Research methods as they are. The difference between a method and a technique and methodology

What is research? Research is the scientific knowledge of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Science is a special form of knowledge of the surrounding world, as a result of which scientific knowledge arises. Signs of scientific knowledge: objectivity evidence-based consistency verifiability

What does "objectivity" mean? Objectivity is the independence of facts and conclusions from the consciousness of the author of the study, as well as from the consciousness of other people. Scientific knowledge cannot be ignored, it cannot be disregarded, it cannot be rejected. Scientific significance can only be refuted as a result of scientific research and the emergence of new objective knowledge.

What does "evidence" mean? Any scientific statement must be proven. Evidence can serve: the results of observations; experimental results; results of calculations and calculations A scientific statement must be verified and confirmed in practice. Before evidence is obtained, any knowledge is just an assumption.

What does "logical" mean? Any scientific statement must be consistent with previously formulated scientific statements. A new regularity, a new statement either includes previously formulated regularities as particular cases, or explains the causes of errors contained in previously formulated regularities.

What does "verifiable" mean? Any objective, proven and logical scientific statement can be tested in practice. For this scientific statement, there must necessarily be a way to verify it in practice. The result of the verification can be either a confirmation of this assertion or its refutation. If there is no such way of checking, then the statement is not scientific.

The Principle of Honesty There are weaknesses in any scientific statement. The presence of weaknesses is the result of the fact that in any study it is impossible to “embrace the immensity”. A scientific statement should indicate the presence of weaknesses or problems that are still waiting to be investigated.

"Occam's Razor" When explaining any fact or phenomenon, one should first choose the most probable reasons from the point of view of practical experience. One should not look for complex and unlikely explanations and causes if there are simpler and more likely explanations and causes. Complex and unlikely explanations and causes should be cut off like a razor. The author of this principle is the philosopher William of Ockham ().

Where does research start? Any research begins with the definition of: the object of research - a process or phenomenon of the surrounding world, unknown or with unknown properties, and therefore interesting for the researcher; subject of study - an unknown property of the object of study and therefore interesting to the researcher. Research cannot have no object. Research cannot be pointless.

Problem questions Interest in the object and subject of research inevitably gives rise to questions: "What is it?" The question arises when something completely new or unknown is discovered; "Why is that?" The question arises in the absence of obvious causes of the process or phenomenon; "Is it so?" The question arises when there are doubts about the explanation of the process or phenomenon “Could it be otherwise?” The question arises when there are assumptions about another variant of the development of the process or the existence of the phenomenon.

What is a "problem"? The presence of questions indicates a problem. A problem is: a task whose solutions are unknown or not fully known; the contradiction between the need to know something and the lack of knowledge at the moment. If the problem is not defined, then research is meaningless. If the problem is defined, then a hypothesis can be put forward.

What is a "hypothesis"? A hypothesis is an assumption that requires proof. The hypothesis must: be based on facts; verified by experience; be combined with other scientific knowledge in the field; explain the facts that have become the subject of the study be simple and obvious, do not refer to the incomprehensible and unreliable

What is the purpose of the study? The purpose of the study is to prove the hypothesis. The hypothesis must be proven in order to solve the problem and answer the questions that prompted the study. The result of the proof of the hypothesis is the explanation of the causes, properties or conditions for the existence of the subject of research. The explanation has signs of a theory of the subject under study.

What is a theory? Theory is scientific knowledge about the subject of research. Signs of the theory: the result of reflection on the subject; a system of reliable knowledge about the subject; describes and explains the subject; relies on evidence To give a theoretical explanation of the subject, it is necessary to apply special research methods.

What are research methods? A research method is a way of studying a subject to prove a hypothesis. The main research methods are: observation - a purposeful study of an object in its natural setting - counting and measurement - determining the quantitative characteristics of an object or comparing them with a standard description - fixing the features of an object obtained as a result of observations or measurements comparison - comparing an object with other objects experiment - studying properties an object in an artificially created environment modeling - the study of an object with the help of its artificial substitutes - models

STUDY

scientific, development of new scientific knowledge, one of the types of cognition. activities. I. is characterized by objectivity, reproducibility, evidence, accuracy. There are two interrelated levels: empirical and theoretical. (cm. empirical and theoretical). At the first stage, new facts of science are established and, on the basis of their generalization, empiricism is formulated. . At the second level, general patterns for a given subject area are put forward and formulated, which make it possible to explain previously discovered facts and empiricism. regularities, as well as to predict and foresee future events and facts.

Main The components of I. are: the statement of the problem; preliminarily available information, conditions and methods for solving problems of this class; formulation of initial hypotheses; theoretical hypothesis analysis; planning and experiment; conducting an experiment; analysis and results obtained; verification of initial hypotheses based on the facts obtained; final formulation of new facts and laws; getting an explanation or scientific predictions.

I.'s classification can be made on various bases. The most common is I. on fundamental and applied, quantitative and qualitative, unique and complex, and t. d.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editors: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

STUDY

Scientific research is the process of developing new scientific knowledge, one of the types of cognitive activity. The study is characterized by objectivity, reproducibility, evidence, accuracy. There are two interrelated levels: empirical and theoretical. At the first stage, new facts of science are established and empirical regularities are formulated on the basis of their generalization. At the second level, patterns common to a given subject area are put forward and formulated, which allow explaining previously discovered facts and empirical patterns, as well as predicting and foreseeing future events and facts.

The main components of the study are: problem statement; preliminary analysis of the available information, conditions and methods for solving problems of this class; formulation of initial hypotheses; hypothesis analysis; planning and organization of the experiment; conducting an experiment; analysis and generalization of the obtained results; verification of initial hypotheses based on the facts obtained; final formulation of new facts and laws; obtaining explanations or scientific predictions.

Classification of studies can be made on various grounds. The most common is the division of research into fundamental and applied, quantitative and qualitative, unique and complex.

A. I. Rakitov

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

Synonyms:

See what "RESEARCH" is in other dictionaries:

See the book ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. research study, search, analysis, examination, examination, inspection, research, search, probing, ... ... Synonym dictionary

study- Research, this word has two different meanings in which it behaves differently. If we are talking about the scientific study of any subject, then we say: the study of soils or the study of the atmosphere. If we use... Dictionary of Russian language errors

RESEARCH, research, cf. (book). 1. Action according to Ch. research. Study of the causes of the industrial crisis in Europe. Studies of blood, sputum, urine and feces are carried out in laboratories. Do statistical research. 2.… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

study- 1. Conducting scientific research. 2. Inspection to find out, study something. 3. Scientific work. Dictionary of practical psychologist. Moscow: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

The study, analysis of any phenomenon or object. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

The scientific process of developing new knowledge is one of the types of cognitive activity. Characterized by objectivity, reproducibility, evidence, accuracy; has two levels empirical and theoretical. The most common is... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

STUDY, I, cf. 1. see explore. 2. Scientific work. I. on Russian history. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

See Experiment (Source: "Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of Wisdom." www.foxdesign.ru) ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

English investigation/research/study/survey; German Forschung. A type of systematic cognitive activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge, information, etc., to study certain problems on the basis of special standardized ... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

study- RESEARCH is a concept that usually denotes a specialized type of scientific knowledge within the framework of natural science. But today we are talking about I. in the humanities and social sciences, about philosophical and methodological I., about applied and ... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

Books

Research on the Kyiv Psalter. Kyiv Psalter, G. Vzdornov. The study of the Kyiv Psalter is accompanied by a study of this manuscript and a description of the illustrations with an explanation of their plots. The study clarified the history of the Kyiv Psalter and artistic…

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

Formation of cognitive UUD:

learn to observe and draw independent conclusions;
train in the analysis and comparison of objects in order to highlight features (essential, non-essential);
to form the skill of bringing under the concept, defining the concept;
learn to present information in different forms.

Formation of regulatory UUD:

to form the ability to express their assumption (hypothesis);
learn to distinguish a correctly completed task from an incorrect one;
develop reflective skills;
to train the ability to accept, maintain goals and follow them in educational activities.

Formation of communicative UUD:

train to express your point of view and try to substantiate it, giving arguments;
to teach children to work in a group, take into account the opinion of comrades, listen and hear each other.

Formation of personal UUD:

develop adequate self-esteem;
to form a respectful attitude to the opinions of others;
education of cognitive interest in educational material.

Expected results.

In this lesson

children learn what research is, what is its peculiarity;
having become acquainted with the cartoon “Elephant” (according to R. Kipling), they will conclude that any research begins with a question;
learn that many discoveries and inventions have been made on the basis of research;
think about the responsibility of mankind for their inventions, that not every invention can be useful;
conduct an experiment from entertaining physics;
teamwork will develop communication and organizational skills in children;
cognitive and experimental material of the lesson will contribute to the development of children's curiosity and creativity;
The knowledge and skills acquired in this lesson can be used by the teacher in everyday practice.

Materials for the lesson.

Individual worksheet “What is research”. (Appendix 1)
Presentation for the lesson “What is research”.

During the classes

Motivation.

Slide 1. The lesson “Fundamentals of design and research activities” is a lesson for those who love to dream and want to learn how to implement their ideas, this is a lesson for curious schoolchildren who want to learn how to understand the world around them.

Announcement of the topic of the lesson.

Teacher. The topic of today's lesson is “What is research”.

Knowledge update.

Teacher. What do you think research is?

Children. It is the study of something.

Help for the teacher. Research (literally “following from within”) in the broadest sense - the search for new knowledge or systematic investigation in order to establish facts. In a narrower sense, research is a scientific method (process) of studying something.

Exploring a new topic.

Worksheet. Task number 1, slide 3

Teacher. Study the pictures (cave of a primitive man, wooden house) and guess what needs to be finished.

After a frontal discussion, the children draw a modern house in an empty square.

Task number 2, slide 4

Teacher. What is the name of the mole's house? See what his hole was like thousands of years ago. Draw a dwelling built by moles 200 years ago, in our time. Compare this with how a person's home has changed over time. What feature did you notice?

Children. The dwelling of a person changes over time, but the dwelling of a mole does not.

Slide 5. Auction game "The house that he built himself."

Break into teams.
Choose one "builder": nightingale, ant, man, dolphin, wolf.
The team that names as many types of dwellings that this “builder” can build himself will win.

At the end of the game, children are convinced that the most creative “builder” is a person.

Side 6 will complement the children's answers about the diversity of types of human dwellings: hut, wigwam, chum, yaranga, yurt, tipi, igloo, hut, dugout, tent, hut, hut, palyaso, rondavel, palace, penthouse, cell, villa, cottage, hotel, skyscraper, fortress, dacha, townhouse, barrack, loft, etc.

The teacher leads the children to the conclusion that only a person is given the opportunity for creative search and invention, and these opportunities must be learned to actively use and develop.

Task number 3. The results of the game "The house that he built himself." What feature did you notice?

Man, unlike animals, is endowed with a unique ability to create, create something new, transform the world around him.

On the worksheet, you can write briefly: every person has creative abilities.

Teacher. Take a look around. What of the surrounding world is created by nature, and what is made by human hands? Note that each object of the man-made world did not appear by itself, but was once invented by someone for the first time.

W task number 4(children perform independently in pairs).

Continue the sentence.

In addition to various types of housing, a person has invented many other things for himself, for example, .... (books, dishes, phone, …)

Slide 7 introduces children to the greatest inventions of mankind.

Help for the teacher. Applications “Great inventions of mankind”, “Chronology of inventions” and audio file “The book is a great invention of mankind”. The teacher can tell in more detail about the history of one of the great inventions (fire, wheel, writing, paper, gunpowder, telegraph, automobile, electric light bulb, penicillin, sail, ship)

After a frontal discussion, they fill in the second line about scientific discoveries.

Studying, exploring the world around us, mankind has made many scientific discoveries: ... the Earth is a ball, the Earth revolves around the Sun, ...

Help for the teacher. Appendix “Chronology of scientific discoveries”.

Teacher. Discoveries and inventions start with research. We found out at the beginning of the lesson that research is the search for new knowledge. Where does this search begin?

Slide 9. After watching the m / f "Elephant" based on the fairy tale by R. Kipling, the children are led to the conclusion that any research begins with a question. (Slide 10)

Task number 5. Missing words are entered into empty cells: research begins with a QUESTION, research is a SEARCH for an answer to a question, a search for new KNOWLEDGE.

Task number 6. slide 12.

Teacher. Who can do research?

Children. Man and animals.

Slide 13. What are the animals interested in?

Children. Is it dangerous? Is it edible? Is it suitable for housing?

slide 14.

Teacher. Why is a person researching?

Adults are looking for truth and new knowledge that is still unknown to mankind.

Their goal is to make a discovery, and based on it, an invention that will “improve” (?) our life (and not only ours).

Problem question. Do all inventions improve our lives?

Answer. Not all. People have invented dangerous weapons, drugs, alcoholic drinks, ... Even some useful inventions can harm a person if they are used incorrectly (computer addiction, ...)

Whose lives are people trying to improve with their inventions? (Life of wild and domestic animals, plants, …).

Teacher. Why do children do research?

Children are looking for answers to questions about how this world works, by what laws it lives.

The purpose of their research is to learn, understand and master this world in order to successfully live in it.

Slide 16. Household research.

Teacher. In everyday life, we often have to explore a lot.

How can you find out:

Is the child sick?
Is the water too hot or cold for bathing?
Are the products fresh?

Problem question. What would the world around be like if people did not know how to explore it?

Task number 7. "I am a researcher!" Entertaining physics.

According to the law of balance, sitting on a chair in such a position as the person shown in the figure is sitting, that is, holding the body vertically, without tilting it and without moving the legs under the seat, it is impossible to rise from the chair.

Teacher. If you wanted to test this experiment for yourself, then why? What question do you have? (Why is this not possible? Will I be able to get up from my chair from this position?)

Do an experiment on yourself.

Children are convinced that after fulfilling all the requirements of the experiment, it is really impossible to get up from the chair.

Homework. One to choose from!

Prepare a message about one of the inventions of mankind.
Tell about one of your early childhood explorations of the world around you “When I was little...”. The story can be supplemented with a drawing or photograph.
Take a picture (or draw) of your pet while they are exploring.

Slide 20. In the next lesson, we will learn to see problems and learn to ask questions.

Reflection.

What new did you learn in the lesson?
What have you learned?
How did it work in the group?
Which of the homework assignments interested you the most?

Worksheet. Lesson 1. What is research. (

Conceptualization and verification of theory related to the acquisition of scientific knowledge.

Types of scientific research:

Basic research undertaken primarily to generate new knowledge regardless of application perspectives.
Applied Research, is aimed primarily at the application of new knowledge to achieve practical goals, solving specific problems.
Monodisciplinary study carried out within the framework of a separate science.
Interdisciplinary research requires the participation of specialists from various fields and is carried out at the intersection of several scientific disciplines.
Comprehensive study is carried out using a system of methods and techniques, through which scientists seek to cover the maximum (or optimal) possible number of significant parameters of the reality under study.
Single factor or analytical study is aimed at identifying one, the most significant, in the opinion of the researcher, aspect of reality.
Exploratory research, aimed at determining the prospects of work on the topic, finding ways to solve scientific problems.
critical study is carried out in order to refute an existing theory, model, hypothesis, law, etc., or to test which of two alternative hypotheses more accurately predicts reality. Critical research is carried out in those areas where a rich theoretical and empirical stock of knowledge has been accumulated and where there are proven methods for the implementation of the experiment.
Clarifying research. This is the most common type of research. Their goal is to establish boundaries within which theory predicts facts and empirical patterns. Usually, in comparison with the initial experimental sample, the conditions for conducting the study, the object, and the methodology change. Thus, it is registered to which area of reality the previously obtained theoretical knowledge extends.
Reproducing research. Its goal is an exact repetition of the experiment of predecessors in order to determine the reliability, reliability and objectivity of the results obtained. The results of any study should be replicated in a similar experiment conducted by another scientific worker with the appropriate competence. Therefore, after the discovery of a new effect, pattern, creation of a new technique, etc. there is an avalanche of replicating studies designed to test the results of the discoverers. Reproducing research is the basis of all science. Therefore, the method and the specific technique of the experiment must be intersubjective, i.e. the operations carried out during the study should be reproduced by any qualified researcher.
Development- scientific research that puts into practice the results of specific fundamental and applied research.

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Lecture 2. Means and methods of scientific research.

20151101 2 Research methodology

Fundamentals of Scientific Research

Subtitles

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Researchers

A researcher is a specialist who creates new knowledge. In the broad sense of the word, a researcher is a person who creates or discovers new knowledge in the relevant field of activity. For example, Przhevalsky and D. Cook - in geography, D. Mendeleev - in chemistry, etc. Researchers create new knowledge, the accumulation of which allows outstanding researchers to make scientific discoveries that affect the development of human civilization. Outstanding researchers are researchers whose contribution to science has been recognized in society. For example, A. Einstein, I. Newton, Darwin, Magellan….

Publications

Scientific researchers publish their work in:

journals of scientific publications;
collective works that combine journal articles or research around a given topic, coordinated by one or more researchers named by the publishers;
research monographs.

Financing

Funding plays an important role in scientific research. Basically, scientific research is funded by the state, but it is also carried out by private individuals and organizations.

Research institutions

research institute

Research institute - an institution engaged in research in the field of science and technology, the development of R&D and R&D, a kind of institute. Typically, institutions have an abbreviation assigned to them.

Scientific ethics

Scientific ethics - a set of moral principles that scientists adhere to in scientific activities, and which ensure the functioning of science.

Robert Merton, in his writings on the sociology of science, created four moral principles:

Collectivism - the results of the research should be open to the scientific community.
Universalism - the evaluation of any scientific idea or hypothesis should depend only on its content and compliance with the technical standards of scientific activity, and not on the social characteristics of its author, for example, his status.
Disinterestedness - when publishing scientific results, the researcher should not seek any personal benefit other than the satisfaction of solving the problem.
Organized Skepticism - Researchers must be critical of both their own ideas and those put forward by their colleagues.

There are also two more principles: the intrinsic value of truth and the value of novelty.

A scientist must follow the principles of scientific ethics in order to successfully engage in scientific research. In science, the principle is proclaimed as an ideal that in the face of truth all researchers are equal, that no past merit is taken into account when it comes to scientific evidence.

An equally important principle of scientific ethos is the requirement of scientific honesty in the presentation of research results. A scientist can make mistakes, but has no right to manipulate the results, he can repeat a discovery already made, but has no right to plagiarize. References as a prerequisite for the design of a scientific monograph and article are designed to fix the authorship of certain ideas and scientific texts, and provide a clear selection of what is already known in science and new results.

This moral principle is actually violated. Different scientific communities may impose different severity of sanctions for violating the ethical principles of science.

The decrease in the "quality of knowledge" in violation of the ethics of science leads to waste science, the ideologization of science, and the emergence of scientists in the media.

In the broad sense of the word, research means the search for any new knowledge, the systematization and analysis of known data in order to establish new facts.

Research is also the method of science, the process of studying materials, and the scientific work itself.

What is scientific research?

This is a methodological way of analyzing data in order to find an original solution (and its possible application in practice). Scientific research can be characterized by an evidence base, objectivity, accuracy, and the ability to reproduce. They have several levels: empirical and theoretical. They are divided into applied and fundamental, qualitative and quantitative, complex and unique. Scientific research provides objective information, explains the properties of the surrounding world. Research of this kind can be funded by government agencies and private individuals (especially applied work).

What does it include?

Each study can be divided into several important stages. The first is the observation of the phenomenon, the collection of relevant information. Methods of observation and collection of information may vary: empirical, mediated, remote, and others. The second is the analytical stage, which includes a conceptual choice, as well as the construction of a hypothesis. This is followed by the development of methods, the substantiation of the evidence base, and the conduct of possible experiments. The final part is the conclusions and explanation of the results of the study.

In a broad sense

We can say that this process is one of the types of human cognitive activity in general. Without research, discoveries that drive science and art are impossible. Research reforms the life of each individual in particular and of the entire human society as a whole.