимитирующие стадии химических превращений; вычислять термодинамические и кинетические характеристики химических превращений; выбирать типы реакторов для химических процессов, производить расчеты химических реакторов и моделировать процессы, протекающие в них.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_9.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Discipline Structure">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_10.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The origin of the word "technology" (from the Greek "technos" - art , craft and "logos" - teaching, science) fully meets"> Происхождение слова «технология»(от греческих«technos»- искусство, ремесло и «logos» - учение, наука) вполне отвечает его содержанию: учение об умении, искусстве перерабатывать исходные вещества в полезные продукты. Инженерная химия (согласно Уставу Американского общества инженеров-химиков) – наука, применяющая, принципы естественных наук совместно с принципами экономики и социальных отношений к области, охватывающей непосредственно процессы и аппараты, в которых вещество обрабатывается с целью изменения состояния, содержания энергии и/или свойств. Химическая технология – естественная, прикладная наука о способах и процессах производства продуктов(предметов потребления и средств производства), осуществляемых с участием химических превращений технически, экономически и социально целесообразным путем.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_11.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical engineering as a science has:"> Химическая технология как наука имеет: Предмет изучения – химическое производство Химическое производство – совокупность процессов и операций, осуществляемых в машинах и аппаратах и предназначенных для переработки сырья путем химических превращений в необратимые продукты Цель изучения Способ производства – создание целесообразных способов производства необходимых человеку продуктов – совокупность всех операций, которые проходит сырьё до получения из него продукта. Он слагается из последовательных операций, протекающих в соответствующих машинах и аппаратах. Операция происходит в одном или нескольких аппаратах; она представляет собой сочетание различных технологических процессов.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_12.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical production must be organized in such a way that the following requirements are met: receiving"> Химическое производство должно быть организовано таким образом, чтобы соблюдались следующие требования: получение продукта, отвечающего требованиям СТБ, ТУ; максимальное использование сырья и энергии; максимальная экономическая эффективность; экологическая безопасность; безопасность и надежность эксплуатации оборудования. Основные направления в развитии химической технологии: создание высокоэффективных производств, энерго- и материалосберегающие технологии, защита окружающей среды от промышленных загрязнений, новые эффективные процессы получения химической продукции.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_13.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical Engineering">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_14.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>2. The history of the chemical industry More than 2000 years ago - sulfur, natural soda and"> 2. История развития химической промышленности Более 2000 лет назад - сера, природная сода и минеральные краски были известны в Риме и Византии XV в. - в Европе стали появляться мелкие специализированные цеха по производству кислот, солей, щелочей, фармацевтических препаратов!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_15.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>A feature of the modern chemical industry is the orientation of the main science-intensive industries (pharmaceutical, polymer materials, reagents and"> Особенность современной химической промышленности - ориентация главных наукоемких производств (фармацевтического, полимерных материалов, реагентов и особо чистых веществ), а также продукции парфюмерно-косметической, бытовой химии и т.д. на обеспечение повседневных нужд человека и его здоровья. Особенность химической промышленности - очень широкая, разнообразная по составу сырьевая база. Она включает горнохимическую промышленность (добычу серы, фосфоритов, калийных солей, поваренной соли и т.д.) Важнейший результат НТП во второй половине XX в. - повсеместный и широкий переход химической промышленности на использование продуктов переработки нефти, попутного и природного газа.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_16.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Specific features of the chemical industry that affect its placement are as follows: 1 ) very high energy intensity"> Специфические особенности химической промышленности, влияющие на ее размещение, следующие: 1) очень высокая энергоемкость (в первую очередь теплоемкость) в отраслях, связанных со структурной перестройкой вещества (получение полимерных материалов, продукция органического синтеза, электрохимические процессы и др.); 2) высокая водоемкость производств (охлаждение агрегатов, технологические процессы); 3) невысокая трудоемкость большинства производств отрасли; 4) очень высокая капиталоемкость; 5) большие объемы используемого сырья и многих видов готовой продукции; 6) экологические проблемы, обусловленные производством и потреблением ряда химических продуктов.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_17.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>World's largest chemical companies">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_18.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>83 enterprises and organizations belonging to the state Concern "Belneftekhim""> Основу химического комплекса Беларуси составляют 83 предприятия и организации, входящие в государственный концерн «Белнефтехим». В общем объеме промышленной продукции Беларуси их доля занимает примерно 15%, в общереспубликанском экспорте - около 17%. Ведущее место по объему производимой продукции и численности работников занимают горнохимическая (производство калийных удобрений), основная химия (производство химических волокон и нитей) и нефтехимическая отрасли. Основными видами деятельности данных предприятий являются производство минеральных удобрений, шин, химических волокон и нитей, выпуск продукции из стекловолокна, производство пластмассовых изделий, лаков и красок. Данная продукция экспортируется более чем в 80 стран мира. Годовой объем внешнеторгового оборота химического комплекса республики составляет более 3 млрд. долларов США, в том числе экспорт - 1,5 млрд. долларов США. Химическая промышленность Республики Беларусь!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_19.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical Process"> Химико-технологический процесс В совокупном химико-технологическом процессе выделяются следующие виды отдельных процессов и операций, классифицированных по их основному назначению, и соответствующие аппараты и машины, в которых они осуществляются: Механические и гидромеханические процессы – перемещение материалов, изменение их формы и размеров, сжатие и расширение, смешение и разделение потоков. Все они протекают без изменения химического и фазового состава обрабатываемого материала. Теплообменные процессы – нагрев, охлаждение, изменение фазового состояния. Химический и фазовый состав в них не меняется. Массообменные процессы – межфазный обмен, в результате которого меняется компонентный состав контактирующих фаз без коренного изменения химического состава, т.е. химических превращений. Химические процессы – процессы, связанные с изменением химического состава веществ; данные процессы проводятся в химических реакторах. Химико-технологический процесс (ХТП) – последовательность химических и физико-химических процессов целенаправленной переработки исходных веществ в продукт.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_20.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical Process System is a model of a chemical plant or a chemical plant process that displays it"> химико-технологическая система представляет собой модель химического производства или химико-технологического процесса, отображающую его структуру и позволяющую прогнозировать те или иные свойства и показатели Продукт дополнительный Структура и функциональные элементы химического производства: 1 – подготовка сырья; 2 – химическая переработка сырья; 3 – выделение целевого продукта; 4 – обезвреживание и переработка побочных продуктов; 5 – энергетическая подсистема; 6 – подготовка вспомогательных материалов и водоподготовка; 7 – подсистема управления Химико-технологическая система (ХТС) – совокупность аппаратов, машин, реакторов, других устройств (элементов), а также материальных, тепловых, энергетических и других потоков (связей) между ними, функционирующая как единое целое и предназначенная для переработки исходных веществ (сырья) в продукты.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_21.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The composition of a chemical plant that ensures its operation as a production unit: chemical- technological process; storage of raw materials, products"> Состав химического производства, обеспечивающий его функционирование как производственной единицы: химико-технологический процесс; хранилища сырья, продуктов и других материалов; система организации транспортировки сырья, продуктов, вспомогательных материалов, промежуточных веществ, отходов; дополнительные здания, сооружения; обслуживающий персонал производственных подразделений; система управления, обеспечения и безопасности.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_22.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>CTP end products target products by-products waste products are products of a target or multipurpose"> Конечные продукты ХТП целевые продукты побочные продукты отходы это продукты целевого или многоцелевого назначения, получаемые при переработке сырья при заданных оптимальных условиях и соответствующие требованиям технических условий. образуются параллельно с целевым продуктом в результате переработки сырья это побочные продукты, которые в настоящее время по техническим или экономическим причинам не находят применения и выводятся из ХТП в окружающую среду.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_23.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Chemical Production and Chemical Process Performance arising in the chemical-technological process"> Показатели химического производства и химико-технологического процесса Эксплуатационные показатели характеризуют изменения, возникающие в химико-технологическом процессе при появлении отклонений от регламентированных условий и состояний. Основными эксплуатационными показателями являются надежность, безопасность функционирования, чувствительность, управляемость и регулируемость. Технологические показатели: расходные коэффициенты; степень превращения исходных реагентов; селективность; выход продукта; производительность (мощность); интенсивность процесса; удельные капитальные затраты; качество продукта. Экономические показатели определяют экономическую эффективность производства. К ним относятся себестоимость продукции, производительность труда Социальные показатели определяют комфортность работы на данном производстве и его влияние на окружающую среду.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_24.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technological indicators Productivity (capacity) - the amount of product received or the amount of processed raw materials (G)"> Технологические показатели Производительность (мощность) – количество получаемого продукта или количество перерабатываемого сырья (G) в единицу времени (t). П = G/t αR = или αR = Выход продукта – это отношение реально полученной массы (химического количества) продукта к максимально возможной его массе (химическому количеству), которая могла бы быть получена при данных условиях осуществления химической реакции:!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_25.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Consumption coefficients are values ​​characterizing the consumption of raw materials, water, fuel, electricity,"> Расходные коэффициенты – величины, характеризующие расход сырья, воды, топлива, электроэнергии, пара, вспомогательных материалов на производство единицы продукции. где Рк –расходный коэффициент, т/т, кг/т, м3/т; m1 – масса сырья, кг, т; m2 – масса целевого продукта, кг, т. Рк = Технологические показатели!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_26.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technological indicators Selectivity is the ratio of mass (chemical quantity) of the target product , obtained practically, to"> Технологические показатели Селективность – это отношение массы (химического количества) целевого продукта, полученного практически, к общей массе (химическому количеству) образовавшихся продуктов: Степень превращения показывает, насколько полно в химико-технологическом процессе используется сырье. Степень превращения – это отношение массы (химического количества) исходного реагента, превратившегося в результате химической реакции в продукты, к его первоначальной массе (химическому количеству). хi = где хi – степень превращения реагента I; mi, 0 – масса реагента I в исходной реакционной смеси, кг; mi – масса реагента I в реакционной смеси, выходящей из аппарата или находящейся в реакторе, кг.  =!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_27.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technological indicators characterizing the dimensions of the reactor, apparatus, "> Технологические показатели Интенсивностью называется производительность, отнесенная к какой-либо величине, характеризующей размеры реактора, аппарата,  его объему, площади поперечного сечения и т. д.: I = где I – интенсивность, кг/(м3  ч), т/(м2  сут); V – объем аппарата, м3; F – поверхность аппарата, м2 При анализе работы каталитических реакторов принято относить производительность аппарата в целом к единице объема или массы катализатора, загруженного в реактор. Такую величину, численно равную количеству продукта, полученного с единицы объема или массы катализатора, называют производительностью катализатора, или его напряженностью!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii-2/20171211%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min.ppt%5C32204-2010_okht_lk_1_min_28.jpg" alt=">">

All universities Columbia University Novikontas Maritime College N.F. Katanova Khakass Technical Institute (branch of SibFU) Caspian State University of Technology and Engineering named after N.F. Esenov Aktobe Regional State University named after K. Zhubanova West Kazakhstan State Medical University. M. Ospanova Almaty Management University Almaty State College of Energy and Electronic Technologies Almaty Technological University Almaty University of Energy and Communications Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communications. M. Tynyshpaeva Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering Kazakh National Academy of Arts. T. Zhurgenova Kazakh National Agrarian University Kazakh National Medical University. S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Pedagogical University. Abai Al-Farabi Kazakh National Technical University K. I. Satpaeva Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Al-Farabi Al-Farabi Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages. Abylai Khan Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Forecasting Kazakh-British Technical University Kazakh-German University Kazakh-Russian Medical University International University of Information Technologies New Economic University. T. Ryskulova University of International Business University of Turan Donbass State Technical University Almetyevsk State Oil Institute Arzamas State Pedagogical Institute named after. A.P. Gaidar Arzamas Polytechnic Institute (branch of NSTU) Armavir State Pedagogical Academy Armavir Linguistic University Northern (Arctic) Federal University. MV Lomonosov Northern State Medical University Northern Institute of Entrepreneurship Eurasian National University. L.N. Gumilyov Kazakh Agrotechnical University. S. Seifullina Kazakh University of Humanities and Law Kazakh University of Technology and Business Medical University Astana Astrakhan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Astrakhan State Medical University Astrakhan State Technical University Achinsk College of Industry Technologies and Business Azerbaijan Medical University Balakovo Institute of Technology, Technology and Management Baranovichi State University Altaiskaya Academy of Economics and Law Altai State Academy of Culture and Arts Altai State Agrarian University Altai State Medical University Altai State Pedagogical University Altai State Technical University. I.I. Polzunova Altai State University Altai Branch of RANEPA (SibAGS AF) Altai Institute of Economics and Law Technical School 103 Belotserkovsky National Agrarian University Belgorod State Agricultural Academy. V.Ya. Gorin Belgorod State Institute of Arts and Culture Belgorod State National Research University Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov Belgorod University of Cooperation, Economics and Law Belgorod Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Berdyansk State Pedagogical University. Osipenko Berdyansk University of Management and Business Biysk Technological Institute (branch of ASTU named after Polzunov) Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after. I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State University named after I. Arabaeva Kyrgyz State University of Construction, Transport and Architecture Kyrgyz National University. Zh. Balasagyna Kyrgyz-Russian Academy of Education Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University. Yeltsin Amur State Medical Academy Amur State University Far Eastern State Agrarian University Boksitogorsk Institute (a branch of Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin) Fraternal State University Brest State Technical University Brest State University named after A.S. A.S. Pushkin Bryansk State Academy of Engineering and Technology Bryansk State Agrarian University Bryansk State Technical University Bryansk State University. Academician I.G. Petrovsky Bryansk Institute of Management and Business Bryansk branch of the RANEPA (ORAGS BF) Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology Velikoluksky State Academy of Physical Culture and Sports Velikoluksky State Agricultural Academy Vinnitsa State Pedagogical University. M. Kotsiubinsky Vinnitsa National Agrarian University Vinnitsa National Medical University. NI Pirogov Vinnitsa National Technical University Vinnitsa Institute of Trade and Economics (branch of KNTEU) Vinnitsa Financial and Economic University Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine Vitebsk State Medical University Vitebsk State Technological University Vitebsk State University. P. M. Masherova Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University Far Eastern State Technical University Far Eastern Federal University Maritime State University. Admiral G.I. Nevelskoy Pacific State Medical University Gorsky State Agrarian University North Caucasian Mining and Metallurgical Technological University (SKGMI) North Ossetian State Medical Academy North Ossetian State University. K. Khetagurov Vladimir State University Stoletovs Vladimir branch of the RANEPA (RAGS VF) Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture Volgograd State Agrarian University Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Volgograd State Institute of Arts and Culture Volgograd State Medical University Volgograd State Social and Pedagogical University Volgograd State Technical University Volgograd State University Volgograd Institute of Business Volgograd Branch of RANEPA (VAGS) Volgodonsk Engineering and Technical Institute of National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Volga Polytechnic Institute (branch of VolgGTU) Volkovysk Pedagogical College Y. Kupara GrSU Vologda State Dairy Academy. N.V. Vereshchagin Vologda State University Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia Pedagogical Institute of VSU Voronezh State Forest Engineering Academy Voronezh State Medical Academy. N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Agrarian University. Emperor Peter I Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Voronezh State Institute of Physical Culture Voronezh State Medical University named after V.I. N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Pedagogical University Voronezh State Technical University Voronezh State University Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology Voronezh Institute of High Technologies Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law Institute of Management, Marketing and Finance International Institute of Computer Technology State Institute of Economics, Finance, Law and Technology Glazovskiy State Pedagogical Institute. V.G. Korolenko Glukhiv National Pedagogical University A. Dovzhenko Belarusian State University of Transport Belarusian Trade and Economic University of Consumer Cooperatives Gomel State Agrarian and Economic College Gomel State Medical University Gomel State Technical University. ON. Sukhoi Gomel State University. Francysk Skaryna Belarusian State Agricultural Academy Gorlovsky State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages ​​DSPU Gorno-Altai State University Grodno State Agrarian University Grodno State Medical University Grodno State University. Ya. Kupala Chechen State University Dnepropetrovsk State Financial Academy Dnepropetrovsk Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian and Economic University Dnepropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after. Academician V. Lazaryan Dnepropetrovsk National University named after. Oles Gonchar Dnepropetrovsk University A. Nobel National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine National Mining University Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture Ukrainian State University of Chemistry and Technology Moscow State University of Physics and Technology (MIPT) Civil Protection Academy of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the DPR Donbass Law Academy Donetsk Institute of Railway Transport Donetsk National Medical University named after. M. Gorky Donetsk National University Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade. M. Tugan-Baranovsky Donetsk College of Industrial Automation Donetsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Drogobych State Pedagogical University. I. Franko Avicenna Tajik State Medical University Abuali ibn Sino (Avicenna) Tajik State Pedagogical University named after Sadriddin Aini Tajik Technical University. M. Osimi Evpatoria Institute of Social Sciences (branch of KFU) Yekaterinburg State Theater Institute Institute of International Relations College of Railway Transport Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University Ural State Academy of Architecture and Art Ural State Conservatory. M.P. Mussorgsky Ural State Agrarian University Ural State Mining University Ural State Forestry Engineering University Ural State Medical University Ural State Pedagogical University Ural State Transport University Ural State University of Economics Ural State Law University Ural Institute of Business. I. A. Ilyina Ural Institute of State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia Ural Institute of Commerce and Law Ural Institute of RANEPA (UrAGS) Ural Institute of Economics, Management and Law Ural Technical School of Motor Transport and Service Ural Technical Institute of Communications and Informatics (branch of SibSUTI) Ural Federal University named after . B.N. Yeltsin "UPI" Ural Institute of Finance and Law Elabuga Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (former EGPU) Yelets State University. I.A. Bunin Yerevan State University Zhytomyr State Technological University Zhytomyr State University. Ivan Franko Zhytomyr Institute of Nursing Zhytomyr National Agroecological University Zavolzhsky Automotive College Zaporozhye State Engineering Academy Zaporizhzhya State Medical University Zaporizhzhya Institute of Economics and Information Technologies Zaporizhzhya National Technical University Zaporizhzhya National University Institute of Arts and Information Technologies, Moscow branch Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas V. Stefanik Ivanovo State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering Ivanovo State Medical Academy Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy Ivanovo State University Ivanovo State University of Chemical Technology Ivanovo State Energy University. IN AND. Lenin Textile Institute IvGPU Moscow Regional Institute of Management and Law Izhevsk State Medical Academy Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy Izhevsk State Technical University. M. T. Kalashnikova Kama Institute of Humanitarian and Engineering Technologies Udmurt State University Udmurt Republican Socio-Pedagogical College Izmail College of Mechanization and Electricity of Agriculture Baikal State University Irkutsk State Agrarian University. A.A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Linguistic University Irkutsk State Medical University Irkutsk State University Irkutsk State Transport University Irkutsk National Research Technical University Pedagogical Institute (branch of ISU) Siberian Academy of Law, Economics and Management Institute of Law (branch of ISU) National University of the State Tax Service of Ukraine Mari State University Interregional Open Social Institute Interregional Center "Continuing Professional Education" Volga State Technological University Academy of Social Education Institute of Social and Humanitarian Knowledge Institute of Economics and Finance KFU Institute of Economics, Management and Law Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. N.E. Bauman Kazan State Conservatory (Academy) N. G. Zhiganova Kazan State Agrarian University Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Kazan State Medical University Kazan State University of Culture and Arts Kazan State Power Engineering University Kazan Cooperative Institute (a branch of the RUK) Kazan National Research Technical University. A. N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technological University Kazan Federal University Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism Tatar State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University University of Management TISBI Kalacheevsky Agrarian College Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet Baltic Information College Baltic Federal University. I. Kant Kaliningrad State Technical University St. Petersburg University of Service and Economics (Kaliningrad branch) Kaluga State University. K. E. Tsiolkovsky Kaluga branch of the RANEPA Kamenetz-Podolsky National University. I. Ogienko Podolsk State Agrarian and Technical University Kamyshinsky Technological Institute (branch of VolgGTU) Karaganda State Medical University Karaganda State Technical University Karaganda State University. E. A. Buketova Karaganda University Bolashak Karaganda University of Economics Suleiman Demirel University Kemerovo State Medical University (formerly. Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute Kemerovo State University Kemerovo State University of Culture and Arts Kemerovo Technological Institute of Food Industry Kuzbass State Technical University Kuzbass Institute of Economics and Law Kerch State Marine Technological University State University of Telecommunications State University of Economics and Technology of Transport European University of Finance, Information Systems, management and business Kyiv State Academy of Water Transport named after. Konashevich-Sagaydachny Kyiv Medical University UANM Kyiv National Linguistic University Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics Kyiv National University. T. Shevchenko Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture Kyiv National University of Theatre, Film and Television. I. K. Karpenko-Kary Kyiv National University of Technology and Design Kyiv National Economic University. V. Hetman Kyiv Slavic University Kyiv University. B. Grinchenko Kyiv University of Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv University of Tourism, Economics and Law International Scientific and Technical University. Y. Bugay Interregional Academy of Human Resources Management National Academy of Internal Affairs of Ukraine National Academy of Leadership Personnel of Culture and Arts National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Auditing National Academy of Management National Musical Academy of Ukraine. P. I. Tchaikovsky National Aviation University National Medical University. A.A. Bogomolets National Pedagogical University. M.P. Drahomanova National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" National Transport University National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" National University of Bioresources and Nature Management National University of Food Technologies National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine Open International University of Human Development Ukraine Ukrainian State University of Finance and International Trade Samara State Agricultural Academy Volga-Vyatka Institute (branch of Moscow State Law Academy) Vyatka State Agricultural Academy Vyatka State University for the Humanities Vyatka State University Vyatka Socio-Economic Institute Moscow Financial and Law University Kirov Branch Kirovograd Flight Academy of the National Aviation University Kirovograd State Pedagogical University. V. Vinnichenko Kirovograd Institute of Regional Management and Economics Kirovograd National Technical University State Agrarian University of Moldova State University of Medicine and Pharmacology. Nicolae Testemitanu International Independent University of Moldova Kovrov State Technological Academy. V.A. Degtyarev Kolomna Institute branch of Moscow State Medical University Moscow State Regional Social and Humanitarian Institute Amur Humanitarian and Pedagogical State University Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University Konotop Institute SumGU Financial and Technological Academy Kostanay State University. Akhmet Baitursynov Kostroma State Technological University ON THE. Nekrasov Donbass State Engineering Academy Donbass National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture Donetsk National Technical University Krasnoarmeisky Industrial Institute DonNTU Krasnodar State University of Culture and Arts Kuban State Agrarian University Kuban State Medical University Kuban State Technological University Kuban State University Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism Kuban Socio-Economic Institute Modern Academy for the Humanities Institute for the Humanities SibFU Engineering and Construction Institute SibFU Institute of Architecture and Design SibFU Institute of Mining, Geology and Geotechnology SibFU Institute of Natural Sciences and Humanities SibFU Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics SibFU Institute of Space and Information Technologies SibFU Institute of Oil and Gas SibFU Institute of Pedagogy, Psychology and Sociology SibFU Institute of Business Process Management and Economics SibFU Institute of Philology and Language Communication SibFU Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology SibFU Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science SibFU Institute of Economics, Management and Environmental Management SibFU Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Music and Theater Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering SibFU Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University Krasnoyarsk State Medical University. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. V.P. Astafieva Krasnoyarsk Institute of Railway Transport, branch of IrGUPS Polytechnic Institute of Siberian Federal University Siberian State Technological University Siberian State University of Science and Technology. Academician M.F. Reshetnev Siberian Institute of Business, Management and Psychology Siberian Interregional Training Center Siberian Federal University Trade and Economic Institute SibFU Law Institute SibFU Kremenchug National University. M. Ostrogradsky Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University Kryvyi Rih National University Kryvyi Rih Economic Institute of KNEU. V. Hetman Aviation Technical College Kurgan State Agricultural Academy. T. S. Maltseva Kurgan State University Kursk State Agricultural Academy. pr. I.I. Ivanova Kursk State Medical University Kursk Institute of Social Education Regional Financial and Economic Institute Southwestern State University Tuva State University Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute (branch of Siberian Federal University) Lipetsk State Pedagogical University Lipetsk State Technical University Luga Institute (branch of A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University) Lugansk State Academy of Culture and Arts Lugansk State Medical University Lugansk State University of Internal Affairs. E.A. Didorenko Luhansk State University. Vladimir Dahl Lugansk National Agrarian University Luhansk National University. Taras Shevchenko Eastern European National University. Lesya Ukrainka Lutsk National Technical University Lviv Commercial Academy Lviv National Academy of Arts Lviv State University of Internal Affairs Lviv State University of Physical Education Lviv Institute of Economics and Tourism Lviv National Agrarian University Lviv National Medical University. D. Galitsky Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology. S.Z. Gzhitsky Lviv National University. I. Franko National University Lviv Polytechnic Russian Customs Academy North-Eastern State University Ingush State University Magnitogorsk State Technical University. G.I. Nosova Magnitogorsk Medical College named after. P.F. Nadezhdina Azov Marine Institute of the Odessa National Maritime Academy Donetsk State University of Management Mariupol State University Priazovsky State Technical University Dagestan State Medical Academy Dagestan State Pedagogical University Dagestan State Technical University Dagestan State University Melitopol State Pedagogical University. B. Khmelnitsky Taurida State Agrotechnological University Belarusian State Academy of Arts Belarusian State Academy of Music Belarusian State Academy of Telecommunications Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University Belarusian State Medical University Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after. M. Tanka Belarusian State Technological University Belarusian State University Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts Belarusian State University of Physical Culture Belarusian State Economic University Belarusian National Technical University Institute of Information Technologies BSUIR Institute of Border Guard Service of the Republic of Belarus Institute of Modern Knowledge. A.M. Shirokov International State Ecological University. A. D. Sakharova International University MITSO Minsk State Higher Radio Engineering College Minsk State Polytechnic College Minsk Innovative University Minusinsk College of Culture and Art A. Merzlov Belarusian-Russian University Mogilev State University. A. A. Kuleshova Mogilev State University of Foodstuffs Mozyr State Pedagogical University. I.P. Shamyakina [Files without university] Academic International Institute Academic Law Institute Academy of the State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia Academy of Standardization, Metrology and Certification Academy of Labor and Social Relations of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Air Force Engineering Academy. pr. N.E. Zhukovsky All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation All-Russian State University of Cinematography. S.A. Gerasimov "VGIK" Higher Theater School (Institute) them. MS Shchepkina GAPOU College of Entrepreneurship No. 11 State Academy of Slavic Culture State Classical Academy. Maimonides State Academic University for the Humanities State Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin State University for Land Management State University of Management Humanitarian Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting. M.A. Litovchina Institute of Restorative Medicine Institute of Humanitarian Education and Information Technologies Institute of Journalism and Literary Creativity Institute of International Law and Economics named after. A.S.Griboyedova Institute of Postgraduate Professional Education FMBTS (Research Center) Institute of Market Economics, Social Policy and Law Institute of Textile and Light Industry MSUTU Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Institute of Management and Law Institute of Economics and Culture College of Urban Planning and Service No. 38 College of Multilevel Vocational Education RANEPA Literary Institute. A.M. Gorky Medical Institute of Continuing Education Medical College No. 1 International Academy of Business and Management International Institute of Economics and Law International Law Institute MIREA - Russian Technological University Moscow Academy of Astrology Moscow Academy of Entrepreneurship under the Government of Moscow Moscow Academy of Economics and Law Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology. K.I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Water Transport Moscow State Academy of Public Utilities and Construction Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture Moscow State Conservatory. P. I. Tchaikovsky Moscow State Art and Industry Academy. S. G. Stroganova Moscow Academy of Humanities and Technology Moscow Academy of Finance and Law Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University) Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University Moscow Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering Moscow Institute of Architecture (State Academy) Moscow Banking Institute Moscow Mining Institute (branch NUST MISiS) Moscow City Pedagogical University Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University Moscow City University of Management of the Government of Moscow Moscow State Agroengineering University. V.P. Goryachkina Moscow State University for the Humanities and Economics Moscow State University for the Humanities. M.A. Sholokhov Moscow State Industrial University Moscow State Institute of Tourism Industry. Yu.A. Senkevich Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics (Technical University) Moscow State College of Information Technology Moscow State Linguistic University Moscow State Engineering University "MAMI" Moscow State Medical and Dental University. A.I. Evdokimova Moscow State Regional University Lomonosov Moscow State Open University V. S. Chernomyrdin Moscow State University of Civil Engineering Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technological University "Stankin" Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography Moscow State University of Design and Technology Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University of Engineering Ecology Moscow State University of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (MGIMO) Moscow State University of Printing Arts. I. Fedorova Moscow State University of Food Production Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Informatics Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering Moscow State University of Communications Moscow State University of Technology and Management. K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics (MESI) Moscow State Law University. O.E. Kutafin Moscow Institute for the Humanities and Economics Moscow Institute for the Humanities. E.R. Dashkova Moscow University for the Humanities Moscow Publishing and Printing College. I. Fedorova Moscow Institute of Public Administration and Law Moscow Institute of Entrepreneurship and Law Moscow Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting "Ostankino" Moscow International University Moscow New Law Institute Moscow Educational Complex. V. Talalikhina Moscow State Pedagogical University Moscow Psychological and Social University Moscow Socio-Economic Institute Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics Moscow Technological Institute "VTU" Moscow University. S.Yu. Witte (former Moscow Institute of Economics, Management and Law) Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. V.Ya. Kikotya Moscow Financial and Industrial University Synergy Moscow Art and Industry Institute Moscow Economic Institute Musical and Pedagogical State Institute. MM. Ippolitova-Ivanova National Institute of Business National Research Technological University "MISiS" National Research University "Higher School of Economics" National Research University "MIET" National Research University "MPEI" National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI) Open University of Israel in the CIS Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sports of the Moscow City Pedagogical University First Moscow State Medical University. THEM. Sechenov Polytechnic College named after P.A. Ovchinnikova St. Tikhon Orthodox Humanitarian University Russian Academy of Music. Gnessin Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation Russian International Academy of Tourism Russian Open Academy of Transport MIIT Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Agricultural Academy. Timiryazev Russian State Geological Prospecting University. S. Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for the Humanities Russian State Social University Russian State Technological University. K.E. Tsiolkovsky (MATI) Russian State University of Trade and Economics Russian State University named after A.N. Kosygin Russian State University of Innovative Technologies and Entrepreneurship Russian State University of Oil and Gas. THEM. Gubkin Russian State University of Justice Russian State University of Tourism and Service Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTSOLIFK) Russian National Research Medical University named after N. I. Pirogov Russian New University Russian University of Peoples' Friendship Russian University of Theater Arts Russian Chemist -Technological University. DI. Mendeleev Russian University of Economics. G.V. Plekhanov Capital Financial and Humanitarian Academy Theatrical Institute. B.V. Schukin at the State Academic Theatre. E. Vakhtangov University of Russian Innovative Education University of the Russian Academy of Education Federal Institute for Advanced Studies and Retraining Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation School-Studio (Institute) named after. Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. A. P. Chekhov Mukachevo State University International Institute of Business Education Murmansk State University for the Humanities Moscow State University of Forest Moscow Cooperative College of Altshul Russian University of Cooperation Kama State Engineering and Economic Academy Naberezhnye Chelny State Institute of Trade and Technology Naberezhnye Chelny Institute of KFU Naberezhnye Chelny Institute of Social and Pedagogical Technologies and Resources Kabardino-Balkarian State University. H. Berbekova Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nezhin State University. N. Gogol Nemeshaevsky Agrotechnical College Nizhnevartovsk State University Nizhnekamsk Chemical-Technological Institute of Kazan State Technological University Volga State Academy of Water Transport Nizhny Novgorod State Conservatory. M.I. Glinka Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy Nizhny Novgorod Law Academy Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Nizhny Novgorod State Engineering and Economic University Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University. ON THE. Dobrolyubov Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University. K. Minina Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod State University. N.I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management and Business Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management RANEPA (VVAGS) Privolzhsky Research Medical University (former NizhGMA) Nizhny Tagil State Social and Pedagogical Institute (branch of RSPPU) Nizhny Tagil Institute of Technology (branch of UrFU) National University of Shipbuilding. adm. Makarova Nikolaev National Agrarian University Nikolaev National University. V.A. Sukhomlinsky Black Sea State University. Peter Mohyla Novgorod State University Yaroslav the Wise Novovolynsk Electromechanical College Novokuznetsk Institute (branch of the KemGU) Siberian State Industrial University State Maritime University named after. Admiral F. F. Ushakov Institute of Catalysis. G.K. Boreskov Novosibirsk State Conservatory. M.I. Glinka Novosibirsk State Agrarian University Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Novosibirsk State Medical University Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University Novosibirsk State Technical University Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Arts (formerly. Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management Novosibirsk Medical College Novosibirsk Institute of Law (TSU branch) Siberian Academy of Finance and Banking Siberian State University of Water Transport Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies Siberian State University of Communications Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics Siberian Institute of Management RANEPA (SibAGS) Siberian University of Consumer Cooperatives South Russian State Technical University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute) (YURGTU (NPI)) Obninsk Humanitarian Institute Obninsk Institute of Atomic Energy National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Kursk College of Culture National University Odessa Maritime Academy (formerly ONMA) National University Odessa Law School academy Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture Odessa National Academy of Food Technology gyi Odessa National Academy of Telecommunications. A.S. Popov Odessa State Agrarian University Odessa State Ecological University Odessa State Economic University Odessa Corporate Computer College Odessa National Medical University Odessa National Maritime University Odessa National Polytechnic University Odessa National University. I.I. Mechnikov Odessa Regional Basic Medical School South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University. K.D. Ushinsky Ozersk Technological Institute Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Omsk State Agrarian University. P. A. Stolypin Omsk State Institute of Service Omsk State Medical University Omsk State Pedagogical University Omsk State Technical University Omsk State University. F.M. Dostoevsky Omsk State Transport University Omsk Economic Institute Omsk Law Institute Siberian State Automobile and Road Academy Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade Oryol branch of RANEPA Orenburg State Agrarian University Orenburg State Institute of Management Orenburg State Medical University Orenburg State Pedagogical University Orenburg State University Orenburg Institute (branch of MSLA Kutafin) Orsk Institute of Humanities and Technology (branch of OSU) Orsk Medical College GBPOU Ostashkov College Osh Technological University named after acad. MM. Adyshev Innovative Eurasian University Pavlodar State Pedagogical University Pavlodar State University named after S. Toraigyrov Pedagogical Institute. VG Belinsky Penza State University Penza State Agricultural Academy Penza State Technological University Penza State University Penza State University of Architecture and Construction Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky State Pedagogical University. G.S. Frying pans West Ural Institute of Economics and Law Perm State Academy of Arts and Culture Perm State Agricultural Academy. D.N. Pryanishnikova Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy Perm State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University Perm State Medical University. ak. E.A. Wagner Perm State National Research University Perm Institute of Humanities and Technology Perm Institute of Economics and Finance Perm National Research Polytechnic University Karelian State Pedagogical Academy Petrozavodsk State Conservatoire. A.K. Glazunov Petrozavodsk State University North-Kazakhstan State University. M. Kozybayeva Kamchatka State Technical University Pinsk State Vocational College of Mechanical Engineering Polesie State University Poltava State Agrarian Academy Poltava National Pedagogical University named after M. Kozybayeva VG Korolenko Poltava National Technical University. Y. Kondratyuk Poltava University of Economics and Trade Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy Pskov Agricultural College Pskov State University Leningrad State University. A.S. Pushkin St. Petersburg State Agrarian University Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University Pyatigorsk State Technological University Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute (a branch of VolgGMU) North Caucasian Institute of RANEPA (SKAGS) Rezhev Polytechnic University International University of Economics and Humanities. S. Demyanchuk National University of Water Management and Nature Management Rivne State University for the Humanities Rogachev State Pedagogical College Academy of Architecture and Arts of the Southern Federal University Don State Agrarian University Don State Technical University Institute of Service and Tourism (branch of DSTU) Institute of Management, Business and Law Rostov State Conservatory named after . S. V. Rakhmaninov Rostov State Medical University Rostov State University of Communications Rostov State Economic University "RINH" Rostov Institute for the Protection of the Entrepreneur Rostov Law Institute (a branch of the RPA MJ) Southern Federal University Rybinsk State Aviation Technical University. P. A. Solovyov Rybinsk River School. IN AND. Kalashnikov Rybnitsa Branch of the Pridnestrovian State University named after T.G. Shevchenko Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after. P.A. Kostychev Ryazan State Medical University. acad. I.P. Pavlova Ryazan State Radiotechnical University Ryazan State University. S.A. Yesenin Medical University "REAVIZ" Volga State Social and Humanitarian Academy Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics Samara Academy of State and Municipal Administration Samara State Academy of Culture and Arts Samara Humanitarian Academy Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Samara State Medical University Samara State Technical University Samara State University Ways of Communication Samara State University of Economics Samara Institute - Higher School of Privatization and Entrepreneurship Samara National Research University. ak. S.P. Korolyov (former SSAU, SamGU) Samarkand State Medical Institute Academy of Russian Ballet. AND I. Vaganova Academy of Urban Environment Management, Urban Planning and Printing Baltic Academy of Tourism and Entrepreneurship Baltic State Technical University "VOENMEH" named after. D.F. Ustinov Baltic Humanitarian Institute Baltic Institute of Ecology, Politics and Law Military Academy of Communications. CM. Budyonny Military Space Academy. A.F. Mozhaisky Military Medical Academy. CM. Kirov East European Institute of Psychoanalysis State Polar Academy State University of the Sea and River Fleet. S.O. Makarova Institute of Special Pedagogy and Psychology. R. Wallenberg Institute of Television, Business and Design International Institute of Psychology and Management National State University of Physical Education, Sports and Health. P.F. Lesgaft National Mineral and Raw Materials University "Gorny" National Open Institute of Russia First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after I.I. I.P. Pavlova St. Petersburg State University of Communications named after. Emperor Alexander I Russian State Hydrometeorological University Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine St. Petersburg State Academy of Theater Arts St. Petersburg State Conservatory. ON THE. Rimsky-Korsakov St. Petersburg State Medical Academy. I.I. Mechnikov St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical Academy St. Petersburg State Art and Industry Academy named after. A.L. Stieglitz St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work St. Petersburg State Forest Engineering University. CM. Kirov St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University Institute of Mechanical Engineering St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University) St. Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers St. Petersburg State University of Trade and Economics St. St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics St. Petersburg State University of Cinema and Television St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts St. Petersburg State University low-temperature and food tech nology St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. prof. M.A. Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Technology and Design St. Petersburg State University of Economics (former FINEK, INZHECON) St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University "LETI" St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions St. Petersburg Institute of Foreign Economic Relations, Economics and Law St. Petersburg Institute of Hospitality St. Petersburg Institute of Management and Law Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (formerly St. St. Petersburg State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia St. Petersburg University of Management and Economics St. Petersburg Law Institute of the Academy of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation of the St. Petersburg Institute of Humanitarian Education North-West State Correspondence Technical University North-West State Medical University them. I.I. Mechnikova North-Western Institute of Management RANEPA (SZAGS) Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute. M.E. Evsevyeva Mordovian State University named after A.I. N. P. Ogaryova Volga Institute of Management. P.A. Stolypin RANEPA (PAGS) Saratov State Conservatory. L. V. Sobinova Saratov State Law Academy Saratov State Agrarian University. N.I. Vavilov Saratov State Medical University. IN AND. Razumovsky Saratov State Technical University. Yu.A. Gagarin Saratov State University. N.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov Socio-Economic Institute of PRUE Plekhanov (former SSEU) Sarov State Institute of Physics and Technology Sakhalin State University Sevastopol City Humanitarian University Sevastopol State University Sevastopol National University of Nuclear Energy and Industry Institute of Shipbuilding and Marine Arctic Technology (Sevmashvtuz) (branch of NArFU) East Ukrainian National University. V. Dalya Seversky Technological Institute NRNU MEPhI Shakarim State University of Semey Kazakh Humanitarian and Law Innovative University Academy of Bioresources and Nature Management Academy of Construction and Architecture (branch of KFU) Humanitarian Pedagogical Academy (branch of KFU) Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University Crimean University of Culture and Arts and Tourism Crimean Federal University. IN AND. Vernadsky Medical Academy. S.I. Georgievsky Simferopol University of Economics and Management Taurida Academy (branch of KFU) Taurida National University. IN AND. Vernadsky Donbass State Pedagogical University Smolensk State Agricultural Academy Smolensk State Institute of Arts Smolensk State Medical University Smolensk State University Smolensk Humanitarian University Sosnovsky Agro-Industrial College Sochi State University Sochi Institute of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia North Caucasus Humanitarian Technical Institute North Caucasus Federal University Stavropol State Agrarian University University Stavropol State Medical University Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute Starooskol Technological Institute (branch of NUST MISiS) Stakhanov Educational and Scientific Institute of Mining and Educational Technologies Sterlitamak State Pedagogical Academy Muromtsev Forestry Technical School Sumy State Pedagogical University. Makarenko Sumy State University Sumy National Agrarian University Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine Surgut State Pedagogical University Surgut State University Surgut Institute of Oil and Gas (a branch of the Tyumen Industrial University) Komi Republican Academy of Public Administration and Management Syktyvkar State University. Pitirim Sorokina Syktyvkar Forest Institute (branch of SPbGLTA) Engineering and Technology Academy of the Southern Federal University Taganrog Institute. A.P. Chekhov Tambov State Technical University Tambov State University. G.R. Derzhavin Tambov College of Economics and Entrepreneurship Tambov branch of the RANEPA (PAGS named after Stolypin) Taraz State University named after. M.Kh. Dulati Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. A. Sadykova Tashkent State Dental Institute Tashkent University of Information Technologies Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology Tver State Agricultural Academy Tver State Medical University Tver State Technical University Tver State University Tver Institute of Ecology and Law Tver Medical College Ternopil State Medical University named after. AND I. Gorbachevsky Ternopil National Pedagogical University. V. Gnatiuk Ternopil National Technical University named after V.I. I. Pulyui Ternopil National Economic University Pridnestrovian State University. T.G. Shevchenko Tobolsk State Pedagogical Institute. DI. Mendeleev Volga University. V.N. Tatishcheva Volga Region State University of Service Togliatti State University Siberian State Medical University Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Tomsk State Pedagogical University Tomsk State University Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics Tomsk Institute of Business Tomsk Polytechnic University Institute of Veterinary Medicine South Ural State Agrarian University (former UGAVM ) Tula State Pedagogical University. L.N. Tolstoy Tula State University International Kazakh-Turkish University. Kh. A. Yassavi State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals Tyumen State Academy of Culture, Arts and Social Technologies Tyumen State Academy of World Economy, Management and Law Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Tyumen State Medical University Tyumen State Oil and Gas University Tyumen State University Transcarpathian State University Uzhgorod National University East-Siberian State Academy of Culture and Arts East-Siberian State University of Technology and Management Institute of Aviation Technology and Management (branch of UlSTU) Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy. P.A. Stolypin Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University. IN Ulyanova Ulyanovsk State Technical University Ulyanovsk State University Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation named after Air Chief Marshal B.P. Bugaev Ulyanovsk Higher Aviation School of Civil Aviation Uman State Pedagogical University. P. Tychyna Uman National University of Horticulture West-Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University. Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan State University. M. Utemisova Usinsky Polytechnic College Primorsky State Agricultural Academy Ussuri College of Technology and Management School of Pedagogy FEFU East Kazakhstan State Technical University. D. Serikbaeva East-Kazakhstan State University. S. Amanzholova Bashkir Academy of Public Administration and Management under the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan Bashkir State Agrarian University Bashkir State Medical University Bashkir State Pedagogical University. M. Akmulla Bashkir State University Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy Ufa State Academy of Arts. Z. Ismagilova Ufa State Aviation Technical University Ufa State Oil Technical University Ufa State University of Economics and Service Ukhta State Technical University Tyumen Industrial University Far East State Humanitarian University Far East State Medical University Far East State Transport University Far East Institute of Management RANEPA (DVAGS) Far East Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation Pacific State University Khabarovsk State Institute of Arts and Culture Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law Khabarovsk Institute of Infocommunications (branch of SibGUTI) Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy Yugra State University National Aerospace University named after N. E. Zhukovsky National Technical University Kharkiv Technical Institute National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine National University of Pharmacy National Law University named after. Yaroslav the Wise Ukrainian State Academy of Railway Transport Ukrainian Engineering and Pedagogical Academy Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts Kharkiv State Academy of Culture Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture Kharkiv State Veterinary Academy Kharkiv Humanitarian Pedagogical Academy Kharkiv State University of Nutrition and Trade Kharkiv Humanitarian University People's Ukrainian Academy Kharkiv Institute of banking UBD NBU Kharkiv Institute of Finance (branch of UGUFMT) Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University Kharkiv National Agrarian University. V.V. Dokuchaeva Kharkiv National Medical University Kharkiv National Pedagogical University. G.S. Frying pans Kharkiv National Technical University of Agriculture. P. Vasilenko Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs Kharkiv National University of Municipal Economy. A.N. Beketov Kharkiv National University. V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University of Arts. I.P. Kotlyarevsky Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture Kharkiv National University of Economics. S. Kuznets Kharkiv Patent and Computer College Kharkiv Institute of Trade and Economics (branch of KNTEU) Kherson State Maritime Academy Kherson State Agrarian University Kherson State University Kherson National Technical University law Khujand State University Chaikovsky State Institute of Physical Education Chaikovsky Technological Institute (branch of IzhGTU) Cheboksary Cooperative Institute (branch of RUK) Chuvash State Agricultural Academy Chuvash State Pedagogical University. AND I. Yakovlev Chuvash State University. I.N. Ulyanova Russian-British Institute of Management Ural State University of Physical Culture Ural Socio-Economic Institute of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations FNPR Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy Chelyabinsk State Academy of Culture and Arts Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University Chelyabinsk State University Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law. M.V. Ladoshina Chelyabinsk branch of the RANEPA (URAGS CHF) Chelyabinsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation South Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (former ChelGMA) South Ural State University South Ural Institute of Management and Economics South Ural Professional Institute Sayano-Shushensky Branch of the Siberian Federal University Cheremkhovo Medical College Institute of Management and Information Technologies (branch of St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University) Cherepovets State University Cherkasy State Technological University Cherkasy Institute of Fire Safety named after Heroes of Chernobyl Cherkasy National University. B. Khmelnitsky Chernihiv State Institute of Economics and Management Chernihiv National Pedagogical University. T.G. Shevchenko Chernihiv National Technological University Bukovinian State Medical University Chernivtsi National University. Yu. Fedkovich Chistopol branch "Vostok" of Kazan National Research Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev - KAI Transbaikal Agrarian Institute (branch of IrGSHA) Transbaikal State University Transbaikal Institute of Railway Transport, branch of IrGUPS Chita State Medical Academy Chita Institute of Baikal State University of Economics and Law Shadrinsky State Pedagogical Institute Institute of Service and Entrepreneurship DSTU South Russian Humanitarian Institute Miras University South Kazakhstan Medical Academy South Kazakhstan State University. M. Auezov Kalmyk State University Engels Technological Institute Yurga Technological Institute of Tomsk Polytechnic University North-Eastern Federal University. M.K. Ammosov International University of Business and New Technologies Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy Yaroslavl State Medical University Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University. KD Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Theater Institute Yaroslavl State Technical University Yaroslavl State University. P.G. Demidov

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Federal Agency for Education Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Novgorod State University named after Yaroslav the Wise Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty of Natural Sciences and Natural Resources Department of Chemistry and Ecology CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY Course of lectures Veliky Novgorod 2007 1 Contents. 1 Mankind and the environment 1.1 Environment 1.2 Man as a component of the environment 1.3 Human production activity and planetary resources 1.4 Environment response to anthropogenic activity 1.5 Biosphere and its evolution 2 Chemical production in the system of anthropogenic activity 2.1 Material production and its organization 2.2 Chemical industry 3 Chemical science and production 3.1 Chemical technology - the scientific basis of chemical production 3.2 Features of chemical technology as a science 3.3 Relationship of chemical technology with other sciences 4 Main components of chemical production 4.1 Chemical raw materials 4.2 Resources and rational use of raw materials 4.3 Preparation of chemical raw materials for processing 4.4 Replacement of food raw materials non-food and vegetable mineral 5 Water in the chemical industry 5.1 Water use, water properties 5.2 Industrial water treatment 6 Energy in the chemical industry 6.1 Energy use in the chemical industry industry 6.2 Energy sources 6.3 Classification of energy resources 7 Economics of chemical production 7.1 Technical and economic indicators of chemical production 7.2 Structure of the economy of the chemical industry 7.3 Material and energy balances of chemical production 8 Basic laws of chemical technology 8.1. The concept of the chemical-technological process 8.2. Processes in a chemical reactor. 8.2.1. Chemical process 8. 2.2 Rate of a chemical reaction 8.2.3 Overall rate of a chemical process 8.2.4. Thermodynamic calculations of chemical-technological processes 8.2.5. Equilibrium in the system 8.2.6 Calculation of equilibrium from thermodynamic data 8.2.7 Thermodynamic analysis 9 Organization of chemical production 9.1 Chemical production as a system 9.2 Simulation of a chemical-technological system 9.3 Organization of CTP 9.3.1 Selection of a process scheme 9.3.2 Selection of process parameters 9.4 Control of chemical production 10 Processes and apparatus of chemical production 10.1 General characteristics and classification of processes 10.2 Basic processes of chemical technology and equipment for them 10. 2.1 Hydromechanical processes 2 10.2.2. Thermal processes 10.2.3 Mass transfer processes 10.3 Chemical reactors 10.3.1 Design principles of chemical reactors 10.3.2 Classification of chemical reactors 10.3.3 Chemical reactor designs 10.3.4 Arrangement of contact apparatuses 11 Homogeneous processes 11.1 Characteristics of homogeneous processes 11.1.1 Homogeneous processes in the gas phase 11.1.2 Homogeneous processes in the liquid phase 11. 2 Basic laws of homogeneous processes 12.1 Characteristics of heterogeneous processes 12 Heterogeneous processes 12.1 Characteristics of heterogeneous processes 12.2 Processes in the gas-liquid system (G-L) 12.3 Processes in the liquid-solid system (L-S) 12.4 Processes in the system gas - solid (G - S) 12.5 Processes in binary solid, two-phase liquid and multi-phase systems 12.6 High-temperature processes and apparatuses 12.7 Catalytic processes and apparatuses 12.7.1. Essence and types of catalysis 12.7.2 Properties of solid catalysts and their manufacture 12.7.3 Instrumentation of catalytic processes 13 The most important chemical production 13.1 Production of sulfuric acid 13.2 Technology of bound nitrogen 13.2.1 Raw material base of the nitrogen industry 13.2.2 Production of process gases 13.2.3 Synthesis of ammonia 13.2.4 Production of nitric acid 13.3 Technology of mineral fertilizers 13.3.1 Classification of mineral fertilizers 13.3.2 Typical processes of salt technology 13.3.3 Decomposition of phosphate raw materials and production of phosphate fertilizers 13.3.3.1 Production of phosphoric acid superphosphate 13.3.3.4 Nitric acid decomposition of phosphates 13.3.4 Production of nitrogen fertilizers 13.3.4.1 Production of ammonium nitrate 13.3.4.2 Production of urea 13.3.4.3 Production of ammonium sulfate 13.3.4.4 Production of calcium nitrate. 13.3.4.5 Production of liquid nitrogen fertilizers 13.3.5 Production of potash fertilizers 13.3.5.1 General characteristics 13.3.5.2 Raw materials 13.3.5.3 Production of potassium chloride 13.3.5.4 Production of potassium sulfate 13.4 Production of silicate materials 13.4.1 General information about silicate materials 3 13.4.2 Standard processes of technology of silicate materials 13.5 Production of binders. 13.5.1 General characteristics and classification 13.5.2 Portland cement production 13.5.3 Air lime production 13.6 Glass production 13.6.1 Glass composition and classification 13.6.2 Glass production process 13.7 Production of ceramic materials 13. 7.1 General characteristics and classification of materials 13.7.2 Production of building bricks 13.7.3 Production of refractories 13.8. Electrochemical production 13.8.1 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride 13.8.1.1. Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution in baths with steel cathode and graphite anode 13.8.1.2 Electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions in baths with mercury cathode and graphite anode 13.8.2 Production of hydrochloric acid 13.8.3 Electrolysis of melts. Aluminum production 13.8.3.1 Alumina production 13.8.3.2 Aluminum production 13.9 Metallurgy 13.9.1 Ores and their processing 13.9.2 Iron production 13.9.3 Steel production 13.9.4. Copper production 13.10 Chemical fuel processing 13.10.1 Hard coal coking 13.10.2 Liquid fuel processing 13.10.3. Production and processing of gaseous fuels 13.11 Basic organic synthesis 13.11.1 Raw materials and environmental protection processes 13.11.2 Synthesis of methyl alcohol 13.11.3 Production of ethanol 13.11.4. Production of acetylene 13.11.5 Production of formaldehyde 13.11.6 Production of urea-formaldehyde resins 13.11.7 Production of acetaldehyde 13.11.8 Production of acetic acid and anhydride 13.12 Production of monomers 13.12.1 Polymerization monomers 13.12.2. Production of polyvinyl acetate dispersion 13.13 Macromolecular compounds 13.13.1 Production of cellulose 13.13.2 Production of chemical fibers 13.13.3 Production of plastics 13.13.4 Obtaining rubber and rubber 4 1 Mankind and the environment 1.1 Environment The primary source of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs of man is nature. It also represents his habitat - the environment. In the environment, the natural environment is distinguished, which includes natural material bodies and the processes occurring in them; material objects created by man and processes and phenomena caused by human activity. Consequently, the environment is made up of physical and socio-economic components. Physical components - natural and man-made (created by man as a result of his activities). Natural components - the geographical location of the region, energy resources, climate, water resources, air, soil, etc. They affect the choice of place and method of production, the feasibility of the location of production, types of production, etc. Technogenic components - artificial material bodies, synthetic materials and products, residential and industrial buildings, clothing, communication and vehicles, etc. e. 1.2 Man - as a component of the environment In the system man - environment, man is not only an object, but also its subject, since he has the ability to change the environment and adapt it to his needs. Natural physical 3 Technogenic physical environment PERSON 1 Human 2 Socio-economic environment Human in the structure of the environment The consequence of this is the existence in such a system of various one- and two-way relationships. Relationships of the first type are characteristic of the entire history of mankind. Connections of the second type are due to the appearance of a technogenic physical environment. They have acquired special significance in our era, due to the accelerated development of production. The connections of the third type are due to the ever-increasing influence of anthropogenic activity on nature (the creation of large artificial reservoirs, the destruction of forests, etc.), they lead to the transformation of the Earth as a planet. 1.3 Man's production activity and the resources of the planet The condition for the existence and development of mankind is material production, i. social and practical relationship of man to nature. The diverse and gigantic scale of industrial production leads to a significant impact on the environment and causes changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. The atmosphere is the natural outer gaseous shell of the Earth. The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth. The lithosphere is the solid shell of the Earth, the source of mineral raw materials and fossil fuels, the soil layer. The most important result of the functioning of the human-environment system is human consumption of the planet's resources. Resources are divided into natural and social. Social are the population, conditions of reproduction, scientific potential. Natural resources are classified according to the following criteria: 5 Natural resources EXHAUSTABLE Exhaustible INEXHAUSTABLE Solar energy Renewable non-renewable atmospheric air Destroyable dissipated Classification of natural resources. In the course of production activities, non-renewable resources are completely destroyed (fossil fuels) or dissipated (metals). The impact of industrial production on the depletion of the planet's natural resources and its consequences can be seen in the following examples: 1. Mining on Earth leads to the rapid depletion of non-renewable resources, pollution and changes in the composition of the atmosphere and lithosphere. 2. The combustion of chemical fuels releases more than 100,000 tons of gas into the atmosphere. various chemical compounds. 3. Fresh water consumption. Industrial production consumes up to 13% of the total river flow. This leads to the depletion of available fresh water on the planet. Simultaneously with consumption, the discharge of industrial effluents into water bodies increases, which leads to intense pollution of the hydrosphere. The most important consequence of industrial production was its impact on the natural energy balance and on the state of the environment. The "thermal contribution" of human activity is in n.v. 0.006% solar radiation. The consequence of this will be an increase in the temperature of the planet by 10C. 1.4 Environment response to anthropogenic activity The system "man - environment" is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, which maintains an ecologically balanced state of the natural environment, in which living organisms interact with the environment and with each other and the environment without disturbing this balance. The production activity of a person leads to a violation of this state and causes a response from the environment. According to the depth of the reaction of the environment, the following are distinguished: - perturbation, temporary and reverse change in the environment; – pollution; - anomalies. With prolonged exposure, the following may occur: - Crisis of the environment - a state in which the parameters are approaching the permissible ones, - Destruction of the environment, in which it becomes unsuitable for habitation. 1.5 Biosphere and its evolution The environment is a complex multicomponent system, the components of which are interconnected by numerous connections. The environment consists of a number of subsystems, each of which includes a certain number of elements that are functionally related to each other. In this system, the second-order subsystem, the ecosphere, is the natural environment. The cycle of the ecosphere is a system-forming flow, representing the movement of elements in the production of substances. The biosphere is the outer shell of the Earth, its thickness is 50 km. An important component of the biosphere is living matter, biogenic matter (organic and organomineral products, inert matter - rocks). A reflection of the relationships in the biosphere is the biocenosis - this is a homogeneous 6 area of ​​the earth's surface with a certain composition of living and inert components and dynamic interaction between them. There is an exhaustion of non-renewable resources, a decrease and pollution of the transparency of the atmosphere, an increase in the temperature of the surface layer of the atmosphere, and pollution of the hydrosphere. MAN - ENVIRONMENT anthroposphere Anthroposphere Ecosphere sociosphere (physical environment) economy biosphere technosphere social sphere agrosystems technosystems health care (post office, mines, transp.) culture biogeocenosis ideology science. 2. Chemical production in the system of anthropogenic activity 2.1 Material production and its organization human interaction with the environment is realized in the form of large-scale material production. Material production is the process of creating wealth. It is the basis of all other types of human activity and includes three main components: 1. Objects of labor - everything that is processed, to which human labor is directed. They are given by nature and are products of labor. 2. Means of labor - machines, devices, devices with the help of which a person acts on the objects of labor. 3. Living labor is a conscious purposeful activity of a person. The process of material production is organizationally realized in the form of industry. 2.2 Chemical industry According to the purpose of the products produced, the industry is divided into branches, one of which is the chemical industry. The share of the chemical and petrochemical industries in the total production of the Russian Federation is 9%, which is second only to the fuel industry and mechanical engineering (20%). The chemical industry is subdivided into branches of broad specialization (mining chemistry, basic chemistry, organic synthesis production, etc.) and narrow specialization branches (production of mineral fertilizers, plastics, dyes, etc.). Products of the chemical industry according to the classification adopted in the country are grouped into 7 classes, each of which has from hundreds to thousands of different items: 1st class. Products of inorganic synthesis. Grade 2 Polymeric materials, synthetic rubbers, plastics, chemical fibers. Grade 3 Paints and varnishes. 4th grade. Synthetic dyes and intermediates. Grade 5 Products of organic synthesis (petroleum - coke and wood chemistry). 6th grade. Chemical reagents and pure substances. 7 7th grade. Chemical-pharmaceutical preparations. This classification is conditional, since metallurgy and the production of silicate materials do not belong to the actual chemical industries, although they use chemical methods of processing. In the system of material production, the chemical industry occupies a special place due to its specific features: - special methods of influencing objects of labor, leading to chemical transformations, which makes it possible to produce new substances; – high material and energy intensity; – high degree of production automation; – variety and narrow specialization of used machines and equipment. 3 Chemical science and production 3.1 Chemical technology - the scientific basis of chemical production chemical technology - the science of the most economical and environmentally sound methods of chemical processing of raw natural materials into consumer goods and means of production. Objects of chemical technology - substances and systems of substances involved in chemical production; chemical engineering processes - a set of various operations carried out in the course of production with the aim of converting these substances into others. Modern general chemical technology arose as a result of the regular process of integration of previously independent technologies for the production of individual products, which is characteristic of all branches of science at a certain stage of development, as a result of the generalization of empirical rules for their production. Modern chemical technology, using the achievements of the natural and technical sciences, studies and develops a set of physical and chemical processes, machines and apparatuses, optimal ways of implementing these processes and controlling them in the industrial production of various substances. Chemical technology is based on the chemical sciences such as physical chemistry, chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. Prominent physical chemist acad. Konovalov considered one of the main tasks of chemical technology, which distinguishes its subject from pure chemistry, the establishment of the most advantageous course of the operation and the design of appropriate factory instruments and auxiliary devices. Therefore, chemical technology is unthinkable without a close relationship with economics, physics, mathematics and other technical sciences. Chemical technology at the dawn of its existence was a descriptive science. Many early technology textbooks served as process encyclopedias. The development of science and industry has led to a significant increase in the number of chemical industries. The growth of chemical production, on the one hand, and the development of chemical and technical sciences, on the other hand, made it possible to develop the theoretical foundations of chemical-technological processes. Modern chemical production processes gigantic volumes of raw materials, uses a large amount of energy of various types, carried out with large amounts of capital and operating costs. From this follows one of the fundamental requirements for modern production - its efficiency. This feature of the technology was noted by Mendeleev, who defined it as: "The doctrine of profitable methods of processing natural products into consumer products." Technology must study the most profitable methods, choose from the possible ones the most suitable for the given conditions of time and place, in order to give the product the greatest cheapness with the desired properties and forms. Therefore, technology is the science of the most economical methods and means of converting raw natural substances into consumer products. Technologies are divided into mechanical and chemical. In mechanical technologies, processes are considered in which the shape or appearance and physical properties of materials change, and in chemical technology, processes of a radical change in the composition, properties and internal structure of a substance. 8 3.2 Features of chemical technology as a science Chemical technology differs from theoretical chemistry not only by the need to take into account the economic requirements for the production it studies. There are fundamental differences between the tasks, goals and content of theoretical chemistry and chemical technology, caused by the specifics of production processes, which imposes a number of additional conditions on the method of study. Let us consider an example of the industrial synthesis of hydrogen chloride from Cl2 and H2 and the influence of various factors on the synthesis. Design and material of equipment heat removal Nature of components Equilibrium shift due to excess H2 Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl - Δ H Electrolysis H2O Ecology electrolysis CH4 conversion energy cost of NACl solution from coke oven gas To carry out this synthesis under industrial conditions, an inorganic chemist takes into account the very possibility of such a synthesis , applying the methods of physical chemistry to control the synthesis by changing the temperature, pressure, concentration of the components, i.e. influence the kinetics and thermodynamics of the process on the scale of a laboratory experiment. The chemist-technologist must consider other factors: the availability and cost of raw materials and energy, the design of the reactor and corrosion-resistant materials for manufacturing, environmental protection measures, etc. Thus, just as chemical production cannot be considered as a kind of enlarged laboratory flask, so chemical technology cannot be reduced to theoretical chemistry. The complexity of such a system as chemical production made it expedient to use a systematic approach for its study and introduce the concept of the level of the process. With such an approach in chemical production, there are several successively increasing complexity of subsystems - levels, each of which has its own method of studying the phenomenon. Such levels in chemical production are: - the molecular level, at which the mechanism and kinetics of chemical transformations are described as molecular interaction (microkinetics); - the level of small volume, at which the phenomena are described as the interaction of macroparticles (granules, drops, catalyst grains). To analyze the phenomena at this level and describe the chemical process, the concept of macrokinetics was introduced, the task of which is to study the effect on the rate of chemical transformations of the processes of mass transfer of the initial substances and reaction products, heat transfer processes and the influence of the composition of the catalyst. Macrokinetics Mass transfer heat transfer catalyst composition M Q Kt is the flow level at which the description of the phenomena is given as the interaction of a set of particles. Taking into account the nature of their movement in the stream and changes in temperature, concentrations of reagents along the stream; – the level of the reactor, at which the description of the phenomenon is given taking into account the design of the apparatus in which the process is implemented; - the level of the system, at which, when considering phenomena, the relationship between the technological units of an industrial installation and production as a whole is taken into account. 9 Thus, the problem of the difference between theoretical chemistry and chemical technology is the problem of the difference between fundamental scientific research and real industrial production based on it. 3.3 Communication of chemical technology with other sciences Chemical technology uses the material of a number of sciences: Mathematics mathematical modeling technical calculations ecology Physics physical modeling Physical kinetic and thermodynamic chemical chemistry calculations technology Mineralogy chemical raw materials Inorganic chemistry economics Organic chemistry structure and properties of substances Biochemistry Colloid Chemistry Engineering design of equipment Sciences Chemical engineering as a science of large-scale production deals with significant masses and volumes of processed and manufactured products. To evaluate the performance of such large units, large units are needed. Therefore, in chemical engineering, along with the generally accepted SI units (m, Kg, sec, a, mol), others are also used. Value designation name designation Mass m kilogram, ton kg, t Energy, work A kilojoule, kilowatt hour kJ, kWh Pressure P. Pascal, megapascal Pa, MPS Power N kilowatt kW Temperature T, t Kelvin, degrees Celsius K, 0C Time second, day, hour sec, day, h Amount of heat Q kilojoule kJ Thermal effect N kilojoule kJ Productivity P. tons per day, year t/day, t/year Intensity I kilogram per m2 hour kg/m2 Kilogram per m3 hour kg/m3 Amount of substance v kilogram mol, ton mol kgmol, Rate constant K depends on the reaction order Molar concentration C mol per m3 mol/m3 Cubic density kilogram per m3, tonne per m3 kg/m3 Product yield Degree of conversion X fraction of a unit, percent % 10

The word "technology" is of Greek origin and has a literal translation of "the science of craftsmanship." From a modern point of view, we can define technology as a sciencestudying the methods and processes of mass processing of raw materials into consumer products with maximum economic effect.

Technologies are mechanical and chemical. Mechanical technology studies the processes associated with changing the shape and physical properties of processed raw materials, mainly through mechanical operations. For example, the manufacture of wood products - woodworking technologies, the manufacture of metal products - mechanical engineering, etc. Chemical technology studies the processes associated with a change in the composition and chemical properties of processed raw materials due to the occurrence of chemical reactions.

There is a great variety of private chemical technologies that can be combined into two large groups:

chemical technologies

inorganic

organic

1) the main inorganic synthesis - the production of acids, alkalis, salts and mineral fertilizers;

2) fine inorganic synthesis - production of drugs, reagents, medicines, rare metals, etc.;

3) metallurgy -

production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals;

4) silicate production -

production of binders, ceramics and glass;

5) nuclear-chemical technology.

1) basic organic synthesis -

large-scale production of organic products;

2) fine organic synthesis -

production of reagents, drugs, plant protection products, etc.;

3) oil and gas processing;

4) petrochemical synthesis -

production of organic products based on hydrocarbon raw materials;

5) processing of plant and animal raw materials;

6) high-molecular technologies -

production of synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fibers and other macromolecular compounds;

7) biotechnology -

production of fodder yeast, amino acids, enzymes, antibiotics, etc.

When developing any private technology, you need to know three general engineering disciplines: general chemical technology (GCT), processes and apparatuses of chemical technology (CPT) and industrial heat engineering (PT), which together form the basis of industrial chemistry.

General chemical technology- a science that studies the theoretical foundations for the development of technologies for various classes of chemical reactions.

The subject of study of the CBT is the regularities underlying the functioning of chemical production.

Tasks of OCT as a science:

1) finding the general patterns of the flow of chemical-technological processes;

2) on the basis of knowledge of general laws, finding the optimal conditions for conducting chemical and technological processes;

3) study of chemical transformations taking into account mass and heat transfer processes;

4) increasing the efficiency of the use of raw materials, energy, reducing the amount of waste and emissions into the environment; improving the quality of products.

OCT methods:

Experimental;

Modeling.

Basic concepts of chemical engineeringtechnologies

Chemical production- a set of processes and operations carried out in machines and apparatus and intended for the processing of raw materials through chemical transformations into the desired product.

Chemical-Technological Process (CTP)- part of chemical production, consisting of three main stages:

target product- the product for which this CTP is organized. All other products are called by-products. By-products can be obtained both in the target and side reactions. If the by-product has no use, it is called garbage; if it is used, then it is called waste or secondary raw material. If the target product is used as a starting material in another production, then it is called intermediate.

The source material that enters processing and has a value is called raw materials. The substance that is directly involved in the target chemical reaction is called reagent. The reagent is the main, but not the only component of the raw material. All components of the raw material that do not participate in the target reaction are usually called impurities.

In technology, the concepts of "transformed" and "untransformed" reagent are often used. Converted Reagent- this is the amount of the reagent that entered into the reaction (both target and side). Unconverted reagent- this is the amount of the reagent that leaves the reactor in the unconverted, original state. The sum of the masses of the converted and unconverted reagent is equal to the mass filed into the reagent reactor.

Auxiliary materials- chemicals that ensure the normal flow of CTP (catalysts, solvents, etc.).

Initial mixture- a mixture of substances entering the reactor at the stage of chemical transformation. reaction mixture- a mixture of substances in the reactor or unloaded from it. Its composition changes during the reaction. We can talk about the composition of the reaction mixture at a certain point in time from the start of the reaction.

Example:

4NH 3 + 5O 2 → 4NO + 6H 2 O

4NH 3 + 3O 2 → 2N 2 + 6H 2 O

4NH 3 + 4O 2 → 2N 2 O + 6H 2 O

The first reaction is target, the other two are side effects. Nitric oxide (II) - NO - target product at the stage of ammonia oxidation and intermediate in the production of nitric acid. Water, nitrogen and nitric oxide (I) - by-products. Reagents in this process are ammonia and oxygen; raw materials- ammonia, containing a certain amount of impurities, and air, in which impurities are nitrogen and other gases. Auxiliary material is platinum, used in the process as a selective catalyst, accelerating only the first reaction. Initial mixture is an ammonia-air mixture with an ammonia content of 9.5 - 11.5% vol. reaction mixture- nitrous gases containing NO, N 2 O, N 2, H 2 O vapors, as well as unconverted O 2 and NH 3.