Lyrics and its genres. Silence

Lyrics are characterized by subjectivism, self-disclosure of the author, a sincere representation of his inner world, his impulses and desires.

The main character of a lyrical work - the bearer of experience - is usually called a lyrical hero.

Most lyrical works are written in verse, although lyrics can also be prose. Lyrics are more characteristic of small forms.

Usually the following lyric types are distinguished:

- hymn,

- Oh yeah,

- a message

- epitaph,

- sonnet

- lyric poem

- elegy

- an epigram

- song,

- romance

- madrigal.

Hymn

A hymn (from the Greek ὕμνος - praise) is a solemn, glorifying song in honor of the gods, winners, heroes, important events. Initially, the elements of the anthem were: epiclesis (sacred name), request, aretalogia (epic part).

One of the most famous hymns is "Gaudeamus" (lat. gaudeamus - rejoice) - a student anthem.

"So let's have some fun.

While we are young!

After a happy youth

After a bitter old age

The earth will take us...

Long live the Academy!

Long live professors!

Long live all its members!

Long live every member!

May they prosper forever!”

(From the hymn "Gaudeamus", translated by S.I. Sobolevsky)

Oh yeah

Ode is a poetic, as well as musical and poetic work, which is characterized by the solemnity of style and sublimity of content. The ode is also spoken of as glorification in verse.

The odes of Horace, M. Lomonosov, A. Pushkin, etc. are widely known.

"Self-ruling Villain!

I hate you, your throne

Your death, the death of children

With cruel joy I see ... "

(From the ode to "Liberty", A. Pushkin)

Message

A message is a poetic letter addressed to a person or group of people. According to the content of the message, there are: friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc.

"You, who loved me falsely

Truth - and the truth of lies,

Nowhere! - Outside!

You who loved me longer

Time. - Hands swing! -

You don't love me anymore

Truth in five words.

(M. Tsvetaeva)

Epitaph

Epitaph (from the Greek epitaphios - “tombstone”) - a saying composed in case of someone's death and used as a tombstone inscription. Usually the epitaph is presented in poetic form.

“Lay a crown of laurels and roses here:

Under the sim stone is hidden the favorite of the Muses and Graces,

Felice is a glorious singer,

Derzhavin, our Pindar, Anacreon, Horace.

(A. E. Izmailov, “Epitaph to G. R. Derzhavin”)”

Sonnet

A sonnet is a poetic work that has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The Italian sonnet consists of 14 verses (lines): 2 quatrains-quatrains (for 2 rhymes) and 2 three-line tercetes. English - from 3 quatrains and the final couplet.

As a rule, the content of the sonnet exactly corresponds to the distribution of thoughts: in the first quatrain - the thesis, in the second - the antithesis, in two tertiary lines - the conclusion.

A wreath of sonnets is fifteen sonnets, which are interconnected in a special order. Moreover, the last sonnet of the wreath consists of the first lines of all the sonnets.

“I sigh, as if rustling leaves

Sad wind, tears flow like hail,

When I look at you with a sad look,

Because of which I am a stranger in the world.

Your smile seeing the good light,

I do not yearn for other delights,

And life no longer seems like hell to me,

When I admire your beauty.

But the blood runs cold as soon as you leave,

When, leave your beams,

I don't see a fatal smile.

And, opening the chest with love keys,

The soul is freed from the whip,

To follow you, my life."

(“On the Life of the Madonna Laura (XVII)”, F. Petrarch)

lyric poem

A lyrical poem is a small poetic work written on behalf of the author or a fictional lyrical hero. The lyrical poem describes the inner world, feelings, emotions of the author or the hero of the work.

"A golden cloud spent the night

On the chest of a giant cliff;

She left early in the morning,

Playing merrily across the azure;

But there was a wet mark in the wrinkle

Old cliff. Alone

He stands deep in thought

And he weeps softly in the desert.

("Rock", M. Lermontov)

Elegy

An elegy is a poetic work dedicated to sad thoughts, imbued with sadness. The content of elegies is usually philosophical reflections, sad reflections, grief, disappointment, doom, etc.

“Hello, my mountain with a reddish shining height,

Hail, sun, whose light gently illuminated her!

I greet you, fields, you, rustling linden,

And on the elastic branches a sonorous and joyful choir;

Hello and you, azure, embraced immeasurably

Brown slopes of the mountain, dark green forests

And - at the same time - me, who fled from the dungeon at home

And from hackneyed speeches he seeks salvation in you ... "

(“Walk”, F. Schiller)

Epigram

An epigram (from the Greek ἐπίγραμμα - inscription) is a small satirical poetic work in which a specific person is ridiculed. The characteristic features of the epigram are wit and brevity.

“There are much fewer Armenians in the land,

Than films where Dzhigarkhanyan played.

(V. Gaft)

Song

The song is a small poetic work, which is the basis for subsequent musical arrangements. It usually consists of several verses and a chorus.

"Would you like me to sing a love song

And not to invent a new genre

Pops motif and poems

And all my life to receive a fee ... "

(“About love”, O. Tarasov)

Romance

A romance is a small melodious piece of poetry that can be set to music. Usually, the romance reflects the experiences, moods, feelings of the lyrical hero.

"At last I will tell you:

goodbye, do not commit to love.

Losing my mind. I'm ascending

to a high degree of insanity.

How did you love? - you sipped

death. Not in this case.

How did you love? - you ruined

but he ruined it so clumsily ... "

(“And in the end I will say”, B. Akhmadulina)

Madrigal

Madrigal (Italian madrigale, from lat. matricale - a song in the native language - is a small musical and poetic work. Usually it has a love-lyrical or playful-complimentary content.

"And as in the Mohammedan paradise

A host of houris in roses and silk,

So you are the Life Guards in Lancers

Her Majesty's regiment.

(“Madrigal to the Regimental Lady”, N. S. Gumilyov)

More detailed information on this topic can be found in the books of A. Nazaikin

Many famous writers addressed the problem of creativity. The theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics, for example, occupies a fairly large place. He speaks of her special role, high purpose in many of his poems. Here are just a few of them: "Liberty Sower of the Desert" (written in 1823), "Prophet" (in 1826), "Poet" (in 1827), "Echo" (in 1831), "Monument" (in 1836).

What did Pushkin mean by poetry?

Poetry is a responsible and difficult task, Alexander Sergeevich believes. The poet differs from ordinary people in that he is given to hear, see, understand what the ordinary person does not hear, does not see and does not understand. The author with his gift affects his soul, because he is able to "burn" people's hearts with a verb. But poetic talent is not just a gift, but also a great responsibility and a heavy burden. Therefore, the theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics deserves special attention.

The influence of poetry on people

Her influence on people is very great, so the poet himself must be a model of civil behavior, fighting social injustice and showing stamina in this struggle. He must become a exacting judge, not only in relation to others, but above all to himself. Genuine poetry, according to Pushkin, should be life-affirming, humane, awaken humanism and kindness. In the above poems, Pushkin talks about the poet's difficult relationship with the people and the authorities, about the freedom of creativity.

"Prophet"

In secondary school, the theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics is considered in detail. A lesson in grade 9 is necessarily devoted to this poem. The prophet is, according to Alexander Sergeevich, the ideal image of a real poet in his highest calling and essence. This poem was created in 1826 - a difficult time for the poet of his spiritual crisis, which was caused by the news of the execution of the Decembrists. This work reveals in detail the theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics.

Alexander Sergeevich refers to the book of the prophet Isaiah. He was also in despair, watching the world, seeing that he was mired in vices and lawlessness. For a true creator, the content of life that fills the minds and hearts of people must become a gloomy desert ... He seeks spiritual satisfaction and strives for it. Nothing more is required on his part, since those who are thirsty and hungry will certainly be satisfied.

The poet-prophet penetrated into the life of the lower and higher nature, heard and contemplated everything that happens in the world, from the flight of angels to the course of reptiles, from the rotation of heaven to the vegetation of earthly plants. Whoever has seen the light in order to see all the beauty of the world, he painfully feels the ugliness of reality in which people live. And he must and will fight it. The weapon and action of the poet is the word of truth. But in order for it not to sting, namely, to burn hearts, it is necessary that the sting of wisdom be kindled by the fire of great love. In addition to the image from the Bible, the last action of God's messenger is also taken from it:

"And coal burning with fire,
He put a hole in his chest."

Belongs to the Bible and the general tone of this poem, sublime and imperturbably majestic. The absence of subordinate clauses and logical unions, with the dominance of one union - "and" (it is repeated twenty times in thirty verses), according to V. Solovyov, brings Pushkin's language closer to the biblical.

In the "Prophet" the lyrical hero of the poem does not feel desecrated by the lawlessness happening in society, but he is not indifferent to what is happening around, although he cannot change anything.

"In the hours of fun..."

The considered work is not limited to the theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics. Poems dedicated to her are numerous. So, some features, echoes of the "Prophet" can be found in the later creation of Alexander Sergeevich "In the hours of fun ...". It was written in 1830. The theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics sounds a little different here. In it, the spiritual transformation of the author echoes the physical and moral transformation of the prophet, which occurs after he was scorched in the crucible of human suffering.

Pushkin's entire life was clear evidence that his thoughts were correct. His free, bold poetry protested against the slavish oppression of the people, called for a struggle for the liberation of people. She supported the strength of mind of Pushkin's Decembrist friends in exile, inspired them with stamina and courage.

"Arion"

The theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics is very multifaceted. Let us briefly describe the following poem - "Arion", created in 1827. It speaks of the need for courage and resilience. The poem in allegorical form recreates the tragic events of 1825.

Despite the fact that the "Decembrist swimmers" died, the singer Arion remained faithful to the noble mission, continuing to preach the ideals of justice and freedom. He declares: "I sing the old hymns."

In the later poems of Alexander Sergeevich, thoughts about the meaning of human life, its frailty, transience more often begin to sound, there is a premonition of the imminent death of the poet. At this time, Pushkin, as it were, sums up his creative activity, trying to objectively assess the value of his heritage.

"Monument"

In the last years of his life and work, the theme of the poet and poetry continues to sound in Pushkin's lyrics. Poems dedicated to her are invariably distinguished by sublime style. So, in the poem "Monument" written in 1836, the poet refers to the ancient heritage, because this work is a free translation of one of Horace's odes. Pushkin expresses his confidence that he will remain alive in the memory of the people. This right is given to him by the created "not-made" monument, which he erected to himself, since he has always been a prophet, the voice of the Russian people.

In this poem, Pushkin succinctly and succinctly speaks about the purpose and meaning of his poetry, seeing the main merit of his personality in the fact that, as a poet-prophet, he awakened mercy, kindness, the desire for justice and freedom in people. Having come into contact with Pushkin's poetry, we begin to feel the desire to become cleaner, better, we learn to see harmony and beauty around. Therefore, poetry can indeed transform the world.

The ending of the poem is a traditional appeal to the muse, which must obey the command of God, that is, the voice of truth, and, not paying attention to the opinion of "ignorant fools", follow the goal.

Alexander Sergeevich in many poems raised the theme of the loneliness of the great poet among the indifferent crowd. A vivid example of this is the poem "To the Poet". Pushkin calls to remain firm, calm and gloomy in the face of the crowd and the court of a fool.

"Conversation of a bookseller with a poet"

In another work, "The Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet" (1824), a similar appeal occurs when the author reflects on fame.

During the period when this poem was written, the poet's farewell to romanticism took place, his transition to harsh realism. It was written on the topic of literary creativity, which was relevant at that time, as a way to earn a living, as a profession. These questions worried the author, since he was one of the first to live on his literary earnings.

Here, from an atypical point of view, the theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics is highlighted. The summary of the poem is as follows. It talks about the duel of a poet and a bookseller, a romantic and a pragmatist. In the dialogue between the two characters, "poetry" and "prose" are contrasted in the meaning of romantic, "sublime" ideas and "prosaic", sober perception of life. It ends with the bookseller's victory. The poet switches to the language of the transaction, and poetic speech is replaced by prose.

"From Pindemonti"

One should not think that Pushkin considered himself superior to other people when he spoke of "fools" and "ignoramuses." He only emphasized that his judgments are independent, that he has the right to go where his "free mind" leads him. Here Alexander Sergeevich expresses himself unambiguously. The poem "From Pindemonti", written in 1836, says that to be free means not to identify yourself with any of the social groups, not to participate in social unrest, not to depend on the king.

The muse of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin bravely and devotedly served beauty, freedom, justice, goodness. Is this not the role and essence of true poetry?

The theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics (Grade 10) is studied in some detail at school. For more detailed information, you can refer to any textbook on Russian literature.

1. Lyric poem as a genre.

2. Lyric poem by A. Fedorova "Blood and Ashes". Lyrical beginning: the image of the narrator. Epic beginning: plot, system of images, problems, ideological orientation of the work

3. Lyric poem by F. Merzlikin "The Milky Way". Lyrical beginning: the image of the narrator. Epic beginning: plot, system of images, problems, ideological orientation of the work

4. Lyric-epic poem by K. Lisovsky "Russian man Begichev". Epic beginning: plot, system of images, landscape. Lyrical beginning: the image of the narrator, lyrical digressions, problems, the ideological orientation of the work.

5. Lyric-epic poem by I. Rozhdestvensky "Vasily Pronchishchev". Epic beginning: plot, system of images, landscape. Lyrical beginning: the image of the narrator, lyrical digressions, problems, the ideological orientation of the work.

6. Individual message: The function of figurative expressive means in I. Rozhdestvensky's poem "The Country of Mangazeya".

Main literature

1. Nikolina, N.A. Philological analysis of the text / N.A. Nikolina. –M., 2003.

2. Yarantsev, V. A special breed: About Siberian poets and the phenomenon of Siberian poetry / V. Yarantsev // Siberian Lights. - 2003. - No. 10. - - P. 167 - 173.

3. Yarantsev, V. A special breed: About Siberian poets and the phenomenon of Siberian poetry /V. Yarantsev // Siberian Lights. - 2004. - No. 1. - P. 163 - 170.

Guidelines

1. When studying a theoretical issue, pay attention to the genre-forming features of the poem. Since the poem is a lyrical-epic genre, it combines the features of epic and lyrical poetry: the narrative narrative about events is combined in them with the emotional-meditative statements of the narrator, creating the image of the lyrical "I". Depending on which of these two principles dominates in the work, the corresponding varieties of poems are also distinguished: lyrical, epic, lyrical-epic. Describe the lyric poem as a genre.

2. Read the poem "Blood and Ashes" by A. Fedorova. Prove that this is a lyric poem. Pay special attention to the image of the narrator, remembering that the narrator is the one who informs the reader about the events and actions of the characters, fixes the passage of time, depicts the appearance of the characters and the situation of the action, analyzes the internal state of the hero and the motives of his behavior, characterizes his human type (spiritual warehouse, temperament, attitude to moral standards, etc.), while not being either a participant in events or an object of image for any of the characters. The specificity of the narrator is at the same time in a comprehensive outlook (his boundaries coincide with the boundaries of the depicted world) and in the addressing of his speech, first of all, to the reader, that is, its orientation just beyond the limits of the depicted world. Is it possible to say that in the poem "Blood and Ashes" it is on behalf of the narrator? Consider the following lines of the poem:

My peer!

I remember how you grew up.

Coat for growth. Father's boots.

And fingers corroded furunculosis

(And which of us was healthy in those years?).

And I probably would remember then

As in the very first year after the Victory

Nettle was used for food and quinoa,

And even the cake followed them.

There was another incident that year.

I'm waiting in line with cards,

And the line moves so slowly.

I stand for an hour or two, but I don’t move forward.

However, the counter has already become visible,

And there were two steps almost to the goal,

Someone squeezed my throat like a tick,

And everything suddenly swam before my eyes.

Hurry, in the air, girl, hurry!

She feels bad, - as if in a fog I hear, - very much.

And someone quietly from my hand

As if he wants to get those cards.

Minute. Two. I came to consciousness.

Around the crowd, and the woman laughs:

But she didn't give away the cards.

The hand is blue. Look, it won't loosen up.

The hand unclenched, it was weak.

But at that moment who gave her, weak, strength

In case I suddenly died,

Take those cards to the grave with you?

Try to compare the image on behalf of which the poem is narrated with the image of the lyrical hero, given that the lyrical hero is a very specific image of a person, fundamentally different from the images of narrators-storytellers, about whose inner world we, as a rule, know nothing. The lyrical hero is not only connected with the author by close ties, with his attitude, spiritual and biographical experience, mental attitude, manner of speech behavior, but turns out (almost in most cases) to be indistinguishable from him. The lyrics in its main "array" are autopsychological. Lyricism, in its dominant branch, is characterized by the charming immediacy of the author's "self-disclosure", the "openness" of his inner world.

Describe the plot of the poem, remembering that the plot is a chain of events depicted in a literary work, that is, the life of characters in its spatio-temporal changes, in changing positions and circumstances. Try to retell the poem by A. Fedorova. What comes to the fore in this case: the event-pictorial side or the emotional-expressive side? Determine what kind of plot (epic, lyrical, dramatic) the plot of this poem is closer to.

Describe the figurative system of the poem "Blood and Ashes". Pay attention to the image of a girl answering a reporter's question, to the image of a Siberian front-line soldier, the image of a mother saving an already dead child, the image of baby Sadako, the image of a friend who returned from Tokyo.

When defining the problem, highlight the key word of the poem, which will help determine the main, central problem of the poem. Read the following lines carefully:

The war ended long ago

And the pain in the soul lurks.

Documentary film

Filmed in the capital.

Capital Square is a great backdrop.

We ask you to answer,

Gray-haired and young microphone

The reporter brings.

War... What's in that word for you?

Of great importance in understanding the main idea of the work are the final lines of the poem, which are a call-oath:

Is it bad that it will

Everything that we are alive is marked,

This solar meta of Hope. Good and Warm, -

Everything from the earth's axis to the invisible blood in the veins?

Only there would be something to overcome with warmth and kindness,

If only there was something to touch, giving birth to hope.

If only living things lived on a small globe of the earth

From the past spring to the blooming new May.

Let's overcome timidity. Dispel unfounded fear

Not words, but deeds we will learn to make fate,

The blood of those who are killed, the ashes of those who are burned at the stake,

Let us swear to save this temple, called the Earth!

3. Analyze L. Merzlikin's poem "The Milky Way". Start the analysis with the image of the one from whose face the story is being told. Pay attention to the following lines:

There was a war. It was winter.

Pima had a hole.

And no matter how much fight you make,

The snow was getting to the feet.

We remember the chick in the house

Raised. How, I don't understand

Waiting for warm summer days

I won't forget that time

Mosquitoes rang in a flock.

Mother milked, brought

Bucket and sat at the table.

And we are to the bucket circle, circle.

I would drink milk for everyone

But the mother took a deep breath.

Milk was bloody

But there's colostrum in the bucket.

In one bite, in one leap

He was called out by a heifer,

He shook his head and tormented: - Mu!

How I envied him.

Describe the plot of the poem. Try to retell the plot of L. Merzlikin's poem. What comes to the fore in this case: the event-pictorial side or the emotional-expressive side? Determine what kind of plot (epic, lyrical, dramatic) the plot of this poem is closer to. Describe the figurative system of the poem "The Milky Way". Pay attention to the images of an urban person washing her face with milk, a milkmaid, a mother. When defining the problem, highlight the key word of the poem, which will help determine the main, central problem of the poem. Pay attention to the title of the poem "The Milky Way". To understand the ideological orientation of the work, it is important to consider the final lines:

And the Milky Way lay flat

Fog of fiery smoke,

And through the fog, through the dust

Cows wandered from the pasture,

So that they are in the drive, at the railing

The owner milked for the night

And milk, bending the brow,

Poured into UFO plates:

Let them fly where they want

People feed and kittens.

And I wanted to take a sip.

From that vessel a little

But the world is silent to longing

He squeezed my throat and temples ...

And I would only take a sip,

But there is no milk in heaven.

Compare L. Merzlikin's poem "The Milky Way" with A. Fedorova's poem "Blood and Ashes". What do they have in common in terms of genre?

4. Read the poem by K. Lisovsky "The Russian Man Begichev". Prove that this is a lyric-epic poem. First, consider the epic beginning: the plot, the system of images, the landscape, the image of the narrator. Try to retell the plot of the poem by K. Lisovsky. What comes to the fore in this case: the event-pictorial side or the emotional-expressive side? Notice the lines:

… The people of Norway are asking Russia

Find your brave sons.

Amundsen sent them with instructions

to Dixon. But people didn't come.

Norwegian people pray for salvation

Two souls lost at the end of the earth.

Russia has always valued courage

And she accepted the request. And therefore

The Soviet government decided

Trust this search to him.

Describe the heroes of the poem "Russian Man Begichev", and first of all the main character. What features, in your opinion, are typical, characteristic of a “Russian person”. Compare the images of Begichev, Semenov, Garkin, Kuznetsov, Norwegian sailors - Paul Tessem and Peter Knudsen. When analyzing the landscape, highlight the figurative and expressive means by which the image of the North was created. What colors prevail in it. Consider the lyrical beginning: the author's attitude to the events and characters depicted, the ideological orientation of the work. Determining the ideological orientation of the poem, pay attention to its last lines:

And where death once met us,

Protecting the secrets of the white kingdoms, -

There the ships are crowded at the piers,

And foreign flags

Take off, silently saluting the flag,

Where - a hammer, a sickle and five rays of a star ...

So let's remember those. Whose valor and courage

First time laying footprints here!

5. Analyze the poem by I. Rozhdestvensky "Vasily Pronchishchev". First, consider the epic beginning: the plot, the system of images, the landscape, the image of the narrator. Try to retell the poem by I. Rozhdestvensky. What comes to the fore in this case: the event-pictorial side or the emotional-expressive side? Notice the lines:

Silent ice. And there is no light among them

The slave-wave will not seethe.

July came. Where are you going, summer?

Answer me, Yakut country!

There is no road. And it's still a long way to go.

When will we be able to raise the anchors?

Helpful wind, you are from Olenek _

Open the way to the polar seas for us...

Describe the heroes of the poem "Vasily Pronchishchev", and first of all the main character and his wife Maria. When analyzing the landscape, highlight the figurative and expressive means by which the image of Siberia was created. What colors prevail in it. Consider the lyrical beginning: the author's attitude to the events and characters depicted, the ideological orientation of the work. Determining the ideological orientation of the poem, pay attention to these lines:

Where the envy of foreign countries,

Will find the right path tomorrow.

Own Russia will become the ocean,

And there he dares to go to the Pole.

Dry lips twitched into a smile.

And to receive uninvited guests,

We, like the Neva Nut,

We will build many fortresses here.

Above this gloomy ice-cold sea

I see a flag. Russian proud flag.

Crushing avalanches of age-old ice,

To fearless Russian sailors

Russian ships saluted.

Compare the poems of K. Lisovsky "The Russian Man Begichev" and I. Rozhdestvensky "Vasily Pronchishchev". What do they have in common in terms of genre?

When preparing an individual report, refer to the guidelines for organizing independent work.

Lesson 11.

Subject

Similar information.

One of the founders of Russian literary criticism was V. G. Belinsky. And although serious steps were taken in antiquity in the development of the concept of literary gender (Aristotle), it is Belinsky who owns the scientifically based theory of three literary genera, which you can get acquainted with in detail by reading Belinsky's article "Division of poetry into genera and types."

There are three types of fiction: epic(from the Greek. Epos, narration), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by which verses were chanted) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

Presenting a particular subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: can be detailed tell about the subject, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this subject, etc.; at the same time, the position of the author will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be precisely the story, narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be exactly the narrative; this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about events, but about impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings that they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will refer to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly experience becomes the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can portray thing in action, show him on stage; present to the reader and the viewer surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; in the drama itself, the voice of the author will be the least likely to sound - in remarks, that is, the author's explanations for the action and replicas of the characters.

Consider the following table and try to memorize its content:

Genres of fiction

EPOS	DRAMA	LYRICS
(Greek - narration) story about the events, the fate of the heroes, their actions and adventures, the image of the external side of what is happening (even feelings are shown from the side of their external manifestation). The author can directly express his attitude to what is happening.	(Greek - action) image events and relationships between characters on the stage(a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the remarks.	(from the name of the musical instrument) experience events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; feeling becomes the main event.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE- This is a historically established group of works, united by common features of content and form. These groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism, the concept of a literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than a genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres - various varieties of the novel, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relations in the literature:

Genus: dramatic; type: comedy; Genre: sitcom.
Genus: epic; type: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.

Genres, being historical categories, appear, develop, and eventually "leave" from the "active reserve" of artists, depending on the historical epoch: the ancient lyric poets did not know the sonnet; in our time, an ode born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries has become an archaic genre; nineteenth-century romanticism gave rise to detective literature, and so on.

Consider the following table, which lists the types and genres related to the different kinds of word art:

Genera, types and genres of fiction

EPOS		DRAMA		LYRICS
Folk	Author's	Folk	Author's	Folk	Author's
Myth Poem (epos): Heroic Strogovoinskaya fabulous- legendary Historical... Story Bylina Thought Legend Tradition Ballad Parable Small genres: proverbs sayings riddles nursery rhymes...	epic novel: Historical. Fantastic Adventurous Psychological R.-parable Utopian Social... Small genres: Tale Story Novella Fable Parable Ballad Lit. story...	A game rite folk drama Raek nativity scene...	Tragedy Comedy: provisions, characters, masks... Drama: philosophical social historical social-philosophical. Vaudeville Farce Tragifarce...	Song	Oh yeah Hymn Elegy Sonnet Message Madrigal Romance Rondo Epigram...

Modern literary criticism also highlights fourth, an adjacent genre of literature, combining the features of the epic and lyrical genera: lyrical-epic to which it refers poem. Indeed, by telling the reader a story, the poem manifests itself as an epic; revealing to the reader the depth of feelings, the inner world of the person who tells this story, the poem manifests itself as a lyric.

LYRICAL called a kind of literature in which the author's attention is paid to the image of the inner world, feelings, experiences. The event in the lyrics is important only insofar as it evokes an emotional response in the soul of the artist. It is the experience that becomes the main event in the lyrics. Lyrics as a kind of literature arose in ancient times. The word "lyric" is of Greek origin, but does not have a direct translation. In ancient Greece, poetic works depicting the inner world of feelings and experiences were performed to the accompaniment of a lyre, and this is how the word "lyric" appeared.

The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyric artist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in the context of the impressions that he makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced in great detail the inner world of Eugene Onegin, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin only once becomes a lyrical hero in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, the poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be "hiding" behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; so, for example, A. Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (2 poems called "The Song of Ophelia") or a street actor Harlequin ("I was all in colorful rags ..."), M. Tsvetaeva - Hamlet ("At the bottom she, where the silt ... "), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother went to the bathing suit through the forest ..."). So it’s more literate, when discussing a lyrical work, to talk about the expression in it of the feelings of not the author, but the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, poetry includes a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

Read about some LYRICAL GENRES:
Oh yeah(Greek "Song") - a monumental solemn poem glorifying a great event or a great person; distinguish between spiritual odes (arrangements of psalms), moralizing, philosophical, satirical, ode-messages, etc. The ode is three-part: it must have a theme stated at the beginning of the work; development of the theme and arguments, as a rule, allegorical (second part); final, didactic (instructive) part. Samples of ancient ancient odes are associated with the names of Horace and Pindar; the ode came to Russia in the 18th century, the odes of M. Lomonosov ("On the day of the accession to the Russian throne of Empress Elisaveta Petrovna"), V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov, G. Derzhavin ("Felitsa", "God"), A .Radischev ("Liberty"). Paid tribute to the ode A. Pushkin ("Liberty"). By the middle of the 19th century, the ode had lost its relevance and gradually passed into the category of archaic genres.

Hymn- a poem of laudatory content; also came from ancient poetry, but if in ancient times hymns were composed in honor of gods and heroes, then at a later time hymns were written in honor of solemn events, festivities, often not only of a state, but also of a personal nature (A. Pushkin. "Feasting students" ).

Elegy(Phrygian "reed flute") - a genre of lyrics dedicated to meditation. Originated in ancient poetry; originally it was called crying over the dead. The elegy was based on the life ideal of the ancient Greeks, which was based on the harmony of the world, the proportionality and balance of being, incomplete without sadness and contemplation, these categories have passed into the modern elegy. An elegy can embody both life-affirming ideas and disappointment. The poetry of the 19th century still continued to develop the elegy in its "pure" form; in the lyric poetry of the 20th century, elegy is found rather as a genre tradition, as a special mood. In modern poetry, an elegy is a plotless poem of a contemplative, philosophical and landscape nature.
A. Pushkin. "To sea"
N. Nekrasov. "Elegy"
A. Akhmatova. "March Elegy"

Read A. Blok's poem "From the Autumn Elegy":

Epigram(Greek "inscription") - a small poem of satirical content. Initially, in ancient times, inscriptions on household items, tombstones and statues were called epigrams. Subsequently, the content of the epigrams changed.
Examples of epigrams:

Yuri Olesha:

Sasha Black:

Epistle, or message - a poem, the content of which can be defined as "letter in verse." The genre also came from ancient lyrics.
A. Pushkin. Pushchin ("My first friend, my priceless friend...")
V.Mayakovsky. "Sergey Yesenin"; "Lilichka! (Instead of a Letter)"
S. Yesenin. "Mother's Letter"
M. Tsvetaeva. Poems to Blok

Sonnet- This is a poetic genre of the so-called rigid form: a poem consisting of 14 lines, organized in a special way into stanzas, with strict principles of rhyme and stylistic laws. There are several types of sonnet in form:

Italian: consists of two quatrains (quatrains), in which the lines rhyme according to the ABAB or ABBA scheme, and two three-verses (tercetes) with the rhyming CDС DСD or CDE CDE;
English: consists of three quatrains and one couplet; general rhyming scheme - ABAB CDCD EFEF GG;
sometimes French is singled out: the stanza is similar to Italian, but in tercetes there is a different rhyming scheme: CCD EED or CCD EDE; he had a significant influence on the development of the next type of sonnet -
Russian: created by Anton Delvig: the stanza is also similar to Italian, but the rhyming scheme in tercetes is CDD CCD.

This lyrical genre was born in Italy in the 13th century. Its creator was the lawyer Jacopo da Lentini; a hundred years later Petrarch's sonnet masterpieces appeared. The sonnet came to Russia in the 18th century; a little later, he received a serious development in the work of Anton Delvig, Ivan Kozlov, Alexander Pushkin. The poets of the "Silver Age" showed particular interest in the sonnet: K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Annensky, V. Ivanov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilyov, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam ...
In the art of versification, the sonnet is considered one of the most difficult genres.
In the last 2 centuries, poets rarely adhered to any strict rhyme, often offering a mixture of various schemes.

features of the sonnet language

vocabulary and intonation should be sublime;
rhymes - accurate and, if possible, unusual, rare;
significant words should not be repeated in the same meaning, etc.

A special difficulty - and therefore the pinnacle of poetic technique - is wreath of sonnets: a cycle of 15 poems, the initial line of each being the last line of the previous one, and the last line of the 14th poem being the first line of the first. The fifteenth sonnet consists of the first lines of all 14 sonnets in the cycle. In Russian lyrics, the wreaths of sonnets by V. Ivanov, M. Voloshin, K. Balmont became the most famous.

Read "Sonnet" by A. Pushkin and see how the sonnet form is parsed:

Text	Stanza	Rhyme	Content(topic)
1 Severe Dante did not despise the sonnet; 2 Petrarch poured out the heat of love in him; 3 The creator of Macbeth 1 loved his game; 4 They mourn the thought of Camões 2 clothed.	quatrain 1	BUT B A B	The history of the sonnet genre in the past, the themes and tasks of the sonnet of the classics
5 And in our day he captivates the poet: 6 Wordsworth 3 chose him as an instrument, 7 When away from the vain light 8 of Nature he draws an ideal.	quatrain 2	A B A AT	The meaning of the sonnet in modern European poetry to Pushkin, expanding the range of topics
9 Under the shadow of the distant mountains of Taurida 10 Lithuanian Singer 4 in size his cramped 11 I instantly concluded my dreams.	tercet 1	C C B	Development of the theme of quatrain 2
12 The virgins did not yet know him among us, 13 How Delvig forgot for him 14 Hexameter 5 sacred tunes.	tercet 2	D B D	The meaning of the sonnet in modern Russian lyrics by Pushkin

In school literary criticism, such a genre of lyrics is called lyric poem. There is no such genre in classical literary criticism. It was introduced into the school curriculum to somewhat simplify the complex system of lyrical genres: if the bright genre features of the work cannot be distinguished and the poem is not in the strict sense either an ode, or a hymn, or an elegy, or a sonnet, etc., it will be defined as a lyric poem . In this case, one should pay attention to the individual features of the poem: the specifics of the form, theme, image of the lyrical hero, mood, etc. So, lyrical poems (in the school sense) should include poems by Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Blok, etc. Almost all the lyrics of the twentieth century fall under this definition, unless the authors specifically specified the genre of the works.

Satire(lat. "mixture, all sorts of things") - as a poetic genre: a work, the content of which is the denunciation - of social phenomena, human vices or individuals - by ridicule. Satire in antiquity in Roman literature (satires of Juvenal, Martial, etc.). The genre received new development in the literature of classicism. The content of satire is characterized by ironic intonation, allegoricalness, Aesopian language, and the technique of "speaking names" is often used. In Russian literature, A. Kantemir, K. Batyushkov (XVIII-XIX centuries) worked in the satire genre, in the 20th century Sasha Cherny and others became famous as the author of satires. Many poems from V. Mayakovsky's "Poems about America" can also be called satires ( "Six nuns", "Black and white", "Skyscraper in section", etc.).

Ballad- lyric-epic plot poem of fantastic, satirical, historical, fabulous, legendary, humorous, etc. character. The ballad originated in antiquity (presumably in the early Middle Ages) as a folklore ritual dance and song genre, and this determines its genre features: strict rhythm, plot (in ancient ballads, heroes and gods were told), the presence of repetitions (whole lines or individual words were repeated as an independent stanza), called refrain. In the 18th century, the ballad became one of the most beloved poetic genres of Romantic literature. Ballads were created by F. Schiller ("Cup", "Glove"), I. Goethe ("Forest King"), V. Zhukovsky ("Lyudmila", "Svetlana"), A. Pushkin ("Anchar", "Groom") , M. Lermontov ("Borodino", "Three Palms"); at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the ballad was revived again and became very popular, especially in the revolutionary era, during the period of revolutionary romance. Among the poets of the twentieth century, ballads were written by A. Blok ("Love" ("The Queen lived on a high mountain ..."), N. Gumilyov ("Captains", "Barbarians"), A. Akhmatova ("The Gray-eyed King"), M. Svetlov ("Grenada"), etc.

Note! The work can combine the features of some genres: a message with elements of an elegy (A. Pushkin, "K *** ("I remember a wonderful moment ..."), a lyrical poem of elegiac content (A. Blok. "Motherland"), an epigram-message, etc. .d.

The creator of Macbeth is William Shakespeare (the tragedy "Macbeth").

Portuguese poet Luis de Camões (1524-1580).

Wordsworth - English Romantic poet William Wordsworth (1770-1850).

Lithuanian singer - Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855).

See topic #12.

You should read those works of art that can be considered within the framework of this topic, namely:

V.A. Zhukovsky. Poems: "Svetlana"; "Sea"; "Evening"; "Unspeakable"
A.S. Pushkin. Poems: "Village", "Demons", "Winter Evening", "Pushchin" ("My first friend, my priceless friend...", "Winter road", "To Chaadaev", "In the depths of Siberian ores...", "Anchar "," The flying ridge of clouds is thinning ...", "Prisoner", "The conversation of a bookseller with a poet", "Poet and the crowd", "Autumn", "... Again I visited ...", "Do I wander along the noisy streets ...", " A vain gift, an accidental gift…”, “October 19” (1825), “On the hills of Georgia”, “I loved you…”, “To ***” (“I remember a wonderful moment…”), “Madonna” , "Echo", "Prophet", "To the Poet", "To the Sea", "From Pindemonti" ("I don't cheaply appreciate high-profile rights..."), "I erected a monument to myself..."
M.Yu.Lermontov. Poems: "Death of a Poet", "Poet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Duma", "Both boring and sad...", "Prayer" ("I, mother of God, now with a prayer...") , "We parted, but your portrait ...", "I will not humble myself before you ...", "Motherland", "Farewell, unwashed Russia ...", "When the yellowing field is worried ...", "No, I'm not Byron, I'm different ...", "Leaf", "Three palm trees", "From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ...", "The Captive Knight", "Neighbor", "Testament", "Clouds", "Cliff", "Borodino", "Clouds heavenly, eternal pages…”, “Prisoner”, “Prophet”, “I go out alone on the road…”
N.A. Nekrasov. Poems: "I do not like your irony ...", "Knight for an hour", "I will die soon ...", "Prophet", "Poet and citizen", "Troika", "Elegy", "Zina" ("You are still on you have a right to life…”); other verses of your choice
F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: "Autumn evening", "Silentium", "Not what you think, nature ...", "The earth still looks sad ...", "How good you are, O night sea ...", "I met you ...", " Whatever life teaches us…”, “Fountain”, “These poor villages…”, “Tears of people, oh human tears…”, “You can’t understand Russia with your mind…”, “I remember the golden time…”, “What are you talking about howling, night wind?", "The gray-gray shadows have shifted…", "How sweetly the dark green garden slumbers…"; other verses of your choice
A.A. Fet. Poems: "I came to you with greetings ...", "It's still a May night ...", "Whisper, timid breathing ...", "This morning, this joy ...", "Sevastopol rural cemetery", "A wavy cloud ...", "Learn they have - at the oak, at the birch ...", "To the poets", "Autumn", "What a night, how clean the air is ...", "Village", "Swallows", "On the railway", "Fantasy", "The night shone The garden was full of the moon ... "; other verses of your choice
I.A. Bunin. Poems: "The Last Bumblebee", "Evening", "Childhood", "It's Still Cold and Cheese...", "And Flowers, and Bumblebees, and Grass...", "The Word", "The Knight at the Crossroads", "The Bird Has a Nest …", "Dust"
A.A. Blok. Poems: "I enter the dark temples ...", "Stranger", "Solveig", "You are like the echo of a forgotten hymn ...", "The earthly heart freezes again ...", "Oh, spring without end and without edge ...", " About valor, about exploits, about glory…”, “On the railway”, cycles “On the Kulikovo field” and “Carmen”, “Rus”, “Rodina”, “Russia”, “Morning in the Kremlin”, “Oh, I I want to live crazy ... "; other verses of your choice
A.A. Akhmatova. Poems: "Song of the last meeting", "You know, I'm languishing in captivity...", "There are such days before spring...", "Tearful autumn, like a widow...", "I learned to live simply, wisely...", "Native land "; “I don’t need odic ratis…”, “I’m not with those who left the earth…”, “Courage”; other verses of your choice
S.A. Yesenin. Poems: "Goy you, my dear Russia ...", "Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes ...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry ...", "We are now leaving little by little ...", "Mother's letter", " The golden grove dissuaded…”, “I left my dear home…”, “Kachalov’s dog”, “Soviet Russia”, “Hewn drogs sang…”, “Uncomfortable liquid moonlight…”, “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain…”, “Goodbye , my friend, goodbye ... "; other verses of your choice
V.V.Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Nate!”, “To you!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Gift sale”, “Good attitude towards horses "," Left March "," About rubbish "," Sergei Yesenin "," Anniversary "," Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva "; other verses of your choice
10-15 poems each (of your choice): M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, N. Gumilyov.
A. Tvardovsky. Poems: "I was killed near Rzhev ...", "I know, no fault of mine ...", "The whole point is in one single testament ...", "In memory of the mother", "To bitter insults of my own person ..."; other verses of your choice
I. Brodsky. Poems: "I entered instead of a wild beast...", "Letters to a Roman friend", "To Urania", "Stans", "You will ride in the darkness...", "On the death of Zhukov", "From nowhere with love...", "Notes of a fern "

Try to read all the literary works that are named in the work in a book, and not in electronic form!
When completing tasks for work 7, pay special attention to theoretical materials, since doing the tasks of this work by intuition means dooming yourself to a mistake.
Do not forget to draw up a metric scheme for each analyzed poetic passage, checking it many times.
The key to success in this complex work is attention and accuracy.

Recommended literature for work 7:

Kvyatkovsky I.A. Poetic dictionary. - M., 1966.
Literary encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1987.
Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
Lotman Yu.M. Analysis of the poetic text. - L .: Education, 1972.
Gasparov M. Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythm. - M.: Nauka, 1974.
Zhirmunsky V.M. The theory of verse. - L .: Nauka, 1975.
Poetic structure of Russian lyrics. Sat. - L .: Nauka, 1973.
Skripov G.S. About Russian versification. Student aid. - M.: Enlightenment, 1979.
Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Literary Critic. - M., 1987.