Morphological norms. Synonymy of full and short forms of adjectives

AT in some cases it is difficult to use parallel forms of short adjectives. How, for example, is correct: responsible or responsible? Sharp or sharp?

Variants in the formation of a short form of masculine adjectives with suffixes -en and -enen usually seen in

Section 3. Accuracy in the use of morphological units 203

adjectives with multiple consonants before the suffix -enn-, eg: lawsuit ssv hen, of course stv ed, answered tstv enny, beznra vstv enny etc. The development of these forms is interesting. More ancient was the form with the suffix -en, she came from the Slavic language. Then there was a tendency to use forms with the suffix -enen, in recent decades, researchers have noted the predominance of forms with the suffix -en: yav en, nonsense en, properties en, ignorance en etc. It should be remembered that short forms with a suffix -en are the norm of literary speech, forms with the suffix -enen perceived as outdated. But you need to distinguish between short forms responsible (short participle: responsibility en for the investigation i.e. answers) and responsible (short adjective: om responsible i.e. conscientious).

Questions for self-examination

1. In what function can full and short adjectives be synonymous? 2. What semantic differences exist between full and short adjectives? 3. What is the stylistic coloring of full and short adjectives? 4. What are the grammatical differences between full and short adjectives? 5. What forms does the comparative degree of adjectives have? What are their formation and stylistic coloring? 6. What mistakes should be avoided when using the comparative degree of adjectives? 7. What is the use of superlative adjectives in speech? 8. What do you know about the synonymic forms of short adjectives?

Sample lesson plan

Theoretical part

1. General concept of the stylistic properties of adjectives.

2. Synonymy of full and short adjectives.

3. Features of the formation and use of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives.

Practical part

Task 1. In examples taken from the accusatory speeches of V. I. Tsarev, use the form you need, from your point of view, apply

204 Part P. The functioning of language units in the speech of a lawyer

gatel. Justify your choice. Check if it matches the choice made by the speaker. Consider which of you is right.

a) The content of the letter (such, such), b) Agree that this way of storing money is quite (strange, strange), c) It is not a coincidence (accidental, accidental), d) The poison with which recidivists poison the psychology of the surrounding youth, (dangerous, dangerous), e) By a lucky chance, the victim then remained (alive, alive, alive), f) His behavior was far from (perfect, impeccable, impeccable), charges on the issue of determining the defendant's measure of criminal punishment for the murder of two women under aggravating circumstances and on the basis of the totality of the crimes committed (clear, clear) and (clear, understandable), i) Such reasoning is fundamentally (erroneous, erroneous), k) Is it too ( great, great) marriage in the work of the teaching staff? Is it not too (great, great) pedagogical losses? These questions are not idle, l) The mission of our school is highly (humane, humane), m) A widely (known, well-known) particular, but truly characteristic case, n) The task of technical supervision is extremely (modest, modest): to ensure that the contractor does not deviate from project, o) Pretext (original, original): he does not want alimony for two children to be withheld from “earnings”, o) Vasiliev is still (young, young), he is 35 years old. p) Isaeva explained the reason: he (drunk, drunk), c) Conclusion (clear, clear): the public must resolutely suppress alcohol abuse, r) The role of the administration and public organizations of the workshop was clearly (passive, passive, passive), y) Suspicions in his involvement in the murder is very (serious, serious).

Task 2. Explain the correctness of the speakers' choice of short forms of adjectives. Is it possible to replace them with full forms?

There are moments when you are truly good with special inner beauty, which, shining from within, transforms the face (V. I. Ts.). The inner impulses that pushed Vasilchenko to stab him are clear and understandable: to remove the victim from the road (V. I. Ts.). An audit of the financial and economic activities of the plant is coming. Troubles are inevitable (V. I. Ts.). This fact is indicative in another respect: these are the business trips that Petrov took money for! (V. I. Ts.). And the truth says: Tsygarova is innocent (A. S. E.). In our society, a person is not alone (G. M. Sh.). The son needed the mother, but the mother did not need the son (G. M. Sh.). Both the prosecution and the defense, and the public are united in their requests before the court (G. M. PKh).

Exercise 3. Answer what are the functions of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in the speeches of judicial speakers. Note the cases in which errors were made in the use of degrees of comparison.

It would seem that what could be simpler and clearer than the case of Eva Mikhailovna Lesina? Meanwhile, this case once again confirms the most necessary, most important for justice idea that there are no and cannot be simple cases in court (Ya.S.K.). As the Russian proverb says, the truth is brighter than the sun (A. S. E.). A healthy beginning was stronger in Kalinov than the harmful influence of "native" and "close" people (G. M. Sh.). These results (the work of the school. - Ya. AND.) have the most direct, most immediate relation to the criminal case being examined in the court session (V. I. Ts.). The population shows the most lively interest in

Section 3. Accuracy in the use of morphological units 205

resolution of the fate of young men and adolescents sitting today in the dock. Vinogradov trampled on the best aspirations of his still fragile youth. Small advances are taken against the salary. Then these advances become larger and more important. He immediately remembered the most detailed nuances of issuing a hundred rubles. For you and me, the interests ... of the state, the interests ... of the people are above all (V. I. Ts.).

Task 4. Express your opinion on the importance of this topic in the professional activities of a lawyer. Justify your point of view.

Exercise 5. Tell your friends who make mistakes in the use of degrees of comparison of adjectives about the norms for their use. Think about what to do if you notice such errors in the speech of teachers.

Exercise 6. Imagine that you have to identify a suspect in a crime from a photograph. Create an orientation portrait.

Answers to task 1: a) this, b) strange, c) not accidental, d) dangerous, e) alive, f) not perfect, g) sane, h) clear and understandable, i) erroneous, j) great, great , k) humane, m) famous, n) modest, o) original, o) young, p) drunk, c) clear, r) passive, y) serious.

Lesson topic: Adjective. Synonymy of full and short adjectives, degrees of comparison.Morphological analysis		School:№7
The date:7.12.2016		Teacher's name:Nurgalieva A.Zh.
CLASS: 10"BUT"		Number of people present:	Absent:
Learning objectives to be achieved in this lesson		Consolidation and generalization of students' knowledge on the topic,development of practical skills in the use of adjectives in speech and writing, ability to determine categories, degrees of comparison of creative abilities Consolidation and generalization of students' knowledge on the topic,development of practical skills in the use of adjectives in oral and written speech.
Learning objectives		All students will be able to: Determine independent and service parts of speech; Develop oral and written language; Answer simple questions; Determine the gender, number, case of nouns, adjectives; - comparative forms of adjectives
		Most students will be able to: -give them definitions, determine their characteristics; Build sentences to explain choice of spelling; - determine the categories of adjectives;forms of comparison of adjectives; Determine their role in the proposal.
		Some students will be able to: Anwser the questions; understand and define ranks of adjectives, forms of comparison of adjectives
language goal		Students can:R talk about parts of speech, name their signs, answer questions on the topic, motivate your answer
		Key words and phrases:morphology, categories, degree of comparison, independent and auxiliary parts of speech;
Previous training		Noun
	Teacher activity			Student activities	visibility
3 min.	I. Organizational moment. Greets students.			Students with the help of atoms and molecules are combined into groups.
10 minutes.	II. Checking the material covered. Checks homework for the "Eureka" reception. -Practical tasks for repetition: 1. Show the gender of the name of the existent with the help of adjectives and verbs of the other tense. Make sentences using them. in unit h Tulle, piano, shampoo, shoes, rails, slippers. Options: Beautiful tulle hung on the windows. There was a concert piano in the hall. Herbal shampoo was inexpensive. narrow tat the flask stung his leg. A heavy rail lay on the sleepers. The right slipper has gone somewhere. 2. Make an ss with the given words so that it is clear what kind they are. A popular entertainer, a spacious foyer, a wide Limpopo, delicious broccoli, a real scribbler, a terrible slob, a small crybaby, a comfortable sofa bed, a new transformer toy.			Demonstrate their knowledge and skills.
15 minutes.	Knowledge update. Setting the goal of the lesson. What part of speech do the nouns in your SS agree with?					What do they mean
quality *may appear to a greater or lesser extent *have a short form * have a degree of comparison (already - the narrowest, younger - the youngest, more beautiful - the most beautiful) * can be combined with adverbsvery, extremely, too * compound adjectives are formed from them by repetition (blue-blue) * adjectives with the prefix NOT- (not close) * have synonyms (beautiful-beautiful)	A sign (quality) of an object that happens to a greater or lesser extent	Round, huge, red, strong, tasty, heavy
relative * A sign that expresses the relationship of an object to something Sign of objects by material (wooden spoon, silver spoon); By time: yesterday's newspaper, May thunderstorm; By space: seaside boulevard, submarine; Purpose: sportswear, home wear	They do not have lexical synonyms, but they can have syntactic synonyms: wooden - from wood, seaside - near the sea In a certain context, there may be antonyms: yesterday - today	Morning (dawn), seaside (region), wooden (house)
Possessive	Belonging to a person or animal	Fathers (costume), Fox's tail)

Selective dictation.Write out sentences with adjectives in accordance with the category: a) quality; b) relative; c) possessive. The road to the house is never long. Mom's letter made me happy. Only that person is valuable, who is accustomed to work from a young age. Consent is stronger than stone walls. Always have a good heart and a courageous spirit. Fishing boats rocked quietly on the waves near the seashore.

Sort these phrases into categories. Explain your choice. Insert the missing endings, explain the choice.

White .. blouse, cow .. milk, porcelain .. dishes, straw .. roof, sparrow .. squeak, wide .. space, fox .. tail, December .. blizzard, oh magnificent .. spectacle, yesterday .. newspaper .

Flashcards (4 students)

Formation of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

Way of education

Change

Comparative degree of adjectives

Simple comparative degree*

Suffixes: -ey, -ee -e** -she**

Strong-she, strong-her Higher Ton-she

immutable form

Composite

comparative

More/less + positive adjective***

Higher. Less tall. Higher.

By the numbers

Superlative adjectives

simple superlatives

Suffixes: -eysh--aysh

Main-eysh-th

Supreme

By number, gender

and cases

Composite

excellent

1) Adjective
in a simple compare
degree +
all/all

2) most / most

/ least + adjective in
positive
form

1) Above all.
The best thing

highest, most
high, least high

1 Immutable form

2) By numbers, gender

and cases

Strengthening exercises:

From these adjectives, form adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees:

Difficult-

Beautiful-

Fair-

Careful-

Close-

Bright-

Form degrees of comparison from adjectives tall (higher, higher, highest, highest) sad (sadder, less sad, saddest, saddest) small (smaller, smaller, smallest, smallest) quiet (quieter, less quiet, quietest, quietest).

Full and short adjectives:

Full adjectives

Change by gender, number and case, consistent with nouns

Brief

They don’t bow (in the old days they bowed: he asked the red girl, answered the good fellow, sitting on the good horse, the world could not be seen)

Declined by numbers, and in singular - by birth: mil-mila-milomily.

In a monosyllabic stem, the stress goes: b e ly - white a, stupid, stupid about new-new a , roads about yd about horn, road a , d about horny, young about th-m about lod-m about young-young a , cheerful-in e village-in e village-oars a .

In a sentence, short adjectives are usually predicates. Red speech proverb. A pen is easy, but you can’t throw it on the roof.

Ex. No. 293 (2006, 2010)

Exercise No. 275 (2014)

Everyone has their own side.

Suffixal way of forming adjectives

quality

relative

Exercise No. 297 - part 1 (2006, 2010)

Exercise No. 279 - part 1 (2014)

Fizminutka. Close your eyes, imagine that you are admiring the beauty of the surrounding landscape in the winter forest. What adjectives have you heard, to what extent are they used?

The purest snow, And, the lightest down

Of the whitest snow shining in the sun,

Winter shook it off, let it go for a walk

On the grove with a running start. Ermine through the forests.

Literacy Competition "Correct the Mistakes"

I was walking, it means, in a new coat along Chestnut Alley Street. I was in a hurry to the cafe - there is a good cafe nearby. I love a black cafe, especially with a cake. I go in, put my things on the window and go to the counter, take the queue. The people ran! Now my turn has come, now I am the last one, I look - my dear mother! -and my things, which I put on the window, were stolen! I got upset. Now I don’t want anything anymore - no coffee, no ice cream, no chewing gum.

(Answer: I was walking along Chestnut Alley in a new coat. And I was in a hurry, there is a good cafe nearby. I like black coffee, especially with cake. I go in, put my things on the window and go to the counter to take a turn. And there are a lot of people It was my turn now, I see - my God! -and the things that I put on the window were stolen. I was upset. Now I don’t want anything - no coffee, no ice cream, no chewing gum

10 minutes.

Consolidation of the lesson.Offersstudents test

Test questions to consolidate the lesson

What is called an adjective?

How does the adjective change?

List the categories of adjectives.

Describe the degrees of comparison of adjectives.

Students demonstrate their knowledge.

Compliance test

5 minutes.

V. Summary of the lesson. Organizes the systematization and generalization of joint achievements. Conducts reflection.

Evaluate workyour classmates.

Blob tree

stickers

2 minutes.

VI. Homework.Explains the features of doing homework.

Exercise No. 297 - part 2 (2006, 2010)

Exercise No. 279 - part 2 (2014)

Record homework in diaries.

Stylistic use of synonymous forms of adjectives

Full and short form of adjectives as synonyms. The full and short forms of adjectives can act as synonyms in the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. In this case, full and short adjectives differ semantically, grammatically or stylistically.

1. The semantic (semantic) difference is expressed in the fact that the full form denotes a permanent feature, and the short form denotes a temporary feature: sick girl- the girl is sick; his character is calm- his face is calm; the full form denotes an absolute sign that is not associated with a specific situation, and the short form denotes a relative sign, in relation to a specific situation. Wed: heavy suitcase(regardless of who will carry it) - the burden is heavy(for a child), boots are big, jacket is small; some short forms of adjectives differ sharply in meaning from full ones. Wed: very lively baby- the old man is still alive, she is good- she is good-looking.

2. The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that in the short form there can be controlled words, and the full one, used in the nominative case, does not have the ability of syntactic control: the boy is capable of music, the sister is sick with acute respiratory infections, but it is impossible in these sentences to replace the short form of the adjective with the full one.

3. The stylistic difference is expressed in the "bookishness" of the short form and the "colloquial" or neutrality of the full form: The arguments and conclusions of the author of this study are clear and precise.- the student's answers are clear and precise; words are smart- the girl is very smart. In addition, the short form has a tinge of categoricalness, and the full one has a tint of softened expression. Compare three homogeneous remarks from A.P. Chekhov's play "Three Sisters": You, Masha, are evil; You, Masha, are stupid; Oh, you are stupid, Olya, pronounced in a related way, in a friendly way, and another option: you are evil, you are stupid(sounds harsh, insulting).

4. Only full or only short forms of adjectives can be homogeneous members: I was young. hot, sincere, intelligent ... (Czech.). The open neck is thin and delicate (A. N. T.).

1. When forming a short form, some adjectives have a fluent vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix; others have no fluent vowel:
sour- sour, light-light, round- round, thin-thin, swarthy- swarthy, wet- wet, full- full, sharp- sharp, warm- warm.

2. There are fluctuations in the formation of a short form from adjectives into -enny with two or more preceding consonants: immoral- immoral or
immoral. Of the forms in -enen and -en, the form in -en is now becoming more and more fixed as more economical and modern. The short form in -en has full adjectives in -enny, formed from nouns ending in two or more consonants: inactive- inactive (inaction), meaningless- meaningless (nonsense), courageous- courageous (courage). These are short forms with unaccented -en. Short adjectives formed from full adjectives na -enny, which in turn come from nouns na -enen, have the form na -enen: common (usual)- ordinary, frank (revelation)- candid, inspirational (inspiration)- inspired. Remember short forms: sincere, modern, arrogant.

The modern Russian language as a whole is characterized by the consolidation of the form into -en and the gradual displacement of the form into -enen.

3. Short adjectives in -enen and short participles in -en are distinguished: the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - hero of the day honored with attention(he was honored with attention).

Synonyms of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. The simple and complex comparative degree are synonymous. In this case, there is a stylistic difference. The same can be said about the superlative forms of adjectives.

1. The simple form of the comparative degree is neutral, that is, it is used in all speech styles (in particular, in colloquial speech), and the complex form is characteristic mainly of book styles. Compare the colloquial sentence: This house is taller than the next one- and a sentence of book speech: Foreign trade growth this year is higher than last year.

In the literary language, the following forms of the comparative degree of adjectives are accepted: louder, louder, agile, sweeter, biting(and not faster, louder, more dexterous, sweeter, more trenchant). However, they are of little use, and it is better to replace them with a complex comparative degree. The colloquial character has the form of a comparative degree on -her (hurry up, be bold etc.). In colloquial speech, forms with the prefix po are used in the meaning of a small degree of difference in quality: do better, get better(in business speech: a little better, a little higher). In adverbial pairs more- more, less- smaller etc. variants on -ee are typical for book styles, variants on -she are for all styles.

2. The simple form of the superlative degree (as opposed to the same form of the comparative degree) is used in book styles, and the complex form is used in all styles of speech, that is, it is neutral, interstyle: strictest diet- the most strict teacher in the school, the highest peaks of knowledge - the highest houses in the city.

Forms with prefixes super-, ultra-, archi-, most- have a bookish character: trendy, archaic, the largest. Colloquial or colloquial character - forms with prefixes raz-, pre-, with suffixes -usch, -yushch, -enn, with a doubling of the base: amusing, huge, dark-dark etc.

3. It is unacceptable to combine both comparative or superlative forms in one adjective. Failed offers: This book is more interesting. chrysanthemums- the most ancient flowers. Exception: the closest way, the shortest way, the closest way.

You should also not “create” forms that do not exist in the literary language: To the traits of Nozdryov's character one can feel the most obvious stupidity.

The use of possessive adjectives. Synonymous use of adjectives and oblique cases of nouns. There are several forms for expressing possessiveness (the meaning of belonging), which differ in semantic and stylistic shades.

1. Possessive adjectives with short endings in -ov, (-ev), -in (-yn) are used only in colloquial speech and in fiction. Morgu-nok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in his grandfather's words (Tward.). These forms denote belonging to a particular person or animal: sisters scarf, fathers jacket. At present, these possessive adjectives in the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter are obsolete and are being replaced by forms with a full ending: near grandpa's house- near the grandfather's house, to the neighbor's son- to the neighbor's son.

Completely archaic and out of use are the forms of pa -ov (-ev), formed from surnames: Hegelian dialectic (obsolete)- dialectics of Hegel (modern), Marx's "Capital" (outdated) ― "Capital" Marx (modern). These forms are preserved in phraseological turns: Achilles' heel, Solomon's solution etc.

Possessive adjectives in -in, formed from personal names, are colloquial: Katya's steps, Mitino's childhood etc.

2. Possessive adjectives in -ovy, -other, -y express not individual, but group affiliation.

3. Adjectives and nouns cognate with them in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions can act in the same function of definition: mountain peak ― mountain top, bookcase ― bookcase. At the same time, it should be noted that such combinations have a semantic or stylistic difference.

The use in the modern Russian literary language as definitions of only the full form of adjectives excludes the possibility of synonymy of the short and long forms in the attributive function. Their synonymous use is possible only when both forms are used in the role of s_k a zu_em oto; cf .: (book) useful - useful, (question) unclear - unclear.

However, these forms are not always synonymous. since between full and short adjectives included in the compound nominal predicate, in addition to the stylistic difference, which does not prevent their synonymous convergence. There are also differences in meaning and grammar.

1. The semantic difference finds its expression in the fact that some short forms of adjectives differ sharply from correlative full ones in their meanings; cf .: The advice is very good. - The young man is handsome; The room was bad. - The patient is quite bad; This boy is deaf from birth. - My brother is deaf to my requests.

In some cases, adjectives expressing a constant property of objects or serving as terminological designations of features are not used in a short form:

"The black wall is deaf; The flowers in the vase are alive. On the other hand, indicative adjectives (should, much, intend, glad) will occur only in short form. In short form, some adjectives are used in phraseological combinations: everyone is alive and well, bribes are smooth, weak in health, sweet to the heart, short in reprisal, fear has large eyes, etc. In other turns, full adjectives are common: a hopeless situation, it’s time to be hot, a light hand, etc.

In addition to the main lexico-semantic difference mentioned above between full and short adjectives, there are other differences when they are used in a predicative function.

In some cases, this is manifested in the fact that the full forms designate pp with t p p p p p y and prndnpk. rp ^ vg ° gt ° 1TT1 ^ * ~ P ^ t "" tr", and grpt-kie - a temporary sign; cf .: He is sick (about a person with poor health) - He is sick (about a person who has just fallen ill) ; His movements are calm (stable sign).- His face is calm (temporary sign).Compare the remarks of A. A. Shakhmatov: "... the form of the adjective in the predicate makes it possible to distinguish two shades in the adjective: next to the inarticulate form, the adjective in the predicate can appear in a member form: the mother is sick and the mother is sick, his nails are dirty and his nails are dirty; sick, dirty means a sign in time (now, in insisted "time); sick, dirty means a constant sign, closely absorbed with the substance”; “Apparently, member forms are used where it is a question of a permanent property of an object or person:

he is reliable, cheerful, he is strong, he is weak, crooked, oblique, lame, humpbacked; he is so kind, this tarantass is dead. Conversely, when a property is impermanent, when it is thought in temporary conditions, non-membered adjectives are used: he is cheerful, be kind, you are now calm, he is restless, we need him; he is so kind."

This position is not categorical. Thus, the combination she is attractive means "attractive in general" rather than "attractive now." In the sentence The Caspian Sea is rich in fish, the short form (the only possible one due to the presence of a controlled word, see below) denotes a permanent feature, not confined to a specific period of time; such constructions are found in scientific speech, in definitions, etc.

In other cases, the difference between both forms of the adjective is reflected in the fact that the full adjective is generalized a b-co; ыЛ_sign, in relation to a certain situation; cf .: the burden is heavy (regardless of who will carry it) - the burden is heavy ^ for example, for a child); the room is low (a sign in general) - the room is low (for high furniture); the boots are large, the passage is narrow, etc. - an expression of excess or insufficiency of size.

^ The grammatical (syntactic) difference in the use of the full and short forms of the adjective in the predicate finds its expression in the fact that the short form has the ability to siptaxic [esker"-arrangement, while the full, if it is used in the nominative case, such an ability, as a rule, does not possess.

For example, they say: He was sick with a sore throat, but one cannot say: “...sick with a sore throat * (cf .: ready to leave, prone to colds, the Russian people are rich in talents). The presence of controlled words in the full form of the adjective can be justified either by the absence of an appropriate short form (... The river is all blue from the moon (M. G.)], or by a stylistic task - introducing a colloquial coloring into the statement 1- I am only kind to you ( M. G.); Hearing, the earth is full (Sh.) 1.

3. The difference between the two forms of qualitative predicates is manifested, firstly, in the shade of categoricalness inherent in short forms, and the shade of softened expression inherent in full forms; secondly, in the bookish nature of the former and the interstyle, more often colloquial nature of the latter.

To show the categorical nature of the short form of the adjective, A. M. Peshkovsky resorted to a small linguistic experiment - a comparison of both forms in the same textual environment. He cites three homogeneous lines from A.P. Chekhov’s play “Three Sisters” (You, Masha, are good; You, Masha, are stupid and O, you are stupid, Olya) and notes: “All three lines are by no means hostile. It's kindred, friendly. But to say you are evil, you are stupid is already an insult, and in the tone in which the above-mentioned

Chekhov's retorts are impossible to say. In particular, in this context it would be absolutely impossible. Here we see in the short-Drugoe difference between the short form of the adjective and the full one in the predicative function, many researchers (Peshkovsky, Bulakhovsky, Gvozdev and others) saw in the "bookishness" of the first and the "colloquial"ness of the second; cf .: His philosophical constructions and conclusions are clear and precise. - The student's answers are clear and accurate. However, this position, as well as the position of a permanent feature expressed in the full form, and a temporary feature expressed in the short form, does not have an absolute character, and in a number of linguistic works it is rightly questioned ". The fact is that in a significant part of the cases the attribution of short and full adjectives to different speech styles is connected not only and not so much with their very form, but with other conditions: the semantics of the adjective, its stylistic “passport”, lexical composition and sentence structure, etc. This provision is true for polar cases - emphatically bookish and colloquial colloquial usage; cf .: Who is to blame? (Hertz.) - Speak - who is to blame? II. Between these poles there are whole layers of written and

11th speech, in which the use of both forms is equivalent or, in the 1st case, it has subtle shades of stylistic difference. Art.).

" "^a, however, explores that there are no cases in which one 11^ form is clearly preferable, and sometimes only it is appropriate (this requirement is unacceptable, the answer is inaccurate, the girl is young and beautiful, etc.): Any sphere activity is infinitely diverse ... (Bel.); True wisdom is laconic (L. T.); Our speech is predominantly aphoristic ... (M. G.).

The book character is inherent in the full form of the adjective in the creative case: The fight was short and terrible (Sob.); .).^ the large cold hall in the Ostrovnovskiy kuren was uninhabited ^111 And in connection with this, the synonymy of the short II 11b!;!nj forms in the instrumental case is easily established, in particular with the semi-sign-1"1Н..1Ы1ЫХ verb-links (cf. : was young - was young; (. “alley is known - became famous): For a few moments I was motionless (T.); And then ... remained motionless for three or four hours (Ext.). verbs full variant in modern Russian

adjectives

189. Replace the full forms of adjectives with short ones. Determine the semantic-stylistic differences between them. Specify cases of synonymous use of both forms.

The river is calm, the child is cheerful, the woman is sick, the load is heavy, the street is narrow, the dress is long, the tea is sweet, the man is fair, the soldier is brave, the light bulb is bright, the hare is cowardly, the bear is clumsy, the fox is cunning.

190. Establish whether in all cases it is possible to replace the full forms of adjectives with short ones without changing the meaning; Explain what prevents this change.

Voiced voice, voiced consonant; white snow, white light; red flag, red dress; round table, round orphan; deep river, deep thought; straight road, straight line, straight man; Express train; poor man; living organism; deaf boy.

191. Explain why short forms of adjectives are used in these sentences. Is it possible to replace them with complete ones? Motivate your answer.

1. Fox ¾ predator, not very picky in food. 2. Table salt is not poisonous at all. 3. In business, he [the Russian people] is a savvy person. 4. The spool is small, but expensive. 5. Everyone has their own side. 6. The father is proud of his son's success. 7. Our land is rich in folk talents. 8. Matter is primary, and consciousness is secondary. 9. Young in years, but old in mind. 10. Theory without practice is dead, practice without theory is blind. 11. The sky is red from the fire. 12. The face is blue from the cold. 13. Asteroids, or minor planets, are too small in size and far from the Earth to be able to see them in detail with an optical telescope.

192. Explain the use of the highlighted forms of adjectives in the following sentences:

1. Every word without action empty and empty(Demosthenes). 2. There are two means of not feeling material need: one is to moderate one's wants, the other is to increase one's income. The first itself is always morally, the second itself immorally(L. Tolstoy). 3. rich we, barely from the cradle, By the mistakes of the fathers and their late mind (M. Lermontov). 4. Early June noon Was in the forest, and every leaf, Full, joyful and young, Was hot but fresh and clean(A. Tvardovsky). 5. Everything ¾ elusive His is given in fate, And there is our beloved, Where true we ourselves (P. Lavrov). 6. And now you strong and united Big and like a bird free, My Ukraine, Ukraine, Golden my side! (V. Lebedev-Kumach). 7. It is ashamed to tell a fool that he stupid! What is it for a long time (R. Rozhdestvensky). 8. I learned that immortal an eagle turned dead bronze (R. Rozhdestvensky). 9. My friends, beautiful our union! (A. Pushkin). 10. It’s uncomfortable to walk ¾ of the street cool(R. Rozhdestvensky). 11. Citizenship ¾ talent difficult(R. Rozhdestvensky). 12. And there were childish pranks to her alien(A. Pushkin). 13. Resentment of defeat in the soul More fresh, still sharp(A. Surkov). 14. You are evil, yours is deadly sting(I. Krylov). 15. Go, go! You strong soul, you bold patience rich(N. Nekrasov). l6 . As long as we burn with freedom, As long as hearts are for honor alive My friend, let's dedicate souls to the homeland beautiful impulses (A. Pushkin).

193. Open the brackets, select the desired form of the adjective. Motivate your choice. Specify the options. (For words used by the authors, see p. 106.)

1. How soon misfortunes, sufferings are erased, and minutes of delight, bliss forever (alive ¾ alive, fresh ¾ fresh) in the soul (A. Herzen). 2. All these things can be (useful ¾ useful ¾ useful) to people, but they can also be, as they are for the most part, completely (useless ¾ useless ¾ useless) or even (harmful ¾ harmful ¾ harmful) (L. Tolstoy). 3. Block's terrible departure was (fresh ¾ fresh ¾ fresh) in memory (K. Fedin). 4. I'm not a bad person, but only (weak ¾ weak, spineless ¾ spineless) (A. Ostrovsky). 5. Golden people my Siberians! (Silent ¾ silent, rude ¾ rude) in appearance, but (savvy ¾ savvy) and very (initiative ¾ initiative) (V. Stepanov). 6. Oh my garden! After a dark rainy and cold winter, again you (young ¾ young, full ¾ full) of happiness (A. Chekhov).

In what case are full and short forms of adjectives synonymous? How do these forms differ? Can the full and short forms of adjectives be used in the function of homogeneous members of a sentence? Motivate your answer.