Motivation of behavior is psychological attitudes and personality orientation. Orientation of personality: three main vectors of life

Definition

The motive (from the Latin moveo - “I move”) is a special driving force of activity, its motivating root cause, on the basis of which the personal meaning of each action aimed at satisfying a specific need is formed. The motive is realized in the form of an appropriate emotional experience, stimulating a person to perform certain operations or refuse them. Therefore, motives can be considered as mental states that induce a person to involuntary and volitional (motivated) actions.

Involuntary and volitional motivated actions

Non-volitional actions include those actions that are uncontrollably performed by a person, without the need for conscious regulation. The following actions are recognized as involuntary:

• automatic and instinctive acts;
• actions that are based on elementary feelings of pleasure or discomfort (along with the latter, there is a desire to get rid of the source of unpleasant sensations).

In involuntary acts of human activity, an essential role is played by his drives - the initial mental states, initially unconscious, but subsequently leading to the formation of conscious and motivated (volitional) actions by a person.

Motivated human actions are always conscious, built on the volitional efforts of the individual. Thus, it is the will that becomes the necessary force for the individual to achieve his goals. Volitional actions include any human activity that is associated with ideas about the ideal, understanding of duty, recognition of vital needs, etc. This type of action finds expression in the subjective experiences of a person, such as desires and aspirations.

Desires are characterized by a desire to achieve the goal, but the causes of desires (as well as the means to achieve the goal) are not always fully conscious.

Aspirations are a higher stage in the formation of motivated actions. With their help, inclinations and desires are activated. Realizing his own aspirations, a person acquires the ability to determine by what actions and by what means it is possible to obtain what he wants. In this regard, human activity becomes more active and purposeful.

The totality of motives that are conscious and associated with the volitional actions of the individual forms a complex system - the motivation of the individual.

Personal motivation

Definition

A motivated personality is a personality characterized by the presence of persistent motives that determine the content and direction of the personality's activity, the nature and characteristics of its behavior and actions.

It is necessary to differentiate:

• achievement motivation, in which a person strives to solve the tasks at the highest possible level of complexity;
• motivation to avoid failure; in the presence of this type of motivation, a person prefers cautious, balanced decisions that involve the performance of only those tasks that can be attributed to relatively easy or previously performed.

Within the framework of the holistic dynamic theory of motivation developed by A. Maslow, the statement is accepted that each person has a built-in need for self-actualization. The development of a person from defective to full-fledged is directly related to the formation of higher forms of motivation, which are inherent in the very nature of man. Motivated actions unfold against the background of internal contradictions, in the presence of competing, often multidirectional drives, that is, there is either suppression of completely actualized desires, or their subordination to others. This process can be called the struggle (opposition) of motives.

The struggle of motives is a complex volitional act that is carried out in the conditions of experiencing various and often contradictory motives, when an individual prefers one of them. The struggle of motives presupposes a relatively high development of logical thinking, interests, ideals and character traits of a person.

Some motives are relatively stable and, dominating the motivational sphere of the personality, determine its direction, which largely affects the fate of a particular person.

Personal orientation

Definition

The orientation of a personality is a set of stable motives, attitudes, beliefs, needs and aspirations that orient a person to certain behavior and activities, the achievement of relatively complex life goals.

Orientation is always socially conditioned and is formed in ontogeny in the process of education and upbringing, acts as a personality trait, manifested in a worldview, professional orientation, in activities related to personal passion, doing something in their free time from their main activity (for example, fine art, exercise, fishing, sports, etc.).

In all these types of human activity, the orientation is manifested in the peculiarities of the interests of the individual: inclinations, inclinations, ideals, worldview, beliefs, attitudes, a certain life position and goals.

Attraction is a desire that is not sufficiently realized by a person and the foundation of which is often the vital needs of the individual.

Propensity as one of the manifestations of the need-motivational sphere of a person is expressed in the preference at the emotional level for a certain type of activity or values.

Ideals are images that are the embodiment of perfection and the standard of the most important goal in the aspirations of the individual. Ideal for a particular person can be: the worldview or scientific achievements of a particular scientist, the views and beliefs of a writer, politician, etc.

Definition

Worldview is a structured system of a person's ideas about the world and his place in it, about the social structure, attitude to natural resources, etc. A person's worldview is formed by his social life, and moral and moral views and ideological views adopted by him can be taken as criteria for comparison. in this society.

The interaction of thinking and will, which are manifested in every human action and behavior in general, contributes to the transformation of the structural elements of the worldview into beliefs.

Definition

Beliefs are the highest form of personality orientation, which is manifested in the person's perceived need to perform actions based on their own value orientations, unfolding in the "field" of emotional experiences and volitional efforts.

An attitude can be characterized as a person's readiness for a certain activity, the need for which is associated with an objectively existing need and situation. The attitude is manifested in the established tendency to a certain kind of perception and behavior. Based on the attitudes of the individual, one can judge her views, value orientations related to various forms of everyday, social or professional life. Quite often installations happen unconscious for the person. In addition, attitudes can be divided into positive, negative and neutral. A positive attitude allows a person to perceive phenomena, events or properties of objects, based on trust and goodwill. With a negative attitude, on the contrary, these signs are presented in a distorted form, as alien and not credible. With the help of a neutral attitude, the influence of external influences is mediated, a person can be in balance with the environment. Knowledge of the content of attitudes makes it possible to predict human behavior in appropriate situations with a certain accuracy.

Definition

Position - a stable system of human relations to specific aspects of reality, which is manifested in the appropriate behavior.

The position of the individual combines a set of motives, needs, attitudes and attitudes that the individual is guided by in his actions. The system of factors that determine the specific position of a person also includes his claims to a certain position in the social and professional hierarchy of roles and the degree of his satisfaction in this system of relations.

The goal for a person is the desired result of his activity or the people around him. The typology of goals is diverse, there are:

• close, situational / distant goals;
• socially significant / harmful to society;
• altruistic / selfish, etc.

The goal can be set by a specific person or a group of people; it may be dominated by needs, interests, or opportunities to achieve it.

A key role in the goal-setting process is played by: information about the real state of affairs, thinking processes, features of the emotional state, motives for future activity. Achieving the goal is built using a system of actions that are aimed at the result.

Thus, the orientation of the personality is formed in the process of ontogenesis through training and education, including in preparation for life, professional and socially useful activities in the course of higher education.

Society influences and vice versa. The leading role in this interaction is assigned to the orientation of the individual. What is it - I propose to understand.

The orientation of the personality is a set of stable motives. They direct the activity of the individual and are relatively independent of the situation.

• Interests, like motives, follow from. Interest is the desire of a person to learn a specific subject, sphere. Like needs, interests can be material and spiritual.
• Long-term and stable interests are transformed into beliefs, becoming a necessary condition for the formation of personality.
• Worldview, that is, ideals, beliefs and values, is the basis of the orientation of the individual. Worldview - a detailed system of views on the surrounding reality, nature, society and consciousness, their development.

V. N. Myasishchev devoted much effort to studying the problem of personality orientation. He singled out 2 axes of development of personality orientation:

1. Individual-personal - collective-public.
2. Ideological-moral - instinctive-physiological.

In simple terms, we are talking about the struggle of collectivism-individualism in the individual and rational (social) - emotional (natural). That is, one can single out a focus on people, on oneself, on business.

In a broad sense, orientation can be characterized as a generalized leading motive of the personality. The orientation of the personality determines its behavior, attitude towards the world and itself, affects the structure of the personality.

Orientation structure

The structure of personality orientation includes needs, motives, interests, value orientations, ideals, beliefs, worldview, goal.

Needs

The feeling that a person needs something to achieve comfort, harmony and health. A need is a desire, the fulfillment of which is necessary for the well-being of the individual.

motives

These are rooted, objectified needs that encourage their satisfaction, that is, activity. Motives are closely related to needs. There may be a semantic or external connection between them. The external is characterized by the influence of stereotypes, that is, society. If there is a discrepancy between the internal feeling of needs and motives and the external connection, then a personality crisis occurs.

Sometimes the motives come into confrontation, and then several directions seem to be formed. The competition of directions or their subordination is dangerous by intrapersonal conflicts, disharmony.

Interests

This is a selective attitude to the object due to its significance or value for the individual. It can be something material or spiritual.

Value Orientations

They are characterized as a system of relations to the established norms of society. A person may or may not accept the social, political and moral values ​​of society.

Ideals

These are patterns, examples that guide a person, on which he relies when performing any activity or in life itself.

Beliefs

Theses, provisions, facts, ideas about the structure of the world and society, which a person unquestioningly believes and subordinates his activity to them. These are provisions that are a kind of guide to life.

A system of stable views on the world, nature and oneself. The activity and specificity of relations with the environment is a manifestation of the worldview of the individual. Beliefs and ideals both follow from the worldview and influence its formation.

Target

The image of the anticipated result of activity. These are defined needs.

Classification of personality orientation

There are several classifications of personality orientation.

By openness

There is a true and a hidden orientation. The latter becomes visible only in critical, dangerous, non-standard situations for the individual.

By structure

According to intrapersonal components, there are:

• emotional orientation;
• cognitive orientation (locus of control);
• direction of the sphere of interests;
• orientation of value orientations;
• direction of activity.

Concerning the personal position of a person

Based on the assessment of personality as a source of activity, there are:

• humanistic;
• selfish;
• depressive;
• suicidal personality.

By area of ​​activity implementation

The following types of direction are distinguished:

• research;
• cultural;
• sports;
• professional and others.

Elements of personality orientation

The orientation of the personality is reflected in the following forms:

• attraction,
• wishes,
• aspirations,
• interests,
• tendencies,
• outlook,
• beliefs.

Stereotypical models of personality interaction, or dispositions, are closely related to them. This is the nature of human behavior in typical situations for him. Dispositions depend on the situation or on the expressed personality traits.

Dispositions, in turn, are closely related to attitudes - the readiness of the subject for a certain activity in specific ways that ensure a stable course of activity. Attitudes are a component of personality orientation.

Motives as a factor in the formation of orientation

The orientation is connected with the motivational-need and cognitive sphere of the personality. The orientation of the individual, on the one hand, is determined by environmental conditions, and on the other hand, it itself determines the behavior of the individual.

In the motivational aspect, the following types of personality orientations can be distinguished:

• Ideological and spiritual. The desire for knowledge of the universe, solving issues of a universal scale, thinking in the direction of the preservation and development of all mankind.
• Individual-personal. The desire to meet the needs of one's "I", self-expression, maintaining individuality.
• Instinctively-physiological. The desire to satisfy bodily needs in order to preserve the species and the individual.

Based on the consideration of several approaches to the theory of personality orientation at once (Myasishchev and those described above), 9 types of orientation can be distinguished (Figure below).

Personality orientation options

Afterword

Thus, the orientation of the personality is a psychological property, implying a set of internal attitudes, aspirations and life goals. Someone sees the purpose of life in creativity, someone in work, someone in crimes. The orientation of the personality follows from beliefs and determines the actions of a person.

Orientation reflects the content of a person as a participant in public life. It reflects what and how a person does, how he relates to duties, what value and usefulness he represents for society.

Introduction

The psychology of motivation is an area of ​​psychological science where the work of practitioners and the development of theorists are, perhaps, of equal importance. The problem of human motivation is considered one of the main ones in psychology. The motivational process, one way or another, is considered by almost all areas of psychology. The orientation of the personality is an essential side of motivation that determines human behavior. Scientific views on the orientation of the individual are not unambiguous. According to some psychologists, orientation is a property of a personality that is on a par with character, temperament and abilities, others believe that the orientation of a personality can be attributed to the system of dominant motives. According to most psychologists, personality orientation is a complex motivational formation. The concept of “orientation of the personality” was introduced into scientific use by S.L. Rubinstein as a characteristic of the main interests, needs, inclinations, aspirations of a person.

The problem of personality orientation is reflected in the works of many foreign and domestic psychologists. In the understanding of B.I. Dodonov is a system of needs. K.K. Platonova believes that the orientation of the individual is a combination of inclinations, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, worldview, beliefs. According to L.I. Bozhovich and R.S. Nemov, it is "a system of dominant human needs, motives, goals, interests that guide his social activity." However, understanding the orientation of the personality as a set or system of motivational formations is only one side of its essence.

The other side is that this system determines the direction of a person's behavior and activities, orients him, determines the tendencies of behavior and actions, and, ultimately, determines the appearance of a person in social terms (V.S. Merlin). The latter is due to the fact that the orientation of the personality is a steadily dominant system of motives, or motivational formations (L.I. Bozhovich), i.e. reflects the dominant, which becomes a vector of behavior (A.A. Ukhtomsky).

Only the stable dominance of a need or interest, acting as long-term motivational attitudes, can form the core line of life. In this regard, we note that the properties inherent in the operational motivational attitude that determine the readiness and specific ways of behavior and actions of a person in a given situation are not enough to consider it one of the types of personality orientation. Directs actions and activities, and any goal. The attitude should become steadily dominant, and these are most often social attitudes associated with interpersonal and personal-social relations, attitudes towards work in professional activities.

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows that the orientation of the personality in the motivational process attracts and directs the activity of a person, i.e. to some extent facilitates the decision on actions in this situation.

Object of study: personality orientation and its structure and forms.

Despite the variety of approaches to the study of personality, domestic psychologists agree that orientation is the leading characteristic of personality, it is always socially conditioned and is formed in the process of education.

Different psychologists reveal this concept in different ways: for example, “dynamic tendency” (S.L. Rubinshtein), “sense-forming motive” (A.N. Leontiev), “dominant attitude” (V.N. Myasishchev), “main life orientation” (B.G. Ananiev), “dynamic organization of the essential forces of a person” (A.S. Prangishvili).

Orientation acts as a property of the individual, manifested in the worldview, professional orientation, in activities related to personal passion, doing something in their free time from the main activity (hobbies, hobbies). In all these types of human activity, orientation is manifested in the following forms based on the motives of activity: attraction, desire, aspiration, interest, inclination, ideal, worldview, conviction. Moreover, all these forms of orientation are subject to a hierarchy.

Let us briefly characterize each of the selected forms of orientation:

attraction- this is the most primitive, inherently biological form of orientation. There are two interpretations of the concept in the psychological literature. One emphasizes its lack of awareness, while the other puts the attraction in indispensable connection with organic needs (for food, water, drugs, hormones, etc.; and also to avoid painful conditions caused by uncomfortable conditions). There are the following types of attraction: social (attraction to social interaction), stimulus activating attraction (serves to activate the attraction that is in an inactive state), manipulative (urge to manipulate objects, perform some actions with them and explore them), attraction to life (the instinct of life - they ensure the preservation, maintenance and development of life in all its aspects. According to Z. Freud, it is the opposite of the drives to death and is essentially sexual. This includes the actual sexual drives and the drive to self-preservation), the drive to self-preservation (one of concepts used by Z. Freud in the psychoanalytic theory of drives to refer to the inherent human tendency to maintain life). As a rule, attraction is a transient phenomenon, since the need represented in it either fades away or is realized, turning into desire.

Wish -it is a form of orientation, a conscious need and attraction for something quite definite. On the basis of their desires, a person realizes the goals of future action, makes plans, determines possible ways to meet her needs.

Pursuit- sensual experience of need , including a volitional component. Considered as a well-defined motivation for activity, when the goal is achieved, feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction are caused

Interest- a form of cognitive orientation of the individual, considered as a stimulus for human activity. Subjectively, interest is found in the emotional tone that accompanies the process of cognition or attention to a particular object. We are interested in what can satisfy our need. Having a development trend, when one interest is satisfied, a new or new interests arise, corresponding to a higher level of cognitive activity. According to D.A. Kiknadze, the unhindered satisfaction of a need does not generate interest. The need generates interest only when there are some obstacles in the way of its satisfaction. The subject content of interest is not a subject of need, but a means of achieving it. Distinguish between direct interest caused by the attractiveness of the object, and indirect interest in the object as a means of achieving the goals of the activity. Stability, breadth and content of interests are the most striking characteristic of a person.

In the psychological literature there is no unambiguous interpretation of the concept of "interest", it is considered as: "the desire to devote one's thoughts and actions to some phenomenon" (E. Thorndike); "innate instinctive desire" (W. McDougall); “the need to experience relationships, the thirst for positive emotions, spiritual” (B.I. Dodonov); as “a selective, emotionally colored attitude of a person to reality” (S.L. Rubinstein); as an "emotional and cognitive attitude" (A.G. Kovaleva); as "dynamic tendencies that develop together with the whole personality" (L.S. Vygotsky). L.S. Vygotsky believed that interests are not acquired, but developed.

inclination- the selective orientation of the individual to a certain type of activity, which is based on a deep, stable need for the individual in this or that activity. The emergence of a propensity contributes to the improvement of the skills associated with this need and is a prerequisite for the development of certain abilities.

R. Cattell singles out: a) general inclinations that are characteristic of all people, and unique inclinations that characterize a certain individuality; b) dynamic tendencies that direct a person to achieve a certain goal, "dispositions-capabilities" that relate to efficiency, "temperamental tendencies" that are associated with energy and emotionality.

R. Cattell attaches more importance to "dynamic" inclinations.

Ideals are formed on the basis of the inclinations and interests of the individual. Ideal - a form of orientation, concretized in a certain image, which a given person wants to be like; for the purposes that this person considers the highest, in which he sees the ultimate goal of his aspirations. For some they are effective and decisive, for others they are unattainable. A person tries to change the world around him in accordance with his ideals. The ideals of a person can act as one of the most significant characteristics of a person's worldview, i.e. his system of views on the objective world, on the place of a person in it, on the attitude of a person to the reality surrounding him and to himself. The worldview reflects not only ideals, but also the value orientations of people, their principles of cognition and activity, their beliefs.

Belief- the highest form of orientation is a system of motives of the individual, prompting him to act in accordance with his views, principles, worldview. The presence of stable beliefs in a person, covering various spheres of life, is an indicator of the high activity of his personality. A person with established beliefs not only acts in strict accordance with them, but also seeks to pass them on to other people, convincing them that he is right. Forming an ordered system of views, they act as his worldview.

All these mental processes and states mainly affect the regulation of behavior. In order to talk about stimulating or motivating factors that provide activation and direction of behavior, then we will consider the concept and essence of motive and motivation.

The term "motivation" entered into psychological use at the beginning of the last century, but to this day there is no unambiguous interpretation of it. Motivation is considered by different scientists: - as a set of factors that support and guide, i. defining behavior; - as a set of motives; - as an impulse that causes the activity of the organism and determines its direction; - as a process of mental regulation of a specific activity; - as a process of action of the motive and as a mechanism that determines the emergence, direction and methods of implementation of specific forms of activity; - as an aggregate system of processes responsible for motivation and activity.

Hence, all definitions of motivation can be attributed to two directions. The first considers motivation from structural positions, as a set of factors or motives. For example, according to the scheme of V.D. Shadrikova (1982), motivation is determined by the needs and goals of the individual, the level of claims and ideals, the conditions of activity (both objective, external, and subjective, internal - knowledge, skills, abilities, character) and worldview, beliefs and orientation of the individual, etc. . Taking into account these factors, a decision is made, an intention is formed. The second direction considers motivation not as a static, but as a dynamic formation, as a process, a mechanism.

However, in both directions, motivation is considered as a secondary formation in relation to the motive, a phenomenon. Moreover, in the second case, motivation acts as a means or mechanism for the implementation of existing motives.

In many cases, psychologists under motivation mean the determination of behavior, therefore, they distinguish external and internal motivation.

Thus, neither in understanding the essence of motivation, its role in the regulation of behavior, nor in understanding the relationship between motivation and motive, there is a unity of views. “In many works, these two concepts are used as synonyms. We see a way out of this situation in considering motivation as a dynamic process of forming a motive (as the basis of an act).

Considering the phenomenon of motivation, it is necessary to consider the motives related to it, various motivational factors, such as needs, feelings, manifestations of the will and the corresponding qualities of the individual.

Motivation and motives are always internally conditioned, but they can also depend on external factors, be motivated by external incentives. And therefore, Western psychologists have not been able to isolate in its pure form extrinsic (external) and intrinsive (internal) motivation. In fact, the authors are talking about external and internal incentives that encourage the deployment of the motivational process.

“When they talk about external motives and motivation, they mean either circumstances (actual conditions that affect the effectiveness of activities, actions), or some external factors that affect decision making and the strength of the motive (remuneration, etc.), including In particular, they mean the attribution by the person himself to these factors of a decisive role in making a decision and achieving a result, as is the case with people with an external locus of control. In these cases, it is more logical to talk about externally stimulated, or externally organized, motivation, while understanding that circumstances, conditions, situations become important for motivation only when they become significant for a person, to satisfy needs, desires. Therefore, external factors must be transformed into internal ones in the process of motivation.

Consider the concept of "needs". Psychologists define need as the main source of motives for human activity. A single need is a more or less clear awareness of a specific deficit in the dynamics of information and material exchange between a person (organism) and the environment. Synonyms for "need" are such words as "need", "lack", "lack", "necessity", sometimes "interests". In its primary biological forms, need is a state of the organism that expresses its objective need for a complement that lies outside of it. Human biological needs develop and socialize. Important characteristics of needs are objectivity and specific dynamics (the ability to be updated and change its intensity, fade and reproduce again).

The American psychologist G. Murray introduced a large number of basic needs, where, along with primary (vital) needs, secondary (psychogenic) ones, characteristic of a person, were distinguished. Murray's list of needs included such needs as needs for achievement, respect, communication, order, attention, independence, protection, assistance, internal analysis, help, dominance, avoidance of harm, avoidance of shame, humiliation, sex, care, affiliation, resistance, sensory impressions, change, understanding, patience, in an individual of the opposite sex, aggression, play . Jackson).

Needs have the following features:

1. Needs are always associated with a person's feeling of dissatisfaction, which is due to a shortage of what is required;

Needs determine the selectivity of perception of the world, fixing a person’s attention on those objects that can satisfy this need (“A hungry godfather has only bread on his mind”, “Whoever hurts, he talks about it”);

The presence of a need is accompanied by emotions: first, as the need intensifies - negative, and then - if it is satisfied - positive;

The number of needs increases in the process of phylogenesis and ontogenesis. Thus, the number of needs increases in the evolutionary series: plants - primitive animals - highly developed animals - man, as well as in the ontogenetic series: newborn - infant - preschooler - schoolchild - adult;

Human needs form a hierarchical system, where each need has its own level of significance. As they are satisfied, they give way to other needs.

As any need is realized and realized, a regular change in motivation occurs at the same time, caused by this need. (Appendix A)

According to the concept of A. Maslow, all human needs form a rather complex hierarchical structure, known as the "pyramid of Abraham Maslow", in which the needs are arranged according to their degree of importance (Appendix B). Its lower level is made up of physiological needs, higher is the need for security (realizing which a person seeks to avoid the emotion of fear), higher is the need for love, then the need for respect and recognition, at the very top of the pyramid is the desire of the individual for self-actualization (Appendix B).

Since the experience of need is discomfort, the desire to improve one's well-being is associated with it. This means that the need performs a motivational function or, to put it simply, becomes the motive for the corresponding behavior: consumption, activity, communication.

In psychology, the motive is designated: 1) as incentives for activity associated with the satisfaction of the needs of the subject; a set of external or internal conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine its direction; 2) as an object, material or ideal, the achievement of which is the meaning of the activity, - motivating and determining the choice of the direction of the activity, for the sake of which it is performed; 3) as a perceived reason underlying the choice of actions and actions of the individual.

Foreign psychologists identify a number of features of the nature and functions of motives in the regulation of human behavior: 1) the motivating and guiding functions of the motive, 2) the determination of human behavior by an unconscious motive, 3) the hierarchy of motives, 4) the desire for balance and tension as mechanisms of the dynamics of motives (psychoanalysis, behaviorism, dynamic psychology, topological psychology, ethology, humanistic psychology, etc.). The disadvantage of these studies is the separation from the context of human activity and his Consciousness.

In Russian psychology, as a general mechanism for the appearance of motives, the realization of needs in the course of search activity and, thereby, the transformation of its objects into motives - "objects of needs" is considered. Hence - the central regularity: the development of the motive occurs through a change and expansion of the circle of activity that transforms objective reality.

Motives grow not only on the basis of unsatisfied needs, but also contrary to needs. Since people are interconnected with each other, the motives of one person can be determined by the needs of other people. The motivational processes include a system of social values, including beliefs, beliefs, prejudices, etc. For example, a person can act on ideological, religious, moral or political motives, guided by considerations of goodness, social order, justice, ethnic equality, and many others.

In domestic psychology, a similar concept called "shift of the motive to the goal" was put forward by A.N. Leontiev. Motives “stand behind the goals”, encourage goal-setting and achievement of goals. In human activity, the concepts of motive and purpose are not identical. This means that the achievement of a certain goal has some meaning for a person, which goes beyond the state of things that is achieved as a result of specific actions.

The impulse to action by a certain motive is referred to as motivation. Currently, motivation as a mental phenomenon is interpreted in different ways. In one case - as a combination of factors that support and guide, i.e. determining behavior), in another case - as a set of motives (K.K. Platonov, 1986), in the third - as an impulse that causes the activity of the organism and determines its direction. In addition, motivation is considered as a process of mental regulation of a specific activity (M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov, 1998), as a process of motive action and as a mechanism that determines the occurrence, direction and methods of implementing specific forms of activity (I.A. Dzhidaryan, 1976) , as an aggregate system of processes responsible for motivation and activity (V.K. Vilyunas, 1990).

Motivation is defined as a process of choosing between various possible actions, at the same time regulating and guiding the action to achieve specific target states for this motive and supporting this direction. Thus, motivation explains the purposefulness of action. At the same time, motivation, not being a single process, uniformly penetrating a behavioral act from beginning to end, is made up of heterogeneous processes that perform the function of self-regulation in separate phases of a behavioral act, primarily before and after the action is performed. Motivation determines how and in what direction various functional abilities will be used. Motivation also explains the choice between different possible actions, between different perceptions and possible contents of thinking, in addition, it explains the intensity and perseverance in the implementation of the chosen action and the achievement of its results. In this case, we are faced with the problem of the variety of influences of motivation on the observed behavior and its results.

The structure of motivation includes motivating factors. According to their manifestations and functions in the regulation of behavior, these factors can be divided into three relatively independent classes. The motivating factors of the first class (needs and instincts) are the sources of activity. Motivating factors of the second class determine the direction of the activity of the organism, that for which some acts of behavior are chosen, and not others. Motivating factors of the third class are emotions, subjective experiences (aspirations, desires) and attitudes. They answer the question of how the regulation of the dynamics of behavior is carried out.

2. Psychological theories of motivation

orientation motivation personality theory

The problem of motivation was dealt with by both foreign and domestic psychologists belonging to various schools.

The first actual motivational, psychological theories, including rationalistic and irrationalist ideas, should be considered the theory of decision-making that arose in the 17th-18th centuries, which explains human behavior on a rationalistic basis, and the automaton theory, which explains animal behavior on an irrational basis.

In the second half of the 19th century, the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin appeared, which influenced the development of many other sciences. He drew an analogy between the behavior, motivation, needs and instincts of man and animal. Under the influence of Darwin's theory of evolution, the study of "reasonable" forms of animal behavior and human instincts began. Man as motivational factors began to be attributed to such organic needs that were previously attributed only to animals, for example, instincts.

Representatives of classical behaviorism believe that behavior is based on stimulus-response connections, physiological motives. But with further research, neobehaviorists have found that external stimulation is not essential to the body's actions. The concepts of motive power, need, need were introduced.

One of the brightest representatives of this trend is the American psychologist Clark Hulk. K. Hull argued that since the need precedes the action of the organism and accompanies it, it has a motivating character. He singled out primary (satisfying physiological needs) and secondary (connection with others, dominance, dependence, submission) impulses and considered them innate. Based on the results of studies of animal behavior, K. Hull concluded that invisible processes occur in the animal's body, so their behavior can be written as a formula: stimulus - organism - reaction.

According to classical psychoanalytic theory, people are complex energy systems. The founder of the psychoanalytic school, Z. Freud, believed that human behavior is activated by a single energy. Z. Freud translated the general principle of conservation of energy into the language of psychological terms and concluded that the source of mental energy is the neurophysiological state of excitation. According to his theory, human motivation is based on the energy of excitation caused by need. The main amount of mental energy produced by the body is directed to activities that reduce the level of excitation caused by the need.
According to Z. Freud, human activity (thinking, perception, memory and imagination) is based on instincts that affect behavior both directly and indirectly, in a disguised way. Instincts are "the ultimate cause of all activity."
Z. Freud divided the instincts into two equivalent groups for the regulation of human behavior: life and death. The first group (general name "Eros") includes all the forces that serve to maintain vital processes and ensure the reproduction of the species. Z. Freud considered sexual instincts (libido) to be the most essential for the development of personality. The second group - the death instincts (Thanatos) - underlie all manifestations of cruelty, aggression, suicide and murder. Unlike the energy of the libido as the energy of the life instincts, the energy of the death instincts has not received a special name. He believed that the death instincts are subject to the principle of entropy, according to which any energy system tends to maintain a dynamic balance. To characterize behavior, Freud introduces the following terms: cathexis is the direction of energy to a specific object (emotional attachment to other people, passion for someone's thoughts or ideals), anticathexis is an obstacle to the satisfaction of instinct. Actually, the psychoanalytic system of motivation is built on the interaction between cathexis and anti-cathexis.

In the early 20-30s of the twentieth century, the followers of Z. Freud, who accepted the basics of his theory, but reworked some of his key concepts, for example, based on the postulate of the social determinism of the human psyche, developed a theory that was called neo-Freudianism. The main representatives of this theory are A. Adler, G. Sullivan, K. Horney and E. Fromm.

According to Alfred Adler, the main motive for human actions is the need to achieve superiority, self-affirmation as compensation for the "inferiority complex" (Adler was the first to introduce this term). This "great need to rise up," to go from imperfection to perfection and from incapacity to the development of the ability to face the problems of life, is developed in all people. Adler was convinced that the striving for excellence is innate and that this striving is life itself. Adler believed that in order to develop human potential, a sense of superiority must be nurtured and developed starting from the fifth year of life, when a life goal is formed as the focus of our striving for superiority. Excellence as a goal can take a negative (destructive) and positive (constructive) direction, manifesting itself both at the level of the individual and at the level of society. People strive to become perfect not only as individuals or members of society - they strive to improve the very culture of society.

The representative of the Gestalt psychological school, the American scientist Leon Festinger, put forward the theory of "cognitive dissonance". In which dissonance is a negative motivating state that occurs in a situation where the subject simultaneously has two psychologically contradictory "knowledge" about one object. In theory, we are talking about the relationship between the content of cognitive elements and the motivational effects generated by the tendency towards consistency, if a contradiction arises between the two elements. Festinger divided these relations into three types: irrelevant - both elements are not related to each other, consonant - one element follows from the other, dissonant - something opposite to the other element follows from one element. The scientist considers the elements as separate information, including beliefs and values. Since dissonance is experienced as something unpleasant, there is a desire to reduce it and restore consistency. Along with attempts to reduce dissonance, the subject avoids situations and information that could increase it. In essence, dissonance can be reduced in three ways: 1) by changing one or more elements in the dissonant relationship; 2) adding new elements that are consistent with those already present, and 3) reducing the importance of dissonant elements.

In the middle of the twentieth century, the works of the humanistic school of psychology were published. Classification of human needs (hierarchical) sequence, which indicates the order of appearance of needs in the process of ontogenesis and the development of the motivational sphere as a whole.

According to the theory proposed by A. Maslow, the following needs consistently appear in a person from birth and accompany his growing up: physiological (organic), security, belonging and love, respect, cognition, aesthetic and self-actualization.

In the second half of the 20th century, theories of needs were created by A. Atkinson, G. Heckhausen. These theories denied the possibility of creating a unified universal theory of motivation to explain the behavior of animals and humans.

The main motivational sign is not the satisfaction of needs, purposeful activity of human behavior. The source of his motivation is in human psychology. This theory recognizes the role of the unconscious and consciousness in human behavior, where conscious regulation comes to the fore. This theory also tries to introduce concepts that reflect the characteristics of human motivation.

Concepts such as: social needs, motives, life goals. In this theory, there is a search for special methods for studying motivation, suitable only for a person, the desire to connect these methods with speech and human consciousness.

All of these concepts can be divided into two blocks with names: "the theory of social needs" and "humanistic theory".

Since the beginning of the 20th century, domestic psychologists have been trying to solve the problem of human motivation. But for a long time their efforts were directed to the study of cognitive processes. Among the concepts of motivation, it can be distinguished as the most complete theory of the activity origin of the motivational sphere of a person, created by A.N. Leontiev and continued in the works of his students and followers.

According to the concept of A.N. Leontiev, the motivational sphere of a person, like his other psychological characteristics, has its sources in practical activities. In the activity itself, one can find those components that correspond to the elements of the motivational sphere, are functionally and genetically related to them. Behavior in general, for example, correspond to the needs of a person; the system of activities of which it is composed - a variety of motives; to the set of actions that form the activity - an ordered set of goals. Thus, between the structure of activity and the structure of the motivational sphere of a person, there are relations of isomorphism, i.e. mutual correspondence.

According to D.B. Elkonin, all possible types of leading activity can be divided into two types: 1) activity in which the cognitive sphere develops; 2) activities that contribute to the development of the motivational-demand sphere. Since the process of motive formation (motivation) is associated with the use of many personal formations that are gradually formed as the personality develops, it is obvious that at each age stage there will be some features of motivation and the structure of the motive.

Conclusion

So, in our time, the problem of personality orientation has not lost its relevance. On the contrary, it is given great meaning and many often contradictory meanings.

In modern psychology, there are many different theories, whose approaches to the study of the problem of motivation are so different that sometimes they can be called diametrically opposed. Already developed theories of motivation and those that are still being developed are subjected to deep analysis. However, their diametricality hinders rapprochement and integration.

I think that the ambiguity of this concept, the multi-level organization of the motivational sphere of a person, the complexity of the structure and mechanisms of its formation, contribute to the widespread use of each of the above theories. That is, the statements of individual theories can be directed to various elements of the motivational structure, and it is in these directions that they will be the most competent and valid.

Thus, the study of the motivational sphere of a person and the orientation of the personality at the present stage of development of psychological thought can give a complete picture only taking into account an integrated approach to the study of this problem.

List of sources used

1Averin V.A. Psychology of Personality: Textbook. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of Mikhailov V.A., 1999. -89 p.

2Aleksandrova Yu.V. Fundamentals of General Psychology. Under the editorship of Borodin A.V. - KNOW, 1999. - 805 p.

Personal orientation

20.05.2015

Snezhana Ivanova

In psychology, the orientation of a personality is usually understood as its focus on certain areas of life.

Under personality orientation in psychology is usually understood as focus on certain areas of life. All areas in which a person acts are of great value to him. If you remove at least one of them, the person will not be able to fully develop and move forward.

Determining the orientation of a person implies, at its core, a clear adherence of a person to his needs. What is directionality? This is a consciously carried out movement on the way to solving a specific problem.

Types of personality orientation

Psychologists talk about the presence of several directions which determine how a person behaves in different situations. Each of the types affects any one area of ​​​​activity, so it cannot be called good or bad.

Personal focus

It is characterized by the desire for one's own self-realization, the embodiment of personal goals and aspirations. Such people are often called selfish, because they seem to care little about others, but think more about themselves, build constructive plans in their heads and meaningfully move towards their implementation. inherent in such people: self-confidence, purposefulness, the ability to focus on an important problem, responsibility for the actions performed. People of the presented orientation will never blame others for their own failures. They do not expect help from others, but prefer to take everything into their own hands. Sometimes they develop a so-called desire for loneliness and have difficulty entrusting their affairs to someone else. This difficulty is dictated by the way of life of the individual, his strong-willed character ( read the article ""). These are inherently incredibly strong personalities who are able to move forward, relying only on their own support, relying on their own strengths.

Focus on other people

It is characterized by an increased need for communication, approval from other people. Such a person is too much guided by the opinions of others, therefore he is not able to build his own plans and realize individual aspirations and dreams. Before taking any action, a person will mentally or aloud coordinate his actions with the opinion of society. He is afraid to go beyond what is considered acceptable or normal in society, because he most often does not express his own opinion.

The focus on other people is also accompanied by a great desire to participate in public life, to fulfill requests at the request of relatives, friends and colleagues. Such people are very fond of in teams - they are trouble-free, easily get along with almost any person, and are ready to help at the right time. A healthy psychological climate in the team and at home is a fundamental component for them.

Business focus

It is characterized by high demands on one's own personality, the ability to organize affairs in such a way that both the individual himself and the society in which he lives are in a winning position. Such a person is distinguished by a business approach to everything that surrounds him. He does not necessarily seek to do business or develop his own business. The ability to find benefits in different situations (and not only for oneself, but also for people) puts a person in an advantageous position in front of colleagues and friends. As a rule, this is a sociable person who loves the company of other people very much, however, at the same time, he is quite freedom-loving and always plays by his own rules.

Emotional orientation of the personality

It is characterized by a tendency to worry about everything. Such a person, most often, is responsive and not indifferent to the sorrows of other people. His ability to empathize is developed to a fairly large extent, so those who are in dire need of it at the moment often turn to him for advice. People of this type are characterized by increased sensitivity, emotional instability, their mood often changes. Any insignificant incident can throw them out of a state of mental balance and give rise to a lot of disturbing experiences.

In addition to the above, they are well versed in art, in particular in music and literature, as they have a bright, unique ability to feel the feelings and moods of fictional characters.

Social orientation of the individual

It is characterized by increased attentiveness to the outside world, people. Such individuals always notice what is happening around them, delve into the essence of social and political changes. As a rule, people of this type cannot live outside of society. They can be both leaders and subordinates, the main thing is that their activity develops within the society.

The structure of personality orientation

Whatever a person aspires to, one way or another, he goes through several steps to achieve what he wants. Any activity occurs as a result of strong motivation, and it, in turn, is formed due to the following structural components, which determine the direction of the personality.

• attraction helps to "feel" the initial moment of building activities, to determine the motives and preferences of the individual. At this stage, there is no movement towards the goal, since the need itself is not yet so clearly recognized.
• Wish is a recognized need. It occurs when the individual already clearly imagines what he wants to do, what goal to achieve. Ways to achieve the desired have not yet been built, but the need itself can be called mature.
• Pursuit is formed by activating the volitional element. At this stage, the person not only realizes his need, but begins to make the first efforts so that the desire can be fulfilled.
• Interests determine the needs of a person, help him build an orientation in such a way that it brings the expected results. Interests help to determine and understand what a person really wants, to adjust his activities ( read about).
• inclinations characterize the orientation of the individual to a particular occupation.
• Ideals are a significant characteristic of a person's worldview. In fact, it is the ideals that can lead forward, we are guided by their values ​​when we make important decisions ( read about).
• outlook helps the individual to build a system of views on himself, society and the world around ( read about).
• Beliefs are a system of motives that guide any action of an individual. They are designed to help a person in various situations to act in a certain way ( read about).

All forms of personality orientation are closely related to each other. Without passing one stage, it would be impossible to reach the next one. The perception and orientation of a person depend on the individual efforts of a person and the characteristics of his mental state. How strongly a person is motivated depends on his performance and faith in his own abilities.

Orientation and motives of personality activity

The degree of success in solving the set tasks largely depends on how well the person herself is well motivated in obtaining a favorable result. There are several factors that have a huge impact on any activity carried out by a person.

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

External is called motivation, aimed at external events and people around. For example, if you need to immediately prepare a history report just to get the approval of the leader and close the session, then there is an external motivation. In the case when it is necessary to perform research work because it represents the scientific or creative interest of the researcher himself, then they speak of intrinsic motivation.

I must say that internal motivation is much stronger than external, because it encourages a person to self-development, some new achievements, discoveries.

Mindfulness - unawareness of motives

When there is a clear understanding of why this or that activity is performed, the effectiveness of its implementation increases several times. Monotonous work, devoid of special meaning and significance, only brings melancholy and despondency. It happens that a person cannot realize the true motives of his actions for a long time, and this leads him to delusion.

Interests and Significant Needs

Acting from his own interests, a person always increases his labor efficiency. In other words, when what we do excites the imagination, causes pleasant feelings, and works much better. Satisfying the needs for recognition, approval from the team, self-realization, the individual grows, learns and expands his own capabilities. There are new prospects for further advancement and development. When the activity performed is in no way connected with the leading needs, the personal and spiritual components are not satisfied, the person gradually begins to doubt himself, his strength decreases over time.

Ability to set a goal

Whatever we strive for, it is extremely important from the very beginning to correctly determine the direction, the ultimate goal, to understand what we want to achieve as a result. It is also necessary to set an appropriate rhythm for the movement and maintain it throughout the entire period - then any work will be effective. The ability to see the end result of the activity will help to predict possible difficulties in advance in order to cope with them in time. It would be nice to keep in mind the so-called ideal of achievement, that is, to track how the current reality corresponds to a given model.

Self-confidence

No work can be done if a person is not confident in his own abilities. Even if a person has rare and exceptional talents, he will not be able to achieve success while he is engaged in self-flagellation, doubt that he will succeed. Self-confidence is a necessary tool for building strong and trusting relationships with the outside world. It is possible to cultivate self-confidence, but only when a person is ready to devote time to working with feelings, working out educational issues, gaining new knowledge - this cannot be avoided.

Professional orientation of the individual

Each of the professions known to people suggests that a person applying for a particular position must have the appropriate qualities of character. After all, making decisions, acting in the workplace, we often require a high concentration of attention ( read about), greater stress resistance, etc. If these qualities remain undeveloped, the person will not cope with his duties. Professional orientation is a whole system of motives that drive a person.

Below is a classification of personality types with characteristics that show in which area it is more likely to succeed.

• realistic type. These are people with a stable nervous system. They strive for maximum accuracy in everything and prefer to work with real objects. Most often, they are engaged in physical labor. Suitable professions: technicians, mechanics, builders, sailors.
• conventional type. This group includes people who are focused on accuracy and accuracy. They are wonderful performers, they like to do everything on time. Often engaged in activities that require great concentration and attention. Professions: librarian, economist, accountant, merchandiser.
• Intelligent type. These are real thinkers. People of this type can sit in one place for a long time, immersed in thought. They make far-reaching plans for the future, carefully plan their activities. Most of all, they are attracted by research work, which allows them to get closer to revealing the truth, some particular law. Professions: teacher, scientist, writer.
• Enterprising type. Here you can meet excellent leaders who love to manage and strive to take a leading position in everything. The desire for superiority determines their personal success. Professions: head of enterprises, businessman, administrator.
• social type. These people are distinguished by an open heart and a willingness to care for others. They build their professional activities in such a way as to help as many people as possible. They have a highly developed sense of responsibility, humanism, empathy. Professions: doctor, veterinarian, social worker, teacher, educator.
• Artistic type. Here are, perhaps, the most unpredictable people who find it difficult to maintain a certain schedule in work. In their activities, they are guided rather by their own feelings, they do not like limits, they highly value freedom and independence. Professions: actor, artist, poet, designer.

Thus, the orientation of the personality entirely and completely determines its success. Diagnosis of personality orientation largely depends on how satisfied the person is with what he is doing.

According to most psychologists, personality orientation is a complex motivational formation.

The concept of “orientation of the personality” was introduced into scientific use by S. L. Rubinshtein as a characteristic of the main interests, needs, inclinations, aspirations of a person.

Almost all psychologists understand personality orientation as a set or system of any motivational formations, phenomena. For B. I. Do-donov, this is a system of needs; for K. K. Platonov - a set of inclinations, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, worldview, beliefs; L. I. Bozhovich and R. S. Nemov have a system or set of motives, etc. However, understanding the orientation of a person as a set or system of motivational formations is only one side of its essence. The other side is that this system determines the direction of behavior and activity a person, orients him, determines the tendencies of behavior and actions, and, ultimately, determines the appearance of a person in social terms (V. S. Merlin). The latter is due to the fact that the orientation of the personality is stably dominant system motives, or motivational formations (L. I. Bozhovich), i.e., reflects the dominant, which becomes a vector of behavior (A. A. Ukhtomsky).

This can be illustrated by the following example.

A school graduate involved in sports decided to enter a pedagogical university to become a physical education teacher. A combination of motivational factors led him to this decision: interest in physical education, interest in working with children and the prestige of the teaching profession. In addition, this decision could be facilitated by the desire to have a diploma of higher education. Thus, in relation to this school graduate, we can say that he has a physical and pedagogical orientation of the personality.

The orientation of the individual, as V. S. Merlin notes, can manifest itself in relation to: to other people, to society, to oneself. M. S. Neimark (1968), for example, singled out the personal, collectivist and business orientations of the individual.

D. I. Feldstein (1995) and I. D. Egorycheva (1994) distinguish the following types of personal orientation: humanistic, egoistic, depressive and suicidal. Humanistic orientation characterized by a positive attitude of the individual to himself and to society. Within this type, the authors distinguish two subtypes: with altruistic accentuation, in which the central motive of behavior is the interests of other people or the social community, and with individualistic accentuation, in which the most important for a person is himself, the surrounding people are not ignored, but their value , compared to its own, is somewhat lower. Selfish orientation characterized by a positive attitude towards oneself and a negative attitude towards society. Within this type, two subtypes are also distinguished: a) with individualistic accentuation - the value for a person of his own personality is as high as with a humanistic orientation with individualistic accentuation, but the value of others is even lower (negative attitude towards others), although about the absolute rejecting and ignoring their speech is not; b) with egocentric accentuation - the value of one's own personality for a person is not very high, he concentrates only on himself; society for him is almost of no value, the attitude towards society is sharply negative. depressive orientation personality is characterized by the fact that for a person he himself does not represent any value, and his attitude towards society can be described as tolerant. Suicidal orientation observed in cases where neither society nor the individual for itself is of any value.

Such a selection of types of orientation shows that it can be determined not by a complex of some factors, but only by one of them, for example, a personal or collectivist attitude, etc. In the same way, the orientation of a person can be determined by some one overdeveloped interest: in football , ballet, etc., in connection with which there are football fans, ballet lovers, music lovers, collectors, professional gamblers. Thus, the structure of personality orientation can be simple and complex, but the main thing in it is it is the steady dominance of some need, interest, as a result, a person “persistently seeks means to arouse in himself the experiences he needs as often and stronger as possible” (B. I. Dodonov).

In this regard, reducing the orientation of the personality simply to needs, interests, worldview, beliefs or ideals, as is done in some textbooks on psychology, is wrong. Only the steady dominance of a need or interest acting as long-term motivational attitudes, can form the core line of life. In this regard, I emphasize that the properties inherent in the operational motivational attitude that determine the readiness and specific ways of behavior and actions of a person in a given situation are not enough to consider it one of the types of personality orientation. Directs actions and activities, and any goal. The attitude must become stably dominant, and these are most often social attitudes related to interpersonal and personal-social relations, attitude to work, etc.

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows that the orientation of the personality in the motivational process attracts and directs the activity of a person, i.e., to some extent, facilitates the decision-making about actions in a given situation.

At the same time, the orientation of the personality as a psychological phenomenon remains largely undefined, which P. M. Yakobson drew attention to in his time. For example, he says that the orientation of the personality can be temporary, and refers to love, which for some time subjugates the routine of life, determines the dominant motive of behavior. The same can be said about other human hobbies, which, as you know, change throughout life.

P. M. Yakobson also raises the question of whether an individual can have several directions at once. Man, for example, is focused on technology, he writes, but is not indifferent to women, loves children, and at the same time is very receptive to all social events. Therefore, he concludes, one should speak of different types of orientation, sometimes overlapping each other, sometimes located in different planes.

The fact that a person can have different and at the same time coexisting orientations is evident from the example of the motivational properties of a person.

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