Mechanical oscillations whose frequency is less than 20 Hz. Exam: Let's review mechanics (Mechanical oscillations and waves)

In Russian, additional expressive means are widely used, for example, tropes and figures of speech.

Tropes are such speech turns that are based on the use of words in a figurative sense. They are used to enhance the expressiveness of the writer or speaker.

Tropes include: metaphors, epithets, metonymy, synecdoche, comparisons, hyperbole, litotes, paraphrase, personification.

Metaphor is a technique in which words and expressions are used in a figurative sense based on analogy, similarity or comparison.

And my tired soul is embraced by darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

An epithet is a word that defines an object or phenomenon and emphasizes any of its properties, qualities, signs. Usually an epithet is called a colorful definition.

Your thoughtful nights transparent dusk. (A S. Pushkin)

Metonymy is a means of replacing one word with another on the basis of adjacency.

The hiss of frothy goblets and punch blue flames. (A.S. Pushkin)

Synecdoche - one of the types of metonymy - the transfer of the meaning of one object to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them.

And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Comparison is a technique in which one phenomenon or concept is explained by comparing it with another. Comparative conjunctions are usually used in this case.

Anchar, like a formidable sentry, stands alone in the whole universe. (A.S. Pushkin).

Hyperbole is a trope based on the excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon.

For a week I won’t say a word to anyone, I’m all sitting on a stone by the sea ... (A. A. Akhmatova).

Litota is the opposite of hyperbole, an artistic understatement.

Your spitz, lovely spitz, is no more than a thimble ... (A.S. Griboedov)

Personification is a means of transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones.

Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will reflect friskyly. (A.S. Pushkin).

Paraphrase - a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive turn, which indicates the signs of an object, person, phenomenon that is not directly named.

"King of beasts" instead of a lion.

Irony is a technique of ridicule, containing an assessment of what is ridiculed. In irony there is always a double meaning, where the true is not directly stated, but implied.

So, in the example, Count Khvostov is mentioned, who was not recognized by his contemporaries as a poet because of the mediocrity of his poems.

Count Khvostov, a poet beloved by heaven, was already singing with immortal verses of the misfortune of the Neva banks. (A.S. Pushkin)

Stylistic figures are special turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expression.

It is necessary to emphasize once again that stylistic figures make our speech information redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore, for a stronger impact on the addressee.

These figures include:

And you, arrogant descendants…. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question is such a structure of speech in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement.

And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom will the longed-for dawn finally rise? (A. S. Pushkin)

Anaphora is the repetition of parts of relatively independent segments.

As if you curse the days without a light,

As if gloomy nights scare you ...

(A. Apukhtin)

Epiphora - repetition at the end of a phrase, sentence, line, stanza.

Dear friend, and in this quiet house

The fever hits me

Can't find me a place in a quiet house

Near peaceful fire. (A.A. Blok)

Antithesis is an artistic opposition.

And the day, and the hour, both in writing and orally, for the truth yes and no ... (M. Tsvetaeva)

An oxymoron is a combination of logically incompatible concepts.

You are the one who loved me with the falseness of truth and the truth of lies ... (M. Tsvetaeva)

Gradation is a grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or weakening emotional and semantic significance

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (With A. Yesenin)

Silence is a deliberate interruption of speech, based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally finish the phrase.

But listen: if I owe you ... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Polyunion - the repetition of the union, perceived as redundant, creates the emotionality of speech.

And for him resurrected again: and the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love. (A. S. Pushkin)

Non-union is a construction in which unions are omitted to enhance expression.

Swede, Russian, cuts, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Parallelism is the identical arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text.

Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon .. (V. V. Mayakovsky).

Chiasmus is a cross arrangement of parallel parts in two adjacent sentences.

Automedons (coachman, charioteer - O.M.) are our strikers, our troikas are indomitable ... (A.S. Pushkin). The two parts of the complex sentence in the example in the order of the members of the sentence are, as it were, in a mirror image: Subject - definition - predicate, predicate - definition - subject.

Inversion - the reverse order of words, for example, the location of the definition after the word being defined, etc.

At the frosty dawn under the sixth birch, around the corner, by the church, wait, Don Juan... (M. Tsvetaeva).

In the above example, the adjective frosty is in the position after the word being defined, which is the inversion.

To check or self-control on the topic, you can try to guess our crossword

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy

Did you like it? Do not hide your joy from the world - share

“Yes, he ate a dog on this”, “and time is running”, “the whole city has gathered here” ... We are so used to such phrases in oral speech that we don’t even notice the figures of speech and tropes used here. Moreover, many people are not even aware of their existence. Meanwhile, tropes and figures of speech occupy such an important and lasting place in our lives that it would be quite difficult to imagine even an ordinary everyday conversation without them...

Figures of speech are all the syntactic and lexical means we use that are needed to give the text brightness and expressiveness.

Syntactic figures include those figures of speech that use manipulations with words, sentences and punctuation marks:

Inversion (violation of the classic "Janitor past he arrow";

Antithesis (speech turnover using opposition). "I had a black scarf, and my sister Masha had a white one";

Zeugma (use among elements that stand out from the general series in meaning). "He took three weeks off and a ticket to Menton";

Anaphora and epiphora (the technique of repeating the same structures at the beginning or end of several sentences in a row). "In that valley the sun is shining. In that valley happiness awaits", "The forest is not the same! - The bush is not the same! - The thrush is not the same!";

Gradation (arrangement of elements according to the degree of increase or decrease in their significance). ;

Ellipsis (omission of a sentence member that is implied in the context). "From the station, he's right here" (verb omitted);

Rhetorical questions, appeals and exclamations. "Is there any meaning in our life?", "Come, spring, come here as soon as possible!";

Parceling (breaking the proposal into parts, each of which is drawn up as a separate proposal). "And so. I returned home. There. Where I was. Young."

Lexical figures of speech include those that use "play" with the semantic meanings of words:

Synonyms and antonyms (words that are similar / opposite in meaning). "Red, scarlet, purple colors", "Is he cheerful or sad?";

Hyperbole and litote (artistic exaggeration/understatement). "The whole world froze in anticipation", "Adorable Spitz, no more than a thimble";

Occasionalisms (words first introduced by the author). "Press a picture for me";

Metaphor (a hidden comparison based on giving one object the properties of another). "A bee from a wax cell flies for tribute in the field";

Oxymoron (combination of mutually exclusive words). "Young grandmother, who are you?";

Personification (giving an inanimate object the qualities of a living thing). "Winter came, and the forest fell asleep to wake up only with the spring sun";

Paraphrase (replacing the word itself with a value judgment or description). "I'm returning to my favorite city on the Neva";

Epithet (figurative definition). "His future is either empty or dark."

Figures of speech illustrate the richness of the Russian language and help not only to express one's individual attitude to the subject, but also to show it from a new perspective. They give the text liveliness and spontaneity, and also help to identify the author's point of view. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to recognize and use speech figures, because without them our language can become dry and soulless.

Purpose: to introduce students to stylistic figures; develop the ability to identify, analyze, compare, classify stylistic figures; improve the skills and abilities of using the language in various areas and situations of communication that correspond to the experience, interests, psychological characteristics of high school students; contribute to the education of a person who is able to convincingly and competently express his thoughts. equipment: textbook, educational texts.

A rhetorical question is a stylistic figure, consisting in the fact that the question is posed not in order to get an answer to it, but to draw the attention of the reader or listener to the subject of speech: Do you know the Ukrainian night? Oh, you don't know the Ukrainian night! (N.V. Gogol). These questions are posed not in order to get answers, but to draw attention to a particular subject, phenomenon, to emotionally express a statement. The tension and expressiveness of speech are also reinforced by rhetorical exclamations: Eh! Three bird! (N. V. Gogol)

The pictorial means of syntax also include special constructions of phrases of sentences or groups of sentences, such as non-union and polyunion.

Polyunion is such a construction of speech in which they deliberately repeat, placed between the members of a simple sentence or between parts of a complex sentence (this is done to emphasize them logically and intonation, to show the unity of the enumerated): Houses burned at night, and the wind blew, and swayed from the wind black bodies on the gallows, and crows screamed over them (A. I. Kuprin). Constructions with polyunion are more common in emotional speech.

Non-union is a construction of speech in which alliances are deliberately omitted between members of a simple sentence or between parts of a complex sentence in order to give the statement dynamism: Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle, thunder of cannons, stomping, neighing , groan ... (A. S. Pushkin).

The skillful combination of non-union and multi-union in one text creates a special stylistic effect:

Their conversation is prudent

About haymaking, about wine,

About the kennel, about my family,

Of course, did not shine with any feeling,

Not poetic fire

Neither sharpness nor intelligence,

No dorm arts.

(A. S. Pushkin)

Inversion (permutation) - the arrangement of words in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a powerful expressive tool. It is often used in emotional, excited speech, cf .: Summer nights are not long (direct order, calm, clear). Long summer nights! The reverse order helps to express not only the message, but also the emotions of the speaker. Such expressive word order is found in colloquial speech, since it is emotional in nature.

Inversion acquires special significance in poetic speech, where it also performs a rhythm-forming function.

2. familiarization with the theoretical material of the textbook on the topic of the lesson

V. generalization, systematization and control of knowledge and skills of students

1. observation of linguistic material

Š Find rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations and rhetorical appeals in the texts. Explain what they are used for.

1) It happens to the eagles that they go down below the chickens:

But chickens will never rise to the clouds!

(I. A. Krylov)

2) How long, happiness, you crowns

Will you decorate villains?

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

3) The earth is the mistress! I bowed my brow to you (V. Solovyov).

4) But there is no people on earth who would like war. There are forces that throw entire nations into the fire. Can its ashes not knock on the writer's heart, the ashes of the boundless conflagrations of the Second World War? Can an honest writer not oppose those who would like to doom humanity to self-destruction?

(M. A. Sholokhov)

Š Find examples of gradation in the texts, determine on what basis its members are located, describe its expressive role.

1) Brought - and weakened, and lay down

Under the arch of the hut on the basts,

And the poor slave died at the feet

Invincible lord.

(A. S. Pushkin)

2) Sweet, kind, old, tender,

Do not be friends with sad thoughts.

(S. A. Yesenin)

3) and it became more and more difficult to go. The wind roared, hit people with cold wet palms, tried to knock them down. At the top, something ugly huge, torn off the chains, raged, sobbed, roared (V. M. Shukshin).

Š Find examples of antithesis in the texts. Determine which antonyms are used in them, how the opposition technique affects the expressiveness of the text.

1) My faithful friend! my enemy is insidious!

My king, my slave! Native language!

(V. Ya. Bryusov)

2) Faces appear, disappear,

Mild today, but far away tomorrow.

There are a lot around us sound sources: musical and technical instruments, human vocal cords, sea waves, wind and others. sound, or otherwise sound waves- these are mechanical vibrations of the medium with frequencies of 16 Hz - 20 kHz(see § 11-a).

Consider experience. By placing an alarm clock on a pillow under the bell of an air pump, we will notice that the ticking will become quieter, but will still be audible. Having pumped out the air from under the bell, we will stop hearing the sound at all. This experience confirms that sound propagates through air and does not propagate in a vacuum.

The speed of sound in air is relatively high: it lies in the range from 300 m/s at –50°С to 360 m/s at +50°С. This is 1.5 times more than the speed of passenger aircraft. Sound travels much faster in liquids, and even faster in solids. In a steel rail, for example, the speed of sound is » 5000 m/s.

Look at the graphs of air pressure fluctuations at the mouth of a person singing the sounds "A" and "O". As you can see, oscillations are complex, consisting of several oscillations overlapping each other. At the same time, clearly visible basic fluctuations, the frequency of which is almost independent of the spoken sound. For a male voice, this is approximately 200 Hz, for a female - 300 Hz.

l max = 360 m/s: 200 Hz » 2 m, l min = 300 m/s: 300 Hz » 1 m.

So, the length of the sound wave of the voice depends on the air temperature and the fundamental frequency of the voice. Remembering our knowledge of diffraction, we will understand why the voices of people are heard in the forest, even if they are obstructed by trees: sounds with wavelengths of 1–2 m easily bend around tree trunks that are less than a meter in diameter.

Let's do an experiment confirming that the sources of sound are indeed oscillating bodies.

Let's take the device fork- a metal slingshot mounted on a box without a front wall for better radiation of sound waves. If you hit the ends of the tuning fork with a hammer, it will make a "clean" sound, called musical tone(for example, the note "la" of the first octave with a frequency of 440 Hz). Let us move a sounding tuning fork to a light ball on a thread, and it will immediately bounce to the side. This happens precisely because of the frequent fluctuations of the ends of the tuning fork slingshot.

The reasons on which the frequency of vibrations of a body depends are its elasticity and size. The larger the body size, the lower the frequency. Therefore, for example, elephants with large vocal cords emit low-frequency sounds (bass), and mice, whose vocal cords are much smaller, emit high-frequency sounds (squeak).

Not only how the body will sound, but also how it will pick up sounds and respond to them depends on elasticity and size. The phenomenon of a sharp increase in the amplitude of oscillations when the frequency of an external influence coincides with the natural frequency of the body is called resonance (lat. “reasonably” - I respond). Let's do an experiment to observe the resonance.

Let's place two identical tuning forks side by side, turning them towards each other on those sides of the boxes where there are no walls. Hit the left tuning fork with a hammer. In a second, we will muffle it with our hand. We will hear that the second tuning fork sounds, which we did not strike. They say that the right tuning fork resonates that is, it captures the energy of sound waves from the left tuning fork, as a result of which it increases the amplitude of its own oscillations.

fluctuations- These are movements or processes that are characterized by a certain repetition in time.

Oscillation period Tis the time interval during which one complete oscillation occurs.

Oscillation frequency is the number of complete oscillations per unit time. In the SI system, it is expressed in hertz (Hz).

The period and frequency of oscillations are related by the relation

Harmonic vibrations- these are oscillations in which the oscillating value changes according to the law of sine or cosine. The offset is determined by the formula

Amplitude (a), period (b) and phase of oscillations(with) two oscillating bodies

mechanical waves

waves called periodic perturbations that propagate in space over time. Waves are divided into longitudinal and transverse.

Elastic waves in the air that cause auditory sensations in a person are called sound waves or simply sound. The audio frequency range is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Waves with a frequency of less than 20 Hz are called infrasound, those with a frequency of more than 20 kHz are called ultrasound. The presence of any elastic medium for sound transmission is mandatory.

The loudness of a sound is determined by the intensity of the sound wave, that is, the energy carried by the wave per unit time.

Sound pressure depends on the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations in the sound wave.

The pitch of the sound (tone) is determined by the frequency of vibrations. The low male voice (bass) range is approximately 80 to 400 Hz. The range of a high female voice (soprano) is from 250 to 1050 Hz.