Methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical information. Lesson summary "Geography as a science

Ministry of Education

National Institute of Education

V.S.Anoshko, B.N.Krayko, Meshechko E.N., P.I.Rogach

General geography

Textbook for grade 11

Educational institutions with Russian and Belarusian languages ​​of instruction

INTRODUCTION

Topic 1. The main stages in the development of geography

§ 1 Origins of geographical knowledge. Geography of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery

§ 2. Modern geography: formation and main directions of development

Topic 2. Methods of geographical research

§ 3. Classification of methods of geographical research

§ 4. New methods of geographical research

§ 5. Geographic map - a model of the earth's surface.

Section II. The Physical World of the Earth

Topic 3. History of the Earth's development

§ 6 Geological history of the Earth. System of geological chronology.

Topic 4. Influence of the Sun and the Moon on Earth processes

§ 7. Influence of the Sun and Moon on terrestrial processes

Section III. Geographical shell of the Earth

Topic 5. Geographical envelope as a natural complex on a planetary scale

§ 8. Zoning - the main regularity of the geographical shell

§ 9. Characteristics of the constituent parts of the geographic shell. Lithosphere. Atmosphere. Hydrosphere.

§10 Soils, flora and fauna of the Earth

§ 11. Interactions of society and nature at different stages of human development

Topic 6. Geography of the Earth's natural resources

§ 12. Natural resources. Resource availability and forecasting the state of natural resources

§ 13. Distribution of natural resources on land and in the oceans.

Topic 7. Spatial division of the geographical shell

§ 14. Natural components and natural-territorial complexes (NTC). landscapes

Section IV. Territorial organization of society. Geography of the world economy.

Topic 8. Geographical problems of the territorial organization of society

§ 15. The concept of the territorial organization of the life of the population. Territorial socio-economic systems. Factors and principles of district planning.

Topic 9. World economy. World economy and scientific and technological progress. International division of labor

§ 16. The world economy and its sectoral structure. International economic integration.

§ 17. The impact of scientific and technological progress on the world economy

Topic 10. Geography of branches of the world economy.

§ 18. Factors of placement of branches of the world economy.

Industry of the world.

§ 19. Energy.

§ 20 Metallurgy

§ 21. Mechanical engineering.

§ 22. Chemical industry

§ 23. Timber industry

§ 24. LIGHT INDUSTRY. Food industry.

§ 25. Transport

§ 26. World agriculture. crop production

§ 27. Agriculture. animal husbandry

Section V. Global Issues

Topic 11. Global problems of mankind and the role of geography in their solution

§ 28. The essence of the concept of "global problems of mankind". Geoecological problems

§ 29. Demographic problem. demographic policy.

§ 30. Political geography. Geopolitics.

§ 31. International cooperation in solving environmental problems The concept of sustainable development.

Questions for summarizing repetition

Conclusion

Applications

How to work with the textbook

Dear high school students!

Each paragraph is preceded by a rubric. “Studying the content of a paragraph provides an opportunity” , which reveals the essence of the paragraph. for example

Ø supplement ideas about the origins of geographical knowledge;

Ø to study the stages and features of the development of geographical knowledge at each of the historical stages of the development of society.

The material of the textbook is divided into the main one, which is mandatory for all students to master, and the additional one to expand the general horizons of students (highlighted in the text of the paragraph in small print). When working with the text of the manual, students need to use its illustrative and statistical material, as well as applications at the end of the manual. The illustrative material is accompanied by questions and tasks, the search for answers to which will allow you to more deeply and consciously assimilate the content of the paragraph. For self-control and testing of knowledge and skills, at the end of each paragraph, questions are given that require a retelling of the content of the textbook, indicated by a serial number without an asterisk, more complex ones are indicated by one asterisk (*).

For a deeper and more comprehensive preparation for the lessons, you need to use periodicals, information from radio and television programs, the Internet, and apply knowledge from other school subjects.

INTRODUCTION

You are starting to study the final course "General Geography", which examines the nature, population and economy of the Earth in their close relationship. As you already know, the general object of studying geography is the geographic envelope. In the course of general geography, it is considered as a natural complex on a planetary scale and as an object of anthropogenic impact.

You will get acquainted with the development in geographical science of two directions - differentiation, which leads to the formation of many scientific disciplines in geography, and integration, leading to the unification of different branches of geography into a single whole and contributing to the strengthening of the integrity and unity of geography as a science, the formation of a common geography.

Integration processes take place not only between parts of geography, but also at the intersection of geography with other sciences (biology, geology, etc.), which contributes to the formation of new scientific directions and new sciences. These phenomena are also studied in general geography.

This approach is especially relevant for geography, which, although it consists of two structural parts - natural science (physical geography) and social science (economic and social geography), but its task is to study nature, population and economic activity in a complex and establish laws and patterns of interaction between human society and the natural environment.

The need for a general geographical understanding of the phenomena and processes occurring on the Earth is proved by the complexity of geographical science. As is known, the common object of geography is the geographic shell of the Earth, which consists of interacting terrestrial spheres (lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere) and is the environment for human life and activity. The state of the geographic envelope is largely determined not only by the forces of nature and space, but also by human activity. This diversity can be understood and studied only by knowing the general laws and patterns of development of nature and society.

Complexity in general geographic research involves the simultaneous study and accounting of all information about the state of nature, the economy, the population, and the ecological state of the territory. In general geographic studies of the environment, two directions are clearly manifested - ecological (geoecological) and resource. Within each of them, such educational and scientific disciplines as geoecology, nature management, resource science, etc., are formed, which explore the problems of interaction between nature, man and the economy.

The place of general geography in the system of geographical sciences can be shown in the form of the following diagram (Fig ...)

Without a general geographical approach, it is impossible to realize the huge scientific, worldview, general cultural and ideological potential that is inherent in geography as an educational subject that gives a comprehensive idea of ​​the world around us, of the system of relationships between society and nature.

General geographic knowledge plays an important role in the strategy of sustainable development of the state, in the expansion of international relations, in integration processes. Thanks to an integrated, territorial approach to the studied natural, economic, social objects and phenomena, students develop geographical thinking. General geography as an integral academic discipline is still in the process of formation. Separate concepts and definitions require further discussion and clarification. However, the importance of this discipline in the knowledge and solution of the most complex problems arising in the relationship between society and nature and in the formation of geographical knowledge is generally recognized.

The first section of the textbook is devoted to the development of geographical science. It reveals the historical path of geography from a simple land survey to a science that solves many practical problems in the modern world. Particular attention is paid to the development of general geography and methods of geographical research. The second section "Physical world of the Earth" includes questions of the influence of the Sun and the Moon on geographic processes and phenomena on Earth. Without knowing these questions, it is impossible to understand and explain the main processes occurring in the geographic envelope of the Earth. In the third section "Geographical envelope of the Earth", the geographical envelope is considered as a natural complex on a planetary scale, schemes of its territorial division are given, a general overview of natural resources is given, as well as human impact on the geographical envelope. Section IV. Territorial organization of society. The geography of the world economy” includes socio-geographical issues and problems of the territorial organization of society, reveals the problems of the formation of the world economy and its integration, as well as the features of the development of its industries in the era of scientific and technological progress.

The final section of the textbook examines the global problems of mankind and ways to solve them, the issues of sustainable development of regions and countries, as well as international cooperation in solving global problems of mankind.

Questions and tasks

1. What is the uniqueness of geographical science?

2. What is the essence of the complexity of geographical research.

3. What are the differences between physical, socio-economic and general geography?

Section 1. Geography as a science

Similar information.

Lesson #1

"Geography as a science"

We are starting to study a new subject called geography.

What geography studies and how this science arose - you will learn in our lesson.

We live on an amazing, beautiful planet - the Earth, we are surrounded by a huge and complex world, which we consider our home. What do we know about our planet Earth? According to what laws the nature that surrounds us develops and maintains balance.

Geography has long been concerned with describing the nature of the earth's surface and the population of individual countries. Travelers discovered new lands and seas, it took several millennia to describe the earth's surface and draw up geographical maps.

So, GEOGRAPHY is a science that studies the surface of the earth as an environment where humanity arose and develops. The name of this science was given by the ancient Greek scientist Eratosthenes. In Greek, "Ge" - Earth, "grapho" - I write.

Guys, why do we need geography?

The importance of information in our time has increased even more: the modern world has become almost "unified". The Internet and telephone networks have entangled him with their invisible web, and the main success factor in any business is the possession of information.

What kind of information will geography help to get for a modern person and for each of you personally? What is important to all of us?

First, knowledge of the processes of development of nature and economy. This will answer a lot of questions.

• How does our nature "live"?
• Why do natural conditions and human activities differ in different countries and regions?
• Where are goods sent from your city or district and where are they brought to you?
• How will the nature and economy around you change?
• What awaits man and our entire Earth in the near and distant future?

Secondly, practical issues that everyone has to deal with in everyday life.

• What is the best way to get to a friend's cottage? What is the best route to take for a summer vacation trip?
• Is it convenient to call grandfather in Novosibirsk at 9 pm from Moscow?
• What is the best time of the year to go on a trip, for example to India or Thailand?
• Where does the food on the table come from at home, and from which country are the home appliances?

Thirdly, the choice of profession. The military, pilots and sailors are required to know the geographical map well. Geologists - rocks. Builders - features of the surface and soil of the built-up area. Entrepreneurs - features of the location of enterprises and the relationship between them. Tourism business workers - all about different countries and regions.

GEOGRAPHY HELPS US TO SEE THE IMAGE OF THE WORLD AND ORIENT IN IT.

What are the tasks and methods of the science of geography?

Geography is a science not only about the location of geographical objects. It studies nature and society - people who work together, who have created civilizations and states.

GEOGRAPHY - SCIENCE answers the questions: What? Where? Why? What are the tasks and methods of the science of geography?

Description: where what is located, how it lives, how it develops

Explanation: why does it happen like this?

Forecast: What will happen in a day, a month, a year, 10 years?

Control: how to make it…

Each science has its own research methods (a research method is a way, a way of cognition).

There are such methods that are used in a variety of sciences:

• logical,
• historical,
• mathematical Method,
• observation methods,
• modeling, etc.

That is what they are called - general scientific. All of them are actively used in modern geography.

But there are also such ways of knowledge that originated in geography itself - the methods of geographical science.

The oldest of them - comparative descriptive method. A person describes some new area for him and compares it with the one he already knows. Long used in geography forwarding method- research directly on the ground.

The most important method in geography - cartographic. Scientists first map objects or phenomena, and then study ready-made maps. The map gives a lot of information, and you need to learn how to read it correctly. This is an amazing work created by Man. We will also use many of the research methods when studying the geography of the Earth.

DESCRIBING, EXPLAINING, OBSERVING AND PREDICTING PROCESSES IS THE TASKS OF THE SCIENCE OF GEOGRAPHY. FOR THIS, THERE ARE METHODS OF GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH.

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Geography is a science (more precisely, a system of natural and social sciences) that studies the functioning and evolution of the geographical shell, the interaction and distribution in space of its individual parts and components - in order to scientifically substantiate the territorial organization of society, the distribution of population and production, the efficient use of natural resources, and the conservation human environment, creating the foundations of a strategy for environmentally safe sustainable development of society. The word "geography" comes from the Greek. ge - m - "earth" and "grapho" - I write. The most important subject of geographical study is the processes of interaction between man and nature, the patterns of placement and interaction of the components of the geographic environment and their combinations in the local, regional, national. (state), continental, oceanic, global levels. The complexity of the object of study led to the differentiation of a single geography into a number of specialized scientific disciplines, which gives reason to consider modern geography as a complex system of sciences, in which natural (physico-geographical), social (socio-geographical and economic-geographical) sciences, applied geographical sciences and geographic sciences that have an integral (boundary) character. Physical geography includes the complex sciences of the geographical shell as a whole: geography (general physical geography), landscape science (regional physical geography), paleogeography (evolutionary geography). In the process of the long development of geography, private sciences have been formed about the components of the geographical envelope - geomorphology, geocryology, climatology and meteorology, hydrology (subdivided into land hydrology, oceanology, limnology), glaciology, soil geography, biogeography. Socio-economic geography includes general sciences: social geography and economic geography, as well as the geography of the world economy, regional socio-economic geography, and political geography. Private socio-geographical sciences: geography of industry, geography of agriculture, geography of transport, geography of the population, geography of the service sector. The integral geographic sciences include cartography, regional studies, and historical geography. The development of the system of geographical sciences led to the formation of applied geographical sciences and areas - medical geography, recreational geography, military geography, etc. They also perform connecting functions between geography and other scientific disciplines. The desire to identify general geographical patterns in the development of all or many components of the geographic envelope, to model them led to the formation of a theoretical trend in geography. Geography as a system of sciences was formed not by the convergence of isolated geographical sciences, but by the autonomous development of the once unified geography and its division into specialized scientific disciplines - according to components, their combinations, levels of research and degree of generalization, goals and practical needs. Therefore, all private geographic sciences, no matter how far they have diverged from each other, have retained the common features of the geographical approach (territoriality, complexity, concreteness, globality) and the common specific language of science - the map. In the course of its development, geography was not isolated from other scientific disciplines. As an ideological science, it is closely connected with philosophy and history; in the study of the natural components of the geographical envelope, the ties between geography and physics, chemistry, geology, and biology were strengthened, and in the study of the sociosphere, with economics, sociology, demography, etc. In turn, geography enriches related sciences with its theory and methodology; there is a process of geographicalization of scientific knowledge, which is expressed, in particular, in the emergence at the junctions of geography with other sciences of such dynamically developing scientific areas as ecology, demogeography, ethnic geography, regional planning, and regional economics. The methodology of geographical research is a complex system, including: general scientific approaches and methods (mathematical, historical, ecological, modeling, systemic, etc.); specific scientific approaches and methods (geochemical, geophysical, paleogeographic, technical and economic, economic and statistical, sociological, etc.); working methods and operations for obtaining information (balance method; remote methods, including aerospace; laboratory methods, for example, spore-pollen analysis, radiocarbon method; questioning; sampling method, etc.); methods of empirical and theoretical generalization of information (indicative, evaluative, analogues, classifications, etc.); methods and techniques for storing and processing information (on electronic media, punched cards, etc.). A special function of geography is the acquisition, generalization and dissemination of knowledge about our planet and the laws of its natural-historical development, about countries, regions, cities, localities and the peoples inhabiting them, about the history of the discovery and development of the world, about knowing it with the help of space means. An important aspect of human culture over the centuries has been geographical discoveries, which have not stopped until now. Geographical and cartographic knowledge is an indispensable element of general education; geography is taught in elementary and cf. schools all over the world. geographic science natural

Geography is one of the oldest sciences. In the process of development, its content, as well as the very concept of geographical discovery, changed several times. Over the centuries ch. the content of geography was the discovery and description of new lands and ocean expanses. The tendency to record individual phenomena on the Earth's surface has led to the formation of country studies and regional approaches. At the same time, the desire to identify and explain the features of their similarities and differences, to combine them into similar categories, to classify, laid the foundations for a common, or systemic, geography. Already ancient Mediterranean civilization is characterized by fundamental achievements in geography. The initial attempts at a natural-scientific explanation of geographical phenomena belong to ancient Greek. the philosophers of the Milesian school Thales and Anaximander (6th century BC); Aristotle (fourth century BC) introduced the concept of the earth's sphericity; Eratosthenes (3-2 centuries BC) quite accurately determined the circumference of the globe, formulated the concepts of "parallels" and "meridians", introduced the term "geography"; Strabo (1st century BC - 1st century AD) summarized regional knowledge in geography in 17 volumes; Ptolemy (2nd century AD) in his "Guide to Geography" laid the foundation for building a map of the Earth. In the Middle Ages, the Arab scientists and encyclopedists Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Biruni, and the traveler Ibn Battuta played a significant role in the development of geography. The era of the Great Geographical Discoveries expanded the horizons of scientific thinking and approved the idea of ​​the integrity of the world. In the 17-18 centuries. along with the continuation of geographical discoveries and the description of the Earth, theoretical activity is progressively developing. B. Varenius in "General Geography" (1650) and I. Newton in "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1687) laid the foundations of physical thinking in geography. M.V. Lomonosov in ser. 18th century was the first to express the idea of ​​the role of the time factor in the development of nature and introduced the term "economic geography" into science. The generalization of the data of field expeditions led the German naturalist A. Humboldt (1845-62) to the classification of the Earth's climates, substantiation of latitudinal zonality and vertical zonality; he became the forerunner of an integrated approach in geography. In the 2nd floor. 19th century the ideas of geographical determinism, which asserted that geographical factors play a decisive role in the socio-economic development of peoples and countries, became widespread. With increasing human impact on the environment, these ideas lose their appeal; now their echoes are preserved in environmentalism. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. the concept of geographical possibilism arose, based on the recognition of the diversity of forms of human interaction with a homogeneous passive environment, and the teachings of A. Getner about geography as a "horological science" that studies in the main. only the spatial relations of objects and phenomena on the earth's surface, without delving into the study of the inner essence of these phenomena and their development. At the same time, in the work of V.I. Vernadsky, the planetary role of the anthropogenic factor was substantiated; he argued that the transformation of the biosphere under the influence of conscious human activity would lead to the formation of the noosphere. The development of geography in con. 19th-20th centuries associated with the names of K. Ritter, P.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, A.I. Voeikov, F. Richthofen, D.N. Anuchina, V.V. Dokuchaeva, A.A. Grigorieva, L.S. Berg, S.V. Kalesnik, K.K. Markova, V.B. Sochava, V.N. Sukacheva, N.N. Baransky, I.P. Gerasimov. The specifics of the development of geographical science in the 20th century. determined to a large extent by the traditions of nat. schools - such as the French school of human geography with its stable social orientation; a German school with a tradition of deep theoretical analysis, regional planning and geopolitics; Anglo-American and Swedish schools of theoretical geography and the widespread use of quantitative methods. The Russian geographical school was formed under the influence of the teachings of Dokuchaev on natural zones, Vernadsky on the role of living matter in the formation of the modern nature of the Earth and its evolutionary-stage development, Grigoriev on the geographical shell and its dynamic processes, Berg on the landscape structure of terrestrial nature, Baransky on the geographical division of labor as a spatial form of social division of labor and the objective nature of the formation of economic districts. In con. 20th century symptoms of an ecological crisis appeared on Earth: drying up and erosional destruction of the territory, deforestation and desertification, depletion of mineral reserves, environmental pollution. The anthropogenic contribution to the turnover of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur has become equal to the natural one, and in some places began to prevail over it. A significant part of the land surface is irreversibly transformed by man. The growing globalization in the world, along with positive trends, increases the gap between poor and rich countries, exacerbates the old and gives rise to new global problems for humanity. All this poses corresponding tasks for geography: studying the dynamics of natural, socio-economic and geopolitical processes, forecasting global and regional socio-economic and political situations, developing recommendations for environmental protection, optimal design and functioning of natural and technical systems in order to improve human security. existence and quality of life of people. A special role in this approach is played by ecology and the science of nature management, which is being formed at the intersection of physical and socio-economic geography with economics and technology. Possessing a huge integration potential, geography brings together a variety of branches of knowledge and research methods in order to help solve the most important problem of our time - to ensure the sustainable socio-economic development of both all mankind and individuals, no matter where they live in the world.

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Program. Geo-10. Bustard

Introduction.

Geography as a science. Methods of geographical research. Sources of geographic information.

The unique role of geography in the system of sciences: the formation of the image of a particular territory. The main goal of modern geography is to substantiate the ways of rational organization of society, to study the processes of interaction between nature and society in a particular territory.

History of the development of geographical science; main stages.

The structure of modern geography; physical - geographical and social geographical sciences, cartography.

Elements of scientific knowledge: teachings, theories, laws, concepts, hypotheses, concepts and terms.

Sources of geographical information: expeditionary observations, historical documents, statistics, mass media (periodicals, radio, television, Internet), educational materials (textbooks, atlases, reference books, etc.).

Methods of geographical research: descriptive, comparative, cartographic, statistical, modeling, geoinformation.

Key words and expressions: science, structure of geography, methods of scientific research, sources of geographical information.

^ Geographical picture of the world

Nature and man in the modern world

1. The value of the natural environment for humans. The influence of the natural environment on the anthropological characteristics of a person, his way of life, economic activity (including the specialization of the economy).

The history of the relationship between nature and man. The constant expansion of human encroachment on nature. Formation of the noosphere. Teachings of V.I.Vernadsky about the noosphere.

Key words and expressions: natural environment, geographic environment, appropriating economy, producing economy, noosphere.

^ Natural conditions and natural resources - the basis of economic development.

Classification of natural resources according to the nature of their use: for industry, agriculture and human recreation (recreational). The concept of natural resource potential.

Geographical space, its main types (land, oceans, airspace) and features (size, geographical location, natural diversity, ecological state).

Territory as the main resource for economic development. The main areas of use of the territory: for human habitation, for housekeeping, the basis of the geographical division of labor, the sphere of geopolitical interests of various countries. The concept of effective territory.

Features of the space of the World Ocean; its natural specificity, political and economic significance.

The concept of resource availability of territories and countries of the world.

Key words and expressions: natural conditions, natural resources, natural resource potential (NRP), geographic space, space of the World Ocean, resource availability

^ Practical work #1. The resource availability of individual countries and regions has pronounced geographical features.

^ Practical work #2. Territory as a resource. On the example of two countries, show the specifics of the territory, its influence on various aspects of the life of the country, the ability to use benefits or turn disadvantages into advantages.

Purpose: development of geographical thinking for orientation in the problems of the territorial organization of society. Ability to work with cartographic sources of information, analyze, draw conclusions.

^ 3. Geography of nature management

The development of mankind as a history of the relationship between man and nature. The concept of nature management. Rational and irrational nature management. Typology of countries according to nature management features. Negative consequences of irrational nature management; depletion of many types of natural resources and deterioration of their quality. The main methods of rational nature management: economic, technological, sanitary and hygienic.

Key words and expressions: rational and irrational nature management, methods of rational nature management.

^ World population

Number and reproduction, sex and age composition of the world population

Dynamics of the world population in the XX-XXI centuries. Types of population reproduction: traditional, transitional and modern. Features of the natural movement of the population in countries of three types of reproduction. The concept of demographic transition and its socio-economic basis. Demographic policy and its main types (restrictive, stimulating). Age structure of the population of various regions of the world; "mature" and "young" regions. The aging of the nation and the rejuvenation of the population are in the age structure of the world population. Life expectancy of the population, and its regional differences. The paradox of the sex composition of the world population: the predominance of the male population in the world and the predominance of the female population in most countries of the world. Sex and age pyramids and their analysis.

Key words and expressions: population reproduction, traditional, transitional and modern types of population reproduction, demographic transition, demographic policy, age and sex structure of the population, life expectancy of the population, sex and age pyramids.

geographical nomenclature.

Regions and countries of the world with the maximum proportion of the male population: ^ Southwest Asia, China and India. Maximum proportion of the female population: CIS countries. Countries of the world with the highest life expectancy of the population (2007): Andorra, Japan, San Mariino, Singapore, Sweden. Countries of the world with the lowest life expectancy of the population (2007): Swaziland, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho.

^ Practical work. Reproduction. Types of demographic transition.

Purpose: analysis of gender and age pyramids, determination of the country's place at certain stages of the demographic transition.

Geographical pattern of the world population

Geographical history of human settlement on the planet. The main features of the modern distribution of the population. Population density and differences; areas of high population density. Three types of population distribution: urban, rural, nomadic; their world geography.

The concept of urbanization, its main stages (forming, developed and mature urbanization), and their specificity. Urbanization in developed and developing countries. Population migrations, their criteria and types. Internal and external, permanent and temporary migrations.

Key words and expressions: population resettlement, population distribution, population density, types of population distribution, population migration, refugees.

geographical nomenclature. Countries of the world with the highest population density: Bangladesh, Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Lebanon, Rwanda, India. Microstates: Monaco, Singapore, Gibraltar, Malta.

Countries of the world with a minimum population density: ^ Greenland, Australia, Namibia, Mauritania, Mongolia.

Countries of the world with the maximum share of the urban population: Singapore, Belgium, Kuwait, Uruguay, Iceland, Qatar, Australia.

Countries of the world with a minimum share of the urban population: ^ East Timor, Bhutan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Malawi, Solomon Islands.

Countries of mass emigration of the population: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Iran, Mexico.

Countries of mass immigration of the population: ^ USA, Germany, Canada, Australia.

Practical work.

1. The relationship between the level of socio-economic development of the country and the proportion of the urban population.

2. According to many scientists, "the city is a contradiction to its surrounding nature." Therefore, models of certain "Ecopolises" - ideal cities - always arose. What do you think, what basic requirements should an ecopolis meet in order not to conflict with the environment and the nature of man himself? The result of the work can be presented in the form of an Essay, a project.

^ 3. Humanity - a mosaic of races and peoples

The racial composition of the world's population and its regional characteristics.

The concept of ethnicity (people). Ethnic processes in the modern world: unification, separation, consolidation. The national composition of the world's population; one - two - and multinational countries. Classification of the peoples of the world according to the linguistic principle; main language families and groups and features of their placement.

Key words and expressions: race, people (ethnos), national composition of the population

geographical nomenclature. Uninational countries of the world: Japan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Egypt, Germany, North Korea, Republic of Korea, Libya.

Binational countries of the world: ^ Belgium, Canada, Cyprus.

Multinational countries of the world: India, Indonesia, Philippines, Russia, Switzerland.

Modern geography of religions

Religion, its geographical types (world, ethnic, traditional religions). Origins and modern geography of distribution of the main religions. Geography of pilgrimage to holy places. Features of the religious composition of the population of the countries of the world. Temple buildings as an element of the cultural landscape; their main types.

Key words and expressions: world, ethnic and traditional religions, pilgrimage.

geographical nomenclature. Countries with the highest number of believers:

Catholics - Brazil, Mexico, USA

Protestants - USA, Nigeria, UK

Orthodox - Russia, Ukraine, Romania

Muslims - Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh

Buddhists - China, Japan, Thailand

Hindus – India, Nepal, Bangladesh

Judaists - USA, Israel, Russia.

^ 5. Level and quality of life of the population

The level and quality of life as the main criteria that determine the living conditions of people. The main indicators of the standard of living of the population: the size of income, the size of production per capita. rich and poor countries of the world. The level of poverty, justice in the distribution of incomes of the population. The quality of life of the population and its components: economic, environmental and social. Human Development Index (HDI) as an indicator of the quality of life of the population.

Key words and expressions: level and quality of life of the population, human development index (HDI).

geographical nomenclature. Countries of the world with the maximum value of manufactured products per capita (GDP per capita): Luxembourg, Bermuda, Equatorial Guinea, UAE, Norway, Ireland, USA.

Countries of the world with the minimum value of manufactured products per capita (GDP per capita): ^ Malawi, Somalia, Comoros, Solomon Islands, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi.

Countries with the highest HDI: Norway, Iceland, Australia, Luxembourg, Canada, Sweden, Switzerland.

Lowest HDI countries in the world: ^ Niger, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Mali, Chad, Guinea Bissau.

Geography of the world economy

Features of the development of the modern world economy

The concept of the world (world) economy; main stages of its development.

Factors in the formation of the world economy: globalization, internationalization, scientific and technological revolution (STR), socialization. Scientific and technical progress and scientific and technological progress. Scientific and technical potential and its components. Globalization as a worldwide process; its manifestations in the economic, political and social spheres of modern society. World economy in the era of globalization; wide development of transnationalization and economic integration processes. Geographical aspects of economic integration and activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). Major integration associations. Man in the modern world economy.

Key words and expressions: world (world) economy, globalization, scientific and technological revolution (STR), transnationalization, transnational corporations (TNCs), scientific and technical potential, economic integration, socialization.

geographical nomenclature. Membership of the largest integration associations:

EU (European Union) - Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, France, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) - Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) - USA, Canada, Mexico.

LATIN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF INTEGRATION (LAI) - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Ecuador.

^ 2. Farm Location Factors

Concepts about the factors of location of production.

The main factors of the location of the economy and their characteristics: territory, natural resource potential, economic and geographical position, labor resources, consumer, transport and communications, scientific and technical potential. Changing the role of factors in the process of historical development of the economy. Types of industrial areas: old industrial, new industrial areas, areas of concentration of the latest industries. State regional policy.

Key words and expressions: economic location factors, old industrial areas, new industrial areas, areas of concentration of the latest industries, state regional policy.

geographical nomenclature.

Industrial areas that arose on the basis of mining: ^ Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine, West Siberian in Russia.

Metropolitan industrial areas: London, Paris, Tokyo.

Maritime industrial areas: Marseilles in France, New Orleans in the USA, Rotterdam in the Netherlands.

^ 3. "Who's Who" in the Global Economy

Countries of the world in the world economy. The main economic indicators that determine the country's place: size (scale), structure, pace and level of economic development. Indicators of the size of the economy: gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP); leading countries in terms of GDP. The structure of the economy and the ratio of the most important sectors of the economy (agriculture, industry and non-productive spheres) in terms of employment and the value of manufactured products. Differences in the pace of economic development in the countries of the world at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries; their social and economic conditionality. The main indicators characterizing the level of economic development of the country: GDP per capita, labor productivity, the share of science-intensive products in production and exports, etc.

Key words and expressions: gross output, gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), size and structure of production, pace and level of economic development.

geographical nomenclature. Countries of the world that have:

Largest economies: USA, China, Japan, India, Germany.

The largest GDP per capita: Luxembourg, Bermuda, Equatorial Guinea, UAE, Norway, Ireland, USA.

The highest rates of economic development: China, Ireland, Singapore, Malaysia, India.

The highest share of agriculture in the economy: Myanmar, Tanzania, Burundi, Laos, Guinea-Bissau.

The highest share of industry in the economy: Algeria, Angola, UAE, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iraq, Libya.

^ 4. Geography of branches of the world economy. World agricultural production

The value of agricultural production. Countries are leaders in agricultural production. The structure of production in world agriculture and its regional differences. Structure and geography of world crop production; the leading role of grain and industrial crops (main crops). Geography of world animal husbandry; features of the placement of cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. The level of development of agriculture and its indicators (labor productivity, production per capita and unit of agricultural land, the level of mechanization and chemicalization, the country's self-sufficiency in food, etc.).

Key words and expressions: structure and level of development of agriculture, food self-sufficiency.

In the production of agricultural products - USA, China India, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia

In grain production - China, USA, India, Russia, France

By number of cattle - India, Brazil, China, USA, Argentina

By number of pigs - China, USA, Brazil, Germany

By number of sheep - China, Australia

Agricultural exports - USA, France, Canada

For imports of agricultural products - USA, Japan, Germany.

^ Practical work. Major agricultural regions of the world. Specialization. The influence of various factors on placement and specialization. Working with atlas maps, comparison and analysis.

Working with a c / c with a final summary.

^ 5. Mining industry of the world

Mining industry in the world economy. Structure of extraction of mineral raw materials; the special role of the fuel of metal ores. Changes in the structure of production and geography of the world fuel industry. Features of the geography of mining of mineral raw materials. Countries are leaders in mining; "major mining powers". Actual problems of the development of the mining industry in the world: resource availability, rational use, sharp fluctuations in prices for raw materials, etc.

Key words and expressions: major mining powers, resource endowment.

geographical nomenclature. Major mining powers: USA, Russia, China, Australia, Canada, South Africa.

^ 6. Manufacturing industry of the world

The role of the manufacturing industry in the global economy. Features of the geography of the world manufacturing industry; the leading role of Asian countries, countries - leaders. Progressive shifts in the structure of the manufacturing industry; the leading role of mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. The structure of world engineering; the special importance of the automotive industry (its modern geography).

Key words and expressions: manufacturing industry, manufacturing industry structure.

geographical nomenclature. Countries - leaders:

In the global manufacturing industry - ^ China, USA, Japan, Germany, India

In car production - Japan, USA, China, Germany, Republic of Korea.

Practical work. On shifts in the location of industries under the influence of modern factors. Analysis of placement dynamics??? for a certain amount of time???

^ 7. Non-manufacturing sphere. Transport

The place of the non-productive sphere in the world economy. The structure of the non-productive sphere: services, finance, transport and communications, domestic trade, management. Features of the geography of individual sectors of the non-productive sphere. Main types of business and consumer services; their geography. Transport system of the world; its geography; influence of scientific and technological revolution; the role of individual modes of transport. Provision of transport routes. Transport network configuration types. Geography of world cargo flows. The level of transport development and its indicators.

Key words and expressions: non-production sphere, post-industrial era, services, global transport system, availability of transport routes, transport network configuration.

geographical nomenclature. Countries - leaders in terms of the size of the merchant fleet - Panama, China, Liberia, Malta, Russia.

The largest seaports in the world are Shanghai, Singapore, Rotterdam.

Countries of the world with the longest railway network - ^ USA, Russia, China, India.

Practical work. Work with cartographic information - comparison of two regions of the world - features of the location and configuration of transport routes and the reasons for this.

^ 8. Modern information economy

Development of the information economy and information industry in the post-industrial era. Structure and geography of the information economy. Main types of information services. Types of research and production centers: technopolises, cities of science, technology parks; their geographical specifics.

Key words and expressions: information economy, information industry, information services, technopolises, technoparks, cities of science.

geographical nomenclature. The largest cities of science are Railay (USA), Tsukuba (Japan), Southern Ile-de-France (France), Novosibirsk, Zelenograd (Russia).

International economic relations

^ 1. Modern world economic relations

International geographical division of labor (MGRT) as the basis for the development of international economic relations (IER). Proceedings of N.N. Baransky. International specialization of production and its types: intersectoral, subject, technological and detailed. Detailed specialization and international cooperation of production. The extent of countries' participation in the IER; the leading role of the leading countries (USA, Japan, China, Germany). Degree of participation of countries in the IER; different levels of “openness” of their economies. The concept of the international competitiveness of countries; factors that determine it. The main forms of international economic relations: international specialization and cooperation of production, foreign trade in goods, foreign trade in services (financial relations, trade in scientific and technical knowledge, international tourism, international labor market).

Key words and expressions: international geographical division of labor (IGDT), international economic relations (IER), international specialization and cooperation of production, scope and degree of participation of countries in the IER, competitiveness, "openness" of the economy, forms of IER, foreign trade in goods and services.

geographical nomenclature. Intersectoral raw material specialization of the countries of the world:

Raw wood - Myanmar, Laos, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Agricultural products - Ethiopia, Paraguay, Afghanistan, Chad

Fish and seafood - Greenland, Iceland.

Countries with the highest level of "openness" of the economy: Singapore, Liechtenstein, UAE, Belgium, Ireland.

Countries with a minimum level of "openness" of the economy: Ethiopia, India, USA, Brazil, Japan.

^ 2. Foreign trade in goods

The dynamic development of foreign trade as evidence of the further internationalization of production. Progressive shifts in the structure of foreign trade - a constant increase in the share of finished industrial products and a decrease in the share of raw materials. Features of the geography of world foreign trade; the leading role of Europe and Asia and the leading countries (USA, China and Germany). Main trade flows: intra-European and intra-Asian trade. Balance (balance) of foreign trade; factors of its formation and economic role. The level of development of foreign trade.

Key words and expressions: export, import, balance (balance) of foreign trade, geography of foreign trade.

geographical nomenclature.

The main exporters of goods are China, Germany, and the USA.

The main importers of goods are ^ USA, China, Germany.

Countries with the largest foreign trade surplus are China, Germany, Russia.

Countries with the largest negative foreign trade balance - ^ USA, UK, Spain.

Practical work. Features of the geography and structure of foreign trade in goods based on the analysis of statistical data.

^ 3. International Financial Relations

International financial relations (IFI) as a combination of three world markets - currency, credit and investment. The concept of currency; types of currencies (national, foreign, collective, reserve). The main collective currency is the euro and the geography of its distribution. The US dollar and the euro are the main reserve currencies of the world. Geography of world currency trade. Foreign exchange reserves and gold reserves of the countries of the world; sources of their formation and economic role. The role of international loans in the development of the economy; public and private lending. External debt of the countries of the world; the reasons for its formation and the possibility of liquidation. The world investment market and its geography. New global financial centers and the specifics of their activities ("tax havens" and offshores).

Key words and expressions: currency and its types (national, foreign, collective, reserve). Currency, credit and investment market, foreign debt, "tax haven", offshore.

geographical nomenclature.

Countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves - ^ China, Japan, Russia, Taiwan, Republic of Korea.

The most important currency trading centers are London, New York, Tokyo.

Countries with gold reserves - ^ USA, Germany, France, Italy.

The countries with the largest external debt are Brazil, Russia, Mexico, China.

Large offshore centers - Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Panama, Liberia.

^ 4. International tourism

The economic role of international tourism. Classification of types of tourism - seaside, sea cruise, skiing, educational, religious pilgrimage, etc.; their geography.. The main tourist flows are intra-European, American-European. Regions and countries leaders in international tourism; the leading role of Europe, European countries (France, Spain and Italy), as well as the USA and China.

Key words and expressions: types of tourism - seaside, sea cruise, skiing, educational, religious pilgrimage.

geographical nomenclature. The main areas and countries of seaside tourism are the Mediterranean; Spain, Italy, France.

The main areas and countries of ski tourism - ^ Alpine region; Austria, Switzerland.

The main areas of sea cruise tourism are the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and Oceania.

The cities most visited by tourists are ^ Paris, London, Rome, Athens, Vienna, Venice.

Centers of religious pilgrimage - Rome (Vatican), Jerusalem, Mecca, Varanasi.

Countries that receive the most foreign tourists - ^ France, Spain, USA, Italy, China.

Many Faced Planet

General characteristics of regions and countries of the world

Geographic regions of the world

Concept of geographic region and sub-region. Parts of the world as historical and geographical regions of the world; their geographical heritage and geographical specificity. Geographic heritage as elements of culture and civilization that have had a great influence on the modern geographical features of the region. Geographic specificity of the region as a historical and geographical analysis of the spatial pattern of the distribution of the population and economy. Features of the composition of each region of the world. The place of regions in the modern world.

Key words and expressions: region, subregion, historical and geographical region, geographical heritage, geographical specificity.

geographical nomenclature. Historical - geographical regions of the world - Europe, Asia, America, Africa, Australia and Oceania.

^ 2. Geopolitical image of the world

The concept of geopolitics. Components of geopolitics: determining the scope of the country's geopolitical interests, building a system of relations with various countries, developing methods for ensuring the interests of the state. Spheres of geopolitical interests of various countries of the world and methods for ensuring the geopolitical interests of the country - economic, political, military, cultural, etc. Geopolitical position of the countries of the world and its components - economic and military power, resource potential, etc. The current geopolitical situation in the world. Political geography as a branch of geographical science.

Key words and expressions: geopolitics, geopolitical position of the country, political geography, political and geographical position.

geographical nomenclature. The geopolitical leaders of the modern world are the USA, Russia, China, Japan, Great Britain, France, Germany, India.

^ 3. Diversity of the countries of the world

Political map as a "political portrait of the world"; its features. States and countries on the political map. Features of the territory of countries - geographical location, size, configuration. The state structure of the countries of the world: forms of government (republics and monarchies) and territorial - state structure (unitary countries and federations). The specifics of the state structure of some countries of the world are absolute and theocratic monarchies, Commonwealth countries, etc. Unrecognized states on the world map.

Key words and expressions: political map, country, state, dependent country (territory), territory configuration, state system, republic, absolute and limited monarchy, unitary and federal state, unrecognized state.

geographical nomenclature. Unrecognized states - Northern Cyprus, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Western Sahara.

Practical work. (Optional)

1. Assessment of the geopolitical position of the country.

2. Comparative assessment of the geopolitical position of the two countries.

The ability to find and analyze the factors that determine the geopolitical position of the country, to work with various sources of information (maps of different content, the media), to draw evaluation conclusions based on the application of the acquired knowledge.

^ Foreign Europe - the huge role of a small region

Foreign Europe in the modern world

Place of Foreign Europe: small territory and population, limited natural resource potential, large economic and military potential, great geopolitical weight. Political map and changes on it in the second half of the twentieth century. High degree of population of the territory. "Aging of the nation" and mass immigration. Mature urbanization; largest agglomerations and megalopolises. Homogeneity of the ethnic and religious composition of the population of most countries. Ethnic and confessional problems and conflicts. Large economic potential, leading positions in the system of international economic relations. Europe is the zone of the most active integration processes. Influence of integration on the geography of the economy of the region.

Key words and expressions: political map, international organizations, "aging of the nation", immigration, mature urbanization, economic integration.

geographical nomenclature. Membership of the European Union and NATO. Member countries of the Schengen Agreement between which there is no customs and border control: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.

^ 2. Historical and geographical features of the formation of the European economic space

Features of the geographical (spatial) pattern of the European economy: a high degree of development of the territory, a single economic space. The main stages in the formation of the European economic space: the beginning of our era, the periods of early and developed feudalism, the era of late feudalism and the Great Geographical Discoveries, the 13th - 19th centuries, the first and second half of the 20th century. Modern spatial pattern of the European economy; main economic core, main economic areas, economic axis.

Key words and expressions: geographical (spatial) pattern of the economy, economic area, economic core, economic axis.

geographical nomenclature. European economic leaders of past eras:

Beginning of our era - Roman Empire

Early feudalism - Frankish state

Developed feudalism - urban republics of Northern Italy (Venice, Genoa, Florence), Hanseatic League

Late feudalism - Spain, Portugal, England, the Netherlands

XIII - XIX centuries. – England, France, Germany, Italy, Russia

^ Practical work. The territorial structure of the European economy.

Based on the analysis of the maps of the textbook, the atlas, give an analysis of the territorial structure of the European economy. To conclude, what natural-geographical, economic, political factors contributed to the formation of the TLC of Europe?

^ 3. Internal geographic differences in Overseas Europe

Natural, political and socio-economic differences within Foreign Europe. Geographic sub-regions and their specificity.

Key words and expressions: geographical sub-region, international specialization of the economy.

geographical nomenclature. Geographic sub-regions of Foreign Europe - Northern, Middle, Southern and Eastern Europe.

^ Northern Europe

Northern Europe: coastal position; marine, forest, hydropower resources; small population and high living standards; old (fishing, forestry, shipping, etc.) and new (oil and natural gas production, electronics, etc.) branches of international specialization of the economy.

^ 4. Norway - the natural environment in human life

Natural conditions and natural resources as the basis for the emergence and development of the Norwegian economy. The special role of the sea in the life of Norwegians. Traditional types of economy: marine and forestry, mining and metallurgical production. Development of fisheries, maritime transport, pulp and paper and aluminum industries. The oil age in the life of Norway; changes in the structure of the economy and a new international specialization of the country; a significant increase in the standard of living of the population. Features of the distribution of the population and the economy of the country: the special role of coastal areas and the metropolitan agglomeration.

Key words and expressions: traditional types of economy, maritime economy, oil and gas complex, spatial pattern of distribution of population and economy.

geographical nomenclature. Northern Europe, North Sea. Oslo metropolitan area. "Oil Capital" - Trondheim.

^ Middle Europe

Geographical appearance of Central Europe: significant population, mass immigration; large economic potential and the leading role of the countries of the subregion in the world economy and international economic relations, large-scale development of all major industries; ecological problems.

^ 5. Germany - "the economic locomotive of Europe"

Historical, geographical and social factors of Germany's transformation into a European leader. Prolonged political fragmentation of Germany; late industrialization. The split and unification of Germany in the second half of the twentieth century. Geographical position of Germany in Europe: "key" central position, a high degree of neighborhood (a large number of neighboring countries). Limited natural resource potential of the country; significant resources of coal and potash salts; favorable agro-climatic resources. Large population; "zero" population growth and mass immigration. Traditional labor skills of the population. The growing role of the German language in the modern world. Large scale and high level of development of the country's economy. High exportability of production; active participation in the system of international economic relations. "Polycentric" spatial pattern German

Discipline: Geography

Subject: « Introduction. Sources of geographic information.

Practical lesson number 1.

Subject: Familiarization with geographic cards various topics. Drafting kart (scheme), reflective various geographic phenomenaand processes. Usage statistical materials and geoinformation systems.

Lesson type: Learning new

Class type: Lecture - Visualization

Number of hours: 2 hours

Purpose of the lesson: Formation of an idea of ​​the sources of geographical

information.

Tasks:

To give an idea of ​​the role and place of modern geographical information in solving the problems of the development of human civilization.

To form students' ideas about various sources of geographic information, which are designed to help in the development of a new training course.

Continue to develop skills in testing and taking notes of lectures.

Assess the volume and level of students' residual geographical knowledge to determine the degree of readiness of the audience to learn new material.

Equipment, visibility, TCO– laptop, plasma TV, presentation, contour map, atlas,

Lesson progress:

Organizing time.

Setting goals and objectives.

Requirements for the organization of the educational process.

Lecture visualization.

1. Geography as a science.

   The geographic map is a special source of information about

reality.

1. Statistical materials.

Geography as a science.

Geography is one of the most interesting and important sciences. It studies the territory (territorial complexes of different levels), the conditions and patterns of its formation and development. Economic and social geography as a branch of geography explores the place and role of man and his versatile activities in a given territory. From how competently a person settles in and develops his habitat, his comfortable living on it depends. Geography allows you to deeply scientifically and most importantly comprehensively take into account all factors of the development of the territory - natural (geological structure, climatic features, features of inland waters and natural complexes), economic (features of doing business) and social (human behavior). It is for this reason that it makes such wide use of the achievements of a wide variety of sciences.

Traditional and new methods of geographical research.

Methods (methods) of research are specific methods for studying geographical objects and phenomena.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is an information system that provides collection, storage, processing, access, display and analysis of spatial (spatially coordinated) data.

GIS structure:

Data (spatial data):

Positional (geographic): the location of the object on the earth's surface, its coordinates in the selected coordinate system;

Non-positional (attribute, or metadata) - descriptive text, electronic documents, graphic type data, including photographs of objects, three-dimensional images of objects, video materials, etc.

Hardware (computers, computer networks, drives, scanners, digitizers, etc.);

Software (OS, application and add-ons to it);

Technologies (methods, procedures, etc.);

Operators, administrators, users.

Types of geographic information, its role and use in people's lives.

Task number 1 ( Read the text. Make a diagram "Sources of geographic information")

Geography is a science, studying which one should not be afraid to get too much information. There are many sources of geographic information.

First, a geographical map. It provides a one-time broad and complex view of the study area. It is no coincidence that the well-known geographer N. N. Baransky, the founder of Soviet economic and social geography, called the geographical map the “language” of geography. True, one must be able to read a geographical map, that is, one must have the skill of obtaining all the necessary information from it. Secondly, this is literature, and the most diverse - reference, scientific, popular science and even fiction. Thirdly, these are the mass media (newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs, films). Fourth is the Internet. Fifth, these are personal impressions. When studying the features of the territory, no information will be superfluous. It is necessary to "absorb" it from everywhere - read books, newspapers and magazines, watch television programs and movies, use the Internet, go on tourist trips.

The modern world is on the threshold of globalization. At present, goods, money, any information easily overcome great distances and state borders that once seemed like impregnable bastions. In this regard, there is an inevitable averaging, or unification, of models of human behavior. Of course, this process is not easy. But he is objective. The colossal differences in the cultural traditions of various peoples exacerbate even more, it would seem, the already acute interstate and interethnic contradictions. Geography can help to understand their nature, to understand all their intricacies.

A geographical map is a special source of information about reality.

Geographic map- models with on in a reduced form.

Statistical materials.

Statistical data is an integral part of the global information system, which is formed in accordance with the concept of informatization developed in the Russian Federation.

Statistical materials- this is massive quantitative data on important indicators of life and the relationship between them. Statistical is the data of population censuses, tax collection, calculation of land.

Starting testing in the economic and social geography of Russia

Countries that have land borders with Russia:

1. Norway

   Lithuania

   Mongolia

   Finland

2. China

   Belarus

   Turkmenistan

A city in Russia with a population of more than 1 million people:

Murmansk

Nizhny Novgorod

1. Serpukhov

   Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Largest coking coal basin in Russia:

Kansko-Achinsk

Kuznetsky

Podmoskovny

Donetsk

4. Full cycle ferrous metallurgy center in Russia:

Murmansk

St. Petersburg

1. Magnitogorsk

5. Fine-wool and semi-fine-wool sheep breeding is most developed in

economic region:

Northern

North Caucasian

Central

Central Black Earth

6. The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory

economic regions of Russia:

North Caucasian

Ural

Far Eastern

Northern

7. Arrange the stages of textile production in technological order - from raw materials to the production of finished fabric

1. Harsh production

   Fiber production

   Yarn production

Answer: 3,4,2,1

8.Three centers of the oil refining industry,

located on the Volga:

1. Saratov

   Yaroslavl

   Smolensk

   Khabarovsk

   Volgograd

2. Arkhangelsk

9. Define the subject of the Russian Federation by its brief description:

“This subject is located in the eastern part of the country, its territory is not washed by the waters of the oceans. One of the largest rivers in Russia flows through its territory with its largest tributary. There are no hydroelectric power plants on these rivers. There are no nuclear power plants in the subject, but powerful thermal power plants operate on fuel produced in the same subject.

Primorsky Krai

Murmansk region

Irkutsk region

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

10. Establish a correspondence between the economic regions of Russia and the centers for the production of cars and trucks:

Economic regions Production centers

Russian cars and trucks

Volgo-Vyatsky A. Serpukhov

Povolzhsky B. Naberezhnye Chelny

Central V. Izhevsk

Uralsky city Nizhny Novgorod

D. Taganrog

Answer: 1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C

Evaluation criteria: 0 errors - "5", 1-3 errors - "4", 4-5 errors - "3", 6 or more - "2".

Question number

Answer

1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C

6. Frontal survey.

List the traditional methods of geographical research known to you.

Answer:

Expeditionary

Descriptive

Cartographic

Comparative

Mathematical

Statistical

Historical

Does the cartographic method belong to traditional methods and what is its role in understanding the world around us?

Answer:

Yes, this is the leading method in geography, with the help of maps we can get a lot of various information.

What role do space research methods play in modern geographical research?

Answer:

Space research methods serve to monitor and study economic components in the world, predict their changes.

List the modern methods of geographical research known to you.

Answer:

experimental

Modeling

Remote (aerospace)

Geographic forecast

Geoinformation systems

Does geographic forecasting refer to modern methods of geographical research and what is the purpose of its implementation:

Answer:

Yes, the prediction of the future state of geosystems.

Geosystems - these are natural-geographical unities of all possible categories, from the planetary geosystem (geographical shell) to the elementary geosystem (physical-geographical facies)

definition by V. B. Sochava

PRACTICE #1

Subject: Acquaintance with geographical maps of various subjects. Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes. Use of statistical materials and geographic information systems.

1. Analysis of maps of various subjects.

As a result of completing the tasks of practical work, each of you should study the stages of the formation of a modern political map of the world; modern processes of changing the political map of the world, the main international organizations of countries, to master the features of the distribution of certain types of natural resources by region.

You must consolidate and develop the following skills:

Make maps (maps), diagrams according to the proposed simple or complex tasks using traditional or your own designations;

Select the necessary information to complete the task; - identify and explain the political and geographical aspects of current events and situations;

Evaluate and explain the information obtained during the selection and analysis;

Equipment: Internet resources, a geographical atlas of the world for grade 10, a contour map of the world, colored pencils, a pen.

Tasks for work:

Exercise 1.

Consider the Atlas of Geography (Grade 10). List the topics of the map.

Answer:

political map

State structure

Land Mineral Resources

Agro-climatic resources

Land and forest resources

Hydrosphere resources

Population

Population placement

2. Human Development Index

   Gross domestic product (GDP)

   Structure of the economy

   Extractive industry

   Power industry

   Manufacturing industry

   Agriculture

   Transport

   Foreign economic relations

   Integration associations

   Territorial structure of the economy

   Political and economic maps of countries

   global demographic problem

   global environmental problem

   global food problem

   Areas of political instability

   World Heritage of Humanity

Task 2.

To complete the task, use various sources of geographical information, as well as your knowledge from the school history and geography course. You can also get the necessary information with the help of Internet resources.

Insert the missing names of some new countries (or their capitals) that appeared on the political map of the world in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. as a result of the division of larger federal states.

States that emerged on the territory of the former Soviet Union and their capitals: Russia - Moscow; Ukraine, Kyiv; Belarus - Minsk; Moldova– Chisinau; Georgia - Tbilisi; Azerbaijan- Baku; Armenia - Yerevan; Kazakhstan - Astana; Kyrgyzstan– Bishkek; Turkmenistan - Ashgabat; Tajikistan - Dushanbe; Uzbekistan - Tashkent; Estonia - Tallinn; Latvia– Riga; Lithuania - Vilnius.

States that emerged on the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and their capitals: Serbia - Belgrade; Croatia - Zagreb; Montenegro - Cetinje; Macedonia– Skopje; Slovenia - Ljubljana; Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo.

States that emerged on the territory of the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia) and their capitals: Czech Republic - Prague; Slovenia - Bratislava.

Task 3.

Draw a map of the pre-existing Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) showing the borders of the newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals.

Answer:

Thus, today in the territory that belonged to the former Yugoslavia, there are six independent states:

Republic of Serbia (capital Belgrade)
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (capital Sarajevo)
Republic of Slovenia (capital Bratislava)
Republic of Macedonia (capital Skopje)
Republic of Montenegro (capital Cetinje, Podgorica)
Republic of Croatia (capital Zagreb)

(There is a little confusion with the capitals in Montenegro. In the country's constitution, the city is named its official capital . It has historically been the center of faith and statehood, the royal residence was located here. In 1946, the capital was moved to Titograd, which in 1992 was returned to its former name - . After Montenegro gained independence in 2006, the title of the capital again passed to Cetinje, but most of the state institutions remained in Podgorica. In order not to transport the government of the country, it was decided to make appropriate changes to the status of cities.

So now there are two capitals in Montenegro, for which new definitions have been invented. The official and cultural capital of Cetinje, in which the president and metropolitan of the country live, and the actual business and political capital of Podgorica).

Task 4.

To complete the task, use the contour map of the world.

On the contour map of the world, find the states that are part of the "Big Seven". Highlight their borders, shade their territories, fill in the hatching in the legend of the contour map, sign the names of the countries and their capitals.

Answer:

G7 countries - USA (capital - Washington), Japan (capital - Tokyo), Germany (capital - Berlin), France (capital - Paris), Great Britain (capital - London), Italy (capital - Rome), Canada ( capital - Ottawa), (since 1994 Russia has been participating in the meetings of the group).

Task 5.

To complete the task, use the data in table No. 1.

Construct a pie chart of the ratio of iron ore reserves in the top five countries. To do this, the sum of the top five iron ore reserves should be taken as 100%, and then calculate the share of each country and mark the corresponding sector in the pie chart. Separate sectors must be highlighted with certain colors or types of hatching. Write a legend for the chart.

Table number 1. Explored reserves of iron ore in the countries of the world (2005)

Place in the world

The country

Region

stocks,

bn t

Brazil

Latin America

Russia

Europe Asia

Canada

North America

China

Asia

Australia

Australia

Ukraine

Europe

USA

North America

Kazakhstan

Asia

India

Asia

South Africa

Africa

Answer:

Iron ore reserves in the countries of the world (2005)

Task 5.

Suggest options for dividing the ten countries indicated in Table 1 into groups according to the volume of explored reserves of iron ore. Write down your suggestions.

Answer:

The following criteria can be defined:

The country with the largest iron ore reserves

The country with the smallest iron ore reserves

Countries with the same amount of iron ore reserves

Which region has the largest iron ore reserves?

Which region has the smallest iron ore reserves

7. Homework.

Buy an atlas and a contour map in Geography for grade 10, colored pencils.

Learn the notes in your notebook.

8. Summing up.

9. Extracurricular independent work

Message "Statistical materials", "Types of geographical maps".