Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920)

“Syntax of the Russian language”(published posthumously in 1925 and 1927). Solves syntax problems based on the connection between language and thought. Syntax unit - sentence.

“... language in its elements originated and developed as part of a sentence, for a sentence is the only way to detect thinking in a word” (c) Shakhmatov. Unlike FFF, Chess also relies on logic.

Sha Khmatov. Contribution to science:

1. In the field of history, Russian language

The founder of the historical study of the Russian language

Developed the historical morphology of Russian language

2. In the field of Slavic philology

He studied the problem of the formation of Russian nationality and Slavic ethnogenesis; questions of the ancestral home of the Slavs and their parent language

Studied Slavic Accentology

He considered the issues of comparative phonetics and grammar of the Slavs

3. Studied ancient Russian chronicles of the 11th-16th centuries

4. Laid the foundations of textual criticism as a science

5. Studied Olonets, Kaluga and Ryazan dialects

6. Rus lit yaz: the doctrine of gram forms of words, the doctrine of parts of speech, the doctrine of phrases and types of sentences.

A.A. Shakhmatov (1864-1920) is one of the most prominent students and followers of F.F. Fortunatov.

In the vast scientific heritage of Shakhmatov there are both proper linguistic and philological and literary works. He owns monumental studies on dialectology, ancient Russian literature (the history of Russian chronicles), problems of folklore, history and ethnography.

Of greatest interest to the history of linguistics are the works of Shakhmatovin the field of syntax. The work is a very complete description of the typology of a simple sentence in Russian and contains a wealth of factual material. Shakhmatov here for the first time made an attempt to reveal the system in a huge variety of syntactic constructions of the Russian language. (The area of ​​the compound sentence, however, remained almost unexplored.)

The main problems developed in the "Syntax of the Russian language" are:

1) to the doctrine of two-part and one-part sentences and 2) to the doctrine of phrases.

Unlike Φ. Φ. Fortunatov, who defined the subject of syntax as the doctrine of the phrase, A.A. Shakhmatov the subject of syntax is the sentence. Syntax for it is a section devoted to the study of "ways of discovering thinking".

The task of syntax is “the study as a sentence, i.e. verbal expression of a unit of thought, as well as phrases and words that stood out in the indicated way, since, however, these latter - whether in their form or in their use - have not lost touch with the sentence, retaining the meaning of the parts or members of the sentence " .

So, Shakhmatov's doctrine of the word-combination turns out to be subordinate to the doctrine of the sentence. The phrase acts as an unfinished part of sentences.

The creation of a sentence theory is of paramount importance due to the fact that “language,” as Shakhmatov notes, “in its elements was born and developed as part of a sentence, because a sentence is the only way to detect thinking in a word.”

Language evolution, in his opinion, went the following way: In the language of being received first sentences; later, by dividing sentences based on their mutual comparison and influence, phrases and words for independent (albeit limited and random) existence and use stood out from them (usually words and phrases are found as part of a sentence).

Shakhmatov's theory of sentence is based on the doctrine of communication, understood as a special act of thinking, with the goal of communicating to other people the combination of ideas that has taken place in thinking. Communication is declared to be the psychological basis of all varieties of sentences.

Thus, Shakhmatov, first of all, seeks, relying on the provisions of contemporary psychology and logic, to establish the logical-psychological nature of the sentence.

The simplest communication, according to Shakhmatov, consists of a combination of two representations brought into a predicative connection by the movement of the will. Views are named members. Communications, and among them it is necessary to distinguish the dominant and dependent member.

In accordance with the doctrine of communication, the definitions of sentences proposed by Shakhmatov are based on the idea that a sentence is nothing more than a language shell, a design by means of the language of units of thought: A sentence is a reproduction of communication by means of language.

Shakhmatov's doctrine of the sentence, a clear distinction between one-part and two-part sentences and the establishment of the features of the members of each of these types of sentences played a significant role in the further development of the theory of language, in particular Russian grammatical theory.

Simple sentence: The classification is based on the correlation of the main member of the sentence with the subject or predicate of a two-part sentence in terms of morphological expression or the absence of such correlation. As a result, A.A. Shakhmatov divided all one-part sentences into four main types: unspeakably subject, predicately subjectless, impersonal, vocative.

The first type includes sentences with a main member, a pronounced noun in the nominative case, quantitatively nominal combinations and some. others For example Silence. Three o'clock at night.

The second type is represented by various types of sentences in which the main member has a morphological expression of the predicate - conjugated-verbal, infinitive.

The third type consists of sentences with such a main member, the morphological form of which does not allow compatibility with the nominative case. It's evening. Cold.

Finally, the fourth type is a limited group of sentences, the main member of which is the treatment with an additional subjective-modal meaning, the expression of joy, reproach, censure, etc. Oh, Petya, Petya!

Among the sentences of the 2nd group (predicate-non-subjective) stood out - in terms of the meaning of the sentence - definite-personal, generalized-personal, indefinitely-personal.

At the same time, the grammatical principle was not strictly observed, the meaning of a one-part sentence in many cases was determined not by the possibilities of the grammatical form, but purely semantically or contextually. For example, sentences with the main member in the form of the imperative mood were classified as definite-personal (Yes, speak quickly), indefinitely-personal (I understand, cut down forests out of need, but why destroy them), even impersonal.

Thus, in the classification of A.A. Shakhmatov, two principles - the formal way of expressing the main member and the semantic one - the meaning of a one-part sentence. This classification has been adopted by linguists, and it is this that underlies the modern classification of one-part sentences.

СРЯ: The history of the Russian literary language is the history of the gradual development of the Russian enlightenment. The main tool for its dissemination was the Old Bulgarian language transferred to Russian soil. The richness of this soil, its vitality clearly reflected in the fact that Kievan Rus already turned the ancient Bulgarian language into its national language. Russian people began to write and speak it, bringing it closer in their pronunciation to their native language. The sounds of ancient Bulgarian speech were replaced by Russian ones: instead of nasal sounds, they uttered sounds at and a, instead of Bulgarian ii(sound, in some dialects close to a, and in others to a) pronounced e or identified it with their ii(i.e. diphthong ie); combination railway, alien to the Russian language, was systematically replaced through well; syllabic combinations R and l followed by b and b Russians replaced with their combinations rr, rr, yl(ex. mourn began to pronounce save, later skerb, cf. Russian treasure, where sorrow); sound G(explosive) they passed on to their (South Russian) G fricative ( h), etc. Such changes were necessary for the possibility of assimilation of the Old Bulgarian language by a wider environment.

Aleksey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov - the great Russian philologist and historian, linguist, founder of the historical study of the Russian language, ancient Russian annals and literature; participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917-1918; made a real "revolution" in the history of the study of ancient Russian chronicles, offering a new version of the history of the creation of the PVL based on its textual analysis. The youngest academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1894), full member of the Academy of Sciences (1899), professor at St. Petersburg University; author of more than 170 monographic studies, articles and reviews, reference and teaching aids on the history of the Russian language and dialectology, lexicology and lexicography, the syntax of the modern Russian language.

Family and childhood

Aleksey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov was born on June 17 (June 5, O.S.) 1864 in the city of Narva on the Ivanovo side into a noble family.

The Chess family is quite ancient, it even had its own coat of arms, but its representatives almost did not prove themselves either in the public service or at court. The ancestors of Alexei Alexandrovich Shakhmatov belonged to the "Saratov" branch of the family, and for the most part they made a military career or served as officials in state institutions.

The father of the future linguist, Alexander Alekseevich Shakhmatov (1828-1871), received an excellent education at the St. Petersburg School of Law, was a participant in the Russian-Turkish wars, went a difficult path from a petty official in the office of the Saratov Governor-General to a senator (1868) and a privy councillor. In the last years of his life, he held the position of senior chairman of the Odessa Judicial Chamber. In the service he proved himself to be a noble, honest, incorruptible and fair person.

Alexei inherited his interest in languages ​​and literature from his mother, a graduate of the Catherine Women's Institute in St. Petersburg, Maria Fedorovna Kozen (1838 - 1870). She was a highly educated woman, knew European languages ​​perfectly, and went through an excellent aesthetic and philological school.

Childhood years of A.A. Shakhmatov passed in constant wanderings: the family followed everywhere the destinations of her husband and father. Often she came for a long time to Saratov and to family estates in the province, which had gone to the Shakhmatov brothers after the death of a parent in 1868. In 1870, when Alexei was not yet 6 years old, his mother unexpectedly died of consumption, and in 1871, his father died suddenly from a nervous shock, leaving three of his minor children - Eugene, Alexei and Olga - completely orphans.

The brother and sisters were brought up by an uncle - the father's brother Alexei Alekseevich Shakhmatov, who lived in the Gubarevka estate near Saratov. Aleksey Alekseevich and his wife Olga Nikolaevna (ur. Chelyustkina) completely replaced the children of deceased parents. According to the memoirs of A.A. Shakhmatov’s sister, E.A. Masalskaya, the relatives did everything to create a favorable environment in the house, to arouse in children an interest in science and learning, they became the first, most benevolent mentors and teachers for them.

Olga Nikolaevna taught children French, German, English, taught them the basics of Latin and Greek. The house had an excellent library.

It is not surprising that Alexei Shakhmatov showed interest in Russian history and philology very early. One of his relatives, Natalya Alexandrovna Shakhmatova, later recalled the scientist's childhood in the following way:

Good home preparation allowed Shakhmatov in February 1875 to enter the Moscow private gymnasium F.I. Kreitsman, but three months later Alexey fell ill with measles, yearned for home, and returned to Gubarevka, where he continued his home education. Russian literature was taught to children by A.P. Yasinevich. Thanks to him, children get acquainted early with the classic examples of Russian literature - the works of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontova, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev. According to the memoirs of A.A. Shakhmatov's sister, E.A. Masalskaya, they continue to diligently instill in children a love for music, especially for Russian folk music.

But the young Alexei Shakhmatov was most interested in languages ​​and ancient history. They say that he studied languages ​​with great interest, he did not go to classes, but ran around.

In the summer of 1876, taking Alyosha with him, Aleksey Alekseevich Shakhmatov left for treatment abroad. But in Munich, instead of resting, improving his health, the boy sat down in the Royal Library, studying the monuments of German literature and antiquity. Having moved with his uncle to Leipzig, 12-year-old Alyosha hurries to the University library the next morning, and soon goes to study at one of the best Leipzig gymnasiums. Here he believes that he certainly needs to be a student worthy of his Russian origin. And the boy from the Russian village becomes the best student in the class! The Kreyman gymnasium, where A. Chess returned to Russia, with its low level of teaching, could no longer satisfy the young child prodigy. In January 1879, he moved to the Moscow 4th Gymnasium, where he continued to study history and literature.

"Legendary Boy"

Under the influence of the works of the outstanding Russian linguist F.I. Buslaev, young Shakhmatov saw in the language not a repository of words and sounds, but a reflection of the inner world of a person, history, culture, life ... "Language ennobles history, religion, and literature ..."

While still at the gymnasium, Chess began his own research on the origin of Indo-European words. Finished, as they say, in one breath, the author shows the work to the English teacher Hodzhetsu. He finds the schoolboy's work very original and decides to introduce Shakhmatov to N.I. Storozhenko.

After a conversation with high school student A. Shakhmatov N.I. Storozhenko gave his work to the doctor of comparative linguistics V.F. Miller. Struck by the seriousness of the work, V.F. Miller, returning it to Storozhenko, exclaims:

Having arranged for A. Shakhmatov a serious exam in Slavic, Sanskrit and a number of other languages ​​and received brilliant answers, V.F. Miller convinces the young man to write by all means and at the same time promises active assistance in the publication of his works.

The meeting with the Russian linguist F.F. Fortunatov, who was also struck by the breadth of horizons and linguistic knowledge of the high school student, which does honor to a completely mature person, finally determined the choice of Shakhmatov's future profession.

On the advice of F.F. Fortunatov, since the summer of 1879, the young man studied the newly reprinted "Life of Theodosius of the Caves" and, comparing it with the original, found more than six hundred translation inaccuracies, which he wrote about in his work "On the Criticism of Old Russian Texts (On the Language of The Life of Theodosius)". Shakhmatov's first scientific research was published in 1881 in the largest Slavic journal in Berlin, the Archive of Slavic Philology. The author was not even 17 at the time.

And in 1882, his knowledge was already so extensive that the young linguist was not afraid to act as an opponent in the defense of A.I. Sobolevsky, dedicated to research in the field of Russian grammar. It was an unprecedented case: the objections and remarks of the 18-year-old schoolboy were so serious, and his opinion on controversial issues was argued so convincingly that the young researcher was immediately offered to publish these materials. Alexey Shakhmatov immediately attracted the attention of the scientific community. Behind him was the fame of one of the most outstanding young philologists in Russia. In the scientific circles of Moscow and St. Petersburg, he was called a "wunderkind", "legend boy".

The beginning of the way

Shakhmatov graduated from the 4th Moscow gymnasium with a silver medal and in the autumn of 1883 entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University.

In those years, there were several outstanding professors at Moscow University: F.F. Fortunatov, N.S. Tikhonravov, N.I. Storozhenko, F.Yo. Korsh. The greatest influence on the young Alexei Shakhmatov was made by F.F. Fortunatov, who ignited his passion for science and was for many years an adviser and mentor to the young researcher in his scientific studies.

At the university, Shakhmatov's circle of interests expanded significantly: he began to study historical dialectology, then an unexplored field of linguistics. Working with chronicles, Shakhmatov came to the conclusion that it is very important to know modern spurs to study the history of a language. In order to thoroughly study them, student Chess during his first student summer vacation (1884) went to the northern Olonets province. On this trip, he spent the two-hundred-ruble university award granted to him.

Shakhmatov began a dialectological expedition from Petrozavodsk, covering long distances on passing horses, and more often on foot. He studied the folklore and ethnography of the Olonets province. The materials collected by Alexei Aleksandrovich received the highest appreciation in science and were recognized as the best in Russian folklore. Soon, in the summer of 1886, he repeated the trip to the north. The results of the work exceeded expectations and were worthily noted by other scientists.

During his student years, Shakhmatov was engaged in research of ancient Russian manuscripts, their scientific description and preparation for publication. The works created by him during this period, and in particular the “Study on the language of Novgorod letters of the XIII and XIV centuries.” (1886), are still a model of scientific research.

The youngest academic

In the spring of 1887, the Council of Moscow University, noting the brilliant abilities of Shakhmatov and the high value of his work, awarded the outstanding graduate the title of candidate and recommended that he continue his research.

In 1890-1893, Shakhmatov, who was elected head of the zemstvo to the Saratov district zemstvo assembly, lived and worked in Gubarevka, studied the life of the peasants, helped them during the years of crop failure and the cholera epidemic. Despite being very busy with zemstvo affairs, Shakhmatov prepared for publication his master's thesis "Research in the field of Russian phonetics", which he successfully defended at Moscow University. March 12, 1894.

The Council of Moscow University unanimously awarded the degree of Doctor of Russian Language and Literature to the 29-year-old author of the monograph, applicant for the title of Master A.A. Shakhmatov. In 1894, Shakhmatov became an adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and since 1899, a full member. Russian philology has never known such a thing.

Shakhmatov owns many scientific discoveries in the field of history and dialectology of Russian and other Slavic languages. In his works “Research in the field of Russian phonetics” (1894), “On the history of the sounds of the Russian language” (1898), “Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language” (1915), he solved the problem of reconstructing the oldest Slavic and Russian language systems, studied their phonetic peculiarities. The discoveries made by the scientist were included in the university course on the history of the Russian language, which Shakhmatov taught at St. Petersburg University in 1910-1911. He put the study of the history of the language in a broad cultural and historical context, for the first time used the data of dialectology in the study of ancient written monuments in order to recreate the features of living Old Russian speech.

"Dictionary of the Russian language"

In 1893, the editor of the Dictionary of the Russian Language, J.K. Grot, died in St. Petersburg, and a worthy candidate was needed to continue lexicographic work. The choice fell on the young scientist Alexei Shakhmatov.

Upon receipt of the news of his election to the adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of A.A. Shakhmatov arrives in the capital on December 16, 1894, and the very next day, for the first time, he participates in a meeting of his Department and speaks to his colleagues with a proposal to completely change the program of the Dictionary. Having carefully analyzed the material prepared for publication, extracted from the works of more than 100 Russian writers, Shakhmatov resolutely declares its insufficiency. According to the scientist, the Dictionary should not be limited only to the language of writers, since the vocabulary of fiction can only serve as an aid in determining the meanings of words and the features of their use. The living, everyday Russian language should become the source of the Dictionary.

The broad prospects of the Dictionary outlined by the new editor seemed so unexpected to colleagues and so changed the already established principles of work that academicians did not immediately dare to support them. A little less than a month later, the Branch is again debating this issue. And again A.A. Shakhmatov persistently defends his scientific lexicographic principles. The department finally agrees with the chess program, and the editor sets about realizing his grandiose plans, setting himself the daring task of continuing the printing of the Dictionary as early as January 1897.

On March 31, 1876, a major event took place in the personal life of A.A. Shakhmatov: he marries Natalya Alexandrovna Gradovskaya, daughter of a famous lawyer, professor of law A.D. Gradovsky. The next day after the wedding, the young couple goes on a kind of honeymoon trip: the Academy of Sciences sends its adjunct abroad with the aim of in-depth study of the dialects of the southern Slavs and the study of Serbo-Croatian stress and intonation. Here, too, Shakhmatov is much more passionate about his work than his young wife: Natalya Alexandrovna is desperately bored and writes letters home complaining of inattention to her. Alas! She married a man for whom science was the main meaning of his life. In addition, Shakhmatov, according to the recollections of all the people who knew him, was a typical enthusiastic "workaholic", whose efficiency sometimes amazed fellow philologists.

The first volume of the Dictionary was indeed published in 1897. Even those who initially did not approve of the principles of constructing the Chess Dictionary were unable to hide their admiration for the scale of the work done. External facts speak eloquently about Shakhmatov's colossal efficiency: the volume of the entire second volume of the Dictionary, which included 9 issues published before 1907, is 1483 pages, and the size of all its issues in general is more than 10 times larger than the voluminous edition of the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian » 1847.

F.F. Fortunatov (a friend and teacher of Shakhmatov) wrote to his student: “Your activity simply amazes me. I don't think you're taking care of yourself at all."

Indeed, Alexey Alexandrovich did not know any days off or holidays: he worked daily for 10-12, and in the village in the summer for 15 hours a day.

Library of the Academy of Sciences

In 1899, A.A. Shakhmatov was appointed director of the I (Russian) department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences. The new director looked at the book, first of all, as the main tool for educating the masses. Therefore, he immediately eliminates all privileges in the use of the library's funds. Now the Academic Library can be visited not only by scientists, but also by teachers of gymnasiums and even students. Shakhmatov achieved the opening of a special reading room for young students at the library. Seeing how crowded it is now in the library (then it was located in the old building of the Kunstkamera), the director gives his office for lending books at home, and now, meeting one of his colleagues at the Academy, the scientist has no choice but to deal with them business conversations in one of the aisles between the bookcases.

On the initiative of Shakhmatov, new departments are being created in the library: cartographic, iconographic, musical, reports, etc. The director of the library pays special attention to manuscripts. Everything in them is important for the scientist: the content and linguistic features, the form of the ornament and the manner of depiction, the coloring of the letters. Preserving the manuscripts means for A. A. Shakhmatov not only to provide scientists with invaluable material for research. It also means preserving the primary sources of the manifestation of Russian spiritual culture, the national heritage of the entire people. In 1900, Shakhmatov succeeded in creating a special Manuscript Department at the library. V.I. Sreznevsky. On his initiative, archeographic expeditions were organized to the regions of the Russian North. The Manuscript Department received 500 Old Russian manuscripts, 205 acts and about 100 early printed books.

It is known that Academician A.A. Shakhmatov donated for the needs of the library: the purchase of new books, the equipment of reading rooms, archaeographic expeditions, etc.

Russian language reformer

In February 1904, a special commission of the Academy of Sciences began work on the preparation of a reform of Russian spelling. Together with other well-known linguists, Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov also entered it. Initially, this group of linguists was headed by Doctor of Comparative Linguistics F.F. Fortunatov, and after his death Academician Shakhmatov became the head of the commission.

Practitioners already then proposed to abolish double letters and significantly simplify Russian spelling, making it more accessible to the widest strata of the population. Unfortunately, this project was rejected by conservative officials and some scientists who opposed innovations. The commission continued to improve the spelling reform project until 1912, but even after revision the proposed version was not accepted.

The reform of Russian spelling, which made Russian spelling easier to learn and use, was carried out only in 1917-1918. All the glory of the reformers went to the officials of the People's Commissariat of Education under the leadership of People's Commissar A.V. Lunacharsky, and the names of the true developers of the reform, Russianists of the "old" school F.F. Fortunatov, A.A. Shakhmatov, D.N. Ushakov and others, were forgotten and for a long time were not mentioned at all in Soviet literature.

Chess and Russian Chronicle

In addition to linguistic and philological research, A.A. Shakhmatov did a huge and, one might say, unprecedented work in the field of studying ancient Russian chronicles. It was he who laid the foundations for their textual research and thus determined the foundation of textual criticism as a science. He was the first to establish the time of creation and the sources of the oldest chronicle collections (XI - XVI centuries), in particular "The Tale of Bygone Years", completely revising all the ideas about the history of Russian chronicle that existed before him.

Shakhmatov owns the work of restoring the chronicles that preceded the PVL. Before him, it was believed that the author of the PVL Nestor was a monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery, the first Russian chronicler, and the Tale of Bygone Years he created was the first Russian chronicle, the time of which was dated back to the turn of the 11th-12th centuries.

Studying the lists of the Novgorod First Chronicle, Shakhmatov came to the conclusion that it contained fragments of an older chronicle than the PVL itself. There are significant discrepancies between the Novgorod First Chronicle and The Tale of Bygone Years. Shakhmatov explains these discrepancies by the fact that the text underlying the Novgorod First Chronicle is much older than the PVL text. The chronicler, who compiled The Tale of Bygone Years, expanded the collection with new materials, various written and oral sources, documents (treaties with the Greeks), extracts from the Greek chronicles and brought the presentation up to his time.

A.A. Shakhmatov did a colossal job, trying to restore the code that underlies both The Tale of Bygone Years and the First Novgorod Chronicle. The researcher called it "Initial", suggesting that it was with him that Russian chronicle writing began.

Step by step, in various studies, A. A. Shakhmatov managed to completely restore its composition, establish the time of its compilation (1093-1095) and show the political situation in which it arose:

However, having called this code "Initial", A. A. Shakhmatov did not yet assume that this name would soon turn out to be inaccurate. Further studies of the scientist showed that the composition of the Initial Code contains various layers and inserts. Subsequently, A. A. Shakhmatov managed to open two even more ancient arches at the base of the Initial Code.

Thus, the history of ancient Russian chronicle writing is represented by A. A. Shakhmatov in the following form:

In 1037-1039. the first Russian chronicle was compiled - the most ancient Kyiv code.

From the beginning of the 60s. In the 11th century, hegumen Nikon of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery continued to write chronicles and by 1073 compiled the second chronicle code.

In 1093-1095. in the same Kiev-Pechersk monastery, the third chronicle was compiled, conventionally called the Primary.

Finally, at the beginning of the 12th century, not immediately, but in several stages, the “Tale of Bygone Years” that has come down to us was compiled.

This scheme of the history of ancient chronicles, well substantiated by many considerations set forth in the works of A.A. Shakhmatov, made a real "revolution" in historical science.

In the lifetime works of Academician Shakhmatov, it was never brought to its logical end - it was done for him by his followers - M.D. Priselkov, Ya.S. Lurie and other historians. And although certain provisions of the chess hypothesis about PVL were subjected to justified and not entirely justified criticism by academicians V. M. Istrin, N. K. Nikolsky, S. F. Platonov and other scientists, the point of view of A. A. Shakhmatov was confirmed by many facts. The scheme proposed by Shakhmatov and M.D. Priselkov continues to be guided by modern historical science. The concept presented by them still plays the role of the “standard model”, on which all subsequent researchers rely or argue.

It is especially valuable that A. A. Shakhmatov in his works did not stop at clarifying the most important facts in the history of the initial Russian chronicle writing. He sought to restore the very text of each of the above codes.

In “Research on the most ancient Russian chronicle codes” (1908), A. A. Shakhmatov gave the text of the Ancient Code, restored by him, in the edition of 1073 - that is, the text of Nikon’s code of 1073, with the selection in it using a special font of those parts that entered it from the Ancient Code of 1037-1039.

In his later work The Tale of Bygone Years (vol. 1, 1916), A. A. Shakhmatov gave the text of The Tale of Bygone Years, in which he singled out in large print those parts of it that date back to the Initial Code of 1093-1095.

Political views

Soviet researchers, who turned to the biography of A.A. Shakhmatov in the 1970-80s, repeatedly tried to present the scientist as a principled opponent of the tsarist regime, a fighter for democratic ideals, a true patriot of Russia, who was loyal to the revolutionary transformations, both in February and October and sincerely wished to be useful to his country. In part, these statements are true: for many years Chess selflessly served the cause of science and public education. He was sometimes outraged by the inertness and indifference of state officials, on whom the necessary changes depended. Like any intelligent person of the beginning of the 20th century, A.A. Shakhmatov was in opposition to the authorities in those issues that outraged the entire progressive public of that time. In particular, he condemned the imperial policy towards foreigners and the use of the languages ​​of the national outskirts, the attack on freedom of speech, the oppression of students and various public organizations, class privileges, etc. During the revolution of 1905-1907, Shakhmatov subscribed to various collective appeals of the university professors and the academic community to the authorities, perhaps he shared the views of the "Cadet" majority in the Academy of Sciences. In 1905, A.A. Shakhmatov wrote a notorious, too bold letter to the President of the Academy, Grand Duke K.K. Romanov (KR):

“We really blame the government: we blame it for the fact that it has done so little for public education, and, despite the services of the Zemstvo, has not yet been able to instill elementary literacy in the rural population ...; we reproach the government for the fact that, having begun the reform of the secondary school under Minister Bogolepov, it still does not understand the work of commissions and committees and leaves the school without a firm teaching program; we blame it for the fact that, having long ago recognized the shortcomings of the university statutes of 1884, which introduced our disintegration into higher educational institutions, it has not yet eliminated the abnormal conditions of the university system ... Yes, we blame this government, and mainly because it is not aware of its responsibility to the country and its obligations to the Supreme Power…”

According to one version, at the suggestion of V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, Shakhmatov was accepted into the library of the Academy of Sciences for safekeeping almost all the illegal literature of the Bolshevik Party and some documents on the history of the revolutionary movement. In accordance with the law that existed in Russia, mail coming from abroad to the Academy of Sciences was not subject to customs inspection, and the property and literature of the Academy on the territory of the country had the right of extraterritoriality, that is, inviolability. Then the Bolsheviks themselves repealed this law, and accused S.F. Platonov and other leaders of the already Soviet Academy of Sciences of “storage” and even “concealment” of documents, concocting an “academic case” (1929).

Nevertheless, to call A.A. Shakhmatov an “ideological fighter” and a “fiery revolutionary” would be a big stretch even from the point of view of Soviet historians. He remained, first of all, a scientist for whom politics and the struggle for the interests of any social groups were of no interest. As the director of the library, the academician sought only to preserve for posterity documents (manuscripts, autographs) of historical value. Neither he nor anyone else at that time could even imagine the political consequences of this activity.

Contemporaries spoke of Aleksey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov as an exceptionally honest and decent person who sacrificed his entire life on the altar of disinterested service to science. He was amazingly talented, hardworking and persistent in achieving his lofty goal. But at the same time, Academician Chess remained in the memory of colleagues and students as a person with a "bright", sincere soul, tactful, gentle, modest, completely defenseless in the face of the surrounding reality and the worst manifestations of human nature.

“In his relations with people, as far as I managed to catch and experience for myself, an extraordinary nobility of soul, sensitivity, sincerity, responsiveness, subtlety of mental organization and exceptional goodwill affected. And what is characteristic of all, the manifestation of these qualities was accompanied by extraordinary modesty,” wrote one of the people who knew Shakhmatov closely.

As a philologist, Shakhmatov made a true "revolution" in the history of the study of Russian chronicles. For a scientist, this is quite enough.

Teaching activity

A.A. Shakhmatov from 1908 to 1919 taught the history of the Russian language, the Church Slavonic language, and Russian dialectology at St. Petersburg (later Petrograd) University. He was one of the most respected and respected professors of the university. Already at the first meeting with students on October 18, 1906, Shakhmatov immediately outlined a wide range of tasks facing the lecture course. He emphasized that the history of the language is able to present a picture of the historical development of the people, but this problem can be solved only with careful observations of the dialects and written monuments, as well as the modern living language. “I would very much like,” the lecturer addresses the students, “so that you, novice philologists, would be seized with interest in our richest written language. But I will do my best to prove to you that the study of monuments must be preceded by the study of a living language, that ... there can be no study of the history of a language without constant reliance on the history of the people itself ... "

This principle was fundamental in the scientific work of the lecturer himself.

After 1917

After October 1917, Academician A.A. Shakhmatov remained in Petrograd, not for a moment thinking about emigration. For a Russian philologist, historian and theorist of the Russian language, fleeing from his country in a time of severe trials looked like a betrayal:

In addition, Shakhmatov perfectly understood that he could continue the work of his whole life, namely, scientific work, only in Russia. The scientist could not imagine himself and his life without living Russian speech, Russian literature, the Russian people.

Despite everyday hardships, hunger, cold, military devastation, A.A. Shakhmatov continues to work actively at the Academy of Sciences and lecture at the university. He became one of the few representatives of the pre-revolutionary professorship who willingly joined the social, organizational and administrative activities of the Academy of Sciences under the Bolsheviks.

In February 1918, Shakhmatov was a member of the Commission for the development of proposals in connection with the upcoming 200th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences, in April he was elected to the Commission to develop a new charter for the Pushkin House, in May Alexei Alexandrovich became the Academy's representative in the Public Library Committee, at the end of October he is one of three representatives from the Academy at the meeting of the Council of University Type Higher Education Institutions. Shakhmatov participates in the Commission for Consideration of the New Statute of the Academy of Sciences, represents the Academy in the board of the Institute of Art History. In October 1919, the scientist was entrusted with the temporary management of the II department of the Academic Library, as well as the chairmanship of the Library Commission; in December, the General Assembly of the Academy of Sciences elects the academician as its representative to the commission at the Book Chamber.

During the period of revolutions and the Civil War, Chess did not leave his scientific activity either. From 1918 to 1919, his works were published: “Volokhi of Old Russian Literature”, “Notes on the Language of the Volga Bulgarians”, “Ancient Destinies of the Russian Tribe”. In the summer of 1919, Shakhmatov began to write a huge work, The Syntax of the Russian Language, which later became an outstanding linguistic study, without knowledge of which even today it is impossible to study the syntax of the Russian language scientifically.

Last winter

The book "The Syntax of the Russian Language" is the crowning achievement of the entire pedagogical and scientific path of A.A. Shakhmatov. However, it turned out to be his last "swan" song, remaining forever unfinished. Knowledge, experience, scientific discoveries, as well as the very life of an outstanding scientist, were not needed by the new revolutionary Russia.

The winter of 1919-1920 was the last for Academician Shakhmatov. In the cramped service rooms of the Academic Library, the temperature often stood at around 5 degrees below zero, in the vaults the frost reached 10 degrees. There is no electricity: it has long been replaced by kerosene lamps. The situation is the same in most Petrograd apartments. Every evening, the half-starved academician carried heavy logs of firewood to his third floor, sawed and chopped them, so as not to freeze, in order to continue his work.

The last letters of Alexei Alexandrovich to his close friend and colleague, philologist D.N. Ushakov, give a clear idea of ​​the hardships and hardships he experienced:

“Your life, as I see it, is more difficult than mine, I won’t say ours, Petersburg, because in general it’s even worse here than in Moscow. But I'm in a state-owned apartment, I get enough firewood for the stove; from time to time, however, in minimal doses, two stoves below can be heated (we have two floors, after all). Electric light in the last time began to give from 6 to 12. True, we are not full, we are in poverty because of the products, but one way or another we still got by. It takes a huge amount of money to maintain. It's hard to get money. In addition to the increased salary, we are helped by the sale of things. But things will soon end, they will only last for a month. What we will live on, it is not clear ... "

In mid-December 1919, Aunt Olga Nikolaevna Shakhmatova, who became the mother of Shakhmatov and his sisters, dies in Petrograd. On February 11, less than two months after the death of her aunt, Olga Alexandrovna, the younger sister of the academician, dies. The lone courier Ilya, whom Alexei Alexandrovich took into his family a few months ago, also dies.

Having lost dear and close people, Shakhmatov goes to work. He personally manages the transportation of book treasures from the plundered home libraries of famous Petrograd scientists to the Academy of Sciences, saves many monuments of national culture from destruction, unloads carts with his own hands, and carries incredibly heavy bales of books on his shoulders.

By a strange coincidence, the end of the life of Academician A.A. Shakhmatov turned out to be associated with the name of A.I. Sobolevsky, with the opposition of whose dissertation his career began. On July 30, 1920, A.A. Shakhmatov transported Sobolevsky's library to the Academy of Sciences, and this was the limit of physical capabilities of an already exhausted, tired person.

Ten days later, doctors diagnosed Shakhmatov with intussusception. An operation was performed, but the body of the 55-year-old scientist was so exhausted that he was no longer able to fight for life. On August 16, 1920, Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov died. He was buried at the Volkovo Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Legacy and memory

After the death of A.A. Shakhmatov in 1925–1927, his largely unconventional Syntax of the Russian Language was published, which had a significant impact on the development of syntactic theory in Russia.

His works in the field of studying Russian chronicles were republished, systematized and brought to a logical conclusion only in the late 1930s and early 1940s.

The following is a far from complete list of the scientist's works published during his lifetime and after his death:

• Study on the Nestor Chronicle (1890)
• On the writings of St. Nestor (1890)
• A few words about Nestor's Life of Theodosius (1896)
• The oldest editions of the Tale of Bygone Years (1897)
• The starting point of the chronology of the Tale of Bygone Years (1897)
• Kiev-Pechersk Patericon and Caves Chronicle (1897)
• About the initial Kiev chronicle (1897)
• Chronology of the most ancient Russian chronicles (1897)
• Review of Eugen Scepkin's "Zur Nestorfrage" (1898)
• Initial Kyiv chronicle and its sources (1900)
• The Tale of the Calling of the Varangians (1904)
• Korsun legend about the baptism of Vladimir (1908)
• One of the sources of the chronicle legend about the baptism of Vladimir (1908)
• Searches for the most ancient Russian chronicles (1908)
• Preface to the Primary Kyiv Code and Nestor Chronicle (1909)
• Nestor Chronicle (1913-14)
• Nestor the chronicler (1914)
• Tale of Bygone Years (1916)
• The Life of Anthony and the Caves Chronicle
• Kyiv Initial Code 1095
• An Outline of the Modern Literary Language (1913)
• Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language (1915)
• Introduction to the course of the history of the Russian language (1916)
• Syntax of the Russian language (1 vol. - 1925; 2 vol. - 1927)
• The most ancient fate of the Russian tribe (1919)

On January 21, 1921, in order to perpetuate the memory of A. A. Shakhmatov, the Academy of Sciences applied to the Council of People's Commissars with a petition to nationalize the academician's estate in the village of Gubarevka and turn it into a rest home for the Academy's employees. V. I. Lenin approves this decision and takes all the necessary measures for its speedy implementation. However, in 1921, the Soviet authorities had many other concerns besides perpetuating the memory of the "old-mode" philologists. The estate was taken under state protection, but the creation of the memorial museum of A.A. Shakhmatov in Gubarevka did not take place. Neither the manor building nor any outbuildings have survived to this day. Only a fragment of the park has been preserved, which today is among the protected objects in the Saratov region.

The historian, genealogist, elder sister of A.A. Shakhmatov Evgenia Alexandrovna Masalskaya-Surina (1863-1940) left interesting memories of her brother, which were first published in full only in 2012.

From marriage with N.A. Gradovskoy Shakhmatov had three daughters: Olga (1898-?), Sophia (1901-1942) and Ekaterina (1903-1942).

Sofya Alekseevna Shakhmatova (by her husband Koplan) graduated in 1924 from the public faculty of the ethnological and linguistic department of Leningrad University. From 1920 to 1931 she worked as a researcher and curator at the Pushkin House. In 1923 she married B.I. Koplan (1898-1941), a literary historian, also an employee of the House, who was repressed in an "academic case" (1929). In 1931, Sofya Alekseevna quit her job and followed her husband to Ulyanovsk, the place of his exile. Upon her return in the 1930s, she worked as a librarian and archivist at the Archives of the Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oriental Studies. She died of starvation in besieged Leningrad one day with her son Alyosha Koplan (16 years old) on January 5, 1942.

In the blockade winter of 1941-1942, the youngest daughter of Academician Shakhmatov, Ekaterina, and presumably his widow N.A. also died in Leningrad. Gradovskaya-Shakhmatova, who until the last day looked after her sick grandson.

Compilation by Elena Shirokova based on materials:

A.A. Shakhmatov (1864-1920). Chronicle of the life and work of Academician Shakhmatov. M.-L., 1930;

Izmailov N.V. Memories of the Pushkin House//Pushkinist N.V. Izmailov. - Kaluga, 2008.

Makarov V.I. AA Shakhmatov: A manual for students. - M .: Education, 1981;

Masalskaya E.A. The story of my brother, A.A. Shakhmatov. M., 1927.

SHAKHMATOV Alexey Alexandrovich (1864-1920)

chess philologist biography

An outstanding Russian philologist, historian, teacher, researcher of Russian chronicles A.A. Shakhmatov was born on June 5 (17), 1864 in Narva (now Estonia) into a noble family. Love and understanding reigned in the family. Alyosha's mother, Maria Feodorovna, has been an enthusiastic student of European languages ​​since childhood: she inherited remarkable linguistic abilities from her father. Subsequently, Maria Feodorovna not only did not change her attachment to philology, but also continued to study new languages. At his relative by husband A.V. Trirogov, who graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Languages ​​in St. Petersburg, she took Turkish lessons. The father of the future scientist, Alexander Alekseevich, having received a higher legal education, served as a junior assistant to the secretary of the Senate, and then as a collegiate assessor in the Ministry of Justice. During the Sevastopol campaign of 1856, he was enrolled as an orderly to the head of the Saratov militia, but soon, at his own request, he was transferred to the active unit, where, with the rank of staff captain, he took command of a company. Upon the disbandment of the militia in 1857, A.A. Shakhmatov was appointed prosecutor in Smolensk, and three years later he was given the same position in Penza. Here, on January 8, 1861, he married Maria Feodorovna. Having bought a small estate in the Voronezh province, the liberal-minded prosecutor A.A. Shakhmatov took an active part in the fate of the peasants.

During this Voronezh period of the Shakhmatovs' life, Alyosha appears in their family. The place of his birth was Narva, where, shortly before this event, Maria Fedorovna went to visit her aunt. The first years of the boy's life are spent in frequent relocations of his parents: in 1865 - Kharkov, in 1866 - Moscow, in 1867 - Kharkov again, where A.A. Shakhmatov Sr. is appointed prosecutor of the judicial chamber. There were only three such posts in all of Russia, and six provinces at once fell under Shakhmatov's tutelage. In anticipation of her husband's frequent business trips, Maria Fedorovna with her children - Alyosha and her eldest daughter Zhenya - leaves for the village of Gubarevka in the Saratov province - to the homeland of her husband's parents, to the estate of his brother Alexei Alekseevich Shakhmatov. In 1868, Shakhmatov Sr. was promoted to senator and appointed chairman of the Odessa Judicial Chamber. Soon, in Odessa, Privy Councilor Shakhmatov began to be spoken of as a noble and incorruptible arbiter of justice. And no one suspected that the family was in trouble. Maria Fedorovna's health deteriorated sharply, and after arriving in Odessa, it began to deteriorate even faster. At the end of April 1870, the famous doctor N.I. Pirogov pronounces a sentence - consumption, finding the patient's condition hopeless. Unfortunately, the famous surgeon was not mistaken. On May 3, before reaching the age of 32, Maria Fedorovna died. But after one grief, another is not slow to come. On the night of January 21-22, 1871, the chairman of the Odessa Judicial Chamber, Senator, Privy Councilor A.A. died of an aneurysm of the heart. Chess.

Orphaned children - eight-year-old Zhenya, three-year-old Olya and six-year-old Alyosha - are taken to Gubarevka by their uncle Alexei Alekseevich. Fortunately for the children, they are surrounded by the same chess-like atmosphere of mutual affection and thirst for spiritual development. Alexey Alekseevich is engaged in music, composes romances himself and, with the arrival of his nephews, writes comic musical pieces for them. French, English, German and Latin are taught to children by their aunt, Olga Nikolaevna, who has fallen in love with children with devoted, maternal love.

In February 1875, Alyosha Shakhmatov entered the Moscow private gymnasium F.I. Kreyman. But he did not stay there for long. The boy, sick with measles and homesick, is returned to Gubarevka already in May. Far from home, A. Shakhmatov felt uncomfortable and depressed throughout his life. “In general, I love,” he admits at the age of 14, “every family, I love family, blissful harmony, I adore the principles on which the family is based ...” In Gubarevka, his home education continues. He gets acquainted with classical Russian literature - the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. Aleksey Shakhmatov, 11, spends a lot of time in the classroom, surrounded by books on Russian history, working on his own "Messages on History", because he has firmly decided to become a historian! In the summer of 1876, taking Alyosha with him, A.A. Shakhmatov leaves for treatment abroad. In Munich, the boy visits the Royal Library, and having moved with his uncle to Leipzig, 12-year-old Alyosha hurries to the University Library the next morning, and soon goes to study at one of the Leipzig gymnasiums. Here he believes that he certainly needs to be a student worthy of his Russian origin! And the boy from the Russian village becomes the best student in the class. The young A. Shakhmatov's passion for history does not fade away. The letter to his sister Zhenya dated September 21, 1876, the boy begins with a categorical warning: "My letter will be serious and by no means can be neglected ..." At the beginning of 1877, A. Shakhmatov develops an attachment to literature. In a January letter home, he already admits: "History and, in particular, literature have charm for me."

The Kreyman gymnasium, where A. Shakhmatov returned, with its low level of teaching, could no longer satisfy the boy. In January 1879, he moved to the Moscow 4th Gymnasium, where he continued to study history and literature. Aleksey Shakhmatov now sees one of his main scientific goals in collecting, systematizing and describing words. The boy's passion for language develops into a passion. He takes up the study of the works of Russian philologists. He was especially impressed by the book of the outstanding linguist of the middle of the 19th century F.I. Buslaev "On the teaching of the national language" (1844). Now the high school student spends a lot of time looking for books on philology, trying to create his own scientific library. To buy the right book, the boy sometimes has to sell something from his wardrobe for next to nothing. Gymnasium life is almost of no interest to the boy.

Young A. Shakhmatov decides to start his own research on the origin of words. A. Shakhmatov shows the work completed in one breath to the English teacher Hodzhetsu; he finds the schoolboy's essay very original and decides to introduce its author to N.I. Storozhenko. After a conversation with a high school student, he passes Shakhmatov's essay to the doctor of comparative linguistics V.F. Miller. Struck by the seriousness of the work, V.F. Miller, returning it to Storozhenko, exclaims: “And you think that all this was written by a boy? V.F. Miller convinces the young man to write by all means and at the same time promises assistance in the publication of his works. The schoolboy is amazed at the proposal of the stern professor, but flatly refuses, because he cannot print immature papers! The summer of 1879, at the end of the 4th grade, A. Shakhmatov spends at work: he studies Slavic languages, reads a lot in Sanskrit. V.F. Miller advises him to carefully study the language of the newly republished work of Nestor "The Life of Theodosius" and compare this language with Old Church Slavonic - the written language of the southern Slavs of the 9th-11th centuries, as well as modern Slavic languages. Shakhmatov begins to prepare for the study of the manuscript: he studies Greek and Latin phonetics. In September, taking with him a letter of recommendation from N.I. Storozhenko, he goes to Philip Fedorovich Fortunatov, Doctor of Comparative Linguistics of Moscow University, who met a high school student who crossed the threshold of his house for the first time as a person who had long been and well known. Endorsing Miller's advice, F.F. Fortunatov recommends that the guest begin a systematic comparison of Greek phonetics not only with Old Church Slavonic and Latin phonetics, but also with Sanskrit.

And the high school student Chess became not just a student, but also a collaborator of famous scientists. For F.F. Fortunatov, he made the necessary inquiries in the archives, in letters to I.V. Yagichu reported his observations on the language and graphics of handwritten texts. One V.F. Miller did not want to see him as a gifted child, but soon he had to be convinced of this. A few years later, recalling the first meeting with the high school student A. Shakhmatov, Philip Fedorovich will say that he was simply amazed by his knowledge. It was not a promising high school student who spoke to the doctor of sciences, but a young man whose knowledge in the field of linguistics does credit to a mature person. A month later, A. Shakhmatov completes the implementation of the recommendations of F.F. Fortunatov with an essay on Greek phonetics and starts searching for the text of The Life of Theodosius. Having found it in the book collection of the Rumyantsev Museum, he proceeds to rewrite the monument. Shakhmatov studies not only the edition of The Life of Theodosius, which appeared in Russia in 1879. He decides to compare this edition with the handwritten original in order to avoid repeating the typographical errors made during the publication of the monument, if any. Soon, in scientific circles, they begin to talk about the fact that the edition of The Life of Theodosius has many inaccuracies and that some boy came to this conclusion (hard to believe). Everything becomes clear when in 1881 in the Berlin journal "Archive of Slavic Philology" the 17-year-old high school student A. Shakhmatov publishes his first scientific work "On the Criticism of Old Russian Texts (On the Language of The Life of Theodosius)". It was he who managed to see what the venerable scientists did not see - Shakhmatov discovered more than 600 cases of deviation from the original in a printed copy!

By the same time, the high school student met with the doctor of Roman literature, professor at Moscow University Fedor Evgenievich Korsh, who was known in scientific circles not only as an expert in ancient literature. His contemporaries were amazed by the scientist's fluency in all Slavic languages, English, French, German, Danish, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Greek, Albanian, as well as Latin, Ancient Greek, Hebrew, Sanskrit. F.E. Korsh also wrote poetry in Russian, Ukrainian, Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, translated Russian poets into Ukrainian, Latin, and ancient Greek. In 1882, Shakhmatov's knowledge was already so extensive that he was not afraid to act as an opponent at the defense of A.I. Sobolevsky, dedicated to research in the field of Russian grammar. The high school student's objections were so serious and his opinion on controversial issues so convincingly argued that the young researcher was asked to publish these materials. In hard work, the last gymnasium months quickly ran, and in the spring of 1883, another one appeared among the commemorative plaques of the gymnasium: "Chess Alexei. With a silver medal." Already by this time, Shakhmatov was known in scientific circles not only in Moscow, but also in St. Petersburg, he was sometimes called a legend boy.

In the autumn of 1883, he became a student of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University and got the opportunity to purposefully work under the guidance of famous philologists, who at that time was famous throughout the world for this educational institution: F.E. Korsha, N.S. Tikhonravova, N.I. Storozhenko, F.F. Fortunatov. Just a month after joining the university as a student, A. Shakhmatov begins to study the Novgorod letters of the XIII-XIV centuries. The merit of student A. Shakhmatov is not only a brilliant linguistic analysis of the Novgorod materials, but also the first publication of twenty charters he found in the archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The novice scientist made many valuable clarifications to these publications, providing his corrections with a paleographic description and linguistic notes. For this great and valuable work, at the request of the famous professor I.V. Yagicha, a first-year student, was awarded. And the student Shakhmatov spends every last penny of the 200-ruble bonus granted to him by the university on a trip to the distant Olonets province, devoting his first summer student vacation to it. He does not go there for recreation, where hard work leads him to the discovery of two dialects that are sharply different from each other.

In the spring of 1887, A. Shakhmatov defended his dissertation on the topic "On longitude and stress in the common Slavic language", after which the Council of Moscow University, noting the brilliant abilities of the graduate and the value of his scientific research, not only awarded him the title of candidate, but also on the recommendation of F.F. . Fortunatov and F.E. Korsha decided to leave the outstanding graduate at the university to prepare for a professorship. By tradition, the applicant for a professorship is entrusted with reading trial lectures at the Faculty of History and Philology of the University. Shakhmatov, without hesitation, chooses the analysis of the composition of The Tale of Bygone Years as the topic of his lecture. The young lecturer read his first lecture with enthusiasm, linking scientific facts into a coherent, logical system, arguing them well. The success of the trial lectures finally determines the decision of Moscow University in the autumn of 1890 to leave Shakhmatov in the position of Privatdozent and offer him a course of lectures on the Russian language.

However, personal life and thoughts about daily bread intervened in science: a salary of 160 rubles a year, which was also not very accurate, could not even ensure the existence of a child. The financial insecurity of the Privatdozent forced A.A. Shakhmatova left the university and Moscow back in September 1890, but they kept him, helped him get additional lessons in two gymnasiums at once, and although his financial situation improved somewhat, despair did not pass. With the loss of F.E. Korsh, who left for Odessa with his family in the summer of 1890, weakened Shakhmatov's attachment to Moscow University. Struggling with growing apathy, the impressionable Shakhmatov gathers all his mental strength to complete the lecture course, and he barely succeeds. In December 1890 A.A. Shakhmatov informs I.V. Yagich about his decision: "I will not read at the University until I acquire the degrees of master and doctor - this is a test that anyone who wants to be awarded the high honor (now worth cheap and low!) To read at the university" should be subjected to.

Since the summer of 1891, in accordance with the decree of the government in the Russian countryside, in order to establish and maintain order in rural life, a special position of zemstvo chief has been introduced. According to the plan of the legislators, the zemstvo chief should become the closest adviser to the population, take care of their needs. A.A. Shakhmatov is fascinated by this idea. He vividly presents himself among the peasants of his native Saratov region in the role of a kind of guardian. In early January 1891, having left Moscow, friends, having parted with F.F. Fortunatov, Shakhmatov leaves for Saratov to begin preparations for a new position. In Saratov, Shakhmatov was soon elected to the county zemstvo assembly as the zemstvo chief of the village of Gubarevka, Vyazovskaya volost. He wants to quickly study law, legal proceedings, to delve into the state of local education and agriculture. However, in a letter to F.F. Shakhmatov promised Fortunatov to write and defend his master's thesis without fail. Despite being very busy with zemstvo affairs, he still found the strength to start work on it in 1892 in Gubarevka, and actually complete it a year later. But, seeing how the zemstvo chief actually turned into a policeman, and realizing the collapse of his illusions and hopes for helping the peasantry, A.A. Shakhmatov decides to leave the Zemstvo service. The diploma of Doctor of Sciences gives him the right to return to the university, again to engage in science. On April 13, 1893, the tireless I.V. Yagich sends a letter to Academician A.F. Bychkov, in whom he confesses that he wants to see a person in the Academy who could continue the work he started more successfully than he himself. "So, - summarizes Yagich, - I consider only Shakhmatov." In mid-May, A.F. Bychkov sends an official proposal to Gubarevka for Shakhmatov to accept the junior academic title of adjunct of the academy.

In May 1893, the outstanding Russian philologist Academician Ya.K. Grotto. With his death, work on the large, multi-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language, published by the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences since 1889, actually stops. By electing A.A. Shakhmatova, the Department of Russian Language and Literature intended to entrust the young doctor of philology with editing the Dictionary, which the educated society of Russia was waiting for. In 1894, Shakhmatov presented his work "Research in the field of Russian phonetics" for a master's degree, but the Faculty of History and Philology for his huge contribution to Russian philology immediately awarded him the highest degree - Doctor of Russian Language and Literature. Russian philology has not yet known this.

Upon receiving the news of his election to the adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy, A.A. Shakhmatov arrives in the capital on December 16, 1894, and the very next day, for the first time, he participates in a meeting of his Department and speaks to his colleagues with a proposal ... to completely change the program of the Dictionary. Having carefully analyzed the material prepared for publication, extracted from the works of more than 100 Russian writers, Shakhmatov resolutely declares its insufficiency. According to the scientist, the Dictionary should not be limited only to the language of writers, the source of the Dictionary should be the living, everyday Russian language. The appearance of Shakhmatov in the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences coincides with the resumption of the department's printed organ - "News of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature, etc.", which was once published under the editorship of I.I. Sreznevsky. Not content with participating in the publication as one of the editors, Shakhmatov becomes one of the most active employees of Izvestia, whose rare book does not contain any of his work.

The department finally agrees with the chess program of the Dictionary, and the editor sets about implementing his plans, setting himself the task of continuing to print the Dictionary from January 1897. With the advent of the first "academic" summer, Shakhmatov interrupts his desk work on the Dictionary and sets off, in his words, "to give himself rest," on a wandering around the Kaluga province. And now an unknown "muzhik", some incomprehensible wanderer leisurely goes around on foot one by one the villages of the province, strikes up conversations with the villagers, annoyingly, and even in the midst of summer suffering, asks them to sing folk songs and everything writes, writes. .. and at the same time pays the songwriter money. No one in these parts even suspects that this wanderer, despite his youth, is a world-famous scientist, an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences.

Returning to St. Petersburg, A.A. Shakhmatov writes to F.F. Fortunatov: "I feel that now I will constantly travel around Russia. This is my task and duty, especially when you see how the peculiarities of Russian dialects are dying." In order to develop work in Russia on collecting the features of local dialects, Shakhmatov had to take up the preparation of special programs for the North Russian and South Russian dialects, and soon these programs were sent to teachers of rural schools and schools throughout Russia. Thanks to such unprecedented activity, A.A. Shakhmatov on the creation of the Dictionary of the Russian Language, people who are very far from the scientific and educational spheres are beginning to show interest in philology. So, in March 1896, a notebook with 60 written pages, entitled "Materials for the dictionary of the local dialect of the Nerchinsk Territory", arrived at the Department from the city of Konotop. Their author is N.A. Nonevich - the head of the escort team of one of the villages near Nerchinsk.

Members of the Department of Russian Language and Literature come to the unanimous opinion that in the history of the Department there has never been a figure who, in terms of scientific activity and versatility of interests, could be compared with A.A. Chess. Therefore, already in May 1897, 32-year-old A.A. Shakhmatov is elected an extraordinary academician. And as confirmation of the validity of this decision, the first issue of the Dictionary, edited by A.A., appears at the end of 1897. Shakhmatova. Even external facts speak eloquently about the grandeur of the chess enterprise: the volume of the entire second volume of the Dictionary, which included 9 issues published before 1907, is 1483 pages, and the size of all its issues in general is more than 10 times larger than the voluminous edition of the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian "1847. At the initiative of A.A. Shakhmatova, the Academy of Sciences takes over the preparation for publication of the complete collections of works by Russian writers. Not even a year and a half has passed since the beginning of Shakhmatov's activity as an extraordinary academician, and the Academy is already filing a petition to elect him to ordinary academicians - his scientific achievements were so obvious. And so, on December 4, 1898, at the General Meeting of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the scientist was unanimously elected an ordinary academician. His senior colleagues do not remember another case in the 19th century that such a young scientist was among the academicians! Later, Shakhmatov became a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences (1904), a doctor of philosophy at the University of Prague (1909), a doctor of philosophy at the University of Berlin (1910), a corresponding member of the Krakow Academy of Sciences (1910) and others.

In 1899, the academician was appointed director of the I (Russian) department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences. Before the arrival of Shakhmatov, for many years visitors to the Library of the Academy of Sciences were invariably greeted by a sign on the door informing them that the library was closed to outsiders due to its reorganization. The new director immediately eliminates privileges in the use of its funds. Now not only scientists, but also teachers of gymnasiums and even students rush to the Academic Library. Chess seeks to open a special reading room for young students at the library. Seeing how crowded it is now in the library, he gives his director's office for lending books at home, and now, meeting one of his colleagues at the academy, the scientist has no choice but to conduct business conversations with them in the aisle between the bookcases . At the initiative of the scientist, new departments are being created in the library: cartographic, iconographic, musical, reports, etc. There is no department in whose activities Shakhmatov would not contribute some of his concerns. But the director of the library pays incomparable attention to manuscripts. Thanks to this approach, in 1900 Shakhmatov managed to achieve the creation of a special Manuscript Department at the library.

Sharing the concern of the Russian teachers, the Department of the Russian Language and Literature in February 1904 decides on the formation, under the chairmanship of the president of the Academy, of a special commission to consider the issue of Russian spelling. Academician F.F. Fortunatov. The sincere desire of the Academy to subject the issue to objective consideration is evidenced by the carefully thought-out composition of the commission. It includes 55 people, including 16 academicians, 18 representatives of higher and secondary educational institutions, 4 representatives of pedagogical societies, 9 writers (editors of newspapers and magazines), 6 representatives of ministries and departments. The commission invites to its membership several individuals who are obviously hostile to the reform in order to achieve objectivity in the decision. It should be noted that out of the 16 members of the academy, only 6 academicians are unequivocally in favor of the reform, among them F.F. Fortunatov, A.A. Shakhmatov, F.E. Korsh, A.I. Sobolevsky, the rest are either against or indifferent to it. The efforts of the opponents of the reform had a significant impact on the President of the Academy. In January 1905, Prince K.K. Romanov writes to Fortunatov: “Radical transformations are only possible for those who have the power to carry them out. Neither our subcommittee, nor the commission, nor the Academy of Sciences itself has such power. I believe that the exclusion of the letters i and Ђ from the alphabet is premature ... "

In early January 1905, 342 scientists draw up and sign a "Note" in which they analyze the current needs of Russian secondary and higher education, challenging the tsarist system. Among the signatories are 16 academicians, including philologists A.A. Shakhmatov, A.N. Veselovsky, V.V. Radlov, physical chemist N.N. Beketov, botanist I.P. Borodin, artist I.E. Repin; 125 professors, 201 associate professors, lecturer and assistant. The president of the academy, Prince Romanov, alarmed by the attacks of the scientists, accuses them of turning science into an instrument of politics. He states that the scientists have broken the law and are inciting the students to riot. In response, A.A. Shakhmatov sends Prince K.K. Romanov letter. “We,” the academician writes, “really blame the government: for the fact that it has done so little for public education, and, despite the services of the Zemstvo, has not yet been able to instill elementary literacy in the rural population; we blame the government for the fact that, having begun the reform of the secondary school under Minister Bogolepov, it still does not understand the work of commissions and committees and leaves the school without a solid teaching program; we blame it for the fact that, having long ago recognized the shortcomings of the university charter of 1884, which introduced into higher our educational institutions, our decay, has not yet eliminated the abnormal conditions of the university system. Yes, we blame this government, and mainly because it is not aware of its responsibility to the country and its obligations to the Supreme Power ... "

Two weeks after "Bloody Sunday", which shook all of Russia, the Committee of Ministers, fearing a revolutionary influence on the masses of scientific and socio-political literature, creates a provision obliging the Academy of Sciences to give scientific reviews of books that the government considers politically harmful and therefore subject to destruction. And again none other than A.A. Chess, enters the battle for the life of the most valuable invention of human civilization for him - books. In a letter to the government, he writes: "Destroying a work of spiritual and mental activity of a person, burning a book of scientific or literary content is a crime against spiders, for any such work is an object of scientific research, an impartial trial of which belongs not to us, contemporaries, but to our descendants" . After this letter, the government no longer dared to address the academy with such "requests."

After "Bloody Sunday" Academician A.A. Chess considered the parliamentary path of struggle desirable, so in 1906 he agreed to be elected on behalf of the academy and universities to the State Council - the highest body under the tsar, whose duties include considering bills, approving the country's budget, as well as various judicial decisions. During the years of the first Russian revolution, Shakhmatov's scientific work, according to his own assessment, was going somewhat more sluggishly. Since November 1906, after the death of Academician A.N. Veselovsky, he becomes the Chairman of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial (Russian) Academy of Sciences (he held this post until the end of his life); edits the last issue of the second volume of the Dictionary of the Russian Language; completes preparations for the publication of the issue of "Monuments of Old Russian Literature"; using the comparative historical method, he continues to work on the study of the literary history of The Tale of Bygone Years.

October 18, 1908 A.A. Shakhmatov begins to work at St. Petersburg University. On this day, he meets the students for the first time. His introductory lecture leaves a captivating impression on the listeners. Its author outlines a wide range of tasks facing the lecture course. Shakhmatov emphasizes that the history of the language is able to present a picture of the historical development of the people, but this problem can be solved only with careful observations of the dialects and written monuments, as well as the modern living language. In 1910, Shakhmatov became a professor at St. Petersburg University.

The February Revolution of 1917 stirred up Russia, became a sharp turn towards broad political freedom. A.A. Shakhmatov joyfully welcomes the revolution, waits for the renewal of Russia, and takes the senseless bloodshed on the fronts of the First World War hard. He is full of optimism, full of hope for a better future. "I foresee many hardships and failures for our country," writes A.A. Shakhmatov in April 1917 to Professor I.A. Linnichenko, "but I firmly believe in the imminent triumph of the right order." However, the first steps of the Provisional Government in the field of education cause not only bewilderment, but a sharply negative reaction from the academician. Minister of Education Cadet A.A. Manuilov issues an order to dismiss 11 professors of Petrograd University, and then A.A. Shakhmatov, showing his usual courage, comes out in defense of the expelled professors in the University Council, although he knows very well that the majority of the Council shares the government's position.

The February revolution revives the hopes of many figures of education for the completion of the work begun in 1904 by the academy to simplify Russian spelling. After the death of F.F. Fortunatov, Academician A.A. becomes the chairman of the Spelling Commission. Chess. With zeal and diligence, he is taken to the final completion of the set of scientific recommendations for reform. But only after the October Revolution, People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky signed the Decree on the introduction of a new spelling, which was the result of many years of work by the Spelling Commission. This happened on December 23, 1917. "In order to ensure the acquisition of Russian literacy by the broad masses of the people, raise general education and free the school from unnecessary and unproductive waste of time and labor in the study of spelling rules, it is proposed to all state and government institutions and schools, without exception, to make the transition to a new spelling as soon as possible ". The decree on the introduction of a new spelling is the finale of a tense struggle that has been waged by the progressive people of Russia for more than 13 years. and A.A. Shakhmatov was one of the active supporters of the implementation of this reform.

In January 1918, the Academy of Sciences immediately agreed to the proposal of the Soviet government to cooperate with it, and the second, after the signature of the indispensable secretary of the Academy S.F. Oldenburg, signed by Academician A.A. Chess. "The Academy," it was said in the resolution signed by the scientists, "is always ready, at the request of life and the state, to take up the scientific theoretical development of certain tasks put forward by the needs of state building." After the October Revolution, scientists were faced with the task of understanding all the diversity of ethnic groups and languages ​​of Russia, determining the scientific principles for creating alphabets for non-written languages, developing the alphabets themselves and thereby giving the peoples of the world's first Land of Soviets the greatest instruments of culture - writing and literacy. To this end, in close cooperation with the People's Commissariat for Nationalities, the Commission of the Academy of Sciences for the study of the tribal composition of the population of Russia, established in the spring of 1917, begins its activities. Academician A.A. Chess. In May 1918, the Academy of Sciences involved him in compiling a tribal map of Russia.

Faithful to his duty as a Russian scientist, A.A. Chess is devoted entirely to business, leaving no time for a break. It seems that in the post-revolutionary period, not a single central scientific, cultural and educational institution, not a single major undertaking of the academy can do without the participation of Academician A.A. Shakhmatova. In February 1918, he was a member of the Commission for the development of proposals in connection with the upcoming 200th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences, in April he was elected to the commission to develop a new charter for the Pushkin House, in May he became a representative of the Academy in the Public Library Committee, at the end of October he is one of three representatives from the academy at a meeting of the Council of higher educational institutions of the university type, in November he participates in the Commission for the consideration of the new Charter of the Academy of Sciences, in April 1919 he becomes a representative of the academy on the board of the Institute of Art History, in October he is entrusted with the temporary head of the II department Academic Library, as well as chairmanship of the Library Commission; with the onset of December, the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences elects the academician as its representative to the commission at the Book Chamber. And, despite the huge workload of the Academy of Sciences, participation in various commissions, A.A. Shakhmatov finds time to continue intensive scientific work, continues to read courses at the university. In 1918-1919. he publishes a number of works: "Notes on the language of the Volga Bulgarians", "Ancient fate of the Russian tribe", prepares for publication "Lectures on the phonetics of the Old Church Slavonic language" of his teacher and friend F.F. Fortunatov.

In the summer of 1919, Shakhmatov began writing a huge work, The Syntax of the Russian Language, which became an outstanding linguistic study. In Russian linguistics, before Shakhmatov, there was no such work in which Russian syntax would appear before the reader in such a variety of syntactic constructions. But "Syntax of the Russian language" remained unfinished. This work by A.A. Shakhmatova had a significant impact on the development of syntactic theory in Russia, is still the most complete and deepest description of the types of a simple sentence in the Russian language. Unfortunately, A.A. Shakhmatov did not have time to prepare for publication the "Essay on the Modern Russian Literary Language", which was published in 1913 by the student publishing committee of the university, and only in 1925-1927, in commemoration of the bicentennial anniversary of the Academy of Sciences, was first published according to the author's manuscript.

The harsh winter of 1919-1920 became for A.A. Chess is the last. In the cramped service rooms of the Academic Library, the temperature often stood at around 5 degrees below zero, and in the vaults the frost reached 10 degrees. There is no electricity. Every evening at home, exhausting work awaits the academician: with his hands weakening from hunger and fatigue, he carries heavy logs of firewood to his third floor, sawing and chopping them so as not to stiffen, in order to continue working, writing. In mid-December 1919, Aunt Olga Nikolaevna Shakhmatova, who became the mother of Shakhmatov and his sisters, dies in Petrograd. On February 11, less than two months after the death of her aunt, Olga Alexandrovna, her younger sister, dies. The lone courier Ilya, whom Alexei Alexandrovich took into his family, also dies. The Shakhmatovs shared with him everything that the academician's family lived at that time. Aleksey Alexandrovich finds it difficult to survive the death of loved ones, he tries to suppress the feeling of grief in himself, leaving entirely to work. But one after another, news of the plundering of Petrograd libraries and private book collections fell upon him. And this is at a time when the Library of the Academy of Sciences is bit by bit collecting unique books, buying books from Petrograd residents, organizing trips to other cities and even abroad for this purpose. A.A. Shakhmatov personally supervises the transportation of book treasures from the home libraries of famous Petrograd scientists. He unloads carts with his own hands, carries heavy bales of books on his shoulders. This has been happening for many days...

On July 30, 1920, when Aleksey Aleksandrovich, already noticeably tired and aged, was busy transporting the library of A.I. Sobolevsky, this finally undermines his strength. Exhausted, returning home after work, he feels that some powerful force is throwing him from side to side ... Ten days later, a consultation of surgeons makes a diagnosis: intussusception of the intestines. Just a few hours later, A.A. Shakhmatov undergoes a complex operation, but it is already too late: four days later, he has inflammation of the peritoneum. Even in the last hours before the death of A.A. Shakhmatov, a great scientist, a man of unusually strong will, most of all strives to preserve the ability for clear thinking, active perception of the world. But the seemingly inexhaustible vitality that raged in him soon completely fades away: he dies in Petrograd at dawn on August 16, 1920. He was buried at the Volkovsky Orthodox Cemetery.

In the history of Russian science about the Russian language since the 90s of the XIX century. in the first years of the Soviet era, perhaps the most prominent place belongs to Academician A.A. Shakhmatov. Academician F.F. Fortunatov - one of the original representatives of comparative historical Indo-European linguistics in our science, A.A. Shakhmatov boldly and independently used comparative historical methods of studying Slavic languages, trying to connect the history of the language with the history of the people. After the works of Shakhmatov, any study on the history of ancient Russia is based on his conclusions. A. A. Shakhmatov is the founder of the historical study of the Russian literary language. He laid the foundations for the textual study of chronicles and textual criticism as a science; studied Slavic accentology, questions of comparative phonetics and grammar of Slavic languages, ancient and modern Indo-European languages; developed the historical morphology of the Russian language. He organized the study of many written monuments, modern dialects, the compilation of dictionaries, the preparation of the multi-volume "Encyclopedia of Slavic Philology"; under his leadership, the publication of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles was resumed. Under the leadership of A.A. Shakhmatov, the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences became the center of philology in Russia.

"Academician A. A. Shakhmatov: life, creativity, scientific heritage (to the 150th anniversary of his birth) Nestor-History St. Petersburg UDC 80/81 LBC 81.2 A38 A38 Academician A. A. Shakhmatov: life, ..."

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THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Institute for Linguistic Studies

St. Petersburg Institute of History

St. Petersburg Branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences

St. Petersburg Scientific Center

Joint Scientific Council

in social and human sciences

Academician A. A. Shakhmatov:

life, creativity, scientific heritage

(to the 150th anniversary of the birth)

Nestor-History

St. Petersburg

A38 Academician A. A. Shakhmatov: life, work, scientific heritage.

Collection of articles dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of a scientist / Ed.

ed. O. N. Krylova, M. N. Priemysheva. St. Petersburg: Nestor-History, 2015. - 1040 p.

ISBN 978-5-4469-0774-8 The collection of articles published on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Academician Alexei Alexandrovich Shakhmatov (1864–1920) includes studies on the life and work of the scientist, as well as articles on contemporary problems of those areas of history and philology, the development of which was largely determined by his works: the study of Russian chronicles, the history of the Russian language, Russian grammar, Russian dialectology, lexicology and lexicography. The collection is intended for a wide range of specialists in the field of humanitarian knowledge.

UDC 80/81 BBK 81.2

Responsible editors of the publication:

Ph.D. O. N. Krylova, Ph.D. M. N. Priemysheva.

Responsible section editors:

d.h.s. V. G. Vovina, Ph.D. M. D. Voeikova, Ph.D. S. St. Volkov, Ph.D. V. N. Kalinovskaya, Ph.D. O. N. Krylova, Ph.D. I. A. Malysheva, Ph.D. S. A. Myznikov, Doctor of History A. V. Sirenov, Ph.D. M. N. Priemysheva, Ph.D. O. A. Cherepanova.

Approved for publication by the Institute for Linguistic Research RAS, St. Petersburg Institute of History RAS ISBN 978-5-4469-0774-8 © Institute for Linguistic Research RAS, 2015 © St. Petersburg Institute of History RAS, 2015 © St. Petersburg Branch of the Archives of RAS, 2015 Alexey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov (1864–1920) was an outstanding Russian scientist. According to V. V. Vinogradov, “in the history of Russian philology there is no chapter more striking and exciting than the activity of Alexei Alexandrovich Shakhmatov.” The name of Shakhmatov is associated with the development of the most important areas of domestic Russian studies, as well as folklore and ethnography.

A. A. Shakhmatov's research remains fundamental. 1. A. A. Shakhmatov.

Il.1. A. A. Shakhmatov.

Gymnasium photography. 1883 tal while studying Gymnasium photography. 1883

© SPF ARAN. R. X. Op. 1-Sh. D. 113. L. 1. Russian annals.

© SPF ARAN. R. X. Op. 1-Sh. D. 113. L. 1.

Having lost his parents early, A. A. Shakhmatov was brought up in the family of his uncle in the Saratov province, then entered the Moscow private gymnasium Fr.

Kreyman. In the autumn of 1879, A. A. Shakhmatov moved to the IV Moscow Gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1883. A. A. Shakhmatov showed a penchant for scientific research as a high school student. The love of antiquities and the amazing philological intuition of this “wonder child” attracted the attention of such famous philologists as N. I. Storozhenko and V. F. Miller, who introduced him to the world of big Science, introducing him to the professors of Moscow University - F. I. Buslaev, F. F. Fortunatov and F. E. Korsh.

A legendary episode in the life of A. A. Shakhmatov, a high school student, was his successful critical performance in 1882 at the defense of the master's thesis of the already well-known scientist A. I. Sobolevsky.

After graduating from the gymnasium in 1883, A. A. Shakhmatov entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University, where, under the guidance of F. F. Fortunatov (1848–1914), who became his teacher, mentor and friend for life, he began to study relatively -historical study of Slavic languages.

In 1887, A. A. Shakhmatov graduated from Moscow University. Everyone was sure that he would have a brilliant career as a university professor, but unexpectedly for everyone, in 1891 he left to work as a zemstvo chief in the Saratov district and spent more than three years there.

In 1894, he defended his master's thesis "Research in the field of Russian phonetics", for which he was immediately awarded a doctoral degree, and was soon invited to the Imperial Academy of Sciences to supervise the "Dictionary of the Russian Language". In 1895, at the age of 30, he was elected an adjunct, in 1897 - an extraordinary academician of the Academy of Sciences, and since 1898 became a member of its board.

In 1899, A. A. Shakhmatov was elected director of the Russian Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, and from 1908 he became a Privatdozent and later a professor at St. Petersburg University. In the last year of his life, A. A. Shakhmatov also headed the Foreign Department of the BAN.

A. A. Shakhmatov, dealing with the problems of the origin of the Russian language, followed the traditions of the school of comparative historical linguistics. To do this, already in his first scientific works, he began to use ancient Russian written texts, including the texts of chronicles. He applied to the annals the methods by which linguists investigated the origin of languages: he saw in the annals a kind of single family, similar to a language family, all members of which are connected with each other. He investigated this complex system of family ties, trying to get to the "ancestors" of the chronicle texts known to us. Thus, Shakhmatov became the creator of such a scheme of correlation between chronicle texts, which is generally recognized by modern researchers.

Shakhmatov left a noticeable mark in the history of Russian linguistics: his works on the problems of the origin of the Russian language, the development of the Russian literary language, on the study of Russian dialects against a broad Slavic background, on the syntax of the modern Russian language are still relevant, original and original and testify to the rich intuition of the scientist , about his unique methodological approach - the historical principle was closely intertwined in his research with a psychological approach. Shakhmatov remained the only one in the history of Russian lexicography who created the concept of a dictionary-thesaurus of the Russian language: a dictionary in which all the words of the Russian language used at least once in the Russian language in the entire history of its existence were to be placed.

But A. A. Shakhmatov was not just an armchair scientist. A liberal by conviction, in 1905 he became a member of the Cadets Party, took an active part in its work, was a member of the reformed State Council, where he actively defended the rights of the peoples of the Russian Empire - Finns, Lithuanians, Georgians, Ukrainians, and also fought for the rights students. He supported the February Revolution of 1917, but did not accept the October Revolution.

In the difficult times that followed for Russia, A. A. Shakhmatov remained in Petrograd, continued teaching at the University, and supported his colleagues. He steadfastly endured physical suffering and hunger, and in the winter of 1919-1920, according to the recollections of his students, he still had the strength and courage to lecture in front of the three remaining students in the university auditorium, where the temperature was below zero. He had an amazing sense of responsibility for everything and everyone around him, whether it was young researchers who needed support, or the old and infirm courier of the Manuscript Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, Ilya, whom he took in the most hungry and difficult time to to his house and who died at his house.

Unbearable physical work, inherited by him as the only man in the family, undermined his strength. But still, A. A. Shakhmatov personally took care of saving and transporting a number of outstanding book collections to the Library of the Academy of Sciences, for example, he unloaded the carts with books of A. I. Sobolevsky with his own hands. All this, combined with extreme exhaustion, caused a sudden serious illness, from which he died suddenly on August 17, 1920. The news of the death of A. A. Shakhmatov immediately spread through all the scientific centers of Europe and caused an incredibly wide response from the scientific community. Thus, one of the greatest Russian scientists and an outstanding person perished...

V. G. Vovina-Lebedeva, A. V. Sirenov

*** A collection of articles prepared for the 150th anniversary of the birth of A. A. Shakhmatov includes materials from two sessions of the anniversary conference dedicated to the study of the scientific heritage of the scientist and held in St. Petersburg in June and October 2014. The first session was organized by the Institute for Linguistic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the participation of the Joint Scientific Council for Social Sciences and the Humanities of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center, was dedicated to the philological and linguistic heritage of the scientist.

The second session, held at the initiative of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Faculty of History of St. Petersburg State University and the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library, was devoted to modern problems of studying Russian chronicles and the role of Shakhmatov in the tradition of studying chronicles. The life and work of the scientist, new facts of his biography, rare archival data were the subject of interest of researchers during both sessions of the conference.

The great interest in the personality and creative heritage of Academician A. A. Shakhmatov emphasizes the uniqueness of the scientist’s creative gift, as well as the significance and relevance of his scientific heritage in our time: more than 90 representatives of various scientific specialties - historians, linguists, literary critics, workers archives and libraries, which became the authors of the articles in this collection.

Various areas of their research are reflected in the relevant sections of the publication: “About academician A. A. Shakhmatov (on the occasion of his 150th birthday”, “A. A. Shakhmatov and the scientific community of Russia”, “Traditions of A. A. Shakhmatov and the study history of chronicle writing” (editors: Doctor of Historical Sciences V. G. Vovina-Lebedeva, Doctor of Historical Sciences A. V. Sirenov), “Heritage of A. A. Shakhmatov and Issues of the History of the Russian Language and Linguistic Source Studies”

Ph.D. I. A. Malysheva, Ph.D. M. N. Priemysheva, (editors V. N. Kalinovskaya, Candidate of Philological Sciences); “Russian Historical Lexicology and Lexicography” (editor, Doctor of Philology O. A. Cherepanova), “A. A. Chess and the traditions of the studied Ph.D. S. A. Myznikov, Research of Russian Dialectology” (editors: Candidate of Philological Sciences O. N. Krylova), “Problems of Theory and History of Russian Grammar:

chess heritage” (edited by Doctor of Philology M. D. Voeikova), “The Lexicographic Activity of A. A. Shakhmatov” (editors: Candidate of Philological Sciences V. N. Kalinovskaya, Doctor of Philological Sciences M. N. . Priemysheva), "Problems of modern Russian lexicography"

(Editors: Candidate of Philological Sciences S. Sv. Volkov, Doctor of Philological Sciences M. N. Priemysheva).

ABOUT ACADEMIC

A. A. SHAKHMATOVE (on the occasion of his 150th birthday) Makarov Vladimir Ivanovich Bryansk State University named after Academician I. G. Petrovsky Russia, Bryansk

–  –  –

To understand the worldview of A. A. Shakhmatov, his last suicide letter in August 1920, written by him in connection with the birthday of his daughter Sophia, is extremely important. This huge letter is dedicated to the question that each of us asks ourselves more than once: what is the meaning of our life? For A. A., both a scientist and a person, the meaning of life consisted in the comprehensive development of the personality ... Here are some of the important thoughts of A. A. Shakhmatov, set out in this letter. The complex nature of man makes it possible to distinguish three types of phenomena: mind, feeling and will. The task of man is to improve all these types. All elements of knowledge must be treated with high respect: knowledge can lead to the achievement, knowledge of the truth, the highest concept, which invariably leads him to good. As for feelings, their range is extensive. Only those feelings that do not put a person in sharp conflict with his neighbors have a positive character. This is a feeling of love, a feeling of beauty, a sense of duty, etc. These feelings in development give in their manifestations such results that we call good.

Mankind needs an increase in good on earth, it longs for good, because the growth of evil threatens to drown humanity and individual human personalities in the abyss of evil. It is very valuable for us to be able to assert that our mental and emotional development lead to the same result - an increase in goodness on earth.

Speaking about religion, A.A., a religious person, emphasized that he does not know any other religion, except for the Christian one, which would penetrate so deeply into the spiritual nature of a person and put forward the feeling of love to such a height [OR RNB. F. 326].

It is noteworthy, however, that 15-year-old Aleksey Shakhmatov, in a letter to his older sister Evgenia, reflected on the importance of self-love: “A person, dear Zhenya, must love himself, he must completely surrender to himself, otherwise he is not a person. Then there is neither pride nor ambition in him when he does not love himself. But what does it mean to love yourself?

The teenager asked himself and his sister a question. And he answered: “It does not mean at all to love oneself in such a way as to neglect love for others, I must reveal myself by the fact that I write for something, I must be sure that I do not write in vain and that I have done something, since I am engaged in philology… I am aware that only one thousandth is ready for me, and having done only a thousand thousandths, I will do everything” [Masalskaya 1929: 192]. One might think that these thoughts of a fifteen-year-old analyst about self-love are, in fact, thoughts about work, about oneself in work.

And so was A. A. Shakhmatov throughout his short, laborious life.

The formation of the personality of A. A. Shakhmatov as a person and scientist was facilitated by a number of circumstances, and above all, the versatile cultural, humanistic traditions of the family (yes, in fact, of the entire chess family), its worthy moral qualities, high intellectual demands and abilities, as well as deep aesthetic interests .

In shaping the future scientist, his inclinations and skills, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of his closest mentors:

F. F. Fortunatov, F. E. Korsh, I. V. Yagich, V. F. Miller, N. I. Storozhenko, who saw in the gymnasium an unusually talented teenager, obsessed with scientific interests in the history of the Slavs, and with enthusiasm went towards these interests of the boy.

While still a high school student. Alexei experienced true happiness from the words of I. V. Yagich from his letter of December 9, 1881: “I console myself with the fact,” Yagich wrote to the teenager, “that we will see each other soon” [Shakhmatov 1947]. And F.F. Fortunatov, a European-scale scientist who did not like to be published so much, a person to whom people came from all over Europe to study, considered it an honor to communicate with him as a scientist and no less - as a person, and this great man writes only yesterday’s graduate of Moscow University: “It’s been more than a year since we parted with you, and I still can’t get used to your absence” [OR RNB. F. 370. Unit. ridge 82]. This strong attachment of venerable scientists to the young Russian teenager was amazing! And in general, the high ethics of relations with each other and with these outstanding personalities conquers and delights!

But along with the great scientific successes in the life of this man who had a very subtle psyche, what was A.A., troubles that exhausted both his soul and his brain constantly invaded, narrowly personal, family, and the troubles of the university youth so dear to him, and the great tragedy of the entire Russian society at the end of one and the beginning of another century - everything was taken very close to his heart and, like a worm, undermined his nerves ... Truly, "my drink is dissolved with weeping."

The earliest years of Alexei and his two sisters (the eldest Evgenia and the youngest - Olga), - these first years of life in an atmosphere of mutual love, parental care, poetry, music, were beautiful, serene and determined their interests for life. But, as often happens in life, an unexpected cruel misfortune overtook them very early: Alexei was only six years old when their mother died of tuberculosis at the age of thirty, and just six months later, their father, an honest, highly valued provincial prosecutor, who loved his hard work, and most importantly - even more loving family. “I love business life,” he once admitted, “I am fond of it, but it only occupies the mind, not filling the soul. Even among the most important matters and social pleasures, I feel the need for a cordial, strong affection, and all life is colorless, incomplete and superficial without a family ”(from the memoirs of A.A. Evgenia Masalskaya’s elder sister about her father) [RGALI. F. 318. Op. 1. Unit ridge 69. L. 5].

It can be said without a doubt that the words of the father, Alexander Alekseevich, which we have cited, fully correspond to the attitudes of his son: A.A.’s love for his wife and constant worries about her, nervous, sickly, often had to take her to European doctors in France, Germany, Switzerland; love for children, strengthened, no doubt, also by memories of his own early orphanhood, was truly boundless.

Apparently, it is precisely the early death of his parents that explains his surprisingly tragic words addressed to his Saratov aunt and uncle (who once took three orphaned children to raise) on the day of his twelfth birthday: “How short a human life is!

The boy wrote. “Maybe I’ve already lived half my life!” And well, nothing in my life is worthy of praise” [Masalskaya 1929]. And this despite the fact that by this time the boy had already written many small articles and a huge essay on the history of Russia in the 13th-15th centuries. in three parts, on more than three hundred pages.

The incredible tragedy of A. A. Shakhmatov and his wife Natalia Alexandrovna (nee Gradovskaya, daughter of the famous St. Petersburg professor of history A. D. Gradovsky) was the disease (tuberculous meningitis) of their son Sashenka and his inevitable death. How much courage this, according to the elder sister, a suspicious, “softly feeling” person (we are talking about Alexei Alexandrovich) had to have from childhood in order to see this tormented, helpless dear child every day and still try to inspire everyone in the family with hope for his recovery and it is good to understand at the same time that this hope is so cruelly small ... Moreover, at this time, meticulously study thousands of written monuments, study two hundred voluminous chronicle texts in order to restore the appearance of the most ancient, original of them, write and edit books, articles, write hundreds of letters and answer them, compile, as a rule, many reviews of all kinds of scientific works, create an incredibly difficult thesaurus dictionary alone and with almost no one (except for the closest senior teachers and friends), have the strength not to start talking about your terrible tragedy, do not complain about fate in order to somehow soothe your pain ... By the day of your wedding, by the day of the birth of your wife and children A. A. love it cannot be closer to them living with him - in the same apartment, write congratulatory, but in essence always letters of thanks ... “Dear Shunechka! - he wrote to his wife on March 31, 1910, in the 14th year after his marriage, - I congratulate you and myself on the new anniversary. I congratulate you on the fact that every year I adore you more and more, if only it pleases you. I congratulate myself on the immeasurable happiness that you give me. Yours A. Shakhmatov” [RNB. F. 370. Unit. ridge 84. L. 15]. A year later: “Dear Shunechka! On the day of the fifteenth anniversary of our wedding, of course, I would like to tell You a lot of tender and good things, everything that would fully express my feeling of love for You, as well as gratitude for the long-term happiness that You gave me ... Do not change, in relation to me , do not close your soul from me and take care of your strength.

They - these forces and all You, my dear, are needed by me and the children. Yours A. Shakhmatov” [RNB. F. 370. Unit. ridge 84. L. 38].

A. A. Shakhmatov was an "incorrigible" altruist. Having completed his studies at Moscow University, left to teach and prepare for a professorship, that is, knowing full well that his career would be secured, a young, talented man soon completely abandons all this and leaves for his native Vyazovskaya volost of Saratov province. zemstvo chief, cherishing the hope that he could help the poor peasantry in these hungry years, when, moreover, the insidious and cruel cholera that came from the Caspian gathered its plentiful sacrifice here. Upon learning of this decision of a young friend, I. V. Yagich was alarmed in Berlin, immediately wrote letters to the trustee of the Moscow educational district, Count Kapnist, the Minister of Public Education, Count Delyanov, with a convincing and persistent request to stop the departure of the outstanding young scientist Shakhmatov by all means.

Letters to the fugitive were sent from their offices, they promised mountains of gold, a very good salary, but the young zemstvo remained adamant and left for his native village. Subsequently, the Norwegian philologist Olaf Brock, who visited Shakhmatov in his native Gubarevka, recalled: A. A. tried in every possible way to soften the morals of the peasants, paid attention to public education, illuminated the benefits of this education for the peasants and offered to personally cover most of the costs that education required. A. A. put out fires, sorted out numerous conflicts, took care of watering almost always arid lands here, boldly rushed to put out fires himself, fought against the loss of livestock ... At such moments, his invisible figure seemed to grow ... Women came to Shakhmatov: someone had a basket with eggs, who has a duck at hand. He protested to tears, explained the duties of an official, and the people - a proper understanding of their rights and dignity. He sought to soften the morals and relations between the peasants” [RNB. F. 846. Unit. ridge 13. L. 3]. Knowing how much the young man had to endure in this position only in the first year of the Zemstvo, F.F. Fortunatov wrote to him in a letter on January 16, 1892: “This one year must, of course, be considered at least three normal years” [ RNB. F. 370. Unit. ridge 82]. The indispensable secretary of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.F. Oldenburg, who knew Shakhmatov well, recalled that Shakhmatov was not at all an urban, but a rural person in spirit. He developed in himself a clear view of the law and legality and did not share the Russian attitude to the law, deeply embedded in each of us, that is, the idea that the law is created only in order to bypass it. Disrespect for the law, the scientist believed, is one of the most pernicious types of our social lies, which gives rise to instability in people's life relations" [Oldenburg 1922: 67-68].

In pre-revolutionary times, passions ran high among the students both in the capitals and on the periphery, but the government did not find other ways to calm the students, how to expel them from educational institutions and throw them in prison. A. A. Shakhmatov did not generally share the revolutionary aspirations in society and, from his student days, tried to stay away from politics. In a letter to A. I. Sobolevsky, he frankly wrote that he was “very frightened by politics if it joins our cause” [SPF ARAN. F. 176. Op. 2. Unit ridge 496.

L. 52]. By "our cause" the scientist meant efforts to organize an inter-Slavic scientific congress, or at least a meeting.

The scientist, to the best of his ability and even beyond measure, sought to help mitigate the fate of many students. He assisted its talented representatives both in their studies and in the test of a scientific pen. In one of the publications, we talked about the payment by A. A. Shakhmatov for the education of a number of students of St. Petersburg University due to their lack of money and the threat of being expelled from the university for non-payment of tuition a few weeks before the end of the course. At the same time, Shakhmatov asked the rector of the university not to disclose the name of the person who contributed the necessary amount to the cashier [Makarov 1984: 6]. By the way, Shakhmatov's parents and other numerous relatives of the scientist did not at all belong to the number of rich people, just like later the family of Alexei Alexandrovich himself.

In the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, we managed to find an interesting letter from the academician dated May 14, 1909 to some high police officer with a request to be allowed to provide Pavel Eliseevich Shchegolev, a student of St. he is allowed, because for successful scientific research it is undoubtedly necessary to have more books at hand in most cases ... And then, as if in justification, an even more naive-sounding explanation of an ideally thinking scientist to the Russian police chief: “Our scientific literature has grown so much, especially for the last two decades."

In 1914, Shakhmatov was fussing about the arrested students: “the really outstanding student Valka”, Dmitry Ivanovich Abramovich expelled from the Theological Academy, the compiler of the scientific description of the Sofia Library left without a livelihood, “a very valuable person for science”, whom, as he wrote A. A.

F. 558. Op. 4. Unit ridge 366. L. 343v.]; about Pavel Matveyevich Evdokimov, a student of the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University, from February 7 to March 1, 1911, who was sitting in the "preliminary room" and awaiting trial, allegedly for participating in the case of the Yakovlev brothers, who tried to encroach on the life of the tsar. In a letter to A. A. Shakhmatov dated March 24 of the same year, the prisoner, realizing that sending his letter from prison to a professor, an academician, was not a very decent step, explained to him: “But what should I do if I am alone like a finger and it’s hard for me. Yes, I’m not writing to Mr. Professor: I’m writing to a man, a man who responded to my grief and extended his hand to help me get out of the mire of ... delusions. Thank you, deep, heartfelt, thank you for your participation. But these words were preceded by other equally important words of recognition: “My only desire is to go abroad, it’s better to clean my boots in Paris and be a janitor, but free, without this rudeness, or in England to walk with a hurdy-gurdy, but write “I ”- with a capital letter ... Nobility will still be useful to me in the future and there is no trace of it” [SPF ARAN. F. 134. Op.

3. Unit ridge 501. L. 2–3v.].

However, being exiled to Paris, Evdokimov studied librarianship and museum business there, attended a course at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Paris. The young man spoke Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian, Polish, German, French, Latin, ancient Greek. What a godsend he was for Shakhmatov: with such a wealth of knowledge of languages, how could one not engage in linguistics, and even under the guidance of such a great teacher! In July 1914, Evdokimov returned to Russia to take external state exams. In Soviet times, he will become an educator. He will study Northern Russian dialects, teach Latin at the department of Leningrad University [Archive of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A. I. Herzen. D. No. 554].

On February 25, 1914, N. N. Durnovo wrote to A. A. Shakhmatov that at Kharkov University, Professor A. L. Pogodin and company opposed the young scientist L. A. Bulakhovsky because of his non-Slavic origin and at the master's exam in Slavic languages, they arranged for him to be "baked" on trifles. Durnovo asked Shakhmatov if Bulakhovsky could take an exam at St. Petersburg University [SPF ARAN. F. 134. Op. 3. Unit ridge 488. L. 75]. A. A. not only immediately solved this problem by inviting the applicant to St. Petersburg, where he soon passed the exam brilliantly, but even asked the young man to take 2-3 hours a week to teach Russian. Who later became this, according to Durnovo, "a man surprisingly ardently devoted to science and well prepared", we all know well - an academician, director of the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the author of a number of works on the history of the Russian literary language.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the mood of A. A. Shakhmatov was mostly pessimistic. “We are all impressed by the capture of Port Arthur,” wrote A. A. F. E. Korsh on December 31, 1904. “And how disgusting you feel: for example, I feel some kind of humiliation and depression ... death?.. But aren’t there different political complications waiting for us if the war drags on?” [SPF ARAN. F. 558. Op. 4. Unit ridge 365. L. 228–228v.]. The scientist, as they say, looked into the water. Exactly one year later, in the next letter to F. E. Korsh, the same sadness again: “Classes are going sluggishly. The impressions from everything around are too strong and heavy. The onset of a reaction is absolutely certain. And ahead of the general ruin and bankruptcy "

In a letter to him dated February 13, 1911: “I am in the most dejected state, I even abandoned my classes ... I assign a secondary role to the revolutionary committees, growing, however, in proportion to the criminal activity of the government and the criminal inaction of the university authorities.

It is clear to me that these authorities did nothing to calm the students, did not oppose the introduction of the police in December, the deportation of students without trial to remote places ... It is just right to flee the university, but not in the form of a protest against Stolypin and Kasso as a member of the Council not to be responsible (morally) for the criminal inaction that caused misfortune for many dozens of young men. Among them are excellent students”

. “What wonderful youth we have!” - Shakhmatov wrote to F.E. Korsh in one of his subsequent letters.

A. A. was perfectly aware of the creative power of philological science as a means not only of education, but also of the upbringing of society. In a letter dated June 26, 1916, to a specialist in Ukrainian literature V. N. Peretz in Kyiv, he, reporting on his success in developing syntactic questions, noted: “How much work a person has to do in the grateful areas of the humanities!” [RGALI.

F. 1277. Op. 1. Unit ridge 91. L. 25]. Unfortunately, our modern society has almost ceased to understand the value and "gratitude" of the humanities, it is disastrously quickly losing its idea of ​​the aesthetics of music, the musicality and poetry of the word, and, of course, a significant part of our creative intelligentsia is to blame for this, which is so quickly losing its intelligence and Russianness, our top leaders of culture and education are also guilty.

A. A. devoted much effort to raising the prestige of the Academy of Sciences and ORyaS in society, maintaining their viability. In a very frank correspondence with F. E. Korsh, he continually mourned the failures, failures and rejoiced at the successes of his institution. One of the good deeds that the ORJAS undertook in 1903 at the insistence of the teachers of Russia was the implementation of a spelling reform, the elimination of absolutely unnecessary letters from the alphabet (in particular, such ballast as the letters b, b,) in order to make it easier for schoolchildren to master literacy. The reaction in the camp of conservatives was sharply negative, as evidenced by the letters of A. A. Shakhmatov to F. F. Fortunatov and F. E. Korsh. reform - V. M.), formed by Philip Fedorovich. Some messages are very, very sensible, for example, engineer Chmutov from Pskov. But most messages, and especially abusive letters, are more psychiatric than philological material.

[SPF ARAN. F. 558. Op. 4. Unit ridge 365. L. 44v.]. In another letter to him: “It is clear that there is much less sympathy for the reform than opponents, and, moreover, ardent, senseless ones,” A.A. was annoyed.

[SPF ARAN. F.558. Op. 4. Unit ridge 365. L. 218].

Shakhmatov was once again irritated by A. I. Sobolevsky, a well-known linguist, an excellent historian of the Russian language, who in the press in a harsh form also spoke out against the spelling reform, and against some other undertakings of the Academy. So in 1910

A. A. Shakhmatov was outraged by another of his "tricks": this time the academician attacked the ORJAS because of his report on the Ukrainian language. “By my nature,” A.A. admitted, “I would prefer to pass Sobolevsky’s letter in silence, but reason and conscience suggest otherwise.” Considering it necessary to express a protest to Sobolevsky in the press on behalf of the Academy's ORYaS, Shakhmatov, nevertheless, advised his colleagues at the Academy to express this protest "in a mild form." “I’m afraid that Sobolevsky, having taken offense, would not have left the Academy,” he told his colleagues.

On June 6, 1901, we find an entry in Shakhmatov's diary - in connection with his 37th birthday: “Yesterday I turned 37 years old. I don't like my past: a lot of hard memories. I am now a different person than I was ten years ago, but I have to pay, at least in my thoughts, in conscience, with all those mistakes and inconsistencies that I made, for example, during my public activities in 1891-1894. Indeed, if I began to describe my past, my diary would turn into a continuous groan, into a real aching grief ”[RGALI. F. 318. Op. 1. Unit ridge 91]. Undoubtedly, the colors here are very concentrated. Suspiciousness and self-flagellation make themselves felt.

At the same time, the life of A. A. Shakhmatov is an instructive example of his constant work on himself, on natural shortcomings that are obvious to him: suspiciousness, shyness, vulnerability. In one of the letters to F.F. Fortunatov dated October 16, 1893

A. A. Shakhmatov wrote: “A person represents such a complex inner world that it is difficult to demand from him the indispensable fulfillment of one or another life program” [SPF ARAN. F. 90. Op. 3. Unit

ridge 95. L. 44v.]. However, regarding Shakhmatov himself, it is quite possible to agree with the statement of E.P. Kazanovich, who wrote about this person back in 1912: he has anything at all behind the external official mask.

E. P. Kazanovich recalled a very revealing episode from the life of Shakhmatov, told to her by M. R. Fasmer. Somehow, before the master's debate of N. M. Karinsky, Vasmer came to Shakhmatov, and the conversation turned to the dissertation of the young scientist. Max Vasmer pointed out the mistakes and inaccuracies made by the dissertation. Shakhmatov exclaimed: “How glad I am! So you noticed it too! And I was afraid that maybe I myself was mistaken in reproaching Karinsky here. So, in your opinion, can you point out these mistakes?... This is already evangelical simplicity and humility: Christ, and he, probably, valued himself more” [RSL. F. 326. Unit. ridge 18. L. 134–136].

As a rule, Aleksey Alexandrovich was the compiler of many democratic projects, petitions and responses of the Academy of Sciences and ORyaS, in which the rights of the individual, the rights of scientific institutions, and the rights of scientists were defended. It is impossible to read without excitement a long letter written by him in January 1905 to the President of the Academy of Sciences regarding the “Notes of 342 Scientists” published in the capital’s newspapers, a document that reveals the essence of the undemocratic government of the country and higher education in Russia, a document requiring the involvement of representatives of the entire people in government and control over the activities of the administration, the liberation of educational institutions from the pernicious influence of politics, for which, however, special “calming” conditions were needed for society and its younger generation. The president of the Academy of Sciences, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov (the tsar's cousin), an excellent poet and lover of philology, in a letter to Shakhmatov accused him personally and his colleagues of violating the moral law. But Shakhmatov could not possibly agree with this reproach. “I,” the academician wrote, “did not violate the moral law that obliges a person to tell the truth ... I did not violate the moral law that calls a person to peace and harmony ... My studies in the narrow specialty of language and antiquities will not justify the thoughts that I I will express. But they are justified by the inalienable right of anyone to love their homeland and take care of its interests” [SPF ARAN. F. 134. Op. 1. Unit ridge 404–403. L. 3–4 rev.].

On January 21, 1905, the Committee of Ministers adopted an ideologically arch-intelligent, if not criminal, Regulation, according to which the Academy of Sciences was obliged to give scientific reviews ... on politically harmful and destined for destruction works of scientists. Among such “harmful” books, the government attributed, in particular, the books of D. L. Mordovtsev “On the Eve of the Reform”, S. A. Vengerov “Journalists of the Forties”, the first volume of “The History of the French Revolution” by Louis Blanc in Russian translation by M. A Antonovich, the works of LN Tolstoy on a religious theme, etc. Chess once again could not stand it. This onslaught of the government compelled him in a reply letter to the Committee of Ministers to strongly protest against his anti-democratic intentions. “The destruction of a book,” the scientist wrote angrily, “is a kind of violence against the manifestation of human thought, which from the scientific point of view, that is, the only point of view from which a scientific commission can judge a book, cannot be justified.

To destroy a work of spiritual and mental activity of a person, to burn a book of scientific or literary content is a crime against science (our italics - V. M.), because any such work is an object of scientific research, an impartial trial of which belongs not to us, contemporaries, but to our descendants »

[SPF ARAN. F. 134. Op. 1. Unit ridge 248. L. 2v.].

The year 1905 turned out to be very difficult for A. A. Shakhmatov, and, as you know, for the whole of Russia. But the scientist was supported by faith in the Russian people. “One thing that encourages and consoles me is faith in our people and our intelligentsia. I had little of that faith. But recent events, it seems to me, testify to the untapped spiritual power of the people. And such a people will not be difficult to educate in the right concepts” [IRLI. F. 62. Op. 3. Unit ridge 518. L. 75].

Back in the middle of the nineteenth century. the outstanding Ukrainian philologist A. A. Potebnya, using Aesopian language, wrote, as if purely theoretically, that hostility to writing in a known dialect would extend to the existence of this dialect itself, to its life in the mouths of people, because writing is a natural development of this life” [Potebnya 1962: 76]. In fact, the position of national languages ​​in pre-revolutionary Russia was of great concern to many figures of science and culture. In 1863, at the insistence of Minister of Internal Affairs Valuev, a decree was adopted “so that only such works in this (Little Russian) language that belong to the field of fine literature are allowed to be printed, while omitting books in the Little Russian language of both spiritual content and educational and generally appointed for the initial reading of the people, stop” [Cit. according to: Grushevsky 1991: 320].

In 1905, A. A. Shakhmatov led the struggle at the Academy for the abolition of restrictions on the Ukrainian printed word and worked on the final document of an academic commission specially created for this purpose. In a letter dated February 23 of this year, the academician, consulting with F. E. Korsh about the final text of the document, suggested repeating the following words of Yu. F. Samarin: “Let the Ukrainian people preserve their language, their customs, their songs, their in fraternal communion and hand in hand with the great Russian tribe, he develops in the field of science and art, for which nature has so generously endowed him, his spiritual originality of all the natural originality of her aspirations ... But at the same time, let him remember that his historical role is in within Russia, and not outside it, in the general composition of the Moscow state, for the creation and elevation of which the Great Russian tribe worked so long and hard, for which they brought so many bloody sacrifices and endured suffering” (Soch., vol. 1, p. 298). I find such an increase tactically useful. She will repel the attacks of the nationalists.

[SPF ARAN. F. 558. Op. 4. Unit ridge 365. L. 52–52v.].

A. A. Shakhmatov warmly responded to the idea of ​​a prominent Ukrainian historian M. S. Grushevsky to create a collective work on the history of Ukrainian spiritual and material culture. The authors included a large number of very famous Russian scientists, including, of course, Ukrainian ones. The idea of ​​creating this encyclopedia "Ukrainian people in its past and present" A. A. Shakhmatov not only met with enthusiasm, but to a large extent, as the chairman of the URFR, made a lot of efforts to intensify the difficult process of creating this collective work. This two-volume work, which is not without reason called an encyclopedia - "The Ukrainian people in its past and present", published in 1914–1916, is an excellent evidence of the titanic joint work of representatives of science from two fraternal peoples for a long time [see: Makarov 1996].

Deep attention and respect for any person, his work distinguished the entire Chess family. From the early years of his work, the future academician never passed judgment on those who made mistakes, believing that it was only important to point out the mistake, which he did in most of his reviews and reviews. And although sometimes his nerves were very tense, he still always remained within the framework of a sedate scientific dispute. This was the case with the review of the work of Stepan Smalstotsky and Theodor Gartner, in which the authors argued that the Ukrainian language came directly from Proto-Slavic, bypassing the stage of Old Russian, and that in general it is closer to Serbian than to Russian. This position was not shared by the majority of not only Russian but also Ukrainian philologists. A. A. Shakhmatov, quite sharply criticizing the authors of the concept, considered it necessary to emphasize that it was not political, but purely scientific arguments that determined his critical attitude towards the work under review [Shakhmatov 1914]. What would Shakhmatov write if he read the insinuations of some modern Ukrainian authors about the origin of Ukrainians and the Ukrainian language! About, for example, that Jesus Christ spoke in the Ukrainian language... Giving a lecture in the circle of Ukrainian studies at St. Petersburg University in 1908, A. A. Shakhmatov revealed himself to students as a true humanist, for whom culture is different. “I have no doubt,” the lecturer said, “that you treat the Ukrainian language with interest and love: love for your native language, the most ardent, selfless, appears in moments of danger threatening the language and the people ... The entire Russian people in general will face a difficult struggle for existence on the basis of original development and culture ... The spirit of the people cannot reconcile itself with a passive role, it wants independent performances, it craves creativity; for an active role, first of all, self-consciousness is needed ... for a people who do not want to vegetate, who was born to live, develop, it is necessary, it is inevitable. And above all, self-consciousness should be directed to the study of modern relations, the modern image of the people and their intelligentsia, their beliefs and spiritual aspirations, their material needs and cultural needs” [SPF ARAN. F. 134. Op. 1. Unit ridge 281. L. 1]. These words of the great Russian scientist about the “closest ties” have not only not lost their relevance now, but have become even more important: in an incredibly difficult time, which is now being experienced not only by the people of southeastern Ukraine, but by all Ukrainians, and, in connection with these terrible events, Russians too. A. A. Shakhmatov had very good relations with the famous Ukrainian historian of Ukraine M. S. Grushevsky, who led the T. G. Shevchenko Society (“Companionship”) in Lviv, to which A. A. Shakhmatov, who accepted this step with great gratitude both to the Society and personally to Grushevsky [Makarov 1996]. “Just now,” A.A. wrote on June 20, 1911, in a letter to M.S. Grushevsky, “I received a notice of my election as a member of the Shevchenko Association ... poor and unproductive activities. Of course, you will believe me when I speak with enthusiasm about your, now I can say our, Society. My Russian heart beats with pride at the thought of what a great deed was accomplished under meager and cramped circumstances by our brethren led by you in foreign Lvov. I often say that any academy can envy the activities of the Partnership” [TsGIAU. F. 1235. Op. 1. Unit

ridge 828]. When MS Grushevsky returned to Kyiv in November 1914 after his stay in Vienna, Italy and Romania, he was subjected to arrest, humiliating interrogations, and then deportation to Simbirsk and Kazan [Shevchenko, Smolii 1991: 348]. A. A. at that time actively participated in the fate of M. S. Grushevsky: “You may be surprised when you read in this letter of mine (dated March 11, 1915 - V. M.) about my joy that you in Simbirsk. I rejoice, of course, because, first of all, because you are not in the Tomsk province ... You probably use your stay in Simbirsk for scientific work. Isn't it time to think about the Russian translation of your great Ukrainian work? If you needed books, the Academy would probably meet your needs.

Perhaps with the help of our august president (president of the Academy of Sciences - V. M.) ". Later, the Academy of Sciences will achieve the transfer of Grushevsky to Moscow. Between March 3 and 7, 1917, the so-called Central Rada was formed in Ukraine.

M. S. Grushevsky, who enjoyed great prestige among the Ukrainian intelligentsia, was elected its head on March 14–15. The further activity of the scientist and the head of the Rada marked a desire to do everything so that the idea of ​​Ukrainianism, which had been realized so far only within the borders of Kyiv, became all-Ukrainian. Grushevsky urgently demanded in the new political conditions an expansion of the political struggle, the main goal of which the head of the Rada saw in the demand for the autonomy of Ukraine as part of a federal Russia [Verstyuk 1996 V: 41].

The problem of the unity of Russia worried Shakhmatov before. In October 1905, he wrote to F.E. Korsh in connection with the decision of the congress of the Kadet Party on the issue of the separation of Poland from Russia. “A sore point,” wrote the addressee, “whether autonomy is beneficial to Poland, which is so closely connected with us economically. What will she do if we fence ourselves off from her with customs, as we fenced ourselves off from Finland? Russia is the main consumer of Polish industry. Poland! But why exactly Poland, not the Baltic region, not Georgia, not Armenia! We are on the eve of reforms, which, it would seem, should unite Russia in the closest possible way and increase the inclination of the outskirts to the center, and suddenly there is talk of a federation. It is better to complete the task of gathering the Russian land in a worthy manner than to destroy it and thereby put at stake the existence of both Russia and the same Poland, and the same Armenia ”[SPF ARAN. F. 558. Op. 4. Unit ridge 365. L. 71].

On July 15, 1917, A. A. Shakhmatov wrote with pain to the famous Russian lawyer-scientist A. F. Koni about the situation in Ukraine: “Like you, I stop with particular horror at the betrayal of Ukrainians led by Grushevsky. This is the heaviest blow to Russia... Our socialists, and even Kerensky among them, took the bait of Grushevsky and approved what they, as statesmen, should have been disgusted with.

I try to drown out the civic feeling in myself, with an effort I am engaged in my science” [IRLI. F. 134. Op. 14. Unit ridge 1. L. 203]. In a letter dated July 8, 1918 to Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky (the son of Academician I. I. Sreznevsky, who worked together with A. A. Shakhmatov in the Library of the Academy of Sciences), A. A. Shakhmatov complained about a certain Alfred Ludwigovich (we have not yet established the identity - . M.), receiving a letter from which greatly disturbed the academician: A. L. entered the service of the Ukrainian government and explained his step with material need.

However, Shakhmatov did not blame him for this, but for participation in the commission, “set out to sell our scientific and artistic treasures” [TsGALI. F. 436. Op. 1. Unit ridge 3038. L. 84].

The call of the great Russian humanist to increase goodness on earth today, of course, not only has not lost its great significance, but, on the contrary, in the era of the actively expanding dictate of the material principle, militant consumerism, he needs to preserve and deepen the beginning of a much more significant - spiritual - in each our soul, in each of our hearts.

Literature

Verstyuk V.F.M.S. Grushevsky in the first period of the Central Rada’s activity // Ukrainian Historical Journal. 1996. No. 5 (410).

Memories of A. A. Shakhmatov / Introduction, commentary, publication by V. I. Makarov // Russian speech. 1984. No. 3.

Hrushevsky M.S. Essay on the history of the Ukrainian people. Kyiv, 1991.

Listuvannya M. S. Grushevsky and O. O. Shakhmatova / Introduction. commentary, publication by V. I. Makarov // Ukrainian historical journal. 1996. No. 5–6.

Makarov V. I. A. A. Shakhmatov, Ukraine and Ukrainians // Russian heritage in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. Bryansk, 2010.

Masalskaya E. A. The Tale of My Brother A. A. Shakhmatov. Part 1. L., 1929.

Masalskaya E. A. The Tale of My Brother A. A. Shakhmatov. M., 2012.

Oldenburg S. F. A. A. Shakhmatov as a person and a worker // Izvestiya ORYaS. T. 25. Pg., 1922.

Potebnya A. A. Common literary language and local dialects // O. O. Potebnya. Jubilee collection until 125th day of the people's day. Kiev, 1962.

Shakhmatov A. A. Collection of articles and materials. Issue. 3. / Ed.

S. P. Obnorsky. M.–L., 1947.

Shakhmatov A. A. Before the feed about the cob of Ukrainian language. Regarding the book St. Smal-Stotsky and T. Gartner // Ukraine. 1914. No. 1.

Shevchenko F. P., Smolii V. A. M. S. Grushevsky: a brief essay on life and scientific activity // M. S. Grushevsky. Essay on the history of the Ukrainian people. Kyiv, 1991.

Smal-Stockyj St., Gartner Th. Grammatik der ruthenischen (ukrainischen) Sprache. Vienna, 1913.

Basargina Ekaterina Yuryevna St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, St. Petersburg "The life and death of A. A. Shakhmatov": the word of Professor A. A. Grushka at a meeting in memory of A. A. Shakhmatov in 1921

(Publication, preface and notes by E. Yu. Basargina)

–  –  –

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chessov alexey alexandrovich chessov, chessov alexey alexandrovich surkov
June 5 (17), 1864

Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov(June 5, 1864, Narva - August 16, 1920, Petrograd) - Russian philologist, linguist and historian, founder of the historical study of the Russian language, ancient Russian annals and literature, member of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society.

• 1 Biography
• 2 Scientific contributions
  • 2.1 In Ukrainian
• 3 Works
• 4 See also
• 5 Notes
• 6 Literature
• 7 Links

Biography

Born into a noble family. In 1874-1878 he studied at the Kreyman gymnasium (from I to IV grade), then at the 4th Moscow gymnasium. After graduating from the gymnasium with a silver medal, in 1883 he entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. In 1884, his first article, “Studies on the Language of Novgorod Letters of the 13th and 14th Centuries,” was published in the “Research on the Russian Language”.

Student of F. F. Fortunatov. It was first noticed in serious scientific circles after a speech during the defense of A. I. Sobolevsky of his master's thesis - on the phoneme system of the Proto-Slavic language. Shakhmatov made a convincing criticism of some important provisions of the report, which caused strong hostility to Sobolevsky, already known at that time for his scientific works. Tensions between scientists persisted until the end of Shakhmatov's life.

In 1887 he defended his dissertation on the topic "On longitude and stress in the common Slavic language", after graduating from the university he remained with him and by 1890 became a Privatdozent.

In 1890, Alexey Alexandrovich began to teach a course in the history of the Russian language at Moscow University. However, having barely begun teaching, A. A. Shakhmatov made an unexpected decision for fellow philologists to leave science and go to relatives in the Saratov village. Already from Saratov, in one of his letters to Fortunatov, Shakhmatov admits that he became interested in modern peasant management and now puts his whole soul into working for the benefit of the rural population surrounding him.

On July 1, 1891, Shakhmatov officially assumed the position of head of the zemstvo council and for two years actively participated in the economic life of the county entrusted to him. During the cholera epidemic in the spring of 1892, he contributed to the organization of medical care, busied himself with sending several sisters of mercy and paramedics to the volost.

In the same 1892, A. A. Shakhmatov resumed work on his master's thesis, and in 1893, at the invitation of the chairman of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Academician A. F. Bychkov, he accepted the title of adjunct of the Academy and returned to scientific activity.

In 1894, he submitted his work "Research in the field of Russian phonetics" for a master's degree, but he was awarded the highest degree of doctor of Russian language and literature.

The first scientific developments - in the field of dialectology. He made two expeditions in the mid-1880s. - to the Arkhangelsk and Olonets provinces.

After the death of Ya. K. Grota took upon himself the compilation of the first normative dictionary of the Russian language.

Since 1894 - an adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, since 1898 - a member of the Board of the Academy of Sciences, the youngest in the entire history of its existence (34 years old), since 1899 - a full member of the Academy of Sciences. Since 1901 - a real state councilor. Since 1910, professor at St. Petersburg University.

Since 1906 - member of the State Council from the academic curia. Participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917-1918.

Tombstone of A. A. Shakhmatov at the Volkovsky cemetery

Member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences (1904), Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Prague (1909), Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Berlin (1910), Corresponding Member of the Krakow Academy of Sciences (1910), Honorary Member of the Vitebsk Scientific Archival Commission, etc.

He died of inflammation of the peritoneum in Petrograd on August 16, 1920. He was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

After the death of the scientist in 1925-1927, his largely unconventional “Syntax of the Russian Language” was published, which had a significant impact on the development of syntactic theory in Russia. Shakhmatov was the first to make an attempt to identify the system in a huge variety of syntactic constructions of the Russian language.

About the scientist, his sister - E. A. Shakhmatova-Masalskaya - left memoirs.

A street in Peterhof is named after the scientist.

Scientific contribution

After the works of Shakhmatov, any study on the history of Ancient Russia is based on his conclusions. The scientist laid the foundations of Old Russian textual criticism as a science.

The researcher made a particularly great contribution to the development of the textual criticism of ancient Russian chronicles, in particular, The Tale of Bygone Years. Comparison of various editions of this monument allowed Shakhmatov to come to the conclusion that the text that has come down to us is multi-layered in origin and has several stages of formation. Logical inconsistencies, text inserts that break a coherent text, absent in the Novgorod First Chronicle, according to Shakhmatov, are evidence of the existence of a hypothetical Initial Code, created approximately in the 90s. XI century. For example, in the text of the Novgorod First Chronicle there are no treaties between Russia and the Greeks of the 10th century, as well as all direct quotations from the Greek Chronicle of George Amartol, which was used by the compiler of the Tale of Bygone Years. Upon further study of the Initial Code, A. A. Shakhmatov discovered other logical inconsistencies. From this it was concluded that the basis of the Primary Code was some chronicle compiled between 977 and 1044. Its researcher called the Ancient vault.

Under the leadership of Shakhmatov, the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences became the center of Russian philology. On the initiative of Shakhmatov, the Academy of Sciences published monographs, dictionaries, materials and studies on the Kashubian, Polabian, Lusatian, Polish, Serbian, and Slovenian languages. 1897 Shakhmatov headed the work on the academic dictionary of the Russian language. Participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917-1918.

He derived the East Slavic languages ​​from the "common Old Russian" language, the disintegration of which was delayed by the integration processes associated with state unity within the framework of Kievan Rus.

in Ukrainian

Aleksey Shakhmatov - one of the authors of the work "The Ukrainian people in its past and present" (1916), took part in writing the declaration of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences "On the abolition of restrictions on the Little Russian printed word" (1905-1906), the author of detailed reviews on the grammar of the Ukrainian language A. Krymsky and S. Smal-Stotsky, Ukrainian language dictionary B. Grinchenko.

Aleksey Alexandrovich was interested and sympathetic to the development of Ukrainian literature and the Ukrainian language, but was skeptical about the desire of the leaders of the “Ukrainian movement” to separate the Little Russian people from the single Russian people, which, according to Russian ethnographic ideas of that time, was divided into Belarusians, Great Russians and Little Russians.

Where is the Russian nationality, which we spoke about above and which we wanted to recognize as the natural bearer and representative of state interests? Do we recognize only the Great Russian people as such a Russian people? Wouldn't this recognition be a serious crime against the state created and endured by the entire Russian tribe in its totality? Will the decision to declare the Little Russians and Belarusians “foreigners” belittle the very significance of the Russian nationality in our state, introducing it into the relatively narrow limits of the Muscovite state of the 16th-17th centuries?

A. Chess. On the state tasks of the Russian people in connection with the national tasks of the tribes inhabiting Russia. "Moscow Journal", 1999, No. 9.

Shakhmatov, unlike other Russian philologists - Sobolevsky, Florinsky, Yagich, Korsh, and others, saw the reason for the desire of a part of the Ukrainian intelligentsia to separate not ideological and political aspects, but the reaction to prohibitive measures in relation to the Ukrainian language.

Works

• A Study on the Language of the Novgorod Letters of the 13th and 14th Centuries (1886)
• Study on the Nestor Chronicle (1890)
• On the writings of St. Nestor (1890)
• Studies in Russian Phonetics (1893)
• A few words about Nestor's Life of Theodosius (1896)
• The oldest editions of the Tale of Bygone Years (1897)
• The starting point of the chronology of the Tale of Bygone Years (1897)
• Kiev-Pechersk Patericon and Caves Chronicle (1897)
• About the initial Kiev chronicle (1897)
• Chronology of the most ancient Russian chronicles (1897)
• Review of Eugen Scepkin's "Zur Nestorfrage" (1898)
• Initial Kyiv chronicle and its sources (1900)
• Research on the Dvinsky charters of the 15th century (1903)
• Yermolinskaya chronicle and Rostov sovereign code (1904)
• The Tale of the Calling of the Varangians (1904)
• Korsun legend about the baptism of Vladimir (1908)
• One of the sources of the chronicle legend about the baptism of Vladimir (1908)
• Searches for the most ancient Russian chronicles (1908)
• Preface to the Primary Kyiv Code and Nestor Chronicle (1909)
• Mordovian ethnographic collection (1910)
• A note on the compilation of the Radziwill Chronicle List (1913)
• On the question of ancient Slavic-Celtic relations (1912)
• Nestor Chronicle (1913-1914)
• Nestor the chronicler (1914)
• Tale of Bygone Years (1916)
• The Life of Anthony and the Caves Chronicle
• Kyiv Initial Code 1095
• An Outline of the Modern Literary Language (1913)
• Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language (1915)
• Introduction to the course of the history of the Russian language (1916)
• Review of the work of P. L. Mashtakov: “Lists of the rivers of the Dnieper basin”, compiled by Academician A. A. Shakhmatov. Petrograd, 1916.
• Notes on the history of the sounds of the Lusatian languages ​​(1917)
• Note on the language of the Volga Bulgarians (1918)
• Syntax of the Russian language (1 vol. - 1925; 2 vol. - 1927)
• The most ancient fate of the Russian tribe (1919)
• Review of Russian chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries. - M.; L.: 1938.

see also

• Shambinago, Sergey Konstantinovich - Russian writer, literary critic, folklorist
• Volk-Leonovich, Joseph Vasilyevich - Belarusian Soviet linguist
• Sreznevsky, Vsevolod Izmailovich - historian of literature, archeographer, paleographer, bibliographer, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Notes

1. Makarov V. Chess in Gubarevka // Volga, 1990, No. 3
2. Encyclopaedia of History of Belarus: U 6 vol. T. 2: Belitsk - Anthem / Redkal.: B. І. Sachanka and insh. - Minsk: BelEn, 1994. - T. 2. - 537 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85700-142-0. (in Belarusian)
3. ALL PETERHOF || Story. Toponymy. Chess street. Retrieved January 2, 2013. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013.
4. Danilevsky I. N. The Tale of Bygone Years. Hermeneutic Foundations of Source Studies of Chronicle Texts, Moscow, Aspect-Press, 2004
5. Ukrainian people in its past and present. two volumes
6. Russian liberal intelligentsia and political Ukrainophilism
7. with. 89
8. Yuri Shevelov. Shakhmatov Aleksey // Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies (in 10 volumes) / Editor-in-Chief Volodymyr Kubiyovich. - Paris, New York: "Young Life", 1954-1989
9. Timoshenko P. O. O. Chess about Ukrainian. mov // Ukr. language at school, part 4, 1956.
10. Encyclopedia of Literature and Arts of Belarus: U 5 vol., Vol. 1. A capela - Gabelin / Redkal.: I. P. Shamyakin (gal. ed.) and insh. - Minsk: BelSE im. Petrus Brovki, 1984. - T. 1. - 727 p. - 10,000 copies. (Belarusian)

Literature

• Chess // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
• Makarov V. I., Kogotkova T. S. Aleksey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920) // Domestic lexicographers: XVIII-XX centuries / Ed. G. A. Bogatova. - M.: Nauka, 2000. - S. 187-218. - 512 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-02-011750-1.
• Makarov V. I. A. A. Shakhmatov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1981. - 160 p. - (People of science). - 60,000 copies. (reg.)
• Makarov V. I. “This never happened in Russia before ...”: The Tale of Academician A. A. Shakhmatov. - St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2000. - 416 p. - 1200 copies. - ISBN 5-89329-191-1. (in trans.)

Links

• Shakhmatov A. A.: Biography and bibliography
• A. Poppe A. A. Chess and the controversial beginnings of Russian chronicle writing // Ancient Russia. Questions of medieval studies. 2008. No. 3 (33). pp. 76-85.
• Works by Shakhmatov at the Internet Archive:
  • Research in the field of Russian phonetics
  • Research on the most ancient Russian chronicle vaults
  • Preface to the Primary Kyiv Code and Nestor's Chronicle

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