intonation-prosodic unit that forms the completeness of the phrase and the expression of its communicative type. Sometimes the term "intonation center" is used in this sense. In most languages, it is realized in the zone of the last stressed syllable of the phrase; It is made out of various types by combinations of intonational means - melody, intensity, duration. In neutral pronunciation, the F. zone at. is not perceived as especially highlighted, marked, therefore F. y. sometimes referred to as neutral or automated (“Today is good weather”, “The east is burning like a new dawn”). Initially F. at. called logical (i.e., semantic), but such an idea of ​​F. at. did not allow to distinguish between neutral utterance and utterance with deliberate emphasis: “Please give me a coat” and “Please give me a coat” (not a hat). In Soviet linguistics, the term "logical stress" is usually assigned to the underlined emphasis of a word in a phrase. The following types of logical stress are distinguished: contrastive and emphatic. An example of a contrastive stress: “I don’t have these problems” (but others do), “Masha will arrive today” (and not someone else). Emphatic stress conveys the attitude of the speaker to the reported: "I really liked your daughter." Sometimes only the presence or absence of such an accent helps to evaluate the meaning of the phrase, cf.: "We send teachers there every month" and "We send teachers there every month" (of course, often).

When analyzing the content side of the statement F. y. often associated with the expression of any meaningful categories: certainty/uncertainty, novelty, actual articulation, importance. However, F.'s attachment at. makes it insufficient to express these categories, therefore, for example, in the Slavic languages ​​F. u. correlates with neutral word order, in which new, indefinite names are placed towards the end of the utterance, cf.: “A woman told me an extraordinary story” → “A woman told me an extraordinary story” (object ambiguity remains) → “A woman told me an extraordinary story (subject becomes defined).

A special kind of stress is presented in phrases like “Hush, Grandma is sleeping!”, “Daddy is here!”, “Chaplin is dead!” Such accents can be called accents of “extraordinary introduction to the situation” and such phrases can be considered a communicative inversion of neutral phrases with F. at.

Logical stress helps to distinguish between the diverse semantic shades of the message, for example: John amused Mary ‘John ​​entertained Mary’ (a one-time event), John amused Mary (effectively and repeatedly); "Bill's actions bored him" ("he" = "Bill"), "Bill's actions bored him" ("he" ≠ "Bill"). It is debatable whether the logical stress is imposed on F. at. (then, in the case of a non-finite position, there is a shift of F. at.), or they exist independently. In the latter case, it remains unresolved how many logical stresses can be in one phrase and how (quantitatively and qualitatively) F. at. is expressed in this case. The ratio of phrasal and syntagmatic stresses remains unclear, mainly the question is about their quantitative expression.

In the English tradition, the term “phrase” (phrase) does not correspond to the Russian term “phrase” (in the meaning of “statement”), but rather to the Russian full-valued phonetic word or phrase, therefore, terminological misunderstandings are possible: for the phrase “Today I have no rest” in the English tradition we can talk about three F. at. (in the words "today", "no", "peace"), in Russian - about one F. u. on the word "peace" in a neutral pronunciation.

Ugh. is known to almost all languages, but its expression differs not only depending on the communicative type of utterance, but also from language to language. The degree of expression of phrasal prosody also differs: in those languages ​​and constructions where it is more pronounced, verbal prosody is more subordinate to phrasal prosody, and phrasal intonation is more grammaticalized.

Shcherba L. V., Phonetics of the French language, M., 1963; Bryzgunova E. A., Sounds and intonations of Russian speech, M., 1969; Torsueva I. G., Intonation and meaning of the statement, M., 1979; Svetozarova N. D., Intonation system of the Russian language, L., 1982; Nikolaeva T. M., Semantics of emphasis, M., 1982; Schmerling S. F., Aspects of English sentence stress, Austin, 1976.

Stress in English, as well as in Russian, is an important means of combining a sequence of words into a single whole and highlighting one syllable of a speech flow against the background of others.

In linguistics, verbal, syntagmatic (bar) and phrasal stress are clearly distinguished. A special type of stress is logical, the purpose of which is the semantic underlining of the most important word in a given speech situation in a sentence. There is also emphatic stress, which is used to clarify any information.

In Russian English, word stress and phrasal stress are usually distinguished.

Word stress is a means of phonetically combining a word into a single whole. This unifying function of word stress is carried out by highlighting one of the syllables in the word (stressed), which "subordinates" the rest (unstressed).

Stress is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon. There are many approaches (including domestic, British, American) both in terms of identifying its typology and in terms of identifying its many functions. According to D. Jones, stress can be described as the effort with which the speaker pronounces a sound or syllable.

The English phoneticians Crystal and Gimson are unanimous in their opinion that in an English word stress or accent is a complex phenomenon characterized by changes in intensity, pitch, quality and quantity of sound. The dynamic and tonic characteristics of stress in an English word prevail over all the others.

With the fact that stress can be expressed by any of the main acoustic parameters or by any set of these parameters, almost all researchers of the sound system agreed and agree. For example: “Stress can be defined as a vertex-forming emphasis, implemented in different ways: with the help of expiratory amplification, with the help of a rise in tone, with the help of lengthening, with the help of careful and energetic articulation of one or another vowel” (Trubetskoy); “... stress can be expressed both by raising the voice and strengthening it” (Yakobson); stress is the emphasis on one syllable within a word compared to its other syllables. The most important means of such selection are intensity, exhalation, pitch and duration” (Semeren’i).

In linguistics, there are two ways to categorize the status of stress: phonological and phonetic. In the first approach, stress is usually interpreted as the selection of one of the syllables of a word, perceived by ear. A phonetic approach to stress can be called such, when stress is also understood as highlighting one of the syllables of a word, but at the same time it is associated with specific acoustic parameters.

Differences in the degree of stress, the sequence of distribution of the main and secondary stress, a different number of stresses in a word create accent types of words, and the distribution of stresses over the syllables of a word form the accent structures of words. In other words, verbal stress, highlighting one or another syllable of a word, is realized in the accent structure of the word and is directly related to the variability of its characteristics in the speech stream.

Under stress it is customary to understand the emphasis of a syllable. Phrasal stress, with rare exceptions, highlights the same syllable in a word as verbal stress. Thus, verbal and phrasal stress are closely related to each other.

Phrasal stress refers to the accentuation of words in an utterance. It organizes the statement, serves as the basis for the rhythmic structure of the phrase, highlights the semantic center of the sentence.

When studying linguistic intonational units, phrasal stress is divided into two types: centralized and decentralized. Such a division is associated with the allocation of two types of semantic center: consisting of one or more individually selected words and represented by the entire phrase as a whole. A semantic center is a word or words on which the speaker wants to focus the listener's attention. There is a difference between decentralized and centralized stress, which lies in the fact that in a phrase with decentralized stress, the semantic connection between words is closer. Therefore, the whole phrase is perceived as a single semantic center. With decentralized stress, words receive individual emphasis, and therefore the connection between them is less close.

Traditionally, it is customary to distinguish three degrees of phrasal stress: main, secondary and weak. For the purposes of this study, it is proposed to adopt a four-degree gradation of stress: stress of the first, second, third and fourth degree. Each subsequent type of stress is a step in the weakening of emphasis. For example:

The "Russian team" took part in the "winter O? lympics.

The words Russian, took and winter carry the stress of the first degree. The words team and part carry the stress of the second degree, which is somewhat weakened compared to the stress of the first degree and is characterized by approximately the same tonal level as the previous words bearing the stress of the first degree. Words with third-degree stress, in this case the word Olympics, are usually characterized by a low tonal level. The concept of stress of the fourth degree is synonymous with unstressedness.

The placement of stress in a sentence is determined primarily by semantic-syntactic factors. Highlighting a certain syllable of a word, phrasal stress highlights the entire word as an integral unit. But not every word in a sentence is stressed.

Phrasal stress, which can vary in strength, is determined, firstly, by the task of expressing a certain content of the entire sentence: the semantic weight of words, i.e. their semantic relationships, as well as emotional and stylistic moments. Secondly, phrasal stress is to a certain extent determined by the grammatical structure of the sentence, which, in turn, depends to a certain extent on the task of expressing this content. Thirdly, phrasal stress is to some extent determined by the rhythmic organization of the sentence, the rhythmic speech skills of native speakers of a given language. The semantic, grammatical and rhythmic factors of phrasal stress are closely related to each other and are all important for determining the place and degree of phrasal stress, however, the semantic factor is leading in English.

The general rule is: the more important the word, the stronger its stress. Phrasal stress is usually given to the most important in content, the so-called significant words - nouns, adjectives, numerals, semantic verbs, adverbs, interrogative and demonstrative pronouns

So, in an English sentence, the following parts of speech are stressed:

Nouns The `table is in the `room.

Adjectives: The picture is beautiful.

Numerals: Tom is e'leven.

Adverbs: Helen speaks English well.

Semantic verbs: I `want to `go to the river today.

Interrogative pronouns (what, where, when, why): ` What do you know about it? ` When will he come home? Why do you look sad?

Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those at the beginning of a sentence: ` This is a book and that is a note book. `These books are on the desk and `those ones are on the shelf .

The stress usually does not fall on function words - auxiliary verbs, linking verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, personal and reflexive pronouns, articles. All unstressed words are pronounced together with the stressed word with which they are connected in meaning. Vowels or syllables that fall into an unstressed position in a sentence are pronounced as neutral vowels or drop out completely.

It should also be noted that the verb is followed by an adverb, and both words together form almost a new verb. So in the phrases go away, give up, put down, leave out, turn round, come on, etc., usually both words are stressed.

So, unstressed in the English sentence:

Auxiliary verbs: Whatdo did you do in the evening?

Modal verbs: Hecan speak English very well.

Verb to be: Thisis a large house.

Prepositions: We goto the country in summer.

Particles: We wantto see the new film.

Unions: I like this picturebut my brother likes that photo.

Articles: I have a beautiful toy.The toy is in the box.

Personal and possessive pronouns: She is at home, andhe is in the garden. Giveme your textbook, please.

Auxiliary and modal verbs, as well as the verb to be, are stressed in the following cases:

At the beginning of a general question: ` Is it big? `Do you like it? `Can you do it?

In short answers to a general question: ` Is it dark here?-Yes, it`s. Do you like it?-Yes, I do. Can you do it?-Yes, I can.

In short negative forms: It `isn "t on the table. I `don" t like it. I can't tell you about it.

At the end of a sentence or syntagma after unstressed words: I don't know where he's.

But if an unstressed word at the end of a sentence or semantic group is preceded by a stressed word, then the unstressed word loses the stress: I don't know where `Nickis. I don't think `Kellycan .

Note:

In full negative forms, only the particle is stressed, the verb is unstressed: It is `not on the `table. I don't like it. He can`t`do it.

In a Russian sentence, words are not distinguished so sharply by phrasal stress and it falls on almost every word; Russian speech, in comparison with English, gives the impression of a smoother one. Of course, in Russian speech there are words that are not emphasized, but there are not so many of them.

Compare:

``I `began to tell her about `this incident, but `she `did not understand anything. I be`gan `telling her about the `incident, but she `didn't under`stand `anything .

In English, there is an alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, which creates a certain rhythm of English speech. With a large number of polysyllabic words in Russian speech and with free stress, the rhythm of the Russian sentence is not as clear as in English speech. If you pronounce English sentences, placing stresses according to the laws of the Russian language, then such English speech will sound like reading by syllables. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to know the features of phrasal stress in English speech.

Along with phrasal stress in English speech, there is also logical stress, which is an intonational emphasis, usually one word, expressing the most basic, main thing in the message. For listeners, this is usually some new information that they previously did not know. Any words, both significant and auxiliary, can be under logical stress.

phrases; It is made out of various types by combinations of intonation means -, intensity, duration. In neutral pronunciation, the F. zone at. is not perceived as especially highlighted, marked, therefore F. y. sometimes referred to as neutral or automated (“Today is good weather”, “The east is burning like a new dawn”). Initially F. at. called logical(i.e., semantic), however, such an idea of ​​F. at. did not allow to distinguish between neutral utterance and utterance with deliberate emphasis: “Please give me a coat” and “Please give me coat” (not a hat). In "logical stress" is usually assigned to the underlined selection in the phrase. The following types of logical stress are distinguished: contrastive and. An example of a contrastive stress: "U me these problems do not exist" (and others do), "Today will arrive Masha(and not someone else). Emphatic stress conveys the attitude of the speaker to the message: “I very liked your daughter. Sometimes only the presence or absence of such an accent helps to assess the meaning of the phrase, cf.: “We send teachers there every month” and “We monthly we send teachers there” (it is clear that often).

When analyzing the content side of F. at. often associated with the expression of any meaningful categories: novelty, importance. However, F.'s attachment at. makes it insufficient to express these categories, therefore, for example, in F. at. correlates with neutral, in which new, indefinite names are located at the end of the statement, cf.: “One woman told me an extraordinary story” → “One woman told me an extraordinary story” (object uncertainty remains) → “A woman told me an extraordinary story” ( the subject becomes defined).

A special kind of stress is presented in phrases like “Hush, grandmother sleeping!”, “ Dad come!”, “ Chaplin died!”, where emphasis does not mean either contrast or emphasis on this particular word, but refers to the entire statement as a whole. Such accents can be called accents of “extraordinary introduction to the situation” and such phrases can be considered as a communicative inversion of neutral phrases with F. at.

Logical stress helps to distinguish between the diverse semantic shades of the message, for example: John amused Mary ‘John ​​entertained Mary’ (one-time event), John amused Mary (effectively and repeatedly); Bill's Actions fed up him” (“he” = “Bill”), “Bill’s actions bored him” (“he” ≠ “Bill”). It is debatable whether the logical stress is imposed on F. at. (then, in the case of a non-finite position, there is a shift of F. at.), or they exist independently. In the latter case, it remains unresolved how many logical stresses can be in one phrase and how (quantitatively and qualitatively) the F. at. is expressed in this case. The ratio of phrasal and stress remains unclear, mainly the question is about their quantitative expression.

In the tradition, the term “phrase” (phrase) does not correspond to the term “phrase” (in the meaning of “statement”), but rather to the Russian full-valued phonetic word or, therefore, terminological misunderstandings are possible: for the phrase “Today I have no peace” in the English tradition, one can talk about three F. at. (in the words "today", "no", "peace"), in Russian - about one F. u. on the word "peace" in a neutral pronunciation.

Ugh. is known to almost all languages, but its expression differs not only depending on the communicative type of utterance, but also from language to language. The degree of expression of phrasal prosody also differs: in those languages ​​and constructions where it is more pronounced, verbal prosody is more subordinate to phrasal prosody, and phrasal intonation is more grammaticalized.

• Shcherba L. V., Phonetics of the French language, M., 1963;
• Bryzgunova E. A., Sounds and intonations of Russian speech, M., 1969;
• Torsueva I. G., Intonation and meaning of the statement, M., 1979;
• Svetozarova N. D., Intonation system of the Russian language, L., 1982;
• Nikolaev T. M., Semantics of emphasis, M., 1982;
• Schmerling S. F., Aspects of English sentence stress, Austin, 1976.

T. M. Nikolaeva.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .

See what "Phrase stress" is in other dictionaries:

phrasal stress- (phrasal) stress, see phrasal stress (stress in the article) ...

phrasal stress- Means of actual division of the sentence. With the help of phrasal stress and other means (word order, syntagmatic articulation), one of the components of the sentence is semantic emphasized and between the parts ... ...

ACCENT- STRESS, stress, cf. 1. Highlighting (a syllable in a word, a word in a sentence) with the power of the voice or an increase in tone. The stress falls on something (such and such a sound, syllable, etc.). Syllable, sound under stress, without stress. expiratory stress. Musical … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

stress- (accent) (background.) Highlighting a sound, syllable and word by increasing muscle tension and pressure of the air stream or changing the pitch of the voice (voice tone). According to the object of emphasis, the stress is: 1) syllabic; 2) verbal; 3) phrasal. Acoustically... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

phrasal, syntagmic, logical stress- 1) syntagmic stress - highlighting one of the words in the phonetic syntagma; 2) phrasal stress - highlighting one of the syntagmas in a phrase; 3) logical stress - highlighting a word in a syntagma with a stronger stress to emphasize it ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

stress— This article is about the linguistic term. For the typographic mark, see the accent mark. Stress is the selection by any acoustic means of one of the components of speech: a syllable as part of a phonetic word verbal stress ... Wikipedia

- (accent) the allocation in speech of a particular unit in a sequence of homogeneous units using phonetic means. The stress is a fact of the suprasegmental phonological level (see Phonology); depending on which segment unit ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

stress, accent- ACCENT or ACCENT (lat.) the selection of individual elements in the stream of speech sounds, carried out either by increasing muscle tension and the pressure of the exhaled air stream (U. expiratory, also called power, tonic or dynamic) ... Literary Encyclopedia

stress- Isolation of one of the syllables in the composition of a word (or a word in the speech tact of a syntagma, or a syntagma in a phrase) by various phonetic means (intensifying the voice, raising the tone in combination with an increase in duration, intensity, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Stress (accent)- - selection in speech of one of the units in the sequence of homogeneous units using phonetic means. Depending on which unit the stress is functionally related to (syllable, word, phrase, etc.), there are verbal, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media

Intonation

2. PHRASE AND LOGICAL STRESS.

An integral syntactic intonation-semantic rhythmic unit is called a syntagma or phrase. Syntagma can be one word or a group of words, for example: Autumn. All our poor garden is crumbling. From pause to pause, the words are pronounced together. This unity is dictated by the meaning, the content of the sentence. The group of words representing the syntagma has an accent on one of the words, mostly on the last one. From the end of August / the air begins to get colder (K. Ushinsky). Every day I becomes more and more golden leaves (K. Ushinsky). One of the words in the group stands out: phrasal stress falls on it: August, get colder, during the day, more, leaves. In practice, this is achieved by slightly amplifying or raising the voice, slowing down the tempo of pronouncing the word, and pausing after it.

It is necessary to distinguish logical stress from phrasal stress. (True, sometimes these types of stress coincide: the same word carries both phrasal and logical stress.) Words that are important in thought in a sentence stand out, they are brought to the fore by the tone of voice and the force of exhalation, subordinating other words. This "promotion by the tone of voice and the power of exhalation of the word to the fore in a semantic sense is called logical stress" . In a simple sentence, as a rule, there is one logical stress, for example: From the end of August, the air starts to get colder.

But often there are sentences with two or more logical stresses. For example: Dales, hills, fields flashed.

Here homogeneous members: valleys, hills, fields - logically stand out, become shock.

Logical stress is very important in oral speech. Calling it a trump card for the expressiveness of oral speech, K. S. Stanislavsky said: “Stress is the index finger, marking the most important word in a phrase or in a measure! In the highlighted word, the soul, the inner essence, the main points of the subtext are hidden! . Stanislavsky attached great importance to logical stress in artistic (stage) speech: “Stress is loving or malicious, respectful or contemptuous, open or cunning, ambiguous, sarcastic emphasis on a stressed syllable or word. This is his presentation, as if on a tray.

If the logical stress is incorrect, then the meaning of the whole phrase may also be incorrect. Let's see how the content of the statement changes from a change in the place of the logical stress in the sentence. We put the stress in turn on each word of the sentence:

You will you be at the theater today? (and not anyone else?)

You today you will in the theatre? (Will you come or not?)

You today will you be in the theatre? (and not tomorrow, not the day after tomorrow?)

You will be in today theater? (and not at work, not at home?)

The correct setting of logical stress is determined by the meaning of the entire work or its part (piece). The last phrase of Krylov's fable "The Pig under the Oak" sounds like this: Whenever up I could raise your snout, I would like you it is seen was, I that these acorns I on the to me growing... Of all the underlined stresses, the combination on me is the strongest. Such a logical separation is due to the content of the fable: the pig harmed the tree, the fruits of which she ate.

In each sentence, you need to find the word on which the logical stress falls. The practice of reading and speech has developed a number of guidelines on how to place logical stresses. These rules are set out, for example, in the famous book by Vsevolod Aksenov "The Art of the Artistic Word". With few exceptions, these rules help in reading the prepared text. Here are some of them:

1. Logical stress, as a rule, is placed on nouns and sometimes on verbs in cases where the verb is the main logical word and usually comes at the end of a phrase or when the noun is replaced by a pronoun. For example: Gathered in the hall spectators. The table was covered

2. Logical stress cannot be placed on adjectives and pronouns. For example: It's cold today day. Thanks to you. You Sorry me.

3. When comparing, the setting of a logical stress does not obey this rule. For example: I don't like blue Colour, but zeleny. to me like it and not for you.

4. When combining two nouns, the stress always falls on the noun, taken in the genitive case and answering the questions whose? whom? what? For example: This is an order commander.(When rearranging words the same way: This commander order).

5. The repetition of words, when each subsequent one reinforces the meaning and meaning of the previous one, requires a logical stress on each word with increasing amplification. For example: But what is in me now boils, worries,infuriates.

6. Enumerations in all cases (as well as the account) require an independent stress on each word. For example me got up, washed up, got dressed and drank tea. Appeared in the clearing tank, behind him second, the third, fourth...

7. When combining author's (or narrative) words with direct speech (when the text contains the own words of one of the characters), the logical stress is preserved on the main word of one's own speech. For example: - yes well, in my opinion, - Fyodor gritted through his teeth. It is impossible to mechanically apply these or other rules for setting logical stresses. You should always take into account the content of the entire work, its leading idea, the whole context, as well as the tasks that the reader sets himself when reading the work in this audience. It is also not recommended to "abuse" logical stresses. Speech overloaded with stresses loses its meaning. Sometimes this overload is the result of the separation of words during pronunciation. “Separation is the first step towards emphasizing ... - the first step towards extending the stress to that which does not require stress; it is the beginning of that unbearable speech, where every word becomes "significant", where there is no more important, because everything is important, where everything matters, and therefore nothing means anything anymore. Such speech is unbearable, it is worse than obscure, because you cannot hear obscure or you can not listen, but this speech forces itself to listen, and at the same time it is impossible to understand, because when the stress does not help the clear disclosure of thought, it distorts and destroys it. ) .

One must learn not only to place stresses, but also to remove them or weaken them, obscuring the rest of the phrase - this obscuration should not mean a hasty and unclear pronunciation of the entire phrase. “Fussiness makes speech difficult. It makes it easier: her calmness and endurance. Removing stress from other words already highlights the stressed word. For example: Passed a whole a week,I before mother collected them on the road.11 Chuk and Gek I did not waste time too. 11 Chuk made himself dagger I from a kitchen knife, I and Huck found himself a smooth stick, I hammered a nail into it, I and it turned out peak... 11 Finally all the cases were finished. (A. Gaidar.) Strong stress on the word finished weakens the stress on the words on the road, too, dagger, pike, and with some words: stick, nail - removes the stress following the rules. Context suggests emphasizing some words and shading others.

American English

Within a semantic group (syntagma), not all words are pronounced the same; significant words that have an independent lexical meaning are highlighted in it with phrasal stress ...

Intonation and its components

Among the components of intonation, stress occupies a special place. It, like intonation itself, belongs to the supersegmental elements of the language. When they talk about stress, they usually mean verbal stress (i.e. ...

Intonation and its components

Logical stress is the selection of the most significant word from the point of view of a given situation with the help of intonational means. Any word in a phrase can be highlighted with logical stress. Phrase Student carefully reads ...

Intonation and its components

To characterize the emotional expressiveness of the word, Shcherba introduced the term "emphatic stress". This stress "puts forward" and enhances the emotional side of the word or expresses the affective state of the speaker in connection with this or that word ...

Intonation as a stylistic means of expression

Melody and especially the second important component of intonation - loudness (intensity) are used to emphasize some parts of the statement, called phrasal stress ...

The main ways of expressing grammatical meanings in English

Stress is not the most typical way of expressing grammatical meaning, because in English the stresses are fixed and unmoving. There are several pairs of words that can be attributed to this method. Worth noticing...

Depending on the composition of which language unit this or that part stands out, there are verbal and phrasal stresses ...

Comparison of word stress in German and Russian

Depending on what phonetic means verbal stress is carried out, power, quantitative and musical stress are distinguished. V.N. Nemchenko in his textbook gives the following definitions of the types of stress: By power stress ...

Comparison of word stress in German and Russian

Comparison of word stress in German and Russian

In some words in speech, along with the main stress, an additional stress may occur. Such an accent is called side. This stress is usually found in polysyllabic words. For example, aircraft construction, flax spinning ...

Comparison of word stress in German and Russian

Comparison of word stress in German and Russian

In complex proper names and geographical names, the place of stress can be different. In some words it falls on the first component of the compound, in others on the second: Tempelhof, Scharlottenburg, Elberfeldt, Saarbrucken, Schonefeld, Heilbronn...

Ways of expressing grammatical meanings

To express grammatical meanings, only stress can be used, which can change: monotonic mobile stress; polytonic (musical) stress. Mobile stress is used, for example ....

Ways of expressing grammatical meanings in morphology

Stress, like meaningful alternation, is a way of expressing the grammatical meaning of a word by phonetic means. Dynamic monotonic stress can become a grammatical way...

Theory of translation from English

The sentences in the paragraph are ways of developing the thought in the paragraph. They are closely related to the Key Sentence (fragment)...