The lexical meaning of the word definition in Russian. The figurative meaning of the word

Vocabulary is a very important part of language science. She learns words and their meanings. It's no secret: the richer the language stock of a person, the more beautiful and figurative his speech. Most new words can be learned by reading. It often happens that a new word is found in a book or magazine, in which case a dictionary of lexical meanings will help, it is also called explanatory. The most common are those issued by V.I. Dalem and S.I. Ozhegov. It is they who are trusted by the modern science of language.

Vocabulary wealth of the Russian language

The language, including Russian, is a developing phenomenon. New cultures, inventions of science and technology appear, one civilization replaces another. Of course, all this is reflected in the language. Some words appear, some disappear. It is the vocabulary that reacts vividly to these changes. All this is the richness of the language. K. Paustovsky gave a very colorful explanation of the totality of words, saying that for each surrounding phenomenon or object there is a corresponding “good” word, or even more than one.

Scientists have proven that for one person to understand another, it is enough to have 4-5 thousand words in stock, but this is not enough for beautiful, figurative speech. The Russian language is one of the most beautiful, so it is simply necessary to use its wealth. Moreover, knowledge of individual words with their interpretations is not enough (for this, you can simply learn a dictionary of lexical meanings). It is much more important to know words related in meaning, their figurative meaning, to understand and use antonyms, to use homonymous units.

Lexical meaning of the word

The word is the most important unit of any language. It is from them that combinations and subsequently sentences are made, with which people communicate with each other. How to distinguish one word from another? With the help of phonetics. Lexical meaning will also help with this. This is what separates the words. They can denote, for example, objects, people or living beings ( table, teacher, wolf); natural phenomena ( wind, frost), actions ( run, watch), features ( beautiful, pink).

Over the centuries, words can change their lexical meaning. Take for example the word garden. Until the 20th century, this word also meant a garden. In modern times, the lexical meaning has changed: garden now it is a fenced area where vegetables are grown.

There are words whose lexical meaning is a certain image that is easy to imagine and depict: wood, cupboard, flower. For others, it is very abstract: love, grammar, music. The lexical meaning of the Russian language is summarized in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways of interpretation: words that are identical in meaning. For example, way - road. Some dictionaries offer a detailed explanation: way- a specific place in space through which they move.

Why you need to know the lexical meaning

It is very important to know the lexical meaning - this will save you from some spelling mistakes. For example:

Trying on wedding dresses is a tedious but enjoyable process.
She was always good at reconciling enemies.

In the first example, the word “try on” is used in the meaning of “try on”, so the root should be written e. In the second sentence, it is about the world, so the letter is required and fundamentally.

Lexical meaning differs not only words, but also morphemes. Yes, attachment at- is used when it comes to the incompleteness of the action, close proximity, approximation or attachment; pre- in cases where the highest degree of something is meant ( funny - very funny, but: move (attachment), sit down (incompleteness), seaside (close to the sea).

There are also roots that have different lexical meanings. These are like - poppy-/-mok-; -equals-/-exactly-. If the word means immersion in liquid, you should write - poppy- (dip cookies in milk), another thing is the meaning of “pass, absorb liquid”, in this case writing is required - mok- (wet feet). Root - equals- should be written when talking about equality ( the equation); -exactly- used in the sense of something smooth, even ( trim bangs).

Single and multiple words

The richness of the words of the Russian language consists of those units that have several or only one lexical meaning. These are single and multiple words. The first has only one interpretation: birch, scalpel, Moscow, pizza. As can be seen from the examples, the group of unambiguous words includes proper names, recently emerged or foreign words, also narrowly focused. These are all kinds of terms, the names of professions, the names of animals.

There are many more polysemantic words in the language, that is, those that have several meanings. As a rule, interpretations unfold around a certain feature or meaning. The explanatory dictionary will tell you that the word is polysemantic. The meanings of such tokens are listed below the numbers. Let's take the word "earth" as an example. It has several interpretations:

One of the planets in the solar system.
Land - opposition to the concepts of "water" and "sky".
The soil is a fertile layer that allows you to grow all kinds of crops.
Territory owned by someone.
For some countries it is a federal unit.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

All polysemantic words can contain a direct or figurative interpretation. If the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words” is encountered, you need to look into the explanatory dictionary. There, next to the value, it will be indicated whether it is direct or figurative. The first is the main one; the second was formed on the basis of the main one according to the principle of similarity.

For example, consider the word "hat". First, its main meaning is a headdress with small fields. Based on the similarity, a figurative interpretation was formed: the upper part of an object, expanded and flat - mushroom cap or nail.

It is the figurative meanings that give speech a special figurativeness; on their basis, such tropes as a metaphor are created (hidden comparison: sheaf of hair), metonymy (adjacency of signs: silverware) and synecdoche (the part is used instead of the whole: the peasant was actually a slave).

Sometimes there are cases when only a figurative meaning appears in the language, and to complete a task, such as “Determine the lexical meaning of words”, you will need not only an explanatory, but also an etymological dictionary. For example, this was the case with the adjective "red". Its direct meaning "beautiful" is preserved only in ancient toponyms ("Red Square") or folklore (proverbs).

Homonyms

The meanings of words can be compared, contrasted. The program studies such relationships for grades 5-6. The lexical meaning of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms is very interesting. Consider all these types of words.

Homonyms are those words that are identical in pronunciation or spelling, but their meaning is completely different. Yes, the words carnations(flowers) and carnations(pointed rods for fastening materials) are spelled the same and pronounced differently. Another example: braid- type of hairstyle, and braid- agricultural implement. Homonyms can also be grammatical. So, in the phrases "flood the oven" and "bake pies." Word bake is a noun in the first case and a verb in the second. Do not confuse the concepts of homonymy and ambiguity. The first does not imply any similarity between concepts, while the second is based on the principle of similarity of some feature.

Synonyms

Synonyms are words with the same lexical meaning. For example, the words "friend, buddy, comrade, shirt-guy" have the meaning of a close, trusted person. However, synonyms still differ in shades of meaning. Friend, for example, denotes a particularly close person.

Synonyms also have different stylistic coloring. So, shirt-guy used in colloquial speech. As a rule, synonyms are words of one part of speech, however, they can be stable combinations. Knowing the phenomenon of synonymy helps to avoid spelling errors. So, to find out the correct spelling of the particle not with nouns or adjectives, you must follow the algorithm: "determine the lexical meaning and try to find a synonym without not: enemy - enemy".

Antonyms

Antonyms are words that differ diametrically in lexical meaning: friend - enemy; go - run; deep - shallow; up down. As you can see, the phenomenon of antonymy is characteristic of any parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The use of such words gives speech a special expressiveness, helps to convey especially important thoughts to the listener or reader, therefore very often words that are opposite in meaning are found in folk sayings - proverbs. For example, "Softly spreads, but hard to sleep." In this case, "soft - hard" are antonyms.

As you can see, the Russian language is very diverse, so the topic of word interpretation has been studied for several years. In addition, it is included in the main school exams, where it occurs, for example, the task "Explain the lexical meaning of words" or "Choose a synonym / antonym / homonym for the word" and so on.

Types of lexical meanings of words in Russian

In this article, we will consider the types of lexical meanings of words and present their most famous classification created by V. V. Vinogradov.

What is lexical meaning?

As you know, a word has two meanings - grammatical and lexical. And if the grammatical meaning is abstract and inherent in a large number of words, then the lexical meaning is always individual.

It is customary to call the lexical meaning the correlation of objects or phenomena of reality fixed in the mind of a native speaker with a certain sound complex of a language unit. That is, the lexical meaning denotes the content inherent in a particular word.

Now we will analyze on the basis of which the types of lexical meanings of words are distinguished. And then consider one of the most popular classifications.

Lexical value types

The semantic correlation of various words of the Russian language makes it possible to identify various types of lexemes. To date, there are many systematizations of such values. But the classification proposed by V. V. Vinogradov in his article entitled "The main types of lexical meanings of words" is considered the most complete. We will analyze this typology further.

By correlation

By nomination (or correlation), it is customary to distinguish two meanings of a lexeme - direct and figurative.

Direct meaning, it is also called the main or main one, is a meaning that reflects the phenomenon of reality, the real world. For example: the word "table" refers to a piece of furniture; "black" is the color of coal and soot; "boil" means to boil, seethe, evaporate from heating. Such semantics is permanent and is subject only to historical changes. For example: "table" in ancient times meant "reigning", "throne" and "capital".

The main types of lexical meanings of a word are always subdivided into smaller ones, which we proved in this paragraph, speaking of direct and figurative meanings.

Returning to the main theme, we can add that words in the direct meaning less than others depend on the context and other words. Therefore, it is believed that such meanings have the least syntagmatic coherence and the greatest paradigmatic conditionality.

Portable

The types of lexical meanings of words were identified on the basis of living Russian speech, in which a language game is often used, part of which is the use of words in figurative meanings.

Such meanings arise as a result of the transfer of the name of one object of reality to another on the basis of common features, similarity of functions, and so on.

Thus, the word got the opportunity to have several meanings. For example: "table" - 1) in the meaning of "piece of equipment" - "table of the machine"; 2) in the meaning of "food" - "get a room with a table"; 3) in the meaning of "department in the institution" - "round table".

The word “boil” also has a number of figurative meanings: 1) in the meaning of “manifestation to a high degree” - “work is in full swing”; 2) excessive manifestation of emotions - "boil with indignation."

Portable meanings are based on the convergence of two concepts with the help of various kinds of associations, which are easily understood by native speakers. Very often, indirect meanings have great figurativeness: black thoughts, seething with indignation. These figurative phrases are quickly fixed in the language, and then fall into explanatory dictionaries.

Figurative meanings with pronounced figurativeness differ in their stability and reproducibility from metaphors invented by writers, publicists and poets, since the latter are strictly individual in nature.

However, very often figurative meanings lose their imagery for native speakers. For example, “handles of a sugar bowl”, “knee of a pipe”, “strike of a clock” are no longer perceived by us as figurative phrases. This phenomenon is called extinct imagery.

Types of lexical meanings of words by origin

Depending on the degree of semantic motivation (or by origin), the following are distinguished:

Motivated words (secondary or derivative) are derived from derivational affixes and meanings of the word-derivative stem.
Unmotivated words (primary or non-derivative) - they do not depend on the meaning of the morphemes that make up the word.

For example: the words “build”, “table”, “white” are unmotivated. The motivated words are “construction”, “desktop”, “whitewash”, since these words were formed from unmotivated ones, in addition, the primary source words help to understand the meaning of the newly formed lexemes. That is, "to whiten", derived from "white", means "to make white."

But not everything is so simple, the motivation of some words does not always manifest itself so clearly, as the language changes, and it is not always possible to find the historical root of the word. Nevertheless, if an etymological analysis is carried out, it is often possible to find an ancient connection between seemingly completely dissimilar words and explain their meanings. For example, after an etymological analysis, we learn that the words “feast”, “fat”, “cloth”, “window”, “cloud” come from “drink”, “live”, “twist”, “eye”, “drag” respectively. Therefore, it is not always possible for a non-specialist to distinguish an unmotivated word from a motivated one the first time.

Types of lexical meanings of words by compatibility

Depending on the lexical compatibility of meanings, words can be divided into:

Free - are based on only subject-logical connections. For example: “drink” can only be combined with words that denote liquid (tea, water, lemonade, etc.), but can never be used with words like “running”, “beauty”, “night”. Thus, the combination of such words will be regulated by the subject compatibility or incompatibility of the concepts that they denote. That is, "freedom" in the compatibility of such words is very conditional.
Non-free - such words are limited in their ability to lexically combine. Their use in speech depends both on the subject-logical factor and on the linguistic one. For example: the word "down" can be combined with the words "eyes", "look", "eyes", while these words cannot be correlated with other lexemes - they do not say "down your leg".

Non-free types of lexical meanings of words in Russian:

Phraseologically related - are realized exclusively in stable (or phraseological) combinations. For example: a sworn enemy - a sworn friend is not used, unless it is the author's language game.
Syntactically conditioned - is implemented only in those cases when the word is forced to perform an unusual function for it. For example, the words "hat", "oak", "log" become predicates, characterizing a person as narrow-minded, stupid, muddled, insensitive, lack of initiative. In fulfilling such a role, the word always acquires figurativeness and is classified as a type of figurative meanings.

Syntactically conditioned meanings also include those dictionary constructions that can be realized only under certain syntactic conditions. For example: "whirlwind" takes on a figurative meaning only in the form of a genus. n. - "whirlwind of events."

By function

Types of transfers of the lexical meaning of words can be distinguished depending on the nature of the functions performed:

Nominative - the name comes from the word "nomination", and denotes the naming of objects, phenomena and their qualities.
Expressive-semantic - in such words, the connotative (emotional-evaluative) becomes the predominant seme.

An example of a nominative word: “tall person” - this phrase informs the listener that the person who is given the characteristic is tall.

An example of an expressive-semantic word: in the same case as described above, the word "tall" is replaced by the word "lanky" - this is how a disapproving, negative assessment of this growth is added to the information about high growth. Thus, the word "lanky" is an expressive synonym for the word "tall".

By the nature of the connection

The main types of lexical meanings of Russian words, depending on the nature of the connection in the lexical system of some meanings with others:

Correlative meanings are words that are opposed to each other on some basis: good - bad, far - close.
Autonomous meanings are relatively independent words denoting specific objects: a chair, a flower, a theater.
Deterministic meanings are words determined by the meaning of other words, as they are their expressive or stylistic variants: the word “nag” is determined by the word “horse”, “beautiful”, “magnificent” - “good”.

findings

Thus, we have listed the types of lexical meanings of words. Briefly, we can name the following aspects that formed the basis of our classification:

Subject-conceptual connections of words or paradigmatic relations.
Syntagmatic relations or the relation of words to each other.
Derivational or word-forming connections of lexemes.

Thanks to the study of the classification of lexical meanings, one can better understand the semantic structure of words, understand in more detail the systemic relationships that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern language.

What is lexical meaning? Need to give examples!

Sasha Markhakshinov

Lexical meaning - the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. The lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant, helping to distinguish one object from another. The lexical meaning reveals the signs by which common properties are determined for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes differences that distinguish this object, action, phenomenon. For example, the lexical meaning of the word giraffe is defined as follows: “African artiodactyl ruminant with a very long neck and long legs”, that is, those signs that distinguish a giraffe from other animals are listed.

Pavel kiyamov

Evgeny Dzerzhinsky

The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word A direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is such a meaning that does not arise as a result of direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the face of a person, the muzzle of an animal (direct); - front part of the vessel, aircraft (portable); - bird's beak (portable); - toe (boot toes).

Kiseleva tatiana

What is the lexical meaning of the word??? rule =(

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

The lexical meaning of a word is its interpretation, it is what the word means.
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● selection of synonyms;

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Words can have one meaning - they are called single-valued, and can have several meanings (two or more) - they are called polysemantic.
Values can be direct - these are primary, initial values, or they can be figurative - these are secondary values that arise on the basis of transferring primary values to other objects, signs, actions.

Examples of interpretation of the lexical meaning of the word:
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Alexandra wild

The lexical and grammatical meanings of the word differ.
The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the word with certain phenomena of reality.

All words of the language have a lexical meaning, but the meanings of independent and auxiliary parts of speech differ. Independent parts of speech call objects, actions, signs, quantities (man, run, fast, twelve), and service parts express the relationship between words in a phrase and sentence or introduce additional semantic shades into the sentence (on, in, through, because, because , whether, -ka).

The grammatical meaning of a word is its characteristic tick in terms of belonging to a certain part of speech, as well as the meaning of the grammatical form.

The lexical meaning of a word is contained in the basis of the word, the grammatical meaning is in affixes.

For example, the lexical meaning of the word "house" is "a residential building, as well as (collected) people living in it", and the grammatical meaning will be that it is a noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, that it can be defined by an adjective, change by cases and numbers, act as a member of a sentence.

1. What is the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word? 2. Tell us about single-valued and polysemantic words; direct and n

1. What is the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word? 2. Tell us about single-valued and polysemantic words; direct and figurative meanings of the word. 3. What expressive means of the language do you know, based on the figurative meaning of the word?

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

The LEXICAL MEANING of a WORD is its interpretation, this is what the word means.
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The lexical meaning of words is explained in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways to interpret words:
● by describing an object, attribute, action, etc.;
● selection of synonyms;
● using antonym / antonyms;
● selection of single-root words.
Words can have one meaning - they are called UNIVERSAL, and can have several meanings (two or more) - they are called MULTIPLE.
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VALUES can be DIRECT - these are the primary, original meanings of words, or they can be PORTABLE - these are secondary meanings that arise on the basis of transferring primary meanings to other objects, signs, actions.

PORTABLE MEANINGS OF WORDS - the basis of such visual means of language as METAPHOR, METONYMY, PERSONATION, so that the use of words in a figurative meaning gives speech, the language of works of art brightness, figurativeness, expressiveness.
An example of the interpretation of the lexical meaning of a word:
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EXCEPT THE LEXICAL SIGNIFICANCE, the words of significant parts of speech have a GRAMMATICAL meaning. This is the meaning of number, gender, case, person, for example:
● the ending -IT in the verb SEES expresses the grammatical meaning of the singular, 3rd person;
● the ending -A in the verb LOOKED expresses the grammatical meaning of the singular, feminine, and together with the formative suffix -L- also the meaning of the past tense;
● the ending -У in the noun COUNTRY expresses the grammatical meaning of the feminine, singular, nominative case;
● The ending -YMI in the adjective MYSTERIOUS expresses the grammatical meaning of the plural, the accusative case.

Anton Ulyanchenko

The lexical meaning of a word is essentially its definition,
Grammatical is the function that this word carries in a sentence (for example, it is a subject, predicate, object)

Single-valued words - words with one meaning, polysemantic - with many meanings. For example, cough is a one-to-one word, for example, and a shoe is a multi-valued word (both shoes and a buffer for stopping trains)

Direct meaning - words and expressions taken literally. For example: creak a table.
The figurative meaning of the word is what is perceived as a metaphor, not literally. For example, reluctantly.

The concept of the lexical meaning of a word

The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the sound complex of a linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality fixed in the minds of speakers.

Most words name objects, their attributes, quantity, actions, processes and act as full-fledged, independent words, performing a nominative function in the language (lat. nominatio- naming, name). Possessing common grammatical and syntactic meanings and functions, these words are combined into the categories of nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category. Their lexical meaning is complemented by grammatical ones. For example, the word newspaper denotes a certain subject; the lexical meaning indicates that it is "a periodical in the form of large sheets, usually daily, dedicated to the events of current political and social life." Noun newspaper has the grammatical meanings of gender (feminine), number (this subject is thought of as one, not many) and case. Word I read calls the action - "perceive what is written, saying aloud or reproducing to oneself" and characterizes it as real, occurring at the moment of speech, performed by the speaker (and not by other persons).

Of the significant parts of speech, pronouns and modal words are deprived of the nominative function. The first only indicate objects or their signs: I, you, such, so much; they receive a specific meaning in speech, but cannot serve as a generalized name for a number of similar objects, features, or quantities. The second express the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought: Probably mail has already arrived.

Service parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) also do not perform a nominative function, that is, they do not name objects, signs, actions, but are used as formal grammatical language means.

Lexical meanings of a word, their types, development and changes are studied by lexical semantics (semasiology) (gr. semasia- designation + logos- teaching). The grammatical meanings of the word are considered in the grammar of the modern Russian language.

All objects and phenomena of reality have their own names in the language. Words point to real objects, to our attitude towards them, which arose in the process of knowing the world around us. This connection of the word with the phenomena of reality (denotations) is non-linguistic in nature, and yet it is the most important factor in determining the nature of the word as a sign unit.

Words name not only specific objects that can be seen, heard or touched at the moment, but also concepts about these objects that arise in our minds.

The concept is a reflection in the minds of people of the general and essential features of the phenomena of reality, ideas about their properties. Such features can be the shape of an object, its function, color, size, similarity or difference with another object, etc. The concept is the result of a generalization of a mass of individual phenomena, during which a person is distracted from non-essential features, focusing on the main ones. Without such abstraction, i.e., without abstract representations, human thinking is impossible.

Concepts are formed and fixed in our minds with the help of words. The connection of words with the concept (significative factor) makes the word an instrument of human thinking. Without the ability of the word to name the concept, there would be no language itself. The designation of concepts in words allows us to get by with a relatively small number of linguistic signs. So, in order to single out one person from many people and name anyone, we use the word Human. To denote all the richness and variety of colors of wildlife, there are words red, yellow, blue, green etc. The movement of various objects in space is expressed by the word goes (man, train, bus, icebreaker and even - ice, rain, snow and under.).

Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language most capaciously reflect the systemic connections of words. They are lists of words of varying degrees of completeness and accuracy that make up the lexical system in all its diversity and complexity of its functioning in the language. Yes, the word Island does not indicate the geographical location, size, name, shape, fauna, flora of any particular island, therefore, abstracting from these particular features, we call this word any part of the land surrounded on all sides by water (in the ocean, sea, lake , river) Thus, those essential features and properties of objects are fixed in words, which make it possible to distinguish a whole class of objects from other classes.

However, not all words name any concept. They are not able to express unions, particles, prepositions, interjections, pronouns, proper names. Special mention should be made of the latter.

There are proper names that name single concepts. These are the names of prominent people ( Shakespeare, Dante, Leo Tolstoy, Chaliapin, Rachmaninov), geographical names ( Volga, Baikal, Alps, America). By their nature, they cannot be a generalization and evoke the idea of a subject that is one of a kind.

personal names of people Alexander, Dmitry), surnames ( Golubev, Davydov), on the contrary, do not give rise to a certain idea of a person in our minds.

Common nouns ( historian, engineer, son-in-law) according to the distinguishing features of professions, degrees of kinship allow you to get some idea of \u200b\u200bthe people named by these words.

Animal names may approach generalized names. So, if the horse's name is Bulany, this indicates its gender and suit, Belka usually called animals that have white hair (although this can also be called a cat, a dog, and a goat). So different nicknames correlate differently with generalized names.

Lexical meaning of the word

Nominative (direct) value with l 6-in a. Lexical meaning, directly related to the reflection in the mind of objects, phenomena, relations of objective reality. Knife (item name), beautiful (quality name), read (action name), ten (number name), fast (action attribute name). Words that have a nominative meaning form free phrases.

Phraseologically related meaning of words a. Lexical meaning that exists or is acquired only as part of a phraseological unit. The adjective fraught in the meaning of “capable of causing, giving rise to something” realizes this meaning in the phraseological unit fraught with consequences. In the phraseological turnover us of fire and fire, both nouns acquire the meaning of "nuisance"

The syntactically determined meaning of a word. Lexical meaning acquired by a word only in a certain syntactic function. The noun decree in the function of a predicate with negation does not acquire meaning ^ cannot serve as an authority, a basis, an indication for anyone "Samodur is trying to prove that no one has a decree for him and that he will do whatever he wants (Dobrolyubov).

The lexical meaning is made up of a real meaning, the carrier of which is the root of the word (non-derivative stem), and a derivational meaning expressed by word-building affixes. The meaning of “little house” in the word house is made up of the real (objective) meaning contained in the root house-, and the derivational meaning expressed by the suffix of the real reduction -ik. In words with a non-derivative stem, the lexical and real meanings are the same. cm. real value, derivational value.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what the "lexical meaning of the word" is in other dictionaries:

Lexical meaning is the correlation of the sound shell of a word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, ... ... Wikipedia

LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD. The meaning inherent in the word as a lexeme; the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of an object, process, phenomenon. L. h. with. is generalized and generalizing in nature, is compared with ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Lexical meaning of the word- The lexical meaning of the word is the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc. L. z. with. a product of human mental activity, it is associated with the reduction of information ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

lexical meaning of the word

lexical meaning of the word- Reflection in the word of one or another phenomenon of reality (object, event, quality, action, relationship) ...

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

lexical meaning of the word motivated- Secondary meaning, derivative in semantic and derivational terms. Motivated words have an internal form... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

lexical meaning of the word unmotivated- Primary meaning, which is genetically non-derivative for the modern language... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

lexical meaning of the word indirect-nominative- Value type, reflecting the non-autonomy of naming by the nature of the correlation with reality. Corresponds with the designated indirectly, when jointly implemented with a reference value for it: Water is the possibility of preserving life on Earth ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

Books

Kotovasia in adverbs. Lexical meaning of words. Lotto with verification, Barchan Tatiana. The classic is always right. In order to feel something, it is better to pass it through yourself, whether it be a pound of salt or a seven-verst road... We decided that we would get to know each other, feel and remember...

The French writer and journalist Alfred Capu owns the following aphorism:

"The word is like a bag: it takes the form of what is put into it."

These words will help us answer the question, what is the lexical meaning of a word?

The image of the bag, although quite mundane, reminds us that not every word has a single meaning, so the bag can be very heavy, because:

words are both single-valued and polysemantic;
they can be used either literally or figuratively, depending entirely on the context in which they are used.

And yet we simply may not know what the word means, and mistakenly ascribe to it a completely different meaning. Therefore, we need to look into explanatory dictionaries more often so that our oral and written speech is accurate, as clear as possible and not full of errors.

Word to science!

In the textbook of the Russian language we read:

The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the sound complex of a linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality fixed in the minds of speakers.

Not very clear? Then we use the following definition:

Lexical meaning- this is the content of the word, which allows you to get an idea about various phenomena, processes, properties, objects, and so on.

What is the lexical meaning of the word?

The main part of the words performs the so-called nominative function, that is, names objects, as well as their various properties, actions performed, processes, phenomena. These words are characterized as meaningful and independent.

Performing a nominative function, each word can acquire either direct or figurative.

direct- implies a direct connection of the word with a very specific phenomenon of real life, which it denotes. For example, to build means to erect buildings (literally), but the same word would mean mental intention (to make plans) if used in a figurative sense.

Figurative meaning is considered secondary, since in the process of its appearance the name and properties of one phenomenon are transferred to another. The figurative meaning is based on associative links: common features, similarities, functions, and so on.

One more example.

Swamp
direct - hot place.
portable - stagnant processes in society, stagnant time.

Lexical compatibility

Another important concept worth mentioning when it comes to lexical meaning is compatibility. Not every word can be attached to another. In addition, there are words that can be called "non-free", strongly associated with others and not used without these words.

Among the latter are syntactically or constructively and phraseologically related.

Syntactically conditional- a kind of figurative meaning that appears in a certain context. In this case, the word begins to perform functions that are not characteristic of it.

For example:

Oh, you stupid oak!

Already done? Well, you're a hammer!

Phraseological connection can be found only in stable expressions and phrases. For example, the adjective "brown", meaning "color", is combined exclusively with the word "hair", and bosom can only be friend.

Deprived words

However, there is a group of words that have no lexical meaning. This is

interjections;
particles;
unions;
prepositions.

Train!

In order to constantly replenish your vocabulary and know exactly what certain words mean, you can instill in yourself the habit of analyzing words according to the following algorithm:

1. Find out the lexical meaning of the word that it has in the context of the sentence and write it down.

2. Determine how many meanings this word has: many or one.

3. Establish what meaning: direct or figurative, - has the analyzed word.4. Choose synonyms.

5. Choose an antonym.

6. Determine the origin of the word.

7. Establish how widely it is used (common / limited in use, for example, professionalism).

8. Determine if the word is obsolete.

9. Find out if this word is included in set expressions and phraseological units.

Lexical meaning and spelling

In conclusion, we note that often only knowledge of the lexical meaning and the context in which it is used prevent errors from appearing.

Classic example:

It was comfortable to sit in the easy chair.

He started going gray early.

The same can be said about the spelling of roots -equal- and -even-, -poppy- and -mok-. In order to avoid mistakes when writing them, you need to know the meaning of the words in which they are written.

-equal- = same, equal // -even- = smooth, even
-mak- = to lower into liquid // -mok- = to pass moisture

Be careful with the word and fill each vocabulary bag with the right content!

Introduction

Language as a communicative system provides the transfer of information of various kinds. This includes information about objects, phenomena, states of affairs in external reality, and information about subjective acts of cognitive (cognitive) activity and personal experiences of the speaker, and information of a service nature regarding the methods used to construct coherent speech and the behavioral features of the language units used in it and their options. Thus, our speech is not a mechanical set of words. But to be understandable, one must not only choose the right words, but also put them in the appropriate grammatical form, skillfully combine and arrange the forms of words in a sentence.

The meaning of a word is determined not only by its correspondence to the concept that is expressed with the help of this word (for example: movement, development, language, society, law, etc.); it depends on the properties of that part of speech, that grammatical category to which the word belongs, on the socially conscious and settled contexts of its use.

Therefore, the word is studied in different sections of linguistics, as it has sound design, meaning, grammatical characteristics, that is, it combines the features of different aspects of the language.

The word is a two-sided unity: it combines form (a certain sound or letter complex) and meaning. A sound or letter sequence becomes a word only when it acquires a meaning. Distinguish between lexical and grammatical meaning.

They will be considered in this work.

Lexical meaning

The lexical commonality of words lies, as a rule, in the root morpheme - the carrier of the conceptual idea. The lexical meaning, therefore, is the semantic side of the word and is devoid of a standard (regular) expression. According to the classical definition of V.V. Vinogradov, the lexical meaning of a word is “a subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language”

Nevertheless, the term "lexical" or, as they have recently begun to say, "the semantic meaning of a word" cannot be considered quite definite. The lexical meaning of a word is usually understood as its subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous, unified, but it can represent an internally connected system of multidirectional reflections of different "pieces of reality", between which a semantic connection is established in the system of a given language. The differentiation and unification of these heterogeneous subject-semantic relations in the structure of the word is associated with very great difficulties. These difficulties make themselves felt in the incessant confusion of meanings and uses of the word, typical for explanatory dictionaries, in the vagueness of the boundaries between the meanings and shades of the meanings of the word, in constant disagreements or contradictions on the question of the number of meanings of the word and the correctness of their definition.

The lack of clarity in the definition of the term "lexical meaning of a word" has a very hard effect on the practice of vocabulary. In every explanatory dictionary, hundreds, if not thousands, of living meanings of words are omitted and many non-existent meanings are invented.

In the semantic structure of the word, as in other aspects of the language, there are elements of the new, elements of the living, developing, and elements of the old, elements of the dying, receding into the past.

Observations on the ways of combining different meanings in a word, as well as on the patterns of word usage, lead to the conclusion that not all meanings of words are homogeneous or of the same type, that there are qualitative differences in the structure of different types of lexical meanings. It is well known that a word refers to reality, reflects it and expresses its meanings not in isolation, not in isolation from the lexical-semantic system of a given particular language, but in inseparable connection with it, as its constituent element.

In the system of meanings expressed by the vocabulary of the language, it is easiest to single out direct, nominative meanings, as if directly aimed at "objects", phenomena, actions and qualities of reality (including the inner life of a person) and reflecting their public understanding. The nominative meaning of the word is the support and socially conscious foundation of all its other meanings and applications.

The basic nominative meanings of words, especially those that belong to the main vocabulary fund, are very stable. These meanings can be called free, although their freedom is conditioned socio-historically and subject-logically. The functioning of these meanings of words is usually not limited and not bound by the narrow framework of close phraseological combinations. Basically, the circle of use of the nominative meaning of the word, the circle of its connections corresponds to the connections and relations of the objects themselves, processes and phenomena of the real world, for example: drink water, kvass, wine, tea, cider, grape juice, etc.; stone house, basement, foundation, floor, barn, etc.; squint, squint one's eyes; syllabic verse, versification.

lexical grammatical word meaning

A word can have several free meanings, which directly reflect various objects and phenomena of reality (cf. hat - "headdress" and "headline in large print, common to several articles").

However, in relation to the main nominative meaning, all other meanings of this kind in the word are derivatives. This derivation of secondary nominative meanings must not be confused with metaphor and figurativeness. To the extent that these meanings are not separated from the main one, they are understood in relation to it and can be called nominative-derived meanings. Often they are narrower, closer, more specialized than the main nominative meaning of the word.

In the language system, the nominative-derived meaning of a word (as well as the terminological, scientific) cannot be divorced from the basic free one. Therefore, the assertion that a word in its basic meaning can be included in the main vocabulary fund, and in a "portable or special" one can be outside it, is erroneous.

Two or more free nominative meanings can be combined in one word only if one or two of them are derived from the main one (at least they are understood as such in a given period of language development). If there is no such connection between the meanings, then we are already dealing with two homonyms. An analysis of the morphological structure of the word is also very helpful in resolving this issue.

In addition to the possibility of combining different nominative meanings in one word, it is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that free nominative meanings, with the exception of terminological, scientifically prepared meanings, can be the supporting or starting points of synonymic rows.

Many words belonging both to the main vocabulary fund and to the rest of the vocabulary of the language have stylistic synonyms in different layers or layers of vocabulary. A significant part of these synonyms is devoid of a direct, free nominative meaning. Such synonyms express their main meaning not directly, but through that semantically basic or supporting word, which is the base of the corresponding synonymic series and whose nominative meaning is directly directed to reality.

It goes without saying that on the basis of the expressive-synonymous meaning, other, but only phraseologically related meanings and uses of the word can develop. In the history of vocabulary, we can observe the very process of creating this kind of synonymous series.

However, the semantic structure and function of different types of synonyms are heterogeneous; the nature of the correlation of their meanings with the nominative meanings of the reference or initial words of the synonymic series is not the same. Depending on the degree of differentiation of its own meaning, on its subject-semantic and expressive-stylistic shades, an expressive synonym can also express a free nominative meaning that is not conveyed by other words of the same synonymic series, although it is correlative with them.

Thus, the peculiarities of the expressive-synonymous meanings of many words are determined by the nature and types of their relationships with the nominative meanings of the basic, original words of the corresponding synonymous series. Meanwhile, the phraseologically related meanings of words cannot serve as a basis at all, the basis of a synonymic series, although they allow synonymous "substitutes".

In the language of fiction, the correlative and homogeneous meanings of close synonyms can be individually opposed to one another, as designations for different objects, although belonging to the same species or genus, but qualitatively different.

Nevertheless, it is impossible to give a single now generally accepted definition of the lexical meaning of a word, since this issue has not yet been resolved due to its complexity and the huge variety of approaches to the problem. So, according to M.V. Nikitin, two parts are distinguished in the total content of the lexical meaning of a word: the content core of the lexical meaning (its intensive) and the periphery of the semantic features surrounding this core (the implication). In other definitions, lexical meaning appears as a combination of the conceptual core and additional shades. V.N. Telia considers the intension to be the conceptual essence of the word, thereby connecting it not with the subject-logical, but with the conceptual side of the meaning, referring the denotation to the area of the extension.