Morphological features of the verb was called. Verb: fickle signs

Verb

Verb is an independent part of speech that answers questions what to do? what to do? and denotes the action or state of an object as a process.
Syntactic function: in a sentence it is a predicate. In the indefinite form, the verb can be subject, object, attribute, circumstance.
Old mannew neighbor. (BUT.)

Morphological features of the verb

Permanent:
returnability;
transitivity;
type (perfect or imperfect);
conjugation (I or II).
Non-permanent:
mood (indicative, imperative, conditional);
time (in the indicative mood) - present, past, future;
number (singular or plural);
person (in the imperative mood; in the present and future tenses - the indicative mood);
gender (in the past tense - singular, in the conditional mood).
initial form- indefinite form of the verb (infinitive).

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Transitive verbs can have a direct object: meet(friend) drink(tea); noun in the accusative case without a preposition: know(the address); a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, if the action covers part of the subject: put(Sahara); if the verb has a negation: do not see(horizon). Intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct object: run, smile.

Verb type

Perfect(completed action) what to do? - send, reply.
Imperfect(incomplete action) what to do? - send, reply.

verb mood

Indicative.
The real actions that took place, are taking place and will actually take place: participates, participated, will participate.
Imperative.
Actions to which the speaker encourages someone (orders, asks, advises): (don't) participate, (don't) speak, (don't) come.
Conditional(subjunctive).
Actions intended, desirable or possible under certain conditions: (wouldn't) participate, (wouldn't) talk, (wouldn't) come.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation- this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers.

There are different conjugated verbs to want, to run, which are conjugated partly according to the 1st, and partly according to the 2nd conjugation.

Verbs are specially conjugated there is(eat) and to give.

Morphological analysis of the verb

1. Part of speech. General value.
Initial form (infinitive).
2. Permanent morphological features:
view;
transitivity;
returnability;
conjugation.
Variable morphological features:
mood;
time (in the indicative mood);
person (in the present and future tenses; in the imperative mood);
number;
gender (in the past tense singular and in the conditional mood).
3. Syntactic role.
You are driving... You are dozing.(Turg.)
you are going- verb.
1. (What are you doing?) you are driving (designation action). N. f. - drive.
2. Post. - carry. in., non-return, non-transition., I ref.; non-post. - expressed. inc., present vp., 2nd person, pl. h.
3. (What are you doing?).
Dozing- verb.
1. (What is being done?) Dozing (denoted state). N. f. - doze off.
2. Post. - carry. in., return, intransit., I ref.; non-post. - expressed. inc., present vr., impersonal.
3. (What is being done?).

Service and significant parts of speech contains the Russian language. The verb belongs to independent parts of speech. “Glagolit” in the Old Russian language meant “to speak”. Thus, even the ancestors proved that literate speech is impossible without the dynamics of narration, which is achieved by using verbs.

What is a verb: morphological and syntactic features

The verb talks about the action of the subject. Determine the verb on the questions "what to do?", "what to do?". Characterizing the verb, pay attention to its grammatical meaning, morphological features and function in the sentence. The grammatical features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent.

The points of view of scientists about the allocation of verb forms diverge. Until now, there are disputes whether to single out the participle and the participle as significant parts of speech, or whether they are just forms of the verb. We will consider them as independent.

The grammatical meaning of the verb

Grammatically, the verb talks about the action of the subject. There are several groups of actions that are expressed by verbs:

Work, labor of the subject of speech: “to sharpen”, “to drive”, “to build”, “to dig”.
Speech or mental activity: “speak”, “assume”, “think”, “find out”.
The movement of an object in space, its position: “ride”, “stay”, “sit”, “situate”.
The emotional state of the subject of speech: "sad", "hate", "cherish", "love".
The state of the environment: "evening", "freezes", "drizzles".

In addition to the general grammatical meaning of the verb, it is worth mentioning its syntactic function. In a sentence, he is one of the main members, a predicate. The verb-predicate agrees with the subject and forms with it the predicative basis of the sentence. From the verb, questions are posed to the secondary members of the predicate group. As a rule, these are additions and circumstances expressed by nouns, adverbs or participles.

How the verb changes: permanent and non-permanent signs

Morphological features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent. This gradation occurs in terms of changing the word itself or only its form. For example, "read" and "read" are two different words. The difference is that “read” is an imperfective verb, while “read” is a perfective one. They will change in different ways: the perfective verb “read” is not supposed to have the present tense. And “I read” - we read only indicate the number of the verb to read.

Permanent signs of the verb:

view (imperfect, perfect);
conjugation (I, II, heterogeneous);
recurrence (non-returnable, returnable).

gender (female, neuter, male);
mood (subjunctive, indicative, imperative);
number (plural, singular)
time (present, past, future);

These signs are formative. Therefore, when parsing a verb, they say that it stands in the form of a certain tense, mood, gender and number.

Verb moods

The grammatical features of the verb contain mood. One verb can be used in the form of indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative moods. Thus, this category is included in the non-permanent features of the verb.

Indicative. It is characterized by the fact that the verb in this form can be used in the present, future and past tenses: “the child is playing” (present tense); "the child played" (past tense); "the child will play" (future tense). The indicative mood allows you to change the verb for persons and numbers.
Conditional (subjunctive) mood. Represents an action that can happen only under certain conditions. It is formed by adding to the main verb of the particle would (b): "With your help, I could cope with the difficulties." It is possible to change the verbs of the conditional mood by numbers and gender, in these forms they are consistent in the sentence with the subject: “She would have solved this problem herself”; “They would solve this problem themselves”; “He would solve this problem himself”; “Most would have solved this problem on their own.” It is important to note that the conditional mood does not imply a change in tenses of the verb.
Imperative mood. Denotes the motivation of the interlocutor to action. Depending on the emotional coloring, the motivation is expressed both in the form of a wish: “Please answer the question”, and in the form of an order: “Stop screaming!”. To get the verb of the imperative mood in the singular, it is necessary to add the suffix -i to the stem in the present tense: “sleep - sleep”, it is possible to form it in a non-suffixal way: “eat - eat”. The plural is formed with the suffix -te: "draw - draw!". Imperative verbs change by numbers: "eat soup - eat soup." If it is necessary to convey a sharp order, the infinitive is used: "I said, everyone stand up!".

verb tense

Morphological features of the verb contain the category of tense. Indeed, any action can be allocated a time at which it occurs. Since the verb changes with tenses, this category will be inconsistent.

Verb conjugations

The grammatical features of the verb cannot be fully characterized without the category of conjugation - their changes in persons and numbers.

For clarity, here is a table:

Other signs of the verb: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity

In addition to conjugation, the constant grammatical features of the verb contain the categories of aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.

Type of verb. Distinguish between perfect and imperfect. The perfect view involves the questions “what to do?”, “what will he do?”. Indicates an action that has achieved a result ("learn"), begun ("sing") or completed ("sing"). The imperfect is characterized by the questions “what to do?”, “what does it do?”. Assumes an action that continues and is repeated many times ("jump").
Recurrence of the verb. It is characterized by the presence of the suffix -sya (-s).
Transitivity of the verb. It is determined by the ability to control a noun in the accusative case without a preposition (“imagine the future”), if the verb has the meaning of negation - with transitivity, the noun will be in the genitive case: “I do not observe it.”

So, the signs of the verb as a part of speech are diverse. To determine its permanent features, it is necessary to put the part of speech in the initial form. To determine non-permanent signs, it is necessary to work with the verb taken in the context of the narrative.

Verb Parsing Plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form (infinitive). Morphological features:
	A	Permanent morphological features:
		1	view(perfect, imperfect);
		2	recurrence(irrevocable, returnable);
		3	transitivity(transitive, intransitive);
		4	conjugation;
	B	Variable morphological features:
		1	mood;
		2	time(in the indicative mood);
		3	number;
		4	face(in the present, future tense; in the imperative mood);
		5	genus(in the singular past tense and subjunctive mood).
III	Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the verb in this sentence).

Verb parsing patterns

Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds(proverb).

Do you love

what are you doing?
N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
1) imperfect view;
2) irrevocable;
3) transitional;
4) II conjugation.

2) present time;
3) singular;
4) 2nd person.

Ride

Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what to do?
N. f. - ride. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) imperfect view;
2) returnable;
3) intransitive;
4) I conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the infinitive form (invariant form).
In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.

love

Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what do you do?
N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) imperfect view;
2) irrevocable;
3) transitional;
4) II conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
1) imperative mood;
2) singular;
3) 2nd person.
In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.

Plowing has begun(Prishvin).

started

Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what did you do?
N. f. - start. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) perfect appearance;
2) returnable;
3) intransitive;
4) I conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
1) indicative mood;
2) past tense;
3) singular;
4) feminine.
In a sentence it is a predicate.

The verb is an independent conjugated (changed by numbers and persons) part of speech, has permanent and non-permanent morphological features.

Verbs are:

imperfect form- answer the question what to do? (build, swim, climb);
perfect look- answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action or the result (build, swim, climb);
transitive - combined with nouns, pronouns in the accusative case without a preposition (read newspapers, build a house);
intransitive - cannot be combined (walk on road, swim in sea);
1st conjugation - verbs ending in -et, -at, -ot, -ut and others except -it (lose weight, inject);
2nd conjugation - verbs ending in -it (twist, build);
returnable - with the suffix -sya and -sya (meet, wash, study);
irrevocable (meet, wash, teach).

Some verbs are not used without the suffix -sya, that is, they are only reflexive: hope, bow, work, laugh, become, be proud, stay, etc.

If verbs denote actions that occur on their own without a character (object), then they are called impersonal: it gets dark, shivering, unwell, frosty, dawning. Impersonal verbs usually denote natural phenomena or the state of a person.

Verbs change:

in three directions:
- indicative mood (running, looking, going) - verbs reflecting the action, the state of the object;
- conditional mood (would run, look, go) - verb + particle "b" or "would", expressing the action when a condition is met;
- imperative mood (run, look, go) - verbs with an expression of a request, an order.
three times:
- past tense - reflects the action, the state of the object in the past (drawing, watching, studying);
- present tense - an action, a state that occurs in the present (I draw, I look, I study);
- future tense - an action, a state that has not yet occurred, but will occur in the future (I will draw, I will look, I will study);
by persons and numbers in the present and future tense (run, run, run);
by number and gender(in the singular) in the past tense (read, read, read).

Permanent morphological features of verbs: conjugation, aspect, transitivity. Inconstant: inclination, number, time, gender. Verbs in the imperative mood change in tense. Verbs in the present and future tenses change by person and number (I write, he writes, she will write / will write, they will write / will write), in the past tense - by numbers and gender (I wrote, she wrote, they wrote).

indefinite form

The initial form of the verb is an indefinite form (infinitive), which reflects neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender. Verbs in an indefinite form answer the questions what to do? or what to do? Examples: see - see, sow - sow, look - consider, carry, pass, find, etc. Verbs in the infinitive form have a form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation.

Verbs in the indefinite form end in -ty, -ty, -ь. Let's give examples of verbs in pairs - what to do with questions? (imperfect view) and what to do? (perfect view).

Verb conjugations

Verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second. The first conjugation includes verbs in -et, -at, -ot, -ut, -t, etc. (twirl, dig, prick, blow, whine). The second conjugation includes verbs in -it (wear, saw, walk). There are 11 exception verbs (7 verbs in -et and 4 verbs in -at) that belong to the second conjugation, and 2 exception verbs in -it that belong to the first conjugation.

Exception verbs

I conjugation:
shave, shave
(2 verbs)

II conjugation:
-et: look, see, hate, endure, offend, twirl, depend;
-at: drive, hold, hear, breathe
(11 verbs)

When changing verbs according to persons and numbers, the endings are formed in accordance with the conjugation to which the verb refers. Let's summarize the cases with a table.

Face	I conjugation		II conjugation
Face	unit	Plural	unit	Plural
1st	-u/-u	-eat	-u/-u	-them
2nd	-eat	-et	-ish	-ite
3rd	-et	-ut/-ut	-it	-at/-yat

The given endings are called personal endings of the verb. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the verb in an indefinite form of the same form as the personal form: do - perform (non-noun), let's do - perform (owl).

Examples:
chita Yu→ cheat at→ I conjugation
build yat→ build it→ II conjugation

When determining the conjugation of a verb, keep in mind that:

Verbs with prefixes refer to the same conjugation as non-prefixed ones: do - do, work - work, teach - learn, drive - overtake;
Reflexive verbs refer to the same conjugation as non-reflexive ones: wash - wash, consult - advise, learn - teach, apologize - excuse;
There is an alternation of consonants in the present tense: bake - bake, shore - protect, walk - walk, ask - ask, answer - answer, etc.

From the verbs to win, to vacuum, the 1st person singular is not formed. From the verb to be, the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present tense are not formed; for the 3rd person singular, sometimes eat is used instead of be. The verbs want and run change according to the first and partially according to the second conjugation - they are heterogeneous verbs. The verbs eat (eat) and give are conjugated in a special way.

Verb examples

Examples of verbs in different genders, tenses, moods.

Gender is only in the singular past tense:
Masculine (what did you do?): swam, hung.
Feminine (what did you do?): swam, hung.
Middle gender (what did you do?): floated, hung.

Syntactic role

In a sentence, a verb in its initial form (infinitive) can play a different syntactic role. The verb of the personal form in the sentence is the predicate.

I will tell fairy tales (M. Lermontov). (Compound predicate.)
Learning is always useful (proverb). (Subject.)
Please wait. (Addition.)
I was impatient to get to Tiflis (M. Lermontov). (Definition.)
The boys ran to hide. (Circumstance.)