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	Question #296845

Tell me, do you need a comma in brackets? In the reign of Nicholas II, more canonizations of saints were made than under all his ancestors (,) combined, starting with Peter the Great.

The specified comma is required.

	Question #296782

Good afternoon, dear Diploma! I can ask you to answer quickly, since we are handing over the manual to the printing house tomorrow, is this comma needed in the following sentence: .. Thanks!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

	Question #295327

Tell me, please, why A.S. Pushkin in "Dubrovsky" in the middle name Kirilovna has one letter l?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

In the past, there were two variants of the name - Kirill and Kirila. They go back to the Greek name Κύριλλος, who came to the Russian language through Old Church Slavonic. Option Kirila was featured in the fifth edition Research Institute of the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (1963) as folk. However, since the 13th edition (1974) it has ceased to be recorded. At the same time, in modern dictionaries of proper names Kirila often given as a colloquial variant of the name Kirill(see, for example,« Dictionary of Russian names» N. A. Petrovsky).A. S. Pushkin named his hero Kirila Petrovich, hence Masha's patronymic - Kirilovna.

Thanks for the interesting question!

	Question #294766

Hello! Why is it preferable to use a noun in the genitive case in the phrase "is not responsible (ti), risk (a)"? Is it possible to link to authoritative sources, and not to intuition?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

	Question #293736

Hello! I would like to clarify the emphasis in the word "apostille". A year ago, in the literacy.ru dictionary, the emphasis was on O, now it is on I. Why has the norm changed? And what is the correct accent?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Dictionary fixation in academic dictionaries has changed. Noun apostille previously fixed with a different emphasis - on about (See: Russian Spelling Dictionary / Edited by V.V. Lopatin. 2nd ed. M., 2005). Starting from the 4th edition (M., 2012) - apostle and eh. Fixation apostle and eh- also in the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. N. A. Eskova (10th ed. M., 2015), in the “New Dictionary of Foreign Words” by E. N. Zakharenko, L. N. Komarova, I. V. Nechaeva (3rd ed., corrected. and add. M., 2008).

	Question #293041

Hello! Noun "soldier". Why does the dative plural in ordinal numbers up to a thousand have the ending -am (for example, two soldiers, ten soldiers, nine hundred soldiers), and starting from a thousand - there is no ending (a thousand soldiers, a million soldiers), but if, in addition to these numerals, the numeral up to thousand, then the ending -am appears again (one thousand one hundred soldiers)? What rule is used in this case? Thank you!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

	Question #290583

Hello, our teacher gave us the task to compare modern norms for the use of the form of s.p. pl. including the words "gram", "kilogram" and the norms of use in the 2000s, and sent us to your portal to figure it out. I found how to use these words correctly today, but I would like to ask you how it was in the 2000s.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Thanks for the interesting question! But it is curious to trace the history of forms gram - grams, kilogram - kilograms starting not from the 2000s, but at least over the past half century. It is still widely believed that the gram, kilogram in the genitive case pl. the numbers are wrong. Meanwhile, dictionaries indicated their admissibility back in the 1950s.

In the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress", ed. R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegova (M., 1959) carried out the following division: grams - predominantly in writing gram - mainly in oral speech after numerals. The same with kilograms: kilograms - in writing, kilogram - in oral (here we do not talk about numerals).

Such a division survived until the early 2000s, although over these half a century dictionaries then indicated the option gram, kilogram as acceptable, it was not indicated. For example, in the 10th edition of the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1970) - only grams and kilograms, and the 9th edition of S. I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” (under the editorship of N. Yu. Shvedova), which came out two years later, repeats the 1959 recommendation: grams -predominantly in writinggram -mainly in oral speech after numerals;kilograms -in writing,kilogram -in oral. Academic "Russian Grammar" (M., 1980) also indicated that in oral speech forms grams, kilograms uncommon.

In the 21st edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1989), options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms already given as equals. It would seem that the forms gram and kilogram eventually became the norm. However, the 2nd edition of the dictionary by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya “Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech” (M., 2001) states that the division into oral and written speech in the last decade of the 20th century and at the turn of the century, it was also noted: “Household units of measurement of weight gram, kilogram in oral speech, they are used in the vast majority with zero inflection. In written speech, under the influence of editorial proofreading, only forms are currently used grams and kilograms».

Modern dictionaries of the Russian language, as a rule, no longer give separate recommendations for the use of these words in oral and written speech. There are publications where forms with zero ending and with ending - ov are recorded as equal in rights - for example, "The Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language for Media Workers" by M. A. Studiner (M., 2016). But still, most dictionaries give a more detailed recommendation, distinguishing between the use of these forms in combination with a numeral (in countable form) and without such a combination. Combined with numeral options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms recognized as equal, but outside of such a combination (which occurs, however, much less often), only grams, kilograms. Such a recommendation ˜ - in the Russian Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ed. V. V. Lopatina, O. E. Ivanova (4th ed. M., 2012), “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. N. A. Eskova (10th ed. M., 2015), "The Big Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language", ed. V. V. Morkovkina (Moscow, 2016). It seems to be the most reasonable.

So now it's true: five grams and five grams, six kilograms and six kilos, but (out of combination with the numeral): counting grams and kilograms(not grams and kilograms).

	Question #287601

No, Diploma, I can't do that, I call you to account. From question No. 176838: “However, in artistic, especially poetic, speech, it is allowed to write the prepositional case forms of neuter nouns in -e (usually with the preposition c) with the ending -i, for example: In silence, you walked alone with a great thought (Pushkin). This is not a mistake." Explain: "Pushkin is automatically right in everything, no matter what he writes" - is this the main foundation stone of the rules of the Russian language or what? Do you think it is reliable enough? Because they ignored my last question so as not to invent new words, I’ll just insert it after it again without correcting: “Why (v.p.)“ Ust-Luga station ”(appeared in question No. 287291) - the generic is inclined, the proper is not - but" the city of Moscow" - both the generic inclination and the proper inclination? In your "Hot" it is written: "In the "Dictionary of Geographical Names" by A.V. terms: ..." ... and tra-ta-ta-ta-ta automaton queue of exceptions (including "station"). But guys, it won't work like that! You yourself are not tired of this unswallowed a bunch of exceptions in the Russian language? Why not fix - both here and everywhere - a SINGLE rule: "only the generic inflects with its own"? That's it! But no! All the rules in Russian boil down to the fact that if Vasya Pupkin says 10,000 times that "shit" is masculine, and thousands of Ivanovs will repeat after him, all reference books will immediately fix the "changed ormu". And do not say that "the language is alive" - ​​all this is nonsense! Who came up with all this hellish cumbersome punctuation? People? Yes, give him free rein, he will write everything with a small letter, and use only a period, exclamation point and interrogative as punctuation marks. It's all down from above! So don't pretend that you don't have any influence on the language. All language guides are not sets of rules, but sets of observations. "The adverbial turnover, of course, is separated from the main sentence," says Rosenthal, "but Pushkin put the subject into the turnover, which is part of the sentence, not the turnover, and does not single it out." Here, they say. It also happens. And after all, this applies not only to the language, but to all Russian rules: starting with legislation (actual) and ending with ethical standards. They are all about this: "Of course, this is impossible, but if you really want to, then you can; this, of course, is necessary, but if you are strong and / or authoritative, then you can not do it." Do you know why English is the language of international communication? (yes, the fact that the USA has the largest GDP in the world probably also matters, but not only for this reason) Because English is not adjusted to every fart of Fitzgerald or Bradbury, but is adjusted to the usability of ordinary people! And Russian, thanks to all this, will never be the same (in its current form). But "great and mighty", Th. And don't care that everyone looks at the Russian language like a monkey wearing a square academic cap. I want to discuss all this with you - if I did not respect, in spite of everything, your work and your opinion, I would not write all this to you, in fact. Respected, competent people have gathered - so let's talk openly, without hesitation!"

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

From your very long and emotional letter, it seems that one can draw the following conclusion: you think that linguists, instead of establishing simple and understandable rules, deliberately complicate them, adjusting them to the whims of the classics, which is why dozens and hundreds of exceptions, right? Let's try to comment on this point of view.

Firstly, the Russian language is really alive - and how without this thesis? If we created the language as an artificial construction, we would have uniform rules for pronunciation and spelling, we would carefully distribute words into grammatical categories without any exceptions and deviations ... But the Russian language is not an artificial model, and many rules that are strange at first glance, many exceptions are due to its centuries-old history. Why, for example, do we write zhi and shea with a letter and? Because once upon a time the sounds well and w were soft. They hardened long ago, but the writing remained. Writing that can only be explained by tradition. And such traditional spellings are typical not only for Russian, but also for other world languages. No wonder about the same English language (which " do not adjust for every fart of Fitzgerald or Bradbury") there is a joke: "it is written Manchester, but Liverpool is read."

Secondly, the norms of Russian writing (especially the norms of punctuation) were precisely formed under the pen of classical writers, because the first (and only) obligatory set of rules for Russian spelling appeared in our country only in 1956. Therefore, spelling guides, of course, are based on examples from Russian classical literature and literature of the 20th century. But with your thesis "inAll guides to the language are not sets of rules, but sets of observations”, it is difficult to agree. R The Russian linguistic tradition is just more prescriptive than descriptive (i.e. prescribes, not just describes): it refers to the concepts of “right” and “wrong” much more often than, for example, Western linguistics.

Thirdly, linguists do not complicate the rules - quite the contrary. The codifying work of linguists throughout the 20th century was aimed at unification, elimination of variants, it is thanks to it that we now have much fewer variants than we had 100 years ago. It is linguists who, as a rule, are the most active supporters of making changes to the spelling rules and eliminating unjustified exceptions - not for the sake of simplifying the rules, but for the sake of making our spelling even more systematic and logical. But society, as a rule, actively prevents any attempts to change the norms and rules.

	Question #286457

Hello. Tolstoy wrote in "Anna Karenina": "Everything was new, from new French wallpaper to the carpet, which covered the whole room." Now is it correct to say "wallpaper" or "wallpaper"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

This is an obsolete form. Right now: wallpaper.

	Question #285176

Is punctuation correct? 1. The act of acceptance of the Services rendered, agreed and signed by the Parties in the prescribed manner, is a document confirming the acceptance by the State Customer of the fulfillment of obligations under the Contract from the Contractor and the basis for payment for the Services on the terms stipulated by the Contract. 2. The penalty is accrued for each day of delay in the performance by the Contractor of the obligation provided for by this Agreement, starting from the day following the expiration of the deadline for fulfilling the obligation established by this Agreement, and is established by this Agreement in the amount of one three hundredth of the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective on the date of payment of the penalty from the price of this Agreement, reduced by an amount proportional to the volume of obligations stipulated by this Agreement and actually performed by the Contractor.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

1. Agreed and signed by the Parties in the prescribed manner, the act of acceptance of the Services rendered is a document confirming the acceptance by the State Customer from the Contractor of the fulfillment of obligations under the Agreement, and the basis for payment for the Services on the terms stipulated by the Agreement.

2. The penalty is accrued for each day of delay in fulfillment by the Contractor of the obligation provided for by this Agreement, starting from the day following the day following the expiration of the deadline for fulfilling the obligation established by this Agreement, and is established by this Agreement in the amount of one three hundredth of the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in force on the date of payment of the penalty from the price of this Agreement, reduced by an amount proportional to the volume of obligations provided for by this Agreement and actually performed by the Contractor.

	Question #284895

Please tell me if this sentence needs a comma: The school teaches two foreign languages, starting from the 1st grade. Well, no one in the whole world knows. Maybe even you?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

We know :) Punctuation depends on the meaning of the sentence. If the meaning is that two foreign languages ​​are already being studied in the first grade, a comma is not needed. Turnover with a preposition beginning with is not isolated if this preposition literally indicates the time of the beginning of something, in these cases the word beginning can usually be omitted without affecting the meaning and structure of the sentence (cf.: The school teaches two foreign languages ​​from the 1st grade).

But if the meaning of the sentence is that exactly two foreign languages ​​are taught at school (logical stress on the word two), and the words starting from the 1st grade are in the nature of a passing explanation (that is, this is additional, optional information), then a comma before beginning must be saved.

	Question #284865

Can you list the prepositions that are not preceded by a comma? Like, for example, the preposition "beginning with". It's generally a gerund, which should be isolated?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

If we are talking about question 284861, then in the above example beginning with- suggestion.

It is not possible to list all prepositions that are not preceded by a comma, since punctuation most often depends on the structure of a particular sentence.

	Question #284861

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The specified comma is not required if the meaning of the sentence: a full study of chemistry is recommended to begin in the eighth grade. Details on punctuation in phrases that are joined by a prepositionbeginning with, read the "Punctuation Guide".

	Question No. 284037

Hello! Please help with punctuation in the sentence: Over the past 30 years (,) and especially (,) since 2000 (,) there has been an increase in investment. Is it necessary to highlight the turnover with "and especially" and where exactly? Other answers sometimes advise highlighting and sometimes not. I would like a general rule. Thank you!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Word especially may add members of the proposal containing additional comments and clarifications. In this case, the connecting members are separated by commas along with the word especially.

In this case and especially since 2000- P connecting member of the sentence, which is separated by commas:Over the past 30 years, and especially since 2000, there has been an increase in investment.

	Question #283823

How to write correctly so that it is clear that January 1 is included in the time period (there is no end date)? According to the results of auctions held since January 1, 2014. or According to the results of auctions held since January 1, 2014.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

You can write: According to the results of auctions held since January 1, 2014... or Based on the results of auctions held on January 1, 2014 and later.

Hello. Tolstoy wrote in "Anna Karenina": "Everything was new, from new French wallpaper to the carpet, which covered the whole room." Now is it correct to say "wallpaper" or "wallpaper"?

This is an obsolete form. Right now: wallpaper.

	Question #277118

Dear Help! Once again I repeat my question.
Can you please tell me whether “starting” in this case is a gerund and, accordingly, whether a comma is needed in the following case:

The draft contract should contain information on how the contracting authority will actually fulfill its obligations (,) from the planning stage to the conclusion and execution of the contract.

Thank you!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

	Question #276697

Good afternoon. Do you need a comma in brackets? "The system includes the process of communication with the client (,) starting from placing an order and ending with the purchase."

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The comma is appropriate. Turnovers with the words "starting ... and ending (ending) ..." are usually isolated.

	Question #276682

Hello. Is the phrase "has a budget starting from 200,000 rubles" correct? Or better
"has a budget of 200,000 rubles or more"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Pretext starting from exists and is recorded in dictionaries. The phrase is correct.

	Question #234760

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The official holidays are January 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (see http://spravka.gramota.ru/blang.html?id=154 [Pismovnik]. In the everyday sense, there may be different options, including Your.

Tell me, please, what pretext is required: "She had everything: from (or" from ") money to iron nerves"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct _starting with money, ending with..._ or _from money to..._

	Question #217530

Good time of the day. "Similarly, the calendar component will show all upcoming events, birthdays from the notebook, and tasks that have not yet been completed." "same" in the phrase "exactly the same" together? "There are a wide variety of games, ranging from simple card and board games like chess or backgammon to simple arcade games like xgalaga, to complex adventure games like rogue and nethack." Is "for example" separated by a comma? "In addition to weapons, additional elements can be found on the maps that increase the player's capabilities." Are combinations "besides ...." separated by a comma? "These two rule changes, plus a completely revamped set of cards, add up to a whole new game." Are "plus...." combinations separated by a comma? "Some gamers might like to play in single player mode from time to time, but for the most part they prefer to spend time playing with other people." Are the revolutions "mostly" separated by commas? Thanks in advance!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

1. Correct: _also_. 2. A comma is required after _backgammon_, otherwise the punctuation is correct. 3. It is better not to put a comma. 4. This combination is not separated by commas. 5. Do not stand out.

	Question #216116

Hello! This day is perceived more (,) as March 8 for men. Starting from boring postcards and soft toys (,) and ending with jokes and practical jokes. Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Commas are not required in both cases.

	Question #207730

all stages of work, starting from the installation of the signal. (,) and ending with the service, ..... do you need a zpt?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The comma is not needed.

	Question No. 201098

Usually the turnover "beginning with" entails "and ending with something." Please tell me, is it correct to do this: starting from something and to something, for example: Let each student read one paragraph, starting from the first paragraph and up to the 10th. Thank you!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

In a sentence, it is better to remove _starting_ or rebuild the sentence: _... starting from the first paragraph and ending with the tenth._

Hello! Tell me, is it possible to say about the banking product - factoring like this: “factoring product”. For example, in the context: "if you are not familiar with the factoring product"? Is there a violation of the rules of the Russian language?

This usage is erroneous. You can say: if you are not familiar with the concept of factoring; if you are not familiar with the "factoring" product. But better: if you are not familiar with factoring.

	Question #297345

Are the commas in this sentence correct: Even if you are not going to do it right now, you will agree, it is useful to know how liquid your property is. Thank you in advance.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Such punctuation is possible.

	Question #296170

Tell me if you need a comma before the word "where": Even if you do not know (,) where you are, we will replace the car for free.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

A comma is placed.

	Question No. 296123

Answer, please! How should the condition be interpreted: "If you have not watched at least one of the options, then we recommend that you refrain from voting on this pair. This will increase the objectivity of the poll results." Is it enough to look at one option to vote, or is it necessary to look at both options?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Condition - see all options.

	Question No. 291304

Hello! I only received an email from you once, never again. And without it, even if you answered on your site, I can't find my question. (I'm in a hurry to finish the book, I'm running out of time.) I have a question that I apparently haven't fully understood. In the sentence "More than half a century ago, in the absence / And of computer technology, it was not possible ..." what should be written in the word "absence"? I would write E, but hesitated after reading the answers on the site. Thanks in advance for your reply. Hope you answer. Another question: without the code, the question does not reach you?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correctly: in the absence of computers.

If you have not entered the code, the question will not be sent.

As soon as we answer the question, you will receive a notification with the number of the answer by mail.

	Question No. 290552

In the combination "if you are not a pensioner, then", how is it not spelled together or separately?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct spelling.

	Question #289348

Hello! There was a problem with the punctuation in the sentence: "If you do not receive our journal, call the editorial office and we will add you to the number of subscribers." In this case, do you need a comma before the union? Or should it be absent due to a common subordinate part? I know that a comma is not needed when homogeneous subordinate clauses are found in a complex sentence, connected by the union and. What if the situation is the opposite?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

comma before and necessary, because the subordinate part refers only to the part call the editor.

	Question #283436

If you don't want to receive our letters..." or "If you don't want to receive our letters..." which is correct?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Both options are possible, the preferred one is: If you don't want to receive our emails...

	Question #283395

Good morning! Please tell me if the following use of the adverbial phrase is correct: "Unless you get the best education, you will have to rely only on luck." And if not, what is the best way to reformulate this sentence? Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Possible options: 1) In the absence of a good education, you will have to rely only on luck; 2) If you have not received a good education, then you will have to rely only on luck.

	Question No. 281312

Do I need a comma in this sentence before "who is":
If you do not know who Arkady Ivanovich is, then you do not belong here.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The comma is needed.

	Question #279300

Good afternoon!
Please tell me how quotes are put in this example:
...and if you don't want to play guessing games with them...

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Quotation marks are not required.

	Question No. 278012

Hello. Need a comma in brackets?
If you don't know(,) where to start.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

A comma is placed.

	Question #276392

Tell me if a comma is needed after the word "systems" in the sentence:
"In addition to the reproductive system, they are produced in neural, renal and intestinal tissues."
And one more thing: are the commas in the sentence correctly placed:
"They, in addition to the reproductive system, are produced in neural, renal and intestinal tissues."
Thank you!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

	Question #274177

Dear linguists, is a comma needed in a sentence:

In addition to numerous small plastic items, images on stone slabs are of great interest.

Thank you!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Turnovers with a preposition besides are more often isolated. But if you do not put a comma, it will not be a mistake.

	Question #272073

Another question, if you don't mind.

How right? Or preferred?

Working With the exercise or working ON the exercise?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Both options are possible.

What we love the participial turnover for is its unambiguity. He always separates. Almost. In any case, 90% of school graduates have this fact in their heads.

True, a little later, one of them realizes that not everything is so simple and that there are still cases in which the adverbial turnover is not distinguished by commas.

However, more on that later. Let's remember first how to find the beginning and end of this construction - at least in order not to miss it on occasion.

So, we are looking for a participle - this is the time. We are looking for all the words dependent on it (recall: together with the gerund they form a gerund) - these are two. Well, on three - we throw out this construction from the text. If we have determined the turnover correctly, the meaning of the phrase should not be distorted from this manipulation. Compare: The dog sneezed and with his tail between his legs, got away and The dog sneezed and went away. Some details are gone, but overall the picture remains the same.

Is the adverbial turnover after the union? It's okay - it will be separated by commas according to the general rules: Rabbit bounced and, shorn with ears, bucked like a goat.

The opening comma is not put unless after the union a, but here its absence is fully justified - in these circumstances, the adverbial turnover cannot be removed with impunity: He buzzed like a bumblebee a pretending to be a tiger growled terribly.

If we meet two adverbial turnovers side by side and they are connected by a union and, then the same rule works as for a similar situation with homogeneous members - no comma is put: Walking up and down the street andsmiling at passers-by he was perfectly happy.

These were flowers - the most elementary. And now there will be berries - the cases are more complicated.

Let's take at least a participial turnover with an allied word which: Oh those roses without seeing which You just can't leave here! Did you notice the missing trailing comma? This is a feature of such structures.

Also, the adverbial turnover is not distinguished if it has a well-established, idiomatic meaning: run headlong, roll up your sleeves, wait with bated breath.

And how not to say about such common combinations as starting from? These verbal prepositions are too closely related to gerunds not to mention them. It is believed that constructions with them are isolated in two ways: in one case, they are distinguished by a comma, in the other, they do fine without it.

How not to make a mistake? The secret is to consider the context.

If included in the structure based the gerund preserves the meaning of the action someone is doing - the comma is welcome. Compare: He made this conclusion based on an overheard conversation and The plan was developed based on the results of the study. In the last sentence, this combination is used as a preposition (it can be replaced by a preposition, for example on).

If turnover beginning with is clarifying in nature and is not related to the designation of time, we also put a comma: Camel, starting with the muzzle and ending with the tail, was all of himself thoughtful and important. If this combination emphasizes the beginning of the time period, we ignore the comma: We will be back to work from September.

The context must also be taken into account when we are dealing with a construction starting with according to. As a rule, it is isolated. The only exceptions are cases in which this combination is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning: I allow you to act according to the circumstances.