On the roads is. What are the elements of a highway? And city streets

ROAD - a complex of engineering structures designed to ensure convenient, continuous and safe movement of cars, as well as other types of wheeled vehicles. For the movement of cars, the existing horse-drawn roads were originally used; with the increase in traffic from the 1920s, the construction of highways with asphalt surface began. With the growth of speeds and carrying capacity of vehicles, the requirements for the strength of road structures, their evenness to ensure a smooth ride, have increased. During the construction of roads, they began to observe the principles of landscape architecture - a harmonious combination of the road with the surrounding landscape, inscribing the road into the terrain, as well as decorative landscaping. As the intensity of traffic increased, the elements of the highway route began to be designed in such a way as not only to ensure the stability of cars, but also to create optimal neuro-emotional tension among drivers, ensuring their attentiveness and long-term performance.

Highways are divided according to their administrative affiliation (federal, territorial, departmental, private); access to them (public, paid); by functional purpose (international, interstate, main, regional, local), etc. On public roads, the access of cars is not limited, on paid roads there is a fee charged from each car. Highways that connect economically and strategically important regions and points relatively remote from each other and provide high-speed traffic are called trunk roads (see Motorway).

The classification of roads used in different countries is determined by national traditions, political and socio-cultural characteristics, as well as the level of economic development and technological progress. In most countries, roads are divided into 5 categories according to the estimated traffic intensity. The higher it is, the higher the category of the road and its technical characteristics, primarily the estimated speed (speed of a single car under favorable weather conditions, dry and clean roadway). For example, in the Russian Federation for highways of the 1st category, the estimated speed is 150 km / h, for the 5th category - 60 km / h. At the end of the 20th century, there was a tendency to reduce the maximum design speed, which is associated with the movement of dense traffic flows, when drivers are not able to realize the high speed characteristics of cars.

The main elements that determine the cross profile of a two-lane highway without a dividing strip on the carriageway: subgrade (serves to accommodate the carriageway of the highway and is a soil base for road pavement), carriageway, roadsides for temporary stopping of cars; side ditches (cuvettes) for the removal of surface water from the subgrade; cuts of the road strip to accommodate the subgrade, pedestrian and bicycle paths, green spaces, noise protection structures, communication lines, linear buildings of operational services, and so on. The distance between the edges is conventionally called the width of the subgrade. Within the roadway, pavement is arranged with a top layer called a pavement. To quickly drain water from the roadway, the coating is given a transverse slope away from the axis of the highway. On turns with small radii, bends are constructed (single slopes of the coating towards the center of the curve). For better visibility of the boundaries of the carriageway and strengthening the edges of the pavement, edge strips are arranged, which have the same pavement design as the carriageway, and are distinguished by a marking line. In places where the highway passes through watercourses, ravines, valleys, gorges, as well as in places where it intersects with other means of communication, artificial structures are built - bridges, culverts, overpasses, viaducts, flyovers, tunnels, etc.

To ensure traffic safety on highways, road signs and indicators, traffic lights, fences, markings are used, lighting devices are installed on highways with high traffic intensity, etc.

The main directions of technical progress in the construction of roads are: improving the transport and operational qualities of road surfaces, introducing more advanced construction technologies, improving traffic safety and protecting the environment, improving the reliability of structures on roads, and improving the level of service for passengers.

Lit .: Babkov VF Highways. M., 1983.

P. I. Pospelov, E. M. Lobanov.

All transport routes on the territory of the country are created with one goal: to link the movement of personal, official and industrial vehicles into a single system. The state has created a classification of roads into categories: with its help, you can calculate the speed of movement and the resources spent on maintenance. Depending on the purpose, the categories of roads are classified into:

local;
federal;
regional;
intermunicipal;
private value.

A modern road for transport is a complex, technical structure located in a certain area of the area in compliance with a number of technical and safe operating rules. All categories of roads are divided into 5 key ones:

First. These are motorways or highways with a carriageway width of at least 15 meters, which has a dividing strip. At least 2 traffic lanes with a width of 3.75 m or more are provided for each direction. The 1st category road is intended for the movement of vehicles in mass traffic and is made of high-quality concrete pavement. Designed for throughput of 7,000 vehicles per day (at speeds from 120 to 150 km/h).
Second. They are made of asphalt pavement and serve to connect administrative, industrial and cultural centers. The minimum width of the carriageway is from 7.5 meters. Conventionally, the second category of the road has a longitudinal slope of 4%. It is created taking into account the throughput of 3000-7000 cars per day (at speeds up to 120 km/h).
Third. They are made from asphalt, cobblestone and other types of coating. According to the rules, a category 3 road has a carriageway width of at least 7 meters. The extreme percentage of the longitudinal slope is not more than 5%. Throughput is a maximum of 3,000 cars per day (at a speed of 100 km/h).
Fourth. It provides for the presence of the simplest, road surface, designed for low traffic intensity. The minimum width of the carriageway is 6 meters. According to the requirements, the fourth category of the road should have a slope of no more than 6% and a throughput of 200 to 1000 vehicles per day (speed limit up to 80 km/h).
Fifth. May have poor pavement quality with a minimum carriageway width of 4.5 meters. Conventionally, the road of the 5th category allows a slope of 7%. It is calculated for the movement of a maximum number of vehicles of 200 units / day (at a speed of not more than 60 km / h).

Interesting! The roadbed of the latter type may be completely absent, representing rolled soil or gravel, as well as asphalt that has become unusable. Traveling on such roads is very difficult, especially in the spring and autumn season.

Categories according to GOST

In the Russian Federation, GOST R 52398-2005 defines the categories of highways. Depending on consumer properties and operational characteristics, the categories of roads 1 2 3 4 5 described by groups above differ in the following ways:

the presence of possible intersections of the main track with tram or railway tracks, paths for bicycles or pedestrians;
the number and size of lanes in which vehicles move;
conditions for joining the road with access at the same level;
the presence of central dividing lines.

Based on the information received, it becomes clear how to determine the category of the road and what class it belongs to. Control over the quality of the roadway is carried out in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 767. It clearly spells out the categories of roads and the basic requirements for them, as well as the need for constant verification. Any category of roads according to GOST requires strict control and, if necessary, replacement of sections.

If we are talking about federal routes, the FDA (federal road agency) will assess the condition of this category of roads. Conditional technical categories of highways not of general federal use will be taken under guardianship by an institution of executive power. Regions and inter-municipal sections of the route will be assigned to the executive state structure of the Russian Federation. The following categories of public roads of local importance are controlled by the municipality.

Note! Local authorities also include categories of city streets and roads. As for a private road, the task of assessing it is entrusted to the owners. The procedure for determining the category of roads in Russia is carried out within 30 calendar days after the completion of work and the final description of its condition.

SNiPs

The abbreviation translates as - building codes and regulations. Includes the following items:

General provisions.
Organization and traffic safety.
Protection of the natural and environment.
Technical standards and performance indicators.
Road junctions and intersections.
Classification of the subgrade.
Roadbeds and pavements.
Tunnels, bridges and pipes.
Construction and protective structures of roads.
Constructions and buildings of motor transport and road service.

In general, SNiP classifies road categories according to certain rules. This ensures the expediency of building a roadway in the region, reduces or increases funding for certain sections. It also contributes to the stability of the economic component in the country during the construction of certain categories of public roads, local or federal. Another task of the SNiP is the selection of criteria that affect the intensity of traffic on roads in categories from 1 to 5.

SNiPs also apply to the categories of railway design standards. In particular, they prescribe rules for the construction, design and operation of railway tracks, both main and additional. The rule concerns the reconstruction of existing lines for use, high-speed and weight (103-245 kN) train restrictions. Namely:

passenger up to 200 km/h;
refrigerated up to 140 km/h;
trucks up to 120 km/h.

The influence of railway lines on the environment is taken into account, taking into account the terrain and location of the current trains. This also includes categories of railways, the table below:

A mandatory item in SNIP is labor protection and train traffic safety. These include: speed limits for train run times, safe routes and possible emergency waste routes. The geological situation in the area of the train, climatic features, wear and tear of the railway track, etc. are taken into account.

Classification of roads by speed

standard;
highways;
express roads.

What are highways? First of all, they are not included in the auto service of the territories adjacent to them, in contrast to the category of local roads. Besides:

There are a certain number of special areas for recreation, parking, equipped with everything necessary.
Entrance to motorways is possible on some motorways, not earlier than after 5 km, located at different levels at the intersection.
The absence of parallel and at the same level pedestrian, bicycle, tram, auto and railway roads.
Prohibition along the entire line of the motorway to stop.
It has a central dividing strip that divides the site into several parts and serves as a security element.

With regard to expressways, these are paths for vehicles that can only be reached through an interchange designed for cars or regulated intersections. It is also forbidden to stop the vehicle on them, and specially equipped recreation areas will be appropriate on a long journey. On standard roads, the presence of one or more carriageways is sufficient, without the presence of special signs. However, the characteristics of the road categories are becoming more recognizable to motorists due to the presence of a generally accepted system of buildings.

Road transport network is a complex of roads, vehicles and specialized enterprises. Each of the elements of this transport network, in turn, is a complex structure. So roads include the roads themselves, structures, bridges, crossing pipes, buildings of the linear maintenance service and motor transport structures, green spaces, snow protection and travel fences, fasteners, road signs and signs.

At present, the motor transport network of Russia includes more than 53 thousand km. public roads. Public roads include extra-urban roads, which are state property of the Russian Federation and are divided into:
1. Public roads that are federal property;
2. Federal roads;
3. Roads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, respectively related to the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

The main cargo flows pass through federal roads, which include:
one). main roads:
- connecting the capital of the Russian Federation - Moscow with the capitals of independent states, the capitals of the republics within the Russian Federation, the administrative centers of territories and regions,
- providing international road transport links;
2). other roads connecting the capitals of the republics within the Russian Federation, the administrative centers of territories, regions, as well as these cities with the nearest administrative centers of autonomous entities. In the absence of a motor road from the network of federal roads to administrative centers, federal roads include motor roads from these centers to airports, sea and river ports, and railway stations.

The list of federal roads is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation (Appendix 1 to this paragraph).

In addition to public roads, motor roads located in the Russian Federation are classified according to their ownership into departmental and private motor roads. Departmental and private roads include the roads of enterprises, associations, institutions and organizations, peasant (farmer) households, entrepreneurs and their associations and other organizations used by them for their technological, departmental or private needs.

List of highways(indicating the distances between settlements) for which regular intercity transportation of goods by road is carried out, is given in Appendix 2 to this paragraph.

And organizations transporting goods by road are obliged to ensure traffic safety and the safety of the road.

On highways it is prohibited:
a). the passage of vehicles whose total height with cargo exceeds the dimensions indicated on road signs;
b). transportation of goods protruding in width beyond the dimensions of vehicles established by the state standard or technical conditions, as well as goods protruding beyond the tailgate by more than 2 meters or dragging along the road;
in). passage of all types of vehicles with axle loads exceeding the norms established by state standards or indicated on road signs.

Transportation of oversized cargo can be carried out in some cases with the permission of the road authorities and the State traffic inspectorate.

Consignors and consignees are obliged to have access roads from motor roads to loading and unloading points and keep these roads in good condition, ensuring unhindered and safe movement of vehicles and their free maneuvering at any time during transportation.

Compliance of the state of roads and access roads located on the territory of the Russian Federation with the requirements of traffic safety and the safety of cargo and rolling stock is determined jointly by the relevant road authorities, motor transport enterprises or organizations and bodies of the State traffic inspectorate.

Requirements for the quality and condition of roads are regulated by the following regulatory documents:
- ODN 218 5.016-2002 Indicators and norms of environmental safety of the highway;
- GOST R 50597-93 Highways and streets. Requirements for the operational state, permissible under the conditions of ensuring road safety;
- GOST 10807-78 Road signs. General technical conditions;
- GOST 13508-74 Road markings;
- GOST 23457-86 Technical means of traffic management. Application rules;
- GOST 256S5-91 Road traffic lights. Types. Main settings;
- GOST 26804-86 Barrier-type metal road barriers. Specifications;
- SNiP 2.O5.02-85 Highways;
- SNiP 2.07 01.89 Planning and development of urban and rural settlements;
- SNiP 3.06.03-85 Highways;
- VSN 24-88 Technical rules for the repair and maintenance of roads;
- Instruction of the Ministry of Railways of Russia No. TsP/566 Instructions for the operation of railway crossings;

According to the law roads must be maintained in accordance with the requirements of the rules for the maintenance and repair of highways. The maintenance, maintenance and supervision of technical means of regulation, road signs and markings are provided by the relevant road and communal organizations, as well as by the bodies of the State traffic inspectorate.

The road surface must provide reliable grip of the wheels and be even, without ruts and potholes. Asphalt concrete pavements must be cleaned of dust and dirt in a timely manner. Cleaning of asphalt concrete pavements within settlements, as well as at the junction of access roads or intersections with them, should be carried out with particular care. The maintenance of motor roads in winter should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the current guidelines and instructions for the protection and cleaning of motor roads from snow and for the fight against ice on motor roads. Roads with improved surfaces must be completely cleared of snow. Drawdowns, potholes and other unevenness of the road surface, especially at the interface with artificial structures, should be eliminated first. Shoulders must be at the same level as the roadway pavement and strengthened by soil stabilization with binders or in another way, depending on the pavement of the roadway in relation to the requirements of SNiP. The resulting gullies on the roadsides must be immediately eliminated, and until they are eliminated, they must be protected by clearly visible fences.

In the winter period of operation, it is necessary, if there is a warning from the hydrometeorological service, to carry out a preventive scattering of materials that prevent the formation of ice, and with the onset of snowfall, start patrol snow removal of roads.

First of all, these measures should be carried out in the most dangerous areas: descents, small-radius curves and approaches to them at a distance of at least 100 m. within crossings at the water level and at a distance of 100 - 150 m to the crossing, in areas with limited visibility, etc.

When performing repair work on highways, road and communal organizations, in agreement with the bodies of the State traffic inspectorate, ensure the organization of traffic in the prescribed manner by placing the necessary road signs, fencing devices, installing alarms, organizing detours, etc.

The following basic concepts and terms are used in the Rules:

"Motorway"- a road marked with the sign 5.1 ** and having for each direction of movement carriageways separated from each other by a dividing strip (and in its absence - by a road fence), without crossings on the same level with other roads, railway or tram tracks, pedestrian or bicycle paths.

"Road train"- a motor vehicle coupled to a trailer (trailers).

"A bike"- a vehicle, other than a wheelchair, which has at least two wheels and is generally propelled by the muscular energy of the occupants of the vehicle, in particular by means of pedals or handles, and may also have an electric motor of rated maximum power in continuous load not exceeding 0.25 kW, automatically shutting off at speeds over 25 km/h.

"Cyclist"- the person driving the bike.

"Bicycle lane"- a road element (or a separate road) structurally separated from the carriageway and sidewalk, intended for the movement of cyclists and marked with the sign 4.4.1.

"Driver"- a person driving a vehicle, a driver leading pack, riding animals or a herd along the road. A driving instructor is equivalent to a driver.

"Forced Stop"- termination of the movement of the vehicle due to its technical malfunction or danger posed by the transported cargo, the condition of the driver (passenger) or the appearance of an obstacle on the road.

"The main road"- a road marked with signs 2.1, 2.3.1-2.3.7 or 5.1, in relation to a crossed (adjacent), or paved road (asphalt and cement concrete, stone materials, etc.) in relation to a dirt road, or any road in relation to departures from adjacent territories. The presence of a paved section on a secondary road immediately before the intersection does not make it equal in value to the crossed one.

"Daytime Running Lights"- external lighting devices designed to improve the visibility of a moving vehicle in front during daylight hours.

"Road"- a strip of land or the surface of an artificial structure, equipped or adapted and used for the movement of vehicles. The road includes one or more carriageways, as well as tram tracks, sidewalks, shoulders and dividing lanes, if any.

"Road traffic"- a set of social relations that arise in the process of moving people and goods with or without vehicles within the roads.

"traffic accident"- an event that occurred during the movement of a vehicle on the road and with its participation, in which people were killed or injured, vehicles, structures, cargo were damaged, or other material damage was caused.

"Railroad crossing"- crossing the road with railway tracks at the same level.

"Route vehicle"- a public transport vehicle (bus, trolley bus, tram) designed to transport people on the roads and moving along an established route with designated stops.

"mechanical vehicle"- a vehicle, other than a moped, propelled by an engine. The term also applies to any tractors and self-propelled machines.

"Moped"- a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, the maximum design speed of which does not exceed 50 km/h, which has an internal combustion engine with a displacement not exceeding 50 cubic meters. cm, or an electric motor with a rated maximum power in continuous load mode of more than 0.25 kW and less than 4 kW. Quadricycles are equated to mopeds, having
similar specifications.

"Motorbike"- a two-wheeled motor vehicle with or without a side trailer, the engine capacity of which (in the case of an internal combustion engine) exceeds 50 cubic meters. cm or the maximum design speed (for any engine) exceeds 50 km/h. Tricycles are equated to motorcycles, as well as quadricycles with a motorcycle seat or motorcycle handlebars.
type, having an unladen mass not exceeding 400 kg (550 kg for vehicles intended for the carriage of goods) excluding the mass of batteries (in the case of electric vehicles), and a maximum effective engine power not exceeding 15 kW.

"Locality"- built-up area, the entrances to and exits from which are marked with signs 5.23.1, 5.23.2, 5.24.1, 5.24.2, 5.25, 5.26

"Insufficient Visibility"— the visibility of the road is less than 300 m in conditions of fog, rain, snowfall and the like, as well as at dusk.

"Overtaking"- advance of one or more vehicles associated with the exit to the lane (side of the carriageway) intended for oncoming traffic, and subsequent return to the previously occupied lane (side of the carriageway).

"Roadside"- an element of the road adjacent directly to the carriageway at the same level with it, differing in the type of coverage or marked out using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2, used for driving, stopping and parking in accordance with the Rules.

"Limited Visibility"— the driver's visibility of the road in the direction of travel, limited by the terrain, the geometric parameters of the road, vegetation, buildings, structures or other objects, including vehicles.

"Moving Danger"- a situation that has arisen in the process of traffic, in which the continuation of movement in the same direction and at the same speed creates a risk of a traffic accident.

"Dangerous Goods"- substances, products made from them, wastes from industrial and other economic activities, which, due to their inherent properties, may pose a threat to human life and health during transportation, harm the environment, damage or destroy material values.

"Advance"- the movement of the vehicle at a speed greater than the speed of the passing vehicle.

"Organized transportation of a group of children"- organized transportation of eight or more children in a bus that is not a shuttle vehicle.

"Organized Foot Column"- a group of people designated in accordance with paragraph 4.2 of the Rules, moving together along the road in one direction.

"Organized transport column"- a group of three or more motor vehicles following directly one after another along the same lane with constantly on headlights, accompanied by a lead vehicle with special color schemes applied to the outer surfaces and flashing beacons of blue and red colors.

"Stop"- intentional stoppage of the movement of the vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as for more, if it is necessary for boarding or disembarking passengers, or loading or unloading the vehicle.

"Safety Island"- an element of the road arrangement that separates the traffic lanes of opposite directions (including the lanes for cyclists), structurally separated by a curb stone above the carriageway of the road or marked by technical means of organizing traffic and intended to stop pedestrians when crossing the carriageway of the road. A safety island may include a part of the dividing strip through which a pedestrian crossing is laid.

"Passenger"- a person, other than the driver, who is in the vehicle (on it), as well as a person who enters the vehicle (gets on it) or leaves the vehicle (gets off it).

"Parking (parking space)" - a specially designated and, if necessary, equipped and equipped place, which is, among other things, part of a highway and (or) adjacent to the carriageway and (or) sidewalk, roadside, overpass or bridge, or which is part of the underpass or underbridge spaces, squares or other objects of street road network, buildings, structures or structures and intended for organized parking of vehicles on a paid basis or without charging a fee by decision of the owner or other owner of the motor road, the owner of the land plot or the owner of the relevant part of the building, structure or structure.

"Crossroads"- a place of intersection, junction or branching of roads at the same level, limited by imaginary lines connecting, respectively, opposite, the beginnings of the curvature of the carriageways, which are the most distant from the center of the intersection. Exits from adjacent territories are not considered intersections.

"Rebuilding"- exit from the occupied lane or occupied row while maintaining the original direction of movement.

"A pedestrian"- a person who is outside the vehicle on the road and does not work on it. Persons moving in wheelchairs without an engine, driving a bicycle, moped, motorcycle, carrying a sledge, cart, baby or wheelchair, as well as using roller skates, scooters and other similar means for movement are equated to pedestrians.

"Crosswalk"- a section of the carriageway, tram tracks, marked with signs 5.19.1, 5.19.2 and (or) markings 1.14.1 and 1.14.2 and allocated for pedestrian traffic across the road. In the absence of markings, the width of the pedestrian crossing is determined by the distance between signs 5.19.1 and 5.19.2.

"Footpath"- a strip of land equipped or adapted for pedestrian traffic or the surface of an artificial structure, marked with the sign 4.5.1.

"Pedestrian zone"- the territory intended for the movement of pedestrians, the beginning and end of which are marked respectively by signs 5.33 and 5.34.

"Pedestrian and bicycle path (bike path)"- a road element (or a separate road) structurally separated from the carriageway, intended for separate or joint movement of cyclists with pedestrians and marked with signs 4.5.2-4.5.7.

"Lane"- any of the longitudinal lanes of the carriageway, marked or not marked with markings and having a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row.

"Bicycle lane"- the lane of the carriageway intended for the movement of bicycles and mopeds, separated from the rest of the carriageway by horizontal markings and marked with the sign 5.14.2.

"Advantage (priority)"- the right to priority movement in the intended direction in relation to other participants in the movement.

"Let"— an immovable object on the lane (faulty or damaged vehicle, defect in the roadway, foreign objects, etc.) that does not allow you to continue driving along this lane. A traffic jam or a vehicle stopped in this lane in accordance with the requirements of the Rules is not an obstacle.

"Surrounding area"- the territory directly adjacent to the road and not intended for through traffic of vehicles (yards, residential areas, parking lots, gas stations, enterprises, etc.). Movement on the adjacent territory is carried out in accordance with these Rules.

"Trailer"- a vehicle not equipped with an engine and intended to be driven in combination with a power-driven vehicle. The term also applies to semi-trailers and drop trailers.

"Roadway"- an element of the road intended for the movement of trackless vehicles.

"Dividing Line"- an element of the road, allocated constructively and (or) using markings 1.2.1, separating adjacent carriageways and not intended for the movement and stopping of vehicles.

"Permitted maximum weight"- the mass of the equipped vehicle with cargo, driver and passengers, set by the manufacturer as the maximum allowable. For the permitted maximum mass of the composition of vehicles, that is, coupled and moving as a whole, the sum of the permitted maximum masses of the vehicles included in the composition is taken.

"Adjuster"- a person duly endowed with the authority to regulate traffic using the signals established by the Rules, and directly exercising the specified regulation. The traffic controller must be in uniform and (or) have a distinctive badge and equipment. Regulators include employees of the police and military automobile inspection, as well as employees of road maintenance services, on duty at railway crossings and ferry crossings in the performance of their duties.

"Parking"- deliberate cessation of the movement of the vehicle for more than 5 minutes for reasons not related to the boarding or disembarkation of a passenger or loading or unloading the vehicle.

"Night time"- the time interval from the end of evening twilight to the beginning of morning twilight.

"Vehicle"- a device designed for the transport by road of people, goods or equipment installed on it.

"Sidewalk"- an element of the road intended for the movement of pedestrians and adjacent to the carriageway or separated from it by a lawn.

"Give way (do not interfere)"- a requirement that a road user must not start, resume or continue driving, perform any maneuver, if this may force other road users who have an advantage over him to change direction or speed.

"Road user"- a person directly involved in the process of movement as a driver, pedestrian, passenger of a vehicle.

"School bus"- a specialized vehicle (bus) that meets the requirements for vehicles for transporting children, established by the legislation on technical regulation, and owned or otherwise legally owned by a preschool educational or general educational organization.

The central concept of traffic rules is the road. How else can it be in the Rules of the Road?

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Road" - a strip of land or a surface of an artificial structure, equipped or adapted and used for the movement of vehicles. The road includes one or more carriageways, as well as tram tracks, sidewalks, shoulders and dividing lanes, if any.

Fitness for movement is one of the main criteria of the road. An embankment, a dam, an asphalted, concreted, paved area of the earth's land, etc., along which vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the TS) move, is the road.

But artificial structures (overpasses, overpasses, bridges) that are used to move vehicles are also expensive.

Two narrow strips of trampled grass going into a field? And this is the road.

And even if in a fierce winter a local tractor driver lays a “winter road” right across the field with the help of his bulldozer (so that it would be shorter to go to his beloved to meet), then this will also be a road. Let it be temporary (until the spring thaw), but - the road!

And what about the ice crossing. There is no such concept in the traffic rules, but there is a definition that this is also a road. No wonder it is indicated by road signs.

And even brushwood or logs thrown into a swampy peat bog turn into a path - a road in a swamp.

And on all these numerous road options, there are (or, as they say, “work”) the Rules of the Road.

So, a road is a section prepared and intended for the movement of a vehicle.

It includes (as can be seen from the second part of the quote) the following main elements:

carriageway (one or more), which is divided into traffic lanes;
dividing line (if any);
curbs (if any);
sidewalks (if any);
tram tracks (if available).

We will talk about these elements of the road.

roadway

Very often, confusion occurs with the concepts of "carriageway" and "road". The road is often understood as the same asphalt along which vehicles move.

This is mistake! The same asphalt is only part of the road. Namely, the carriageway.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Carriageway" - an element of the road intended for the movement of trackless vehicles.

And it turns out that it is not the road that has the asphalt surface, but its carriageway.

And not asphalt is the criterion of the roadway, but the movement of trackless vehicles. The roadway can be framed using a different coating - rubble stone, paving stones, crushed stone - or simply have a soil base.

But this is a roadway, which was created specifically for the movement of trackless vehicles. The tram is not one of them.

traffic lane

Solely for the convenience of movement, the carriageway is divided by longitudinal marking lines into special sections - traffic lanes (or traffic lanes).

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Lane"- any of the longitudinal lanes of the carriageway, marked or not marked with markings and having a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row.

In order not to “get lost” on a wide roadway, the driver needs some kind of guideline when driving. Such a landmark is a traffic lane, the width of which is sufficient for unhindered and safe movement.

But what to do in winter when the markings are indistinguishable?

Or is it not applied to the roadway at all?

In this case, the driver is obliged to independently determine his position, which he occupies on the carriageway. And this is done like this: the roadway is divided by a longitudinal line strictly in the middle; the section on the right is ours, on the left is the oncoming lane.

And the final touch - how many vehicles can pass simultaneously in one section of the road. The number of vehicles capable of doing this will indicate the number of lanes.

Therefore, lanes for the movement of vehicles are necessarily present on the roadway. The driver just needs to find them.

dividing line

There are sections of roads in the middle of which you can find an original design - a dividing strip.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Dividing Line"- an element of the road, allocated constructively and (or) using markings 1.2.1, separating adjacent carriageways and not intended for the movement and stopping of vehicles.

Judging by the definition, the median is a “dead” section of the road, which is strictly prohibited for the movement, stopping and parking of the vehicle.

Why is there a dividing line? To ensure traffic safety! The dividing lane delimits, separates the traffic flows of opposite directions, making it difficult (or making it impossible) to enter oncoming traffic lanes. That is why the highway (the fastest section of the road!) Must necessarily have a median strip (or fences in the middle of the road).

However, the dividing strip can be designed not only with the help of some physical structure, but also with the help of the “single solid” marking (1.2.1).

It is also impossible to go to such a section of the road for movement, stopping or parking.

Speaking about the dividing strip, one cannot fail to note its one more important property: dividing strip separates adjacent carriageways.

And the last moment. It is clear that the dividing strip is not an obligatory element of the road, but it has a positive effect on safety.

roadside

As strange as it may seem, the roadside is also an element (or part) of the road. And all because on the side of the road in the rarest cases, the Rules allow movement. And most importantly, the roadside is a section of the road where stopping and parking of the vehicle are allowed.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Roadside"- an element of the road adjacent directly to the carriageway at the same level with it, differing in the type of coverage or marked out using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2, used for driving, stopping and parking in accordance with the Rules.

A shoulder is a road element that is directly adjacent to the carriageway and, moreover, in the same plane. Therefore, it cannot be separated from the roadway by some kind of lawn or curb. It is precisely "glued" to the roadway, because it is intended mainly for stopping and parking.

As a rule, the shoulder differs from the asphalt roadway in a different way of covering: it can be expressed by grass cover, crushed stone, soil, sand, clay, etc.).

However, on large federal highways, the formation of a shoulder is practiced using the same coverage as on the roadway. This is done to ensure maximum traffic safety on a high-speed road so that particles of soil, sand, clay do not fall on the roadway and do not cause trouble during emergency braking of the vehicle.

In this case, the boundary of the carriageway and the roadside will be a special - solid or broken - marking line.

Speaking about the shoulder, it should be noted that it is not a mandatory road element. As a rule, in settlements there is no curb as unnecessary, because vehicles park or stop using the edge of the carriageway.

Therefore, the roadside is the lot of country roads. By the way, here - in the absence of sidewalks - the movement of pedestrians is also allowed.

Sidewalk

The sidewalk is another road element. Attributing it to one of the parts of the road is quite justified. And that's why.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Pavement" - an element of the road intended for the movement of pedestrians and adjacent to the carriageway or bicycle path or separated from them by a lawn.

In principle, everything is simple and clear. The sidewalk is for pedestrians, and they are participants in the movement. Therefore, the sidewalk is part of the road. However, in the rarest cases, the movement of vehicles is allowed on it, as well as their stop and parking.

Sidewalks, like shoulders, are not a mandatory element of the road.

Outside the settlement, there is practically no need for them: pedestrians move along the roadsides.

Tram rails

There are many inaccuracies, "white spots", etc. in our traffic rules. One of the gaps is the lack of definition of tram lines, which are part of the road, but are not a carriageway. Such characteristics are due to the analysis of the concepts of "road" and "carriageway".

There are two preferred ways to organize tram lines (within the road):

1) in the middle of the road;

2) on the border with the roadway.

The inattention of traffic rules to the concept of "tram tracks" is unjustified, because they can be used for movement (in accordance with traffic rules).

Obviously, we are invited to speculate for ourselves: Tram tracks are a section of the road intended for the movement of rail vehicles..

Let's draw a conclusion

A road is a piece of land (or an artificial structure) intended for the movement of vehicles. The structure of the road includes several elements (carriageway and, if possible, the median strip, sidewalk, verge, tram tracks).

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Comments on the article:

Anisim

There may be inaccuracies in the traffic rules. But should we, ordinary drivers, think these same traffic rules. In particular, these are tram tracks or non-tram tracks. The main thing is how the traffic police inspector will react to our conjecture.

Hope

How can you not recognize tram tracks at all? In the SDA (as a last resort, in the comments to them) exact definitions are given with all possible variations to them. At the moment, driving school instructors explain all the secret situations that may arise on the road, and that driving school is bad, which does not provide sufficient knowledge and ideas about our Russian roads

Alexander

Good afternoon. please explain. next to the building of my place of work there is a street, on both sides of which there are signs "no stopping" and "forced evacuation". However, between the building and the road, a 5 m wide tile was laid. There was obviously once a curb between this tile and the asphalt pavement of the road. Now it is practically invisible and protrudes no more than 2 cm above the surface. Do I have the right to park my car in this tiled area? There was a case when the administration wrote a statement to the traffic police and people who left their cars in this area were fined for improper parking. After all, there are norms according to which the sidewalk is considered as such at a certain height of the curb.

Igor

Hello! Please explain what is the name of the marking 1.3 according to the traffic rules (double solid), and if it is a dividing strip, then why does the road with marking 1.3 have one carriageway? (ticket number 5 question 1). Thanks for the answer!

Evgeny

Igor, I welcome you! Marking 1.3 cannot be a dividing strip (RP). RP is an element of the road, and is marked by RP with two (on each side) marking lines 1.2.1 (which marks the edge of the carriageway). Therefore, the RP divides the carriageway, but the marking 1.3 does not. It simply forbids itself to be crossed, but the roadway is one!

Stas

By the way, now I’m thinking about the fact that I’m not sure about simple and familiar things. For example, I thought about how I, as a pedestrian, should move along the roadside outside the settlements and how is pedestrian safety ensured here if the road is unpaved and the border between the carriageway and the roadside is not always clear? Well, by the way, the topic reminded me of a story about how some army concepts were taught to students at the military department. In particular, a classifier of roads for military builders was studied there. A special impression was made by the mention that the military road of the 7th category is when the forest is felled, but not removed.

Pavel

How wide should the shoulder of the road be? And the fact that a separate life is happening on the sidelines, that's where the surprise is! There are entire trade markets on the side of the road, whether it’s watermelons from guests from Asia, or apples and potatoes from grandmothers from a neighboring village, marble products, toys, and even completely stationary “cafe-type” eateries selling coffee, tea, pies, young people travel along the side of the road and not so much, there are “religious” processions, cyclists roll, shepherds of peasant villages drive herds of sheep and cows, sometimes they sell diesel fuel from tank trucks on the roadsides, inspectors of road and other services are on duty. And all this is not reflected in the SDA!

Anna

In response to Pavel's comment, I argue as a driver and a pedestrian. In urban conditions, a sidewalk is intended for pedestrians, where public places such as shops and cafes can also be located. Outside the city, such a “sidewalk” is a roadside. And where does it say that it is forbidden to organize trading places on the side of the road? Another thing is that it can be unsafe in case of skidding the car. Well, at an ordinary city stop, no one is immune from an accident.
And the gaps in the traffic rules about the lack of a definition of tram tracks, many motorists interpret in their favor. I often see a picture: there is a tram in a traffic jam due to a car stuck on the tracks. This paragraph should be written down.

Sergey

The very concept of road has a relative definition. Traffic rules largely do not take into account force majeure, both for the driver and for the pedestrian. For example, pedestrians must move along sidewalks, footpaths, cycle paths, and in their absence, along the shoulders or in the absence of such along the outer edge. There are times when sidewalks, roadsides, etc. impassable due to weather conditions with poor visibility on the roadway, when a pedestrian has to go out onto the road with traffic, which leads to emergency situations. The driver did not notice, the pedestrian has nowhere to go, both are not to blame, but the accident happened. How do traffic police officers act in this situation according to traffic rules?

Pugin Anatoly

According to the old rules, the lane width was from 3 to 6 m. The edge of the carriageway was marked 20 cm from the curb. Now the standard strip of 3.75 m has been adopted. In the city, roadsides of 3 m wide have turned out. What is the purpose of these standards? They narrowed the width of the roadway, increased traffic jams. We have a central street in the city, the width of the carriageway is 12 m. That is, it was possible to drive along a 2-lane lane for passenger cars. Now the markings have been made so that the curb turned out to be 2.5 m. They are forced to reach for the shuttle buses at a speed of 25-30 km / h, you can’t move along the curb, and you can’t overtake, the center of the road is marked with solid markings. Why are roadsides 3 meters wide in the city?

Andrei

About white spots and inaccuracies in traffic rules.
According to the current traffic rules of the Russian Federation, a tram is classified as a “route vehicle” - a public vehicle (bus, trolleybus, tram) designed to transport people on the roads and moving along an established route with designated stops.
The order of movement on tram tracks is determined by clause 9.6 of the SDA of the Russian Federation, traffic is allowed on tram tracks of a passing direction, located on the left at the same level with the carriageway, when all lanes of this direction are occupied, as well as when bypassing, turning left or turning around, taking into account clause 8.5 SDA. P.8.5 SDA If there are tram tracks on the left side of the same direction, located on the same level with the carriageway, turn left and turn must be performed from them, unless signs 5.15.1 or 5.15.2 or markings 1.18 prescribe a different order of movement.
Knowledge of these norms is quite enough to understand that tram tracks can be used for the movement of cars only if they are located on the same level with the carriageway and on the carriageway, i.e. are part of the road. In other cases, when the tram tracks are not directly within the road, then the traffic rules (the definition of ROAD) do not apply to tram tracks. I think that there is no need to give a definition of the term "Tram tracks" in the SDA. will affect road safety, the existing requirements in the traffic rules regarding Route T.S. (Section 18 of the SDA).

Sergey

As far as I know, a road is considered to be a lane or surface of the earth adapted for traffic. The road can be both field and artificially erected with demarcation strips, curbs and tram tracks. Even a temporary ice crossing is also considered expensive. There is the concept of a carriageway, this is where transport moves, a lane is any of the lanes that is wide enough for cars in a row. That's what road markings are for. In winter, and where there is no marking, we divide the road into two equal parts into our lane and do not drive into someone else's. The dividing strip and the shoulder are also part of the road, although vehicles do not go there either.

Ivanovich

In my life, I have had to drive a car on unequipped rural roads a lot. Roads driven by car wheels in meadows, next to fields, etc. And, often, it was necessary to transport goods to places where the road, in the very sense of the word, was absent. For example, on a field with grain from a combine, with hay on a mowed meadow. And then one day this happened. The combine operator's assistant decided to take a rest, and for this he settled down on the edge of the heap of straw left on the field by the combine after threshing the wheat. One of the drivers, moving across the field, in the direction of the stacked mop, decided to change the route of movement and abruptly, having just passed the mop, turned the car around and drove the rear wheel over the mop and the person lying there. Now here's a question for discussion: Did the driver violate traffic rules and was he located on the road?

the answer to this question should be given by the traffic police after a detailed study of the circumstances of the incident and all documents.

Pavel

Good day.
I live in a village. On the section of the street where I live, there is a “No Stopping” sign on both sides, 300 meters away. On the one hand, there is a wasteland (most of it) and a hospital building, on the other, private houses. Because the parking lot at the hospital is small, everyone parks cars on our side (the traffic police does not respond to them) But if a taxi or acquaintances drive up and the driver is in the car or nearby, then the traffic police is right there. A fine of 3,000 rubles, no matter where you stopped on the road or near the fence. Are there rules governing this situation?
And further. In winter, when the road is cleared, the snow is pushed into pockets near the houses. And when you start to scatter not to the fence, but to the road, they fine you. How is it regulated?

Respectfully yours, Pavel

not knowing all the nuances regarding your particular situations, we consider it not entirely correct to give any comments on this issue.

You should first study the protocols on administrative offenses - who was fined, for what, on the basis of what, ...

We recommend that you make written official requests (with a photo and other explanatory documents attached, you can through special sections of appeals on the official websites of the traffic police and local governments) to the traffic police, the local government responsible for road maintenance organization and wait for official clarifications.

Pavel

No, the question is not about fines, but in general. The question concerns residents of private houses. If someone came to us, we called a taxi or they brought us a load, can they stop? The strip of land between the road and the fence is 4 meters. Is it all expensive or already private property? Where is the boundary between the road and the private area? And in general, what about the residents of the houses?
Sincerely, Paul.
In principle, it is generally not clear why this sign is here.

1. Find out the ownership of the road (federal, regional, local) and the organization that is responsible for its maintenance.

2. Send an official request to the authorized organization: who and on the basis of what hung these signs and how to board / disembark passengers to residents of adjacent houses. Depending on the response received, you may have to contact the following competent authorities - the traffic police, the OMS, the local deputy, the governor's office, ... to resolve this issue.

3. The boundaries and ownership of land between the road and houses can be clarified at the local government, the administration of your district (depending on whose authority this issue is).

Kostya

Often the traffic police themselves do not know the rules of the road. Or rather, not even so, they simply interpret them as it is convenient for them. And the driver is simply lost in this situation, and takes everything at face value.

If you run into the sidewalk or put it there, and by the way, there are quite wide ones now, and you might even think that this is a road, then personally in our yard such a car will be evacuated in 10-15 minutes. Locals who live already know about it, and newcomers are always surprised. I went to the store, came, but there was no car, and think whatever you want. They load and take away within 5 minutes, no one is waiting for anyone there.

Well, we often have a situation where houses have been built, but there are no parking spaces. As a result, 200 people live there and let's say 120-130 cars per yard, and there are 20-25 parking spaces, and what to do with the rest of the cars is a question. Therefore, they put it in such a way that sometimes it’s impossible to pass.

According to traffic police officers, we have roads everywhere, and try to challenge this. And I’m also annoyed by situations when you’re driving, and then the markings bang and ends, well, it just got erased over time, and you just overtake it, but it turns out that it was a double solid one, which was barely visible from under the snow, and there’s nothing either prove it. Then think about whether to decide everything on the spot or lose your rights ...

Igor Ch.

There are pamphlets "SDA with comments." There, all such questions are chewed in detail, just like in the article. You just need to learn the traffic rules once, and then follow the changes. Then it will not be scary to argue with a traffic cop.

Valentine

And in our country house they made a sidewalk that runs along the fence, in order to leave or drive into the site, you have to cross this sidewalk, do I violate the rules of the road?

Anton

And I'm really glad that they began to fight with those who put the car on the sidewalk. Previously, it was realistic that it was impossible to pass at all, since cars were constantly standing and it was impossible even to disperse with a pedestrian.

The motivation is nowhere to put it, I don’t understand, because if you bought a car, you probably thought about it. Why should I suffer from this? I am always looking for a place where to park the car so as not to interfere, even if it is 500 meters from the place that I need.

I had the most comical case when I was driving quite far to the city of Tolyatti by car and decided to spend the night on the side of the road, since I could no longer drive further, but I forgot one moment, there was a sign on this section earlier - “overtaking is prohibited”. When I woke up, I immediately overtook the tractor, and after 200 meters the traffic police officers. Damn, what prevents, if overtaking is prohibited, just draw a solid line. And she just doesn't exist. What is the meaning of these signs? Well, update the line periodically and that's it, and then you know whether to overtake or not.

Another interesting question, is it possible to move on the side of the road? Many people think that yes, but as far as I remember the rules, you can stop there and urgently go around obstacles. And then they just got sick of these scorchers in the summer, who just fly by like rockets.

Pavel

In our city, they began to radically fight against parking on lawns, they simply install metal fences along the roads right up! Is it right to do this, now even in the absence of the “No Stopping” sign, it is impossible to stop!?

Simon I.

Here in Moscow on Kutuzovsky Prospekt there is a dividing strip. Fairly wide. Basically, you can't drive on it. But for mere mortals. But in fact, the elite with flashing lights and without are talking about it. How does this compare with the rules of the road? Or do they selectively act on some and allow others to violate? And how to treat this, tell me?

Alex2000

Regarding the arrangement of roads, as I understand it, there are problems everywhere. I don't think I'm just expressing my opinion. Often, markings are regularly drawn on sections broken into rubbish, without repairing the asphalt pavement itself for years. I agree, markup is needed, but it turns out the theater of the absurd.

Sergey

We have a road where you drove. I cleaned the tractor by driving on ice, snow - this is already considered a road. The traffic police put up some kind of sign and clips coupons.

Previously, there was another trick - you go like this, and they stop you and say that you exceeded the speed limit. You drove 90, as it should, and there was a sign "40" there. And it is installed in such a way that it is simply not visible behind the branches. Who is smarter, he naturally pointed to this fact and challenged the fine, and who is not, put bills to the inspectors.

Regarding parking on the sidewalks, now there are enough applications where you can complain. Do not pass by, call the police, let them come and evacuate, well, this is the only way to teach.

I also remembered that we had a country road between the villages and you will be surprised, but there was a sign 40. How competent is this?

Valentine

As for the tractor driver who laid something there, supposedly a road, this is a moot point. After all, the road should be in someone's property, for example, municipal or federal, regional. There must be relevant documents that indicate its class, etc. And if someone arbitrarily laid something similar to a road, then legally it does not exist and traffic rules should not act on it.

Semyon

Our roads are terrible and the worst thing is that the actions of the same police are not aimed at helping, but at punishing.
It will cover a sign with snow, some dangerous area, lack of markings, a traffic jam on the bridge, and if only the traffic cops would help and regulate traffic, but no. They would rather wait and fine whoever goes around this traffic jam in the opposite direction. Although it was possible to calmly go out and resolve the whole situation in 10 minutes.

I memorized the golden rule for myself - if you don’t remember the sign, and there is no marking, don’t try to overtake until this sign appears or you pass some intersection. In this case, you will never be fined.

Sergey Anatolievich

That's right about the extended definition of what a "Road" is. Any piece of land where vehicles actually move can be referred to as a road. According to the SDA, a traffic accident is an event that occurs on the road. This leads to the question: How many vehicles must pass through the section so that it can be considered a road, and an event associated with a collision or a collision can be considered an accident? Is it possible to consider an event as an accident if two cars drive along one after another, while the leader moves off-road, and the second one moves along the track of the first (in fact, already on the road) and collides due to not keeping the distance?

Andrei

In winter, when the markings are not visible, everyone drives along the ruts left by previous cars, another question is that these ruts always end up in the aisle, I cannot explain this fact. You go and think if a letter of happiness will come, because the camera doesn’t care if I see the markings or not. It is still not clear what to do if you get into an accident with another car in the garage parking area. Is this a road and there are traffic rules there too or not?

Evgeny

Hello! Please tell me, in the winter season, snow dumps form on the roads. Given these snow dumps, is the road narrowing or not? That is, the snow dump enters the roadway or forms a shoulder? If possible, please send an email response. Thanks