Copper serial number. Basic properties of copper

In the experimental design bureau of Chelomey in the late 1950s. on the basis of the P-5 RK, the main purpose of which was shooting at coastal targets, they developed the P-6 PRK. Work on an anti-ship missile with a final homing system began in the USSR back in 1948, but the firing range of the first anti-ship missiles was several tens of kilometers. At the same time, the main surface targets - American aircraft carriers - had a depth of all-day and all-weather anti-missile (anti-aircraft) defense of about 150 ... 200 kilometers. In the early 1960s, new F-4 Phantom fighter-interceptors appeared in service with the US Navy, equipped with AIM-7 Sparrow all-aspect air-to-air missiles and E-2A Hawkeye carrier-based AWACS aircraft. Therefore, the depth of defense increased to 250 ... 300 kilometers. This required the adoption of response measures - the creation of anti-ship missiles with a long range (about several hundred kilometers).

Under the leadership of Chelomey V.N. in Reutovo near Moscow, back in 1956, research work began on shaping the appearance of a long-range anti-ship missile. The maximum firing range of the cruise missile, which is part of the complex, was to be more than 300 kilometers, to ensure the possibility of defeating enemy aircraft carrier strike formations and enemy groups without entering the zone of their anti-ship and anti-submarine defense. The anti-ship missile was supposed to have a control system that would ensure the destruction of surface targets of almost all classes, high-explosive fragmentation and nuclear warheads of high power. Rocket and ship equipment for the control system of the complex were developed by NII-49 (hereinafter - the Granit Research and Production Association), headed by N.A. Charin.

The creation of an "anti-aircraft" system for use on submarines was impossible without reliable intelligence gathering and target designation in the ocean zone. To solve this problem, under the leadership of the chief designer Kudryavtsev I.V. in the Kiev Research Institute of Radio Electronics (today NPO Kvant) they created the Success air reconnaissance system, placed on Tu-95RTs and Tu-16RTs carriers designed specifically for this purpose. On the carriers, an aviation radar for detecting sea targets was placed with further transmission of signals to ships for data processing and issuing target designations to the missile system. Thus, in the Soviet Union, for the first time in the world, an RSS (reconnaissance-strike system) was developed, consisting of reconnaissance equipment, strike weapons and their carriers (both sea and air).

The Argument ship automated system solved the problem of controlling the flight of several cruise missiles during a salvo launch, as well as aiming the anti-ship missile system at targets using a radar sight. When several targets were detected, it was possible to selectively destroy them by broadcasting a radar image of the target from the missile on board the submarine and transmitting commands from the ship to select a specific target.

A significant drawback of the P-6 RK was the launch of missiles from the surface. At the same time, the residence time of nuclear submarines with cruise missiles equipped with the P-6 complex, in comparison with submarines with P-5 on board, increased, since flight control was required until the target was captured by the homing missile head. Despite this obvious drawback, it was believed that the P-6 gave the Soviet Navy tangible advantages against large surface ships of a potential enemy. In addition, the program was actively supported by N.S. Khrushchev personally. As a result, on July 17, 1956, a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers was issued on the start of work on Project 675 nuclear missile submarines equipped with P-6 anti-ship missiles and P-5M strategic missile submarines, which were intended to destroy coastal targets.

The design of the nuclear submarine began under the leadership of the chief designer Pustyntsev P.P. at the Central Design Bureau MT "Rubin". Captain 1st rank Fadeev M.S. was appointed the main observer from the navy, who was replaced by captain 2nd rank Ivanov V.N. The SSGN was intended to strike enemy ships and ships with P-6 missiles during operations on sea and ocean communications, as well as to destroy enemy naval bases, administrative and industrial centers with the help of P-5M cruise missiles.

Structurally, the SSGN of the 675th project is a two-hull twin-shaft submarine with a developed superstructure fencing and a conning tower. The robust case, which has a cylindrical shape for a greater length, was made of 22-35 mm AK-25 steel. The extremities were given the shape of truncated cones.

The rugged case was divided into 10 compartments:
The first is torpedo;
The second is accumulator and residential (it also housed a wardroom);
The third is a missile control post;
The fourth is the central post;
Fifth - diesel generator compartment;
Sixth - reactor;
Seventh - turbine;
Eighth - turbogenerators, switchboards, electric motors;
Ninth - residential;
Tenth - stern torpedo.

For the manufacture of inter-compartment bulkheads, 10 mm AK-25 steel was used. During rocket fire, the mass of launching rockets was compensated by taking water into a special. replacement tanks. A set of light hull and plating were made of SW steel, the thickness of which ranged from 4 to 16 millimeters. The surface of the hull was covered with an anti-hydroacoustic coating.

The power plant (total power on two shafts 35 thousand hp) consisted of two VM-A type reactors (70 MW each), two steam turbines and two main turbo gear units 60-D1. There were also two DG-400 diesel generators (M-860 diesel engines) and two 900-horsepower PG-116 sneaking electric motors. Rechargeable battery "38-SM" - lead-acid, two groups of 112 cells each. In general, the power plant is almost identical to the submarines of the 627th, 658th and 659th projects.

The missile control antenna of the Argument system was installed on a rotary mast in front of the wheelhouse. In the non-working position, the carrier radiators of a large-sized antenna were wound into the wheelhouse fence so that the fairing located on the rear side of the antenna "turned" into the front wall of the wheelhouse fence.

The main armament of the submarine - 8 P-6 cruise missiles (ind. 4K88) - were placed in containers that rose at an angle of 14 degrees to the starting position. The containers were rigidly fastened in pairs and in the non-working position were located horizontally in the superstructure of the boat. Shooting, as well as on submarines of the 659th project, was possible only on the surface.

The dimensions of the P-6 rocket were: length - 10800 mm, diameter - 900 mm, wingspan - 2500 mm and launch weight - 5300 kg. The rocket was supplied with starting solid propellant rocket engines and marching turbojet engines. The range of firing ranges is from 35 to 380 kilometers, the maximum flight speed is M = 1.3. The flight altitude of the missile is 400–7500 meters; before attacking the target, the anti-ship missile was reduced to 100 meters.

On nuclear submarines with cruise missiles of the 675th project, for the first time in the world, they realized the possibility of salvo rocket fire with selective destruction of enemy ships in the formation. A nuclear submarine could complete within 15 minutes. four-rocket salvo, two salvos - within 20-30 minutes. taking into account the time required for the ascent, preparation for launch, launch and flight of missiles to the target. The possibility of simultaneous shelling of the target from various carriers by 12 P-6 missiles was provided, which ensured the overcoming of the densest air defense of aircraft carrier formations used in the 1960s. To receive target data from the aviation reconnaissance and target designation system, the Success-U radar system was provided (reception was carried out in a surface or underwater position). However, by the time the submarines were built, she did not have time and was mounted on one submarine after modernization under the 675-MU project. The rest of the SSGNs were equipped with the Kasatka system, designed to receive target designations from satellites (10 submarines were modernized according to project 675-K and 675-MK).

SSGN pr.675 with raised containers of cruise missiles

The reconnaissance and strike complex was used as follows: a submarine that was in a given area, having received a combat order to use missile weapons, rose to the periscope depth to establish communication with a reconnaissance and target designation aircraft that transmits radar information about enemy targets to the nuclear submarine with cruise missiles . This information was displayed on the screen of the operator's console of the submarine's target designation complex. The ship's commander analyzed the target situation by assigning a target for which it was necessary to determine the coordinates (range and bearing). Then these data were entered into the ship's missile system control system, the reach of the weapon and the expected probability of target detection by the missile radar sight were assessed. Based on these data, the final decision to open fire was made. The boat lay down on the course, performed pre-launch preparation, floated to the surface and carried out a missile salvo (the maximum number of anti-ship missiles in a salvo is four). The flight control of the rocket in the salvo relative to the plane of fire was carried out by one operator according to the bearing marks on the radar indicator. When the mark deviated from the given direction, the anti-ship missile was returned by the operator to the firing plane. Upon reaching the estimated range (produced by the ship's control system), the operators gave the command to turn on the radar sights of the missiles and radio channel transmitters to broadcast the information received by the sights. After the target was captured by the radar sight of the anti-ship missile, the missile, at the command of the operator, was switched to the homing mode (initially, the missile was homing only in the horizontal plane, then the anti-ship missile dived gently, a few km before the target, the vertical homing mode was introduced).

The torpedo armament of the boat consisted of four bow 533-mm torpedo tubes (maximum firing depth 100 meters) and two stern 400-mm torpedo tubes (maximum depth of use - 250 meters). Ammunition consisted of 20 torpedoes. Ladoga was used as a torpedo weapon control system.

The submarine is equipped with the Sila N-675 navigation system, the Arktika-M SJSC, the Mayak gyrocompass, the Albatross radar, the Lira-11 astronavigation system, and other equipment.

In the west, the boats of the 675th project were considered a modernized version of the SSGN of the 659 project and were assigned the designation "Echo-II class".

Modifications

Boats of the 675th project were among the most actively modernized ships of the Soviet fleet. To a large extent, this was due to the rapid improvement of the main enemy of submarines - the aircraft carriers of the US Navy. Thus, the P-6 missile was upgraded to P-6M (4K48).

Under the leadership of Tsvetkov A.P. Since 1959, NII-49 has been working on the Molniya station, which provided autonomous over-the-horizon target designation using the phenomenon of tropospheric scattering of microwave radio waves. In December 1969, the Molniya station was adopted by the Navy for installation on Project 675 nuclear missile submarines and Project 651 diesel missile submarines. On some ships, the Arktika-M SJSC was replaced with a more advanced Kerch sonar system.

Project 675-K provided for the installation of Kasatka equipment, which provides reception and processing of information on target designation from satellites. Under this project, one nuclear submarine with cruise missiles, the K-48, was modernized.

In the 1960s and 70s, 10 submarines of the 675th project underwent modernization under the 675-MK project (K-23, -57, -56, -94, -104, -128, -175, -184, -189) and project 675-MU (K-28 with station "Success-U"). The submarines were equipped with the new P-500 Bazalt anti-ship missiles (the same as on Project 1164 missile cruisers). On the modernized submarines, in addition to new anti-ship missiles, they placed the equipment of the Kasatka-B space target designation receiving system (except for one project 675-MU). The displacement of boats at the same time increased by 600 tons.

The modernization of nuclear submarines with cruise missiles under the 675-MKV project began in the late 1980s. The submarines were equipped with the new P-1000 Vulkan missile system, which has a significantly increased firing range, as well as the modern Kerch SJSC. During the modernization of the SSGN, they received the Strela-3 portable anti-aircraft complex, which provides defense in the surface position from an air enemy. The displacement of Project 675-MKV ships has increased by 1,000 tons. In total, under the 675-MKV project, five ships were modernized - K-1, K-22, K-35, K-34 and K-10 (the latter was decommissioned before the modernization was completed).

In 1986, K-86, one of the Project 675 SSGNs, underwent modernization under Project 675-N and was turned into a carrier for a midget submarine and combat swimmers. Missile weapons were dismantled from the submarine, as well as missile fire control devices, special equipment was installed, the necessary premises were equipped for accommodating swimmers and their exit under water, as well as a lock and mounts for SMPL project 1861 (“X-Ray class”).

Construction program

The construction of submarines of the 675th project was carried out on the NSR in Severodvinsk and SZLK in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. K-166 - the lead Severodvinsk ship - was accepted into the Northern Fleet in 1963. This was preceded by Mr. tests that successfully ended with a four-rocket salvo fire. In total in 1963-1968. the navy received 29 submarines of the 675th project (13 hulls were built at the SZLK, 16 at the NSR).

Status for 2007

Project 675 submarines began to enter the Soviet Navy in the 1960s: 16 submarines to the Northern Fleet (one was transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1966), 13 ships to the Pacific Ocean. All ships of this project were assigned to the BPL subclass on July 25, 1977, and on January 15, 1978 they were again returned to the KrPL subclass.

Boats of the 675th project were actively used in the Pacific and Northern fleets. Submarines carried combat service in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In November 1965, by directive of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, the commander of the Northern Fleet was tasked with preparing two nuclear-powered ships for transfer to the Pacific Fleet via one of the southern routes. To participate in the transition, it was decided to allocate the K-166 missile carrier and the Project 627-A torpedo boat. The ships began moving on February 2, 1966. The distance between the ships following in a submerged position was 60 miles. Sometimes submarines approached for communication on ultrashort waves or via a sound underwater communication channel. Having overcome almost 25 thousand miles on March 20, 1966, the submarines entered Avacha Bay in Kamchatka. The transition, skillfully presented by the official propaganda of the USSR, received a significant political response. All crew members were awarded medals and orders, and five members were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

To expand the coverage area of ​​Soviet submarines, they searched for new maneuverable bases. In 1967, for this purpose, a complex expedition "Priliv" was sent to the equatorial waters of the Atlantic under the leadership of Admiral Vladimirsky L.A. The nuclear submarine K-128 also participated in it.

In the period from March 01 to December 31, 1969, the K-131 submarine, being in the Mediterranean Sea in the war zone, provided assistance to the Egyptian armed forces.

To carry out combat service in the Indian Ocean in 1970, they sent the first Soviet nuclear submarine - K-7. This boat also carried out rocket firing at the corner reflectors (the Tu-95RTs aircraft was used to provide target designation). For three months in 1971, the K-31 submarine also served in the Indian Ocean.

Boats of the 675th project were involved not only in tracking surface ships, but sometimes "spoiled the blood" of American submarines on combat duty. So, for example, in 1967, K-135 continuously monitored the Patrick Henry ballistic missile submarine for 5.5 hours.

SSGN project 675 in 1989-92 began to actively withdraw from the fleet. K-116 was the first to leave the fleet in 1985, and K-431 (formerly K-31) in 1987 due to accidents in the main power plants. The most recent in 1994 were: B-47 (K-47), B-22 (K-22) and K-131.

The main tactical and technical characteristics of a nuclear submarine with cruise missiles of project 675:
Surface displacement - 4450 tons;
Underwater displacement - 5760 tons;
The greatest length is 115.4 m;
The greatest width is 9.3 m;
Draft on design waterline - 7.8 m;
Main power plant:
- 2 pressurized water reactors VM-A, with a total capacity of 140 MW;
- 2 GTZA-601;
- 2 PPU OKA-150;
- 2 steam turbines with a total capacity of 35,000 hp (29400 kW);
- 2 turbogenerators GPM-21, power of each 1400 kW;
- 2 diesel generators DG-400, power of each 450 kW;
- 2 auxiliary ED PG-116, power of each 140 hp;
- 2 shafts;
- 2 propellers;
Surface speed - 14 ... 15 knots;
Underwater speed - 29 knots;
Working depth of immersion - 240 m;
Maximum immersion depth - 300 m;
Autonomy - 50 days;
Crew - 137 people (including 22 officers);
Missile armament:
- launchers of SCRC P-6 / P-6M - 8 X 1;
- anti-ship missile 4K88 / 4K48 (SS-N-3B "Sepal") or cruise missile P-5D (SS-N-3C "Shaddock") - 8;
Torpedo armament:
Torpedo tubes of caliber 533 mm - 4 (bow);
533 mm torpedoes SET-53M and 53-61 - 8;
Torpedo tubes of caliber 400 mm - 2 (stern);
400 mm torpedoes SET-40 - 4;
Mine weapons - can carry mines instead of part of the torpedoes;
Electronic weapons:
Combat information and control system - no data;
Radar system of general detection - RLC-101 "Albatross" (Snoop Tray);
Hydroacoustic system:
- MG-200M "Arktika-M";
Fire control radar - "Argument" (Front Piece / Front Door) for P-6 SCRC;
Electronic warfare means:
- "Nakat-M" (Quad Loop D / F) RTR
- "Van" (Stop Light) EW (Brick Pulp)
Navigation complex:
- "Strength N-675";
- "Lira-11" astronavigation system;
- "Mayak" gyrocompass;
Radio communication complex - a set of tools;
Radar station of state identification - MRP.

ctrl Enter

Noticed osh s bku Highlight text and click Ctrl+Enter

Nuclear submarine for special purposes (PLASN) / experimental boat carrier of nuclear deep-sea stations (AGS). The design of nuclear deep-sea stations for performing special tasks was started according to the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 1972 on the creation of a nuclear deep-sea station (AGS) and a complex with a PLASN-carrier pr.675N and AGS. Central Design Bureau "Volna" of the USSR Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry has been designated as the lead contractor for AGS projects. The chief designer of the complex is S.M. Bavilin. For the position of deputies Bavilin S.M. invited Tereshkin V.M. and D.N. Dubnitsky, to the position of leading designers - Uvarov V.A. and Deshkin E.A., and the chief designer of the power plant - Romanova B.L. During the design, the experience of operating the deep-water complex "" was probably taken into account.

A converted SSGN pr.675 was identified as the carrier of the AGS. The modernization project for project 675N was entrusted to LPMB Rubin. In 1973, the technical design of the AGS was completed. In 1974, SPMB Mashinostroeniya and TsPB "Volna" were merged into SPMBM "Malakhit", which was entrusted with the maintenance of the AGS and the complex.

The fleet allocated Project 675 of the 11th division of the 1st flotilla of the USSR Navy for modernization under the K-170 SSGN project. After modernization, the boat was named KS-86. The re-equipment of the PLA-carrier began at the Zvezdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk in January 1973 and was completed in 1981 (launching - December 1980). In 1978, the 1st and 2nd crews of the head station AS-23 of the project 1851 complex were recruited for training in the detachment of hydronauts formed by the Navy. In 1981, the experimental PLASN KS-86 was included in the 6th separate submarine division (later - the 29th separate submarine brigade) of the Northern Fleet, based in Olenya Bay. In 1983-1984. tests of the carrier boat as part of a complex with AGS pr.18510 have begun. The experimental AGS of the project - AS-23 - during the passage of tests in 1986 for the first time carried out underwater docking with the carrier boat pr.675N ().

On June 24, 1991, PLASN KS-86 was removed from the fleet and laid up in Olenya Bay. In 2000-2001 The submarine was transferred for disposal at the Nerpa shipyard. 2004-2005 - the boat was disposed of at the Nerpa shipyard.

PLA carrier KS-86 pr.675N with AGS AS-23 in its original form (drawings from http://forums.airbase.ru and http://oosif.ru were used).

PLASN KS-86 project 675N at the pier next to ENS-244 and the carrier boat project 611P, Olenya Bay, 1980s (http://forums.airbase.ru),

PLASN KS-86 pr.675N at the pier in the Olenya Bay, late 1980s (http://deepstorm.ru , edited),

PLASN KS-86 pr.675N at the pier next to special floating docks for AGS in Olenya Bay, after 1986 (

This submarines lucky with an abundance of nicknames. For their noisiness, NATO experts called them " Echo II" (Echo II), and the Soviet ones - "roaring cow". Design submarines was unusual. The missiles were installed horizontally, and the launch containers were raised before launch. For this ability, the submarine was nicknamed " folding bed».

Project 675 nuclear submarines belonged to the first generation, but despite this they carried out their tasks until the 20th century.

In the 1950s, the Cold War was seen as a prelude to an almost inevitable real war. The old colonial system was falling apart. The countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, one after another, emerging from the tutelage of the colonial powers, sought help and patronage from the Soviet Union. The USSR, the USA and its allies simply could not come to terms with the world hypocrisy, especially since at that time the backlog of the “soviets” in the field of nuclear arsenals was very noticeable. The main weapon of the United States in the struggle for world domination in the post-war period is finally becoming. The very appearance of only one such giant anywhere in the world influenced the balance of power in the region. always securely guarded by a group consisting of about a dozen escort ships, which includes cruisers, frigates, destroyers and nuclear submarines. The main indicator of the security of an aircraft carrier strike group is the depth of air and missile defense. In the 1950s, the United States took enhanced measures to improve the protection of its aircraft carriers. Thanks to new products, the depth has increased to 300 km. It was obvious that a competitor country, unable to inflict damage on the main striking force of the enemy, was doomed to defeat. The USSR had to develop an effective means to combat aircraft carriers.

In a hurry in the USSR, under the personal supervision of N. S. Khrushchev, who relied on missiles, the creation of anti-ship missile systems began. In the Design Bureau under the leadership of V.N. Chelomey, the P-6 cruise missile was created with a maximum range of 300 km. This missile is capable of hitting targets with a high-yield nuclear or high-explosive fragmentation warhead. On August 17, 1956, a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued on the start of development nuclear submarine 675 project equipped with P-6 anti-ship missiles and P-5M strategic cruise missiles capable of hitting coastal targets. The design of the nuclear-powered ship began in the Design Bureau " Ruby"under the leadership of the chief designer P.P. Pustyntsev. As always, there was no time for the construction and full development of the original ship, so the project 651 diesel submarine armed with four missiles was taken as the basis. The power plant of the submarine consisted of two reactors. As well as the steam-producing turbine plant, it belonged to the first generation, but by the time the 675th project was built, their operation had already been worked out on Premier League project 627. The reactors served for 25 years without comment, except for an accident at Soviet submarine « ».

Construction missile carriers unfolded in Severodvinsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. As early as October 1963 first submarine K-166 became part of the Soviet Navy. A total of 29 were built Premier League 675 series who served in the Northern Fleet and the Pacific Fleet. Submarines were on duty in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, took part in research expeditions.

nuclear submarines 675 project photo

nuclear submarine "Echo II" according to NATO classification

launch of a cruise missile from a submarine project 675

modifications of project 675: 675MK, 675MU, 675MKV

project 675 submarines have long been decommissioned

According to the plan of the engineers, the launch of eight missiles was carried out in the surface position from containers that rose at an angle of 14 degrees. For the production of the first launch from the moment of ascent, it took only 3 minutes until the missile's homing head captured the target. The cruise missile was guided by an operator with submarines. A large-sized control antenna array was located in front of the cabin on a rotary mast. To place the antenna, the designers came up with an unusual solution to bring the antenna into a combat position, the front of the cabin turned 180 degrees. In case of danger Submarine could dive with three open containers, but still, after a missile salvo, the probability of destroying the submarine by the enemy was close to 100 percent.

It was believed that these submarines single use. Initially, project 675 submarines were created as part of a single complex. It was clear that without the latest search and targeting systems submarine couldn't be effective. The designers developed a unique reconnaissance strike system, which included reconnaissance equipment, weapons and their carriers, sea and air. For the first time in the world received the "all-seeing eye". Now she could survey almost the entire world ocean and coastal areas.

The initial aiming at the target was carried out by aviation with Tu-16 and Tu-95 target designation aircraft. Due to the long range of the Tu-95, submarine"saw" at a distance of 7500 km. The complex made it possible to simultaneously destroy surface and coastal targets with twelve cruise missiles from various carriers, overcoming the air defenses of US strike aircraft carrier formations. In addition, on submarines 675 of the project, for the first time in world practice, the possibility of selective destruction of enemy warships, which were part of formations, was implemented using salvo rocket fire. Later, with the equipping of nuclear submarines with space communications equipment for receiving target designations from a satellite, they floated to the periscope depth, received a target and prepared to fire. At the very last moment SSGN floated to the surface, and within 15 minutes carried out a rocket launch. It took about 30 minutes to launch a rocket for two volleys. The volley was limited to four missiles due to the impossibility of complete removal of powder gases. In later modifications submarine 675 project, the shortcoming was eliminated. The rocket traveled at an altitude of 7 km at a speed twice the speed of sound and was no longer large by the standards of those years, even a fighter could shoot it down.

On these submarines there were other shortcomings - surface launch, imperfect missiles, high noise, but despite them, Project 675 submarines gave a certain advantage to the Soviet fleet in the fight against large enemy warships. They were their main target.

Premier League 675 of the project were quite noisy at high speeds, but despite this, the submarines performed well in real combat conditions. In 1967 one of submarine K-135 for 5.5 hours carried out continuous monitoring of American submarine « Patrick Genre and this is just one of the examples.

Submarines project 675 became perhaps the most modernized among. Changed equipment, missile systems. The P-6 missiles were replaced by a more advanced P-500 complex. Basalt". Project 675 MKV nuclear submarines provided for the use of cruise missiles of the class " Volcano". Modernization, on the one hand, gave a greater possibility of defeating the enemy and a greater probability of survival for the crew, on the other.

It is no secret that in the field of automation, electronics and telemetry, the USSR was seriously lagging behind Western countries. Exactly on Premier League project 675 depended a little on automation. Soviet submariners they said that this made their submarines much more reliable and greatly increased the survivability of the submarine. Breakdowns happened, because even the most reliable equipment breaks down, but the simplicity of the design allowed the crew to eliminate most of them right on the march, and the phenomenal survivability of submarines often saved lives submariners.

from their predecessors Premier League 675 of the project received fairly good surface buoyancy, and the crew felt confident in the surface position. But the living conditions of personnel on these submarines, as well as on diesel submarines, remained quite heavy. Places for most of the rest at the same time submariners was not provided. Only 2/3 of the sailors could sleep, the rest were on alert. Such conditions were abnormal, therefore, in subsequent modifications, in order to increase the number of beds, they even went to reduce weapons. During the Cold War, crews SSGN 675 projects were almost never at home. The flooding reached 180 days a year. They demanded a lot from Soviet submariners, because it was they who were at the “spearhead of attack”, in other words, they were the force that held back the threat of a third world war.

massive noisy submarines managed to pass unnoticed into the Mediterranean Sea through the narrow throat of the Strait of Gibraltar. Moreover, such passages were made regularly. Thanks to the “dominance” of Soviet submariners in the Mediterranean, it belonged by default to the USSR for several decades.

Tasks submarine project 675 were the most difficult. First and foremost is goal setting. Submarine should always be close to her surface ward. Both Soviet and American sailors tried to show skill, courage and audacity. Soviet submariners more than once gave cause for concern and even the most frank fear. In 1966, Israel could have been wiped off the face of the earth. But submarine K-172 single-handedly overcame a barrier consisting of three strike aircraft carriers, several dozen warships and torpedo ships, and was ready to launch a volley of P-6 missiles with nuclear warheads with a yield of almost a megaton.

A huge resonance in the world was caused by the historical transition of two Premier League 675 projects from the bases of the Northern Fleet to Kamchatka. The submarines went around Eurasia from the south, at a distance of 60 miles from each other, regularly approaching for communication via VHF or a sound underwater communication channel. After almost six months of long-distance autonomous navigation, they safely reached the shores of Kamchatka and entered the Avachya Bay. The crews were awarded orders and medals, five participants were awarded the title " The hero of the USSR", a submarine first received the title guards' in peacetime. But it should be emphasized that almost all trips SSGN 675 projects were no less distant and no less dangerous.

Combat services, maneuvers, transitions - a lot of salt and fresh water has flowed under the bridge since then. Submarines

1962 August
Crew formed. After training, he was included in the 339th ObrSRPL BelVMB;

1963 January 11
It was laid down on the slipway of workshop No. 50 of the Production Association "Sevmashpredpriyatie" in Severodvinsk as KrPL;

1964 January 26

February 22, 1964
The physical start-up of the reactors was carried out;

1964 September 30
The State Commission signed an act on the completion of state tests. entered service;

1964 November 4
Became part of the Northern Fleet. Enrolled in the 11th Divisional Division of the 1st Divisional Division of the KSF (order on connection dated 12.10) based on Malaya Lopatkina Bay (Murmansk Region);

1966 March 28 - May 16

1966 July 10 - August 24
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Sokolov I.V.);

1966 October 22 - December 5
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Sokolov I.V.);

1967 July 2 - September 2
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - KPL K-47 Kolomiytsev S.N., replaced the crew commander);

1967
When the rocket was reloaded, there was a fact of an accident with a rocket weapon;

1968 June - 1970 November
It was under repair with recharging of the reactor cores at the Zvyozdochka shipyard (Severodvinsk). Responsible deliverer - Nikulin V.P., delivery mechanic - Gonchar A.P.;

1970 December
Transferred to the 7th Divisional Submarine of the 1st Divisional Division of the KSF based on Malaya Lopatkina Bay (Murmansk Region);

1971 April 5 - May 20

1971 summer (to be clarified)
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS with a reserve crew in the North-East Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea;

1971 October 1 - November 19
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Kalashnikov V.S.);

1972 May 1 - June 20
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Kalashnikov V.S.). During the BS, as part of a detachment of ships under the general command of cap.1r. Kalinina A.M. (BPK "Sevastopol", EM "Modest") paid a visit to the port of Cienfuegos (Cuba);

1972
Executed a rocket salvo with 8 P-5D missiles;

1972 autumn (to be clarified)
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS with a backup crew;

1973
As part of the division, it was relocated to the Nerpichya Bay (Western Litsa);

1973 June 30 - September 27
She completed the tasks of an autonomous BS with the 2nd crew of the K-128 (since 09/29/1973, the 461st crew, commander - Dmitriev Yu.). As part of a detachment of ships of the USSR Navy BOD project 1134A "Admiral Isakov", BOD project 57A "Daring", SSGN project 675 K-1, Project 641 submarine, Project 1886 PBPL and 1 tanker made a trip to Cuba. When proceeding to Cuba on 08/20/1973 in the Caribbean Sea at a depth of 120 m and a speed of 16 knots. hit the slope of the Jagua Bank. The river was worked out and an emergency ascent was made. After surfacing, the submarine landed tightly on the same reef. It was not possible to withdraw on our own, the SB-11 tug was also unable to provide assistance - it only tore several ends. However, some time after the high tide, the submarine itself left the reef. After inspection in Cuba, it turned out that the antenna of the acoustic station was broken, the covers of the torpedo tubes of the left side, the TA tubes, together with the torpedoes in them, were bent. The rugged housing remained sealed. The commander of the Revolutionary Navy of the Republic of Cuba, Comandante Alfo Santamaria Cuadrado, visited the submarine in Cuba, about which a commemorative entry was made in the historical journal of the submarine. She returned to the base in a surface position, but in the region of Spain she got into a strong storm and the commander decided to do the rest of the way in a submerged position. Torpedo heads were cut out of bent TAs in the base;

1973 October 23 - 1974
It was in emergency repair at the shipyard "Zvezdochka" (Severodvinsk). Responsible deliverer - Kulikov N.A.;

1975 February 13 - May 2
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Laktionov G.N.) in the Mediterranean Sea. She took part in the exercises "Ocean-75", "North" and "Oceanskaya Okhota";

1975 December 14 - 1976 February 21
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Semyonov I.A.);

1977
The reactor cores were recharged;

1971 - 1978
Spent on the BS with a total duration of 550 days;

1978 June 20 - August 26
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Herman A.M.). When returning from the BS on August 08, during the decommissioning of the LB power plant, the feed water of both sides was salinized and the emergency protection of the LB reactor was triggered. GEM LB was put out of action and put into operation only on 12.08. As a result of the operation of the power plant PB for 5 days with an increased salinity of feed water, on August 13, the PB turbine, and on August 17, the LB turbine was also disabled. The submarine surfaced on the surface and was towed to the base in the SS Pamir tugboat. Towing was carried out with the help of grips wound up behind the SHU-200 bow rods (SHU-200 rods are intended for fastening ship-lifting pontoons);

1981 February - 1985 December
Passed an average repair, modernization according to the project 675MKV at the Zvezdochka shipyard (Severodvinsk) and testing of the P-1000 Vulkan missiles;

1984 July - 1985 June
In the White Sea, 18 single and salvo launches were made from submarines, of which 10 were completely successful. For the development of new technology, 25 crew members were awarded Government awards;

1985 December 23
After arriving in Ara Bay (Vidyaevo, Murmansk Region), she was assigned to the 50th DiPL of the 9th Squadron of the KSF;

1986 November 10 - 1987 January 10

1987 November 21 - 1988 January 21
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Lobanov S.A.);

1988 July 1 - September 4
Completed the tasks of an autonomous BS (commander - Lobanov S.A.);

March 1990
According to the state of the hull, systems and devices, it was recognized as not corresponding to the forces of constant readiness;

1992 July 3 (July 7?)
Withdrawn from the combat strength of the Navy (on the basis of the Children's General Staff of the Navy No. 730.1.0523 of 06/03/1992). Left for storage afloat at the temporary storage facility in Ara Bay (Vidyaevo, Murmansk region);

1992 December 30
Reorganized into the 346th DnPL withdrawn from combat strength with the same storage location;

2007
Continued to be kept afloat at the temporary storage facility in Ara Bay (Vidyaevo, Murmansk Region);

2007 October 16 - 17
Towed to Kut Bay to Nerpa Shipyard (Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk region) for subsequent disposal;

2010
Utilization completed. The reactor block was formed and subsequently transferred for temporary storage afloat in the Saida substation.

Total since construction "K-1" passed 317,040 miles in 32,562 running hours and completed the tasks of 16 combat services in various areas of the oceans.

Copper is a malleable golden-pink metal with a characteristic metallic sheen. In the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev, this chemical element is designated as Сu (Cuprum) and is under serial number 29 in group I (side subgroup), in period 4.

The Latin name Cuprum comes from the name of the island of Cyprus. There are known facts that in the 3rd century BC there were copper mines in Cyprus and local craftsmen smelted copper. You can buy copper in the company « ».

According to historians, the acquaintance of society with copper is about nine thousand years old. The most ancient copper products were found during archaeological excavations in the area of ​​modern Turkey. Archaeologists have found small copper beads and plates to decorate clothes. The finds date back to the 8th-7th millennium BC. In ancient times, jewelry, expensive dishes and various tools with a thin blade were made from copper.

The great achievement of the ancient metallurgists can be called the production of an alloy with a copper base - bronze.

Basic properties of copper

1. Physical properties.

In air, copper acquires a bright yellowish-red hue due to the formation of an oxide film. Thin plates are greenish-blue when translucent. In its pure form, copper is quite soft, ductile and easily rolled and drawn. Impurities can increase its hardness.

The high electrical conductivity of copper can be called the main property that determines its predominant use. Copper also has a very high thermal conductivity. Impurities such as iron, phosphorus, tin, antimony and arsenic affect the basic properties and reduce electrical and thermal conductivity. According to these indicators, copper is second only to silver.

Copper has high density, melting point and boiling point. Good corrosion resistance is also an important property. For example, at high humidity, iron oxidizes much faster.

Copper lends itself well to processing: it is rolled into a copper sheet and a copper bar, stretched into a copper wire with a thickness brought to thousandths of a millimeter. This metal is diamagnetic, that is, it is magnetized against the direction of an external magnetic field.

Copper is a relatively inactive metal. Under normal conditions, in dry air, its oxidation does not occur. It easily reacts with halogens, selenium and sulfur. Acids without oxidizing properties do not affect copper. There are no chemical reactions with hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen. In moist air, oxidation occurs with the formation of copper carbonate (II) - the upper layer of platinum.
Copper is amphoteric, that is, it forms cations and anions in the earth's crust. Depending on the conditions, copper compounds exhibit acidic or basic properties.

Methods for obtaining copper

In nature, copper exists in compounds and in the form of nuggets. The compounds are represented by oxides, bicarbonates, sulfur and carbon dioxide complexes, as well as sulfide ores. The most common ores are copper pyrite and copper sheen. The copper content in them is 1-2%. 90% of primary copper is mined by pyrometallurgical methods and 10% by hydrometallurgical methods.

1. The pyrometallurgical method includes the following processes: beneficiation and roasting, melting to matte, blowing in the converter, electrolytic refining.
Copper ores are enriched by flotation and oxidative roasting. The essence of the flotation method is as follows: copper particles suspended in an aqueous medium adhere to the surface of air bubbles and rise to the surface. The method allows to obtain a copper powder concentrate, which contains 10-35% copper.

Copper ores and concentrates with a significant sulfur content are subject to oxidative roasting. When heated in the presence of oxygen, sulfides are oxidized, and the amount of sulfur is almost halved. Poor concentrates, which contain 8-25% copper, are subjected to roasting. Rich concentrates containing 25-35% copper are melted without firing.

The next step in the pyrometallurgical method for producing copper is matte smelting. If lump copper ore with a large amount of sulfur is used as raw material, then smelting is carried out in shaft furnaces. And for powdered flotation concentrate, reverberatory furnaces are used. Melting takes place at a temperature of 1450 °C.

In side-blown horizontal converters, the copper matte is blown with compressed air in order to oxidize the sulfides and ferrum. Next, the resulting oxides are converted into slag, and sulfur into oxide. Blister copper is formed in the converter, which contains 98.4-99.4% copper, iron, sulfur, as well as a small amount of nickel, tin, silver and gold.

Blister copper is subject to fire and then electrolytic refining. Impurities are removed with gases and transferred to slag. As a result of fire refining, copper with a purity of up to 99.5% is formed. And after electrolytic refining, the purity is 99.95%.

2. The hydrometallurgical method consists in leaching copper with a weak solution of sulfuric acid, and then separating metallic copper directly from the solution. This method is used for the processing of poor ores and does not allow the associated extraction of precious metals along with copper.

The use of copper

Due to their valuable qualities, copper and copper alloys are used in the electrical and electrical engineering industries, in radio electronics and instrument making. There are alloys of copper with metals such as zinc, tin, aluminum, nickel, titanium, silver, gold. Rarely used alloys with non-metals: phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen. There are two groups of copper alloys: brass (alloys with zinc) and bronze (alloys with other elements).

Copper has a high environmental friendliness, which allows its use in the construction of residential buildings. For example, a copper roof due to its anti-corrosion properties can last more than a hundred years without special care and painting.

Copper alloyed with gold is used in jewelry. This alloy increases the strength of the product, increases the resistance to deformation and abrasion.

Copper compounds are characterized by high biological activity. In plants, copper is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Therefore, it can be seen in the composition of mineral fertilizers. A lack of copper in the human body can cause a deterioration in the composition of the blood. It is found in many food products. For example, this metal is found in milk. However, it is important to remember that an excess of copper compounds can cause poisoning. That is why you can not cook food in copper utensils. During boiling, a large amount of copper can get into food. If the dishes inside are covered with a layer of tin, then there is no danger of poisoning.

In medicine, copper is used as an antiseptic and astringent. It is a component of eye drops for conjunctivitis and solutions for burns.