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MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL SOCIALIZATION
There are 2 main models of personality socialization:
o Submission model - defined by the fact that a person does something as a result of direct or indirect subordination from other people.
o Interest model - a person acts on the basis of his internal interests and needs
PROBLEMS OF INDIVIDUAL SOCIALIZATION IN UKRAINIAN SOCIETY IN MODERN CONDITIONS
The problems of socialization in modern Ukrainian society are associated with three circumstances: 1) a change (destruction) of the value system, as a result of which the older generation cannot always prepare young people for life in new conditions; 2) a radical and very rapid change in the social structure of society; the inability of many new social groups to ensure the reproduction of their ranks. 3) weakening of the system of formal and informal social control as a factor of socialization. One of the most obvious features of modern socialization is its duration in comparison with previous periods.
41. CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL STATUS AND SOCIAL ROLE.
In sociology, there are several trends in the solution of the sociological approach, two of them are directly opposite. One tends to absolutize the biological principle in human life, and hence in the understanding of social life, social as a phenomenon. The other is opposite, it is characterized by a complete separation of personality from the natural principle. In the understanding of man, and at the same time in the understanding of the social as a phenomenon within the framework of this tradition, there is a desire to isolate, to separate far the social and natural in man and society. The role concept of personality is a concept that identifies life situations with a game and reduces a person's activity to playing certain standard roles in standard situations. There are two types of social roles - conventional and interpersonal. The first means the prescribed pattern of behavior that is expected and required of a person in a given situation. The second is determined by the interaction of people with each other.
Status concept of personality. Social status is the relative position (position) of an individual or group in a social system. Depending on whether a person occupies a given position due to inherited traits
(race, social origin) or due to one's own efforts (education, merit), distinguish between "prescribed" and "achievable" statuses, respectively. The concept of social status characterizes the place of the individual in the system of social relations, its activities in the main areas of life and, finally, the assessment of the individual's activities by society,
Expressed in certain quantitative and qualitative indicators (salary, bonuses, awards, titles, privileges), as well as self-esteem, which may coincide with the assessment of society or a social group. Modern society is based on a broad division of labor and functions of people in the process of social reproduction. Accordingly, they differ in the place they occupy in society. This difference is captured in the concept
Status. Status is a generalized characteristic. In modern society, it covers the profession, economic and political situation, the demographic characteristics of a person. Each status has certain rights and obligations. These rights and obligations may be formal (statutory) or informal. Each person is characterized by a certain set of statuses. The most characteristic status of a person, which distinguishes him from other people, is called the main status. The status of a person in whom he was born is called an ascribed status. Biological characteristics - are reflected in the concept of inborn status. A person has many statuses, but his real behavior is characterized by a certain set of roles. As a result, a status range arises within which behavior varies.
Human. The rank of status is the position of the status relative to others, established in society. Status symbols - insignia - clothing, language, gestures, demeanor, income level Each status is characterized by a certain vision
Peace. A set of functionally homogeneous statuses form a social group. In the narrow sense of the word, the status of a person is his place as a representative of a large social group. In addition, there is a distinction between the concept of personal
Status - the position of a person in a small group, characterized by his personal qualities. Each status is characterized by certain social roles - ways of performing functions associated with statuses or certain models
behavior. Statuses are always interconnected through roles. The totality of statuses - forms the social structure of society. Statuses and roles function in culture. Their specific content is always associated with the values and norms accepted in society. Thus, the social structure also has a specific cultural content.
1. A person as a subject of social relations and conscious activity is defined by the concept: a. citizen b. personality, c. individual, g. individual. 2. An individual person as a representative of the human race is defined by the concept: a. citizen b. personality, c.individuum, g.individual. 3. An independently existing separate animal organism is defined by the concept: a. citizen b. personality, c.individuum, g.individual.
4. The conscious need of a person, which encourages him to act in accordance with his value orientations, is defined as: a. beliefs b. honor, c. dignity, Mr. motive. 5. The totality of mental characteristics that make up a person's personality and which are manifested in his actions, behavior, is determined by the concept: a. beliefs b. character, c. morality, g. motive.
6. The quality of a person that distinguishes him from an animal is: a. ability to procreate, b. the ability to defend against enemies, c. the ability to find food and equip housing, d. fear of death. 7. Which of the following human needs is social: a. in food b. in warmth, in defense against enemies, d. in communication. 8. Common for man and animal is: a. Ability to defend against enemies b. possession of articulate speech, c. the ability to create a new one that has no analogues in nature, d. the ability to display the surrounding world with the help of consciousness.
9. Personality means: a. first of all, the originality of the external appearance, b. qualities that develop in the process of interaction with society, c. qualities inherent in a person from birth, innate instincts, d. the uniqueness and originality of an individual. 10. An individual means: a. single representative of the human race, b. a person who has mastered the social forms of consciousness and behavior, c. the uniqueness and uniqueness of the natural and social qualities of an individual, Mr. man as a bearer of the values of national and world culture.
11. Among the necessary conditions for the socialization of an individual, the formation of personality, the following are superfluous: a. joint labor activity, b. child development outside human society, c. communication with other people, d. participation in social activities. 12. Play, learning, work act as: a. criteria of truth, b. social qualities, c. activities, d. biological needs.
13. The makings for the development of cognitive abilities have: a. only people with higher education, b. only people attending kindergarten and school, c. all people from birth, d. children born of educated parents. 14. Are the judgments correct? The inner world of a person: A. make up feelings, emotions, thoughts, experiences associated with life and communication in a social environment. B. is due to natural inclinations and abilities, features of temperament, thinking. memory.
15. Are judgments about the unconscious in a person correct? A. The unconscious in a person exists only in early childhood, as it grows older it is replaced by the conscious. B. in the early stages of human history, the unconscious principle prevailed over the conscious. 16. Human nature is determined by two factors: biological (qualities acquired from birth) and ………………. (qualities formed in the process of interaction with society).
17. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "personality"? 2 offers. 18. Observing twins who grew up in different families, scientists concluded: heredity determines from 25 to 50% of the varieties of personality traits. Under the influence of what factors other personal qualities are formed? Name three factors. (social environment, lifestyle, type of activity, immediate environment, family traditions, education, upbringing ...)
a) an individual; b) object;
c) individuality; d) personality.
Which of the following not refers to activities that are characteristic only for a person, specific to him:
a) knowledge; b) communication;
c) labor; d) orientation in space.
A sign of human activity that distinguishes it from the behavior of animals is:
a) manifestation of activity; b) adaptation to the environment;
c) goal setting; d) interaction with nature
To refer to different types of human activities in their relationship, the concept is used:
a) consumption; b) lifestyle;
c) standard of living; d) welfare.
Insert missing word:
"The truth of knowledge can only be established as a result of ......"
The ability of a person to operate with images of the surrounding world, which orients his behavior, is called:
a) consciousness; b) knowledge;
c) reflection; d) feeling.
From judgments BUT and B The connection between freedom and responsibility of the individual correctly reflects:
1) only BUT; 2) and BUT, and B.
3) only B; 4) neither BUT, nor B.
BUT. The responsibility of the individual is manifested in the fact that a person freely and consciously chooses socially approved forms of behavior.
B. Freedom has nothing to do with responsibility: to be free means to do whatever you want without looking back at others.
From the provisions BUT and B right:
1) only BUT; 2) and BUT, and B.
3) only B; 4) neither BUT, nor B.
BUT. Scientific knowledge is characterized by a focus on obtaining data that can be used in the future.
B. Scientific knowledge is characterized by the desire for objectivity.
The result of human cognitive activity is determined by the concept:
a) knowledge; b) knowledge;
c) feeling; d) practice.
Finish the sentence:
“The human individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity is…..…”
Sensual cognition as opposed to rational cognition:
a) presupposes the existence of an object of knowledge (object);
b) presupposes the presence of a cognizing subject;
c) requires the use of theory;
d) limited by sensations, perceptions and ideas.
Finish the sentence:
“Settings of human behavior in society, which are formed within a certain circle of people under the influence of habits, are ....”
From statements BUT and B right:
1) only BUT; 2) and BUT, and B.
3) only B; 4) neither BUT, nor B.
BUT. A myth is a legend that gives not reliable knowledge, but fantastic ideas about the world.
B. Myth is a "living memory" that stores the knowledge, skills and experience of people.
Social and biological in man:
a) oppose each other b) are independent of each other;
c) are related to each other; d) precede each other.
From statements BUT and B right:
1) only BUT; 2) and BUT, and B.
3) only B; 4) neither BUT, nor B.
BUT. A newborn baby can become a person only in the environment of other people.
B. A newborn baby can become a person outside the human community.
Define:
a) activity- This…
b) motive- This…
in) consciousness- This…
G) self-realization- This…
d) list stages of logical knowledge…
Test No. 2
Option 2
Man as a subject of interpersonal and social relations, as well as conscious social activity:
a) individuality; b) an individual;
c) an activist; d) personality.
Which of the following refers to activities specific to a person, characteristic only for him:
a) getting food b) care for offspring;
c) scientific creativity; d) communication.
What sign not reflects the features of human activity:
a) goal setting; b) adaptation to the environment;
c) motive; d) transformation of the surrounding world.
The unity of typical types of human life activity is determined by the concept:
a) lifestyle; b) life expectancy;
c) standard of living; d) goal setting.
Insert missing word:
"The process of interconnection and interaction of people, during which there is an exchange of opinions, experiences, results of activities - this is ...."
The inner world of feelings, thoughts, ideas, the ability of an individual to distinguish himself from the surrounding world, is called:
a) reflection; b) knowledge;
c) consciousness; d) activity.
From judgments BUT and B The connection between freedom and responsibility of the individual correctly reveals:
1) only BUT; 2) and BUT, and B.
3) only B; 4) neither BUT, nor B.
BUT. The moral responsibility of the individual presupposes the freedom of his will.
B. Moral responsibility is available only to a free person.
From the provisions BUT and B right:
1) only BUT; 2) and BUT, and B.
3) only B; 4) neither BUT, nor B.
BUT. Scientific knowledge always strives for objectivity and evidence.
B. Scientific knowledge is based on common sense.
The result of human cognitive activity confirmed by practice is called:
a) knowledge; b) feeling;
c) a concept; d) judgment.
Finish the sentence:
“The system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society is called ….. …”
Rational cognition as opposed to sensual cognition:
a) involves the sensation of an object;
b) involves the perception of the object;
c) involves the presentation of the subject;
d) involves abstraction from the subject.
Finish the sentence:
"The means of socialization of a person, the transfer of social and cultural experience from generation to generation, performing the functions of maintaining and strengthening the intra-group cohesion of people - this is .."
From statements BUT and B right:
1) only BUT; 2) and BUT, and B.
3) only B; 4) neither BUT, nor B.
BUT. Useful knowledge about the world contains the results of scientific research, and myths, and the experience of everyday life, and folk wisdom, and art.
B. Useful knowledge about the world is provided only by scientific research, since only science reveals the truth.
The social principle in man:
a) inseparably with the biological; b) precedes biological;
c) opposite to biological; d) contradicts the biological.
From statements BUT and B right:
1) only BUT; 2) and BUT, and B.
3) only B; 4) neither BUT, nor B.
BUT. The social in a person is in connection with his natural inclinations.
B. The social in a person does not depend on his biological qualities and is connected only with society.
Define:
a) need- This …
b) goal- This …
in) conscious activity- This…
G) self-awareness- This…
d) enumerate...
Test No. 2
answer key
| Option 1 | Option 2 |
| 5. practices | 5. communication |
| 10. personality | 10. personality |
| 12. manners | 12. customs |
| 16. a) activity- a form of human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world in the interests of people to create what is not in nature, to produce products of material and spiritual culture; b) motive- motivating reason for activity; in) consciousness- the ability inherent only to man to reproduce reality in ideal images; G) self-realization- the process of the most complete identification and implementation by the individual of his capabilities, the achievement of the intended goals in solving personally significant problems, allowing the fullest possible realization of the creative potential of the individual; e) stages of logical knowledge- concept, judgment, conclusion. | 16. a) need- need, need for something that needs to be satisfied; b) goal- a conscious image of the expected result, the achievement of which is aimed at; in) conscious activity- human activity aimed at the implementation of the set goals related to the satisfaction of his needs; G) self-awareness- definition by a person of himself as a person capable of making independent decisions, entering into certain relationships with other people and nature; e) stages of emotional cognition- sensations, perceptions, ideas. |
For each correct alphabetic or numeric answer - 1 point
(tasks No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15)
For every correct word - 2 points
(tasks No. 5, 10, 12)
For each correct definition - 1 point(Total - 5 points)
(task number 16)
In total - 23 points.
Grading level:
Mark "5" - from 19 to 23 points
Mark "4" - from 14 to 18 points
Mark "3" - from 9 to 13 points
Mark "2" - from 0 to 8 points
Introduction
1. Man, Individual, Personality
2. Personality as a subject and product of social relations
2.1 The social essence of the individual
2.2 Personal socialization
2.3 Interpersonal relationships
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The problem of personality is one of the main ones in the system of sciences that study man and society. Personality is a separate person, characterized by its integrity, conscious-volitional manifestations. Modern society involves a person in the cycle of various processes, connections, relationships. Consequently, personality is a system of social qualities of a person, which is formed on the basis of its inclusion in the system of social relations. .
Man is the main subject and product of social relations. Due to the fact that it is a multifaceted and multifaceted being, consideration of its nature, essence and relationship with society is of particular interest. Man and society arose and formed in an inseparable unity. It was a holistic process that lasted several million years. That is why the study of society is impossible without penetrating the mystery of man. It will not be an exaggeration that the essence of the problem of social relations and personality in modern society is the question of how exactly social relations affect the personality and, on the other hand, how it transforms its social environment. In one respect, the individual acts as a product of social and cultural conditions, but in another, he is the creator of his own conditions of existence, i.e. social subject.
The problem of a person's personality, its formation and development in modern literature is the most developed, while the understanding of a person as a subject and product of social relations has been studied less, which makes this topic of particular relevance.
The purpose of this essay: to reveal the essence of personality as a subject and product of social relations. To do this, it is necessary to consider the differences between the concepts of "man", "individual" and "personality", and then to identify the relationship with the individual and society.
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The total amount of work is 18 pages.
1. Man, Individual, Personality
Man is a complex system, he is multidimensional. Here the biological, social and spiritual principles, consciousness and the sphere of the subconscious are interconnected. From a scientific point of view, man is a unique product of the long development of living nature and at the same time the result of the cosmic evolution of nature itself. At the same time, a person is born and lives in society, in a social environment. He has a unique ability to think, thanks to which the spiritual world of man, his spiritual life, exists. Society mediates the relationship of man to nature, and therefore a being born by man becomes really a man only when he is included in social relations. These truths allow us to talk about essence of man as a unity of natural and social.
The combination of natural and social levels (elements) of the “man” system is a stable component in other concepts that characterize a person: “individual”, “personality”, “individuality”. In philosophy, there is one of the key collective terms - "subject". It covers the concepts listed above, since it characterizes the cognitive and practical activities of a person. Subject- an active person with his knowledge, experience and ability to change the objective situation of his being and himself (his qualities) in the process of socially significant activity. "Subjectivity" - an important aspect of the individual being of a person, his connection with social being. This term should not be confused with the concept of "human subjectivity", which is understood as the world of thought, will, and feelings inherent in man. The content of the concept of "subject" includes all socially significant characteristics of a person, and first of all a person as a creator of history. Human needs, interests, abilities act as the driving force of socio-historical activity and in their totality form the content of human nature. In other words, Man - it is the subject of socio-historical activity and culture, a biosocial being with consciousness, articulate speech, moral qualities and the ability to make tools.
The concept of "personality" is one of the most vague and controversial in science. Concept evolution personalities from the initial designation of the mask (Latin persona meant the mask worn by the actor in the ancient theater), then the actor himself and, finally, his role - gave impetus to the development of ideas about the individual as a system of role-playing behavior under the influence of social expectations.
Understanding that a person is a biosocial being is an important point in understanding the concept of "personality". He is inseparable from his nature, corporeality, materiality. But at the same time, he is the owner of consciousness, soul. Therefore, a personality, as a complex awareness of a given biosocial nature of a person, characterizes what is under the influence of two laws: natural-biological and socio-historical. That is, the biological principle: anatomy, physiology, the flow of various processes in the body, is inextricably linked in it with social features: collective work, thinking, speech, and the ability to be creative.
The Philosophical Encyclopedia defines personality as follows: it is a human individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity.
Other meaning, personality- a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society, i.e. personality is a systemic quality acquired by an individual in the process of joint activity and communication.
Personality- this is a special quality acquired by an individual through social relations, emphasized A.N. Leontiev.
However, with all the variety of interpretations of the concept of "personality", their authors agree that a person is not born, but becomes, and for this a person must make considerable efforts: to master speech, a variety of motor, intellectual and sociocultural skills.
But, is every person a person? Obviously not. A person in the tribal system was not a person, since his life was completely subordinated to the interests of the primitive collective, dissolved in it, and his personal interests had not yet gained due independence. A person who has gone mad is not a person. The human child is not a person. He has a certain set of biological properties and characteristics, but until a certain period of life he is devoid of signs of a social order. Therefore, he cannot perform actions and actions, driven by a sense of social responsibility. A child is only a candidate for a person. In order to become a person, an individual goes through the necessary path for this. socialization , that is, the assimilation of social experience accumulated by generations of people, accumulated in skills, abilities, habits, traditions, norms, knowledge, values, etc., familiarization with the existing system of social ties and relations.
The history of man begins when there is a turn in his attitude to changes in the environment. From the moment when the human ancestor ceased to respond to changes in the environment by changing its morphology, appearance, forms of adaptation and began to form its artificial environment (clothing, the use of fire, building a home, preparing food, etc.), the social history of man begins. . Such forms of social adaptation required the division of labor, its specialization, the complication of forms of herd, and then group organization. These forms of social adaptation found their expression in the complication of the function of brain activity, as evidenced by the data of anthropologists: the volume of the brain of human ancestors at that time grew incredibly, the forms of collective activity became more complicated, verbal communication developed, speech arose as a means of communication, information transfer, consolidation labor skills.
All this allowed the human community to get great opportunities in providing life. At the same time, the improvement of labor tools, the appearance of surpluses of products of primitive production immediately affected the forms of organization of social life: it became more complicated, society became structured. And the role that a particular person can play in resolving the contradictions that arise in social processes depends, first of all, on their scale, the ratio of necessary and accidental in them, on the characteristics of society.
But personality traits are not the last place here. Sometimes they have a very significant impact on social processes. Involving in social processes, a person thereby changes the circumstances of his life, actively determines and develops the “line” of his own destiny. In other words, the main condition for the self-determination of the individual and the conscious regulation of his life activity is his social activity.
Personality formation factors are presented in Fig. 1
Figure 1 - Personality formation factors
So, personality called a human individual who is the subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that he implements in public life.
Personality is impossible outside of social activity and communication, only by being included in the process of historical practice, the individual manifests a social essence, forms his social qualities, and develops value orientations.
Thus, a personality is a product of the integration of processes that carry out the life relations of the subject.
The next chapter is devoted to the features of development and the relationship between the individual and society.
2. Personality as a subject and product of social relations
2.1 C social essence of personality
As noted above, the concept of personality is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person. When talking about a person, first of all, they mean it social individuality, which is formed in the process of education and human activity, under the influence of a particular society and its culture. Outside of society, an individual cannot become an individual, and even more so a person, thus the ties between the individual, the individual and society are emphasized. Let's try to understand these connections.
In science, there are two approaches to personality. The first one considers the essential (most important for understanding a person) characteristics (Fig. 2).
Figure 2 - The essential characteristic of the personality
Here the personality acts as an active participant in free actions, as a subject of knowledge and change of the world. At the same time, such qualities are recognized as personal, which determine the way of life and self-esteem of individual characteristics. Other people will certainly evaluate a person through comparison with the norms established in society. A person with reason constantly evaluates himself. At the same time, self-esteem can change depending on the manifestations of the personality and the social conditions in which it operates.
The second direction of studying personality considers it through a set of functions, or roles. A person, acting in society, manifests himself in a variety of circumstances, depending not only on individual traits, but also on social conditions. So, let's say, in a tribal system, relationships in the family require some actions from its older members, in modern society - others. A person can simultaneously carry out actions, performing different roles - an employee, a family man, an athlete, etc. He performs actions, manifests himself actively and consciously. He can be a more or less skilled worker, a caring or indifferent family member, a stubborn or lazy sportsman, etc. The manifestation of activity is characteristic of a personality, while an impersonal existence allows for “floating by chance”.
The study of personality through role characteristics necessarily implies a person's connection with social relations, dependence on them. It is clear that both the set of roles and their fulfillment are connected with the social structure and with the individual qualities of the performer (compare, for example, the role of a worker, ruler, warrior, scientist in different eras).
Social roles, all the variety of social behavior of an individual are determined by social status and the values and norms prevailing in society or in a given group (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 - Diversity of social behavior of the individual
In its role manifestations, a personality develops, improves, changes: it acts, loves, hates, fights, yearns not for a personality in itself, but for a person who has personality traits. Through it, in a special way, inherent only to him, organizing his activities, relationships, the individual appears as a Man. Thus, the concept of "personality" is connected with the concept of "society".
2.2 Personal socialization
In the process of development of the individual as a person, he is more and more fully included in the system of social relations. The ties of the individual with people and different spheres of the life of society expand and deepen, and only thanks to this does she master social experience, appropriate it, make it her property. First, through communication with parents, other people, and then through various types of joint activities with them, a person learns social experience, masters the norms, rules, ways of behavior and activity, individual actions - the socialization of the individual occurs, it is formed and develops. subjectivity. This aspect of personality development is defined as its socialization(Fig. 4).
Figure 4 - Factors of personality socialization
Socialization begins from the first minutes of the existence of the individual and proceeds throughout his life. Each person goes through his own path of socialization. A person can be called a personality when he reaches such a level of mental and social development that makes him able to control his behavior and activities, to give an account of the results and consequences of his actions and actions. In other words, a person becomes a personality when he is able to act as a subject of activity, when he has a certain degree of self-consciousness.
Socialization is carried out through communication, upbringing, education, mass media, social control system, etc. It takes place in the family, kindergarten, school, special and higher educational institutions, labor collective, informal social groups, etc.
In the process of socialization, everyday, worldly views and ideas, production, labor skills, legal and moral norms of behavior, political attitudes and goals, social ideals, scientific knowledge, religious values, etc. are assimilated, entering the structure of the personality.
By joining various spheres of social life, a person acquires more and more independence, relative autonomy, i.e. its development in society includes the process individualization - fundamental phenomenon of human social development. One of its signs (and indicators) is that each person forms his own (and unique) way of life and his own inner world.
In Process Research socialization-individualization it is important to reveal how social relations are reflected in the psyche of the individual, and how, thanks to this reflection, he organizes his life in society.
The study of the development of the personality presupposes an analysis not only of how it appropriates social experience and joins the life of society, but also its original contribution that enriches this life. By this we emphasize the importance of personal activity, as well as the fact that socialization is inextricably linked with individualization. Thus, a person not only learns to arbitrarily regulate his behavior, but more importantly, in the process of development at a certain stage, he begins to consciously organize his own life, and therefore determine his own development to some extent.
Thus, a person is born, a person becomes in the process of socialization.
A person cannot become a person bypassing the process of socialization.
Socialization begins in childhood and continues throughout life. Its success depends on how much a person, having learned the values and norms of behavior accepted in a given culture, will be able to realize himself in the process of social life.
The process of socialization goes through several stages, which sociologists call life cycles: childhood, youth, maturity and old age. Life cycles are associated with changing social roles, acquiring a new status, changing habits and lifestyles.
According to the degree of achievement of the result, they distinguish between initial, or early, socialization, covering the periods of childhood and adolescence, and continued, or mature, socialization, covering maturity and old age.
The formation of a person's personality in the process of socialization occurs with the help of the so-called agents and institutions of socialization .
Figure 5 - Mechanisms and means of socialization of the individual
Under agents socialization refers to specific people responsible for teaching other people about cultural norms and helping them learn different social roles .
There are agents:
Primary socialization: parents, brothers, sisters, close and distant relatives, friends, teachers, etc. Agents of primary socialization constitute the immediate environment of a person and play a crucial role in the process of forming his personality;
Secondary socialization: university officials, enterprises, television employees, etc. Agents of secondary socialization have a less important influence.
Institutes of socialization- these are social institutions that influence the process of socialization and direct it. Like agents, socialization institutions are also divided into primary and secondary. An example of a primary institution of socialization is family, school, secondary - media, army, church.
The primary socialization of the individual is carried out in the sphere of interpersonal relations, the secondary - in the sphere of social relations.
Agents and institutions of socialization perform two main functions :
1) teach people accepted in society cultural norms and patterns of behavior;
2) carry out social control over how firmly, deeply and correctly these norms and patterns of behavior are assimilated by the individual. Therefore, such elements of social control as encouragement(for example, in the form of positive ratings) and punishment(in the form of negative assessments) are at the same time methods of socialization.
Thus, a personality is a product of the integration of processes that carry out the life relations of the subject.
2.3 Interpersonal relationships
In the course of their life activity, people enter into diverse relationships with each other. public (social) relations. One type of social relationship is interpersonal relationships, i.e. relationships between individuals on various grounds.
Depending on the presence or absence of elements of standardization and formalization, all interpersonal relations are divided into official and unofficial which differ from each other, firstly, by the presence or absence of a certain normativity in them. official relations are always regulated by some specific norms - legal, corporate, etc. For example, in many schools there is a list of requirements for the behavior of students within the walls of the school. In particular, they fix the nature of the relationship between students and teachers, as well as between students of different ages. In contrast to them, on the basis of a personal relationship of a person to a person, in a group informal relations. For them, there are no generally accepted norms, rules, requirements and regulations.
Secondly, official relations standardized and depersonalized, i.e. the rights and obligations that develop within the framework of official interpersonal relations do not depend on the individual, while informal interpersonal relations are determined by the individual personal characteristics of their participants, their feelings and preferences. Finally, in official relations, the possibility of choosing a communication partner is extremely limited, while in informal relations It is the choice of the individual that plays the decisive role. Such a choice is made by communication partners, depending on the inherent need for communication and interaction with a person who is quite specific in their personal qualities.
The formal and informal interpersonal relationships that people enter into with each other are extremely diverse. In connection with the main joint activity for the group, business interpersonal relations arise. They are determined by the position of the members of the group and the performance of their functional duties. Regardless of the main activity of the group, personal relationships arise. They are conditioned, first of all, by likes and dislikes. Business and personal relationships in real life complement each other.
In addition, there are vertical relationships (interpersonal relationships formed between people occupying different positions in the official or informal structure of the group) and horizontal relationships (interpersonal relationships of people occupying the same position in the official or informal structure of the group). For example, the relationship between a boss and a subordinate is a vertical relationship, while the relationship between colleagues is a horizontal relationship.
Often, rational relations are distinguished, in which people's knowledge of each other and their objective characteristics come to the fore, and emotional ones, which are based on the individual perception of a person by a person.
Conclusion.
Personality is a social individual, an object and subject of social relations and the historical process, manifesting itself in communication, in activity, in behavior.
Personality is not only an object of social relations, not only experiences social influences, but also refracts and transforms them, since gradually the personality begins to act as a set of internal conditions through which the external influences of society are refracted.
The formation of the personality, its socialization goes: "from the outside" - through the mechanisms of education and "from the inside" - through the mechanisms of self-socialization, self-regulation and self-defense.
Obviously, the content, methods and methods of personality formation depend on the level of economic, political, legal, cultural development of a particular society, on the traditions and customs of the people, and many other factors.
It is impossible to take into account all the objective and subjective factors of personality formation, and therefore it is impossible to give a final definition of “personality”, to describe all its possible characteristics and qualities. Nevertheless, a generalized indicator of a person is her spirituality, expressed in accordance with her actions, qualities, interests, needs, ideals, both to the fundamental public interests and to her human nature.
Conclusion
Man- the highest stage of development of living organisms on Earth, the subject of labor, the social form of life, communication and consciousness.
The concept of "man" generalizes the social and biological principles. Therefore, along with it, concepts have been introduced in science that reflect individual aspects of a person, such as an individual, individuality, personality.
Individual- this is a single person, a representative of the human race, possessing certain biological characteristics, the stability of mental processes and properties, activity and flexibility in the implementation of these properties in relation to a particular situation.
Individuality- a peculiar combination of biological and social characteristics of a person that distinguishes him from other people. If a person is an individual by the fact of his birth, then the individuality is formed and modified in the process of his life.
The concept of personality expresses the social essence of a person.
Personality- this is the integrity of the social properties of a person, a product of social development and the inclusion of an individual in a system of social relations.
Personality is the social image of a person, which is formed from his social image and internal appearance:
The social image is determined by the activity and position of a person in society, the realization of his individual potential, the level of development and social activity of the individual.
The internal appearance is the individuality of a person, his natural inclinations, traits and properties, relatively unchanged and constant over time and situations that distinguish one individual from another.
Personality is the result of the process of education and self-education. “A person is not born, but becomes” (A.N. Leontiev).
The basis for the formation of personality are public relations. The inclusion of an individual in various social groups, the implementation of constant interactions with other people is a necessary condition for the formation and development of the social "I".
The formation of personality occurs in the process of socialization.
Socialization the process of influence of society and its structures on them throughout the life of individuals, as a result of which people accumulate social experience of life in a particular society, and become individuals.
Socialization covers all the processes of familiarization with culture, training and education, through which a person acquires a social nature and the ability to participate in social life.
Everything surrounding the individual takes part in the process of socialization: family, neighbors, peers in children's institutions, school, the media, etc.
It is the inclusion of the individual in the social environment that makes it possible for a biological being to turn into a social being, to become human who recognizes himself as personality, having determined its place in society and life path, becomes individuality, acquires dignity and freedom, which make it possible to distinguish him from any other person, to distinguish him from others.
Thus, a person is both an object and a product of social relations, and an active subject of activity, communication, consciousness, self-consciousness.
Bibliography
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An individual is an belonging to homosapiens, a separate living organism, an individual.
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