National composition of the central federal district. Composition of the Central Federal District

is the most densely populated part of Russia. The population density is 57.5 people/km2. Center - Moscow. In terms of area, it occupies about 4% of the territory of the Russian Federation and concentrates 25% of the country's population, of which half is concentrated in Moscow metropolitan region.

The district is not accidentally named Central. This name characterizes not only its geographical position in the center of the country, but also its historical function as the core of the Russian state, the center of economic, political, cultural life.

The Central District has the largest personnel training centers, research institutes, design organizations, science cities, so it is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel, which explains the high level of development of science-intensive industries (Table 1).

Table 1. Geography of engineering industries in the Central Federal District

Industry name and composition	Manufactured products	Accommodation centers
instrumentation	Devices, means of communication	Moscow region, Smolensk
machine tool industry		Ryazan, Moscow region
transport engineering	Buses, riverboats, diesel-engineering, car-building	Golitsyno, Likino-Dulyovo, Tver, Tula, Vladimir, Bryansk, Moscow region
automotive industry	Trucks and cars, engines, spare parts	Moscow region, Smolensk, Tver, Ivanovo. Yaroslavl, Yartsevo (Smolensk region)
electronic computer technology	Consumer electronics, electrical engineering	Smolensk, Moscow region
mining, power equipment, agricultural engineering	Equipment, metal structures, agricultural machinery	Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov, Yelets, Michurinsk

It is a developed industrial and agricultural area.

Ferrous metallurgy uses the natural wealth of the district - the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. In terms of geological reserves, the KMA field ranks first in the world. The shallow occurrence of ores (from 35 to 500 m) allows their development in open pits. The extraction of ores by KML is 40% of the total extraction of iron ores in the CIS countries.

Lebedinsky Mining and Processing Plant is located in the Belgorod Region. It produces a powdered ore concentrate, 2/3 consisting of iron oxide. From here, the concentrate is sent to metallurgical plants in the form of sinter or pellets.

OJSC Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works in Lipetsk specializes in iron and steel smelting. It takes the 3rd place in Russia in terms of output after the Cherepovets (Vologda region) and Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk region) plants.

OAO Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant is located in Stary Oskol (Belgorod Region). It produces steel by the direct reduction of iron.

The most valuable wealth of the district is soils - chernozems. The humus content in them ranges from 4 to 12%, and the chernozem horizon itself reaches 1 m or more. These are the most fertile soils in Russia, so the district belongs to the main agricultural regions of the country. A significant part of its territory is occupied by fields of grain, industrial and fodder crops: rye and wheat, millet and buckwheat, corn, barley, oats, silage grasses, sugar beet, sunflower. Animal husbandry, horticulture and vegetable growing are developed.

The agro-industrial complex of the district specializes in the production of marketable grain, flour, cereals, granulated sugar, butter, starch, canned fruits and vegetables.

Indicators of the Central Federal District

Administrative-territorial composition: Moscow, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions.

Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2. Population - 37.1 million people.

The administrative center is Moscow.

The Central Federal District unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

The territory of the okrug belongs to Central Russia with a relative unity of natural, geographical, demographic and economic features of development, which is characteristic of non-uniformity.

Table 2. The share of economic indicators of the Central Federal District in the national

Branches of specialization of the industrial production of the district on the basis of the coefficient of localization are highlighted in Table. 3.

The Central Federal District, in accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 3), specializes in the following types of economic activity: manufacturing, including the production of food products, including drinks, and tobacco, textile and clothing production, production of leather, leather goods and shoe production, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing, chemical production, production of rubber and plastic products, production of other non-metallic mineral products, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, and other industries; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

Table 3. Specialization of industrial production in the Central Federal District

The Central Federal District (CFD) is a metropolitan region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, having a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and roads.

Districts of the Central Federal District

According to natural conditions, location and development of productive forces on the territory of the district, the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions are distinguished.

Central economic region

Composition of the district(13 subjects of the federation) - Moscow, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula, Oryol, Bryansk, Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver regions.

In terms of the number of subjects of the federation, this is the largest region, it also stands out in terms of population.

There are no significant mineral reserves in the region that could determine the development of its economy. Fuel reserves are presented in the Moscow region lignite basin, low quality coals, but can be used as coking and power. There are insignificant deposits of peat in the territories of the Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions. Oil and gas areas have been discovered in the Yaroslavl region, which have not yet been developed.

Mineral raw materials are represented by a few iron ore deposits in the Tula and Oryol regions. The Kosogorsky metallurgical plant (XV-XVII centuries) was founded on the use of Tula ores. There are deposits of industrial phosphorites in the Bryansk and Moscow regions.

All natural resources are mainly of intra-district significance.

Population. The central region is the leader in terms of population density (more than 60 people / km 2), but there are significant differences. The maximum concentration of the population is reached within the Moscow agglomeration (excluding Moscow - 140 people/km2), while in the Kostroma region the average density is only 13 people/km2.

The share of the urban population is 83.1%. The Moscow agglomeration, the largest in Russia, was formed in the region. Moscow, as it were, prevented the growth of other cities, so there are few large urban settlements in the region: Yaroslavl (620 thousand people), Ryazan (530 thousand people), Tula (520 thousand people). The main nationality of all subjects is Russian. In some places, compact residence of other peoples is noted: in the Tver region - Karelians, in the Ryazan region - Mordovians and Tatars, in the regions bordering Belarus with Smolensk and Bryansk regions - Belarusians.

Economy. The presence of highly qualified labor resources and a large number of research and design institutes has always determined the development of knowledge-intensive and labor-intensive industries in the region, including the military-industrial complex.

Tertiary sector. Moscow is undoubtedly the largest banking center of the country. The boards of all major Russian banks are concentrated here, there is a large branch network. All this leads to the fact that this industry comes to the forefront in the region. Income received from financial transactions is ahead of all other areas of management. An additional resource leading to the strengthening of the role of the Center is the implementation state functions Moscow. Placement in the city of the Presidential Administration, the Government, the Federal Assembly entails the concentration of various industries, firms and management structures.

Industry. Mechanical engineering is the main industry of the region. At one time, the automotive industry, machine tool building, instrument making, electrical engineering, electronics, and aircraft building were developed here. The first locomotive building and car building enterprises appeared in the region, then their number increased.

The center of the automotive industry is Moscow, where the ZIL production association is located, specializing in the production of medium-duty trucks.

The Center has many factories producing equipment for various industries (clothing, chemical, energy, building materials, woodworking). The main centers of machine tool building are Moscow, Kolomna, Ryazan. Instrumentation is developed in Moscow (plants Energopribor, Fizpribor, Manometr, watch factories), Ryazan, Vladimir, Smolensk. Electrical engineering is developed in Moscow, it is represented by the Moskabel, Dynamo factories and factories in Yaroslavl, Kaluga and the Vladimir region.

The branch of specialization is also chemical production. Among the branches of chemistry that work on their own resources, we should mention the production of phosphate fertilizers (Voskresensk and Polpino). Factories for the production of plastics, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic rubber, nitrogen fertilizers (Tula region), and detergents operate on imported oil and gas (there are three refineries in the region). The centers for the production of synthetic rubber are Yaroslavl and Efremov.

Ferrous metallurgy is represented by a full cycle enterprise in Tula, an iron foundry in Kosaya Gora (Tula region), as well as a number of conversion plants in Moscow, Elektrostal, Orel.

The central region is characterized by a strong printing industry, which is also a market specialization industry. Large printing plants are located in Moscow, supplying all regions of the country with their products.

The textile industry, once a leader in the area, is experiencing a decline in production. It is caused by massive imports of cheaper products from abroad, a shortage of raw materials left outside of Russia, and the disappearance of state orders. All these reasons led to the shutdown of many enterprises.

Most of the other industries meet the internal needs of the Central Economic Region: electric power industry, food industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, construction complex.

Agriculture. Climatic conditions in combination with different soils make it possible to grow cereals with a short vegetation period, fodder crops, and potatoes in the northern regions. In the southern regions, winter wheat ripens, a lot of potatoes are planted on black earth soils, and sugar beet is planted in the very south. In animal husbandry, dairy and beef cattle breeding is represented. There are many poultry and pig farms in the area. The suburban type of economy, which combines vegetable growing, potato growing with dairy and meat cattle breeding and pig breeding, has received significant development.

Transport characterized by a huge scale of transportation of goods and passengers. Historically, a radial-ring transport network has developed in focus with Moscow. 11 electrified railways diverge from Moscow, connecting the Central District with all parts of the country. Several federal highways pass through Moscow. Moscow is the country's largest aviation hub. Oil and gas pipelines pass through the Central District.

The Moscow river port can receive cargo going through a system of channels from five seas.

The Central Economic Region is a major tourist region of the country.

Currently, the most important factors for the development of the region are:

an increase in the role of the financial and credit sphere (banks), the rapid formation of small and medium-sized businesses in the transition to a market economy;
structural restructuring in the economy, in which traditional production on the basis of military-industrial complex enterprises is preserved.

Central Black Earth economic region

Composition of the district(five subjects of the federation) - Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov regions.

Conditions for the development of the economy. The specialization of the region is connected with its own resources of iron ore (KM A ores are the first in the country). There are deposits of phosphorites in the Kursk region.

Non-metallic minerals are represented by foundry sands, deposits of cement raw materials, chalk and limestone (Belgorod region).

Soils in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic in the rest are fertile chernozems.

Limitations are determined by water scarcity and lack of energy capacity. Naturally, the territory is favorable for the cultivation of many agricultural crops.

Population. The coefficient of natural population decline is somewhat lower than in the Central region and reaches 6-8°/00. The population density is relatively high - 46 people / km 2. At the same time, there is almost no differentiation by territory. The district is one of the few that can be called mono-ethnic. The share of Russians ranges from 92% in the Belgorod region to 98% in the Tambov region.

Economy. Ferrous metallurgy. The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) located in the area is the largest iron ore basin in the country (the ore contains up to 60% iron). The Kursk-Orlovsky district (Mikhailovskoye deposit) and the Starooskolsky district (Lebedinskoye and Stoilenskoye deposits) stand out. Enriched ore is largely sent outside the region, as well as to local enterprises in Lipetsk and Stary Oskol (a plant for the direct reduction of iron from ores has been built). Among other industries, one can single out mechanical engineering (machine-tool building - Voronezh, Lipetsk, tractor building - Lipetsk, agricultural engineering - Voronezh, Tambov, Michurinsk, Kursk; heavy engineering and aircraft building). Chemistry: production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, dyes in Tambov, detergents in Shebekino.

Agro-industrial complex. Sugar beet (the first place in the country), sunflower (the third place in the country), cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruit and berry crops are cultivated in the region. Livestock breeding is dominated by dairy and meat cattle breeding and pig breeding. In terms of meat production per capita, the district ranks first in the country (about 55 kg), in milk production - in second place after the Volga-Vyatka region. Almost all products are processed within the region. There are flour-grinding, milk-canning mixed fodder, sugar and starch-treatment enterprises, plants for the production of vegetable and animal oils. The country's largest Alekseevsky ether plant began to produce the most famous brand of sunflower oil "Sloboda".

Further development of the region is connected with the increase in agricultural production and the development of KMA iron ore deposits.

Hello dear colleague! For effective participation in tenders (public procurement), it is necessary to narrow the search for information about ongoing tenders to a specific region or region.

Why should this be done? First of all, in a unified information system ( www.zakupki.gov.ru) information is provided on ongoing auctions for all subjects of the Russian Federation and tracking the emergence of new data for all regions is a time-consuming and useless task; Secondly, you need to take into account your capabilities (the company's capabilities) to fulfill contractual obligations in the event of your victory. Suppose your company is located in Moscow, and the Customer is in the Sakhalin region, you yourself understand that these are additional transportation costs, travel expenses, etc. Thirdly, the Customers themselves are rather skeptical towards procurement participants (suppliers) from other regions and are doing everything possible so that the contract goes to “their own”. Therefore, you need to clearly define for yourself where you will participate and not waste your time and energy on processing all the rest of the information.

Below I have given data on the federal districts and their constituent entities of the Russian Federation. I hope this information will be useful to you, because. this is the main navigation tool for finding information in the unified information system (UIS).

I. Central Federal District (administrative center - Moscow)

1. Belgorod region

2. Bryansk region

3. Vladimir region

4. Voronezh region

5. Ivanovo region

6. Kaluga region

7. Kostroma region

8. Kursk region

9. Lipetsk region

10. Moscow region

11. Oryol region

12. Ryazan region

13. Smolensk region

14. Tambov region

15. Tver region

16. Tula region

17. Yaroslavl region

18. City of federal significance Moscow

II. Southern Federal District (administrative center - Rostov-on-Don)

List of entities included in the district:

1. Republic of Adygea

2. Republic of Kalmykia

3. Krasnodar Territory

4. Astrakhan region

5. Volgograd region

6. Rostov region

III. Northwestern Federal District (administrative center - St. Petersburg)

List of entities included in the district:

1. Republic of Karelia

2. Komi Republic

3. Arkhangelsk region

4. Vologda region

5. Kaliningrad region

6. Leningrad region

7. Murmansk region

8. Novgorod region

9. Pskov region

10. City of federal significance St. Petersburg

11. Nenets Autonomous Okrug

IV. Far Eastern Federal District (administrative center - Khabarovsk)

List of entities included in the district:

1. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

2. Kamchatka

3. Primorsky Territory

4. Khabarovsk Territory

5. Amur Region

6. Magadan region

7. Sakhalin region

8. Jewish Autonomous Region

9. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

V. Siberian Federal District (administrative center - Novosibirsk)

List of entities included in the district:

1. Republic of Altai

2. Republic of Buryatia

3. Republic of Tyva

4. Republic of Khakassia

5. Altai Territory

6. Trans-Baikal Territory

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory

8. Irkutsk region

9. Kemerovo region

10. Novosibirsk region

11. Omsk region

12. Tomsk region

VI. Ural Federal District (administrative center - Yekaterinburg)

List of entities included in the district:

1. Kurgan region

2. Sverdlovsk region

3. Tyumen region

4. Chelyabinsk region

5. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

6. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

VII. Privolzhsky Federal District (administrative center - Nizhny Novgorod)

List of entities included in the district:

1. Republic of Bashkortostan

2. Republic of Mari El

3. Republic of Mordovia

4. Republic of Tatarstan

5. Udmurt Republic

6. Chuvash Republic

7. Kirov region

8. Nizhny Novgorod region

9. Orenburg region

10. Penza region

11. Perm region

12. Samara region

13. Saratov region

14. Ulyanovsk region

VIII. North Caucasian Federal District (administrative center - Pyatigorsk)

List of entities included in the district:

1. Republic of Dagestan

2. Republic of Ingushetia

3. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

4. Karachay-Cherkess Republic

5. Republic of North Ossetia - Alania

6. Chechen Republic

7. Stavropol Territory

IX. Crimean Federal District (administrative center - Simferopol)

List of entities included in the district:

1. Republic of Crimea

2. City of federal significance Sevastopol

CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT (CFD)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District". The territory of the district is 650.3 thousand square meters. km. (3.8%) of the territory of Russia and ranks first in Russia in terms of population. The Central Federal District is located in the central part of the East European Plain, its administrative center is Moscow.

(CFD), which includes 18 subjects of the federation, plays an extremely important role in the life of our country. Here are the main administrative, political, scientific, economic, leading educational, medical and other significant centers and structures of Russia, its main and often world-famous objects of culture, art, and natural heritage (many of them are included in List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites).

The city of Moscow is the country's largest center of finance, trade, science, higher education, culture and art. The Moscow region accounts for about half of all scientific research in Russia. Other major cities of Central Russia are also important centers of science and higher education.

The largest in terms of the number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it combines 2 economic regions: Central and Central Black Earth. The economic and geographical position can be assessed as beneficial for the development of the economy, especially for manufacturing industries and the non-manufacturing sector.
CFD plays an exceptionally important role in the country's economy, has a high level of socio-economic development. Being a metropolitan district, the district is a leader among other districts not only in terms of population, but also in the development of the economy, finance, science, culture, higher and secondary specialized education, and in the density of railway and highway networks.
Natural conditions on the territory of the Central Federal District are favorable for the development of most sectors of the economy.
CFD It is poor in natural resources, especially in relation to the large needs of the economy and a large population - the exception is the reserves of iron ore, in which the district ranks first among all regions of Russia.
The main sectors of the market specialization of the Central Federal District are in industry - diversified engineering, chemical, light (textile) industry, in agriculture - the cultivation of sugar beets, sunflowers, cereals, vegetables and dairy and meat cattle breeding. In addition, the electric power industry and the building materials industry are of great importance for the activity of the economic complex of the district.
The leading branch of industry in the district is mechanical engineering. Its development was facilitated by a favorable economic and geographical position, the availability of qualified labor resources, the proximity of scientific centers, and large-scale production of ferrous metals. The second most important industry in the Central Federal District is metallurgy.
CFD ranks first in Russia in the production of building materials, but there are not enough of them for the intensive construction ongoing in the district.

One of the leading agricultural regions of the country. But the agriculture of this district does not meet the needs of its large population in the main types of food. A significant part of the food in the Central Federal District is products from other regions of Russia or imported. The main agricultural sub-sectors are the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, potatoes and vegetables, as well as dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming.

Central Federal District. Area 652,800 sq. km.
The administrative center of the Central Federal District - Moscow city

Cities by regions of the Central Federal District.

Cities in the Belgorod region: Alekseevka, Biryuch, Valuyki, Grayvoron, Gubkin, Korocha, Novy Oskol, Stary Oskol, Builder, Shebekino. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Belgorod.

Cities in the Bryansk region: Dyatkovo, Zhukovka, Zlynka, Karachev, Klintsy, Mglin, Novozybkov, Pochep, Sevsk, Seltso, Starodub, Surazh, Trubchevsk, Unecha, Fokino. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Bryansk.

Cities in the Vladimir region: Alexandrov, Vyazniki, Gorokhovets, Gus-Khrustalny, Kameshkovo, Karabanovo, Kirzhach, Kovrov, Kolchugino, Kosterevo, Kurlovo, Lakinsk, Melenki, Murom, Petushki, Pokrov, Rainbow, Sobinka, Strunino, Sudogda, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Vladimir.

Cities in the Voronezh region: Bobrov, Boguchar, Borisoglebsk, Buturlinovka, Kalach, Liski, Novovoronezh, Novokhopyorsk, Ostrogozhsk, Pavlovsk, Povorino, Rossosh, Semiluki, Ertil. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Voronezh.

Cities in Ivanovo region: Vichuga, Gavrilov Posad, Zavolzhsk, Kineshma, Komsomolsk, Kokhma, Navoloki, Ples, Privolzhsk, Puchezh, Springs, Teikovo, Furmanov, Shuya, Yuzha, Yuryevets. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Ivanovo.

Cities in the Kaluga region: Balabanovo, Belousovo, Borovsk, Ermolino, Zhizdra, Zhukov, Kirov, Kozelsk, Kondrovo, Kremenki, Lyudinovo, Maloyaroslavets, Medyn, Meshchovsk, Mosalsk, Obninsk, Sosensky, Spas-Demensk, Sukhinichi, Tarusa, Yukhnov. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Kaluga.

Cities in the Kostroma region: Bui, Volgorechensk, Galich, Kologriv, Makarev, Manturovo, Nerekhta, Neya, Soligalich, Chukhloma, Sharya. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Kostroma.

Cities in the Kursk region: Dmitriev-Lgovsky, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov, Lgov, Oboyan, Rylsk, Sudzha, Fatezh, Shchigry. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Kursk.

Cities in the Lipetsk region: Mud, Dankov, Yelets, Zadonsk, Lebedyan, Usman, Chaplygin. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Lipetsk.

Cities in the Moscow region: Aprelevka, Balashikha, Bronnitsy, Vereya, Vidnoe, Volokolamsk, Voskresensk, Vysokovsk, Golitsyno, Dedovsk, Dzerzhinsky, Dmitrov, Dolgoprudny, Domodedovo, Drezna, Dubna, Yegoryevsk, Zheleznodorozhny, Zhukovsky, Zaraysk, Zvenigorod, Ivanteevka, Istra, Kashira, Klimovsk, Klin, Kolomna, Kotelniki, Korolev, Krasnoarmeysk, Krasnogorsk, Krasnozavodsk, Krasnoznamensk, Kubinka, Kurovskoye, Likino-Dulyovo, Lobnya, Losino-Petrovsky, Lukhovitsy, Lytkarino, Lyubertsy, Mozhaisk, Moscow, Mytishchi, Naro-Fominsk, Noginsk, Odintsovo, Necklace, Lakes, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Pavlovsky Posad, Peresvet, Podolsk, Protvino, Pushkino, Pushchino, Ramenskoye, Reutov, Roshal, Ruza, Sergiev Posad, Serpukhov, Solnechnogorsk, Staraya Kupavna, Stupino, Taldom, Troitsk, Fryazino, Khimki, Khotkovo , Chernogolovka, Chekhov, Shatura, Shchelkovo, Shcherbinka, Elektrogorsk, Elektrostal, Elektrougli, Jubilee, Yakhroma. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Moscow, part of the state authorities are located in the city Krasnogorsk.

Cities in the Oryol region: Bolkhov, Dmitrovsk, Livny, Maloarkhangelsk, Mtsensk, Novosil. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Eagle.

Cities in the Ryazan region: Kasimov, Korablino, Mikhailov, Novomichurinsk, Rybnoe, Ryazhsk, Sasovo, Skopin, Spas-Klepiki, Spassk-Ryazansky, Shatsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Ryazan.

Cities in the Smolensk region: Velizh, Vyazma, Gagarin, Demidov, Desnogorsk, Dorogobuzh, Dukhovshchina, Yelnya, Pochinok, Roslavl, Rudnya, Safonovo, Sychevka, Yartsevo. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Smolensk.

Cities in the Tambov region: Zherdevka, Kirsanov, Kotovsk, Michurinsk, Morshansk, Rasskazovo, Uvarovo. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Tambov.

Cities in the Tver region: Andreapol, Bezhetsk, Bely, Bologoe, Vesyegonsk, Vyshny Volochek, Western Dvina, Zubtsov, Kalyazin, Kashin, Kimry, Konakovo, Red Hill, Kuvshinovo, Likhoslavl, Nelidovo, Ostashkov, Rzhev, Staritsa, Torzhok, Toropets, Udomlya. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Tver

Cities in the Tula region: Aleksin, Belev, Bogoroditsk, Bolokhovo, Venev, Donskoy, Efremov, Kimovsk, Kireevsk, Lipki, Novomoskovsk, Plavsk, Sovetsk, Suvorov, Uzlovaya, Chekalin, Shchekino, Yasnogorsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Tula.

Cities in the Yaroslavl region: Gavrilov-Yam, Danilov, Lyubim, Myshkin, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Poshekhonie, Rostov, Rybinsk, Tutaev, Uglich. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Yaroslavl.

Federal Agency for Education

Department of Accounting and Audit

By discipline

"Economical geography"

"Characteristics of the Central Federal District"

Yekaterinburg

Introduction…………………………………………………………….3

1. General characteristics of the Central Federal District………… ……5

2. Economic characteristics of the Central Federal District ... ... 9

3. Problems and development prospects………………… ……21

Conclusion…………………………………………………………..32

Bibliographic list……………………………………….34

Appendix 1.

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Introduction

The Central Federal District unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

According to the administrative-territorial composition, it includes the city of Moscow and 17 regions: Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl.

The territory of the district belongs to central Russia with its characteristic relative unity of natural, geographical, demographic and economic features of development.

During the period of formation and development of market relations, the Central Federal District stands out among other territorial units of Russia with a more successful course of economic reforms aimed at a socially oriented, multi-structural market economy and structural restructuring. The Central Federal District provides the largest share of financial resources to the country's budget.

Oil refining, iron and steel industry, chemical and petrochemical, mechanical engineering and metalworking, building materials industry, glass and porcelain-faience, light, food, flour-grinding industries can be considered as the branches of specialization of the Central District in terms of localization coefficient.

The Central Federal District occupies one of the first places in the Russian Federation in terms of industrial output: a large number of engineering and metalworking products are produced here, a significant share of chemical products. The Central District is Russia's main producer of cotton, linen fabrics, and leather footwear. The district accounts for more than 90% of all printed products produced in the country. It is the main center for the development of science and culture in Russia, a forge of qualified personnel. In the inter-district division of social labor, the Central District acts as the most important industrial center of the country.

The Central Federal District is a metropolitan region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, having a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and roads.

1. General characteristics of the Central Federal District

1.1. Geographic location of the Central Federal District

The Central Federal District occupies an area of 652.7 thousand square meters. km. The administrative center of the district is the city of Moscow (Appendix 1.).

At all stages of the development of the Center, a large place in determining its fate was occupied by geographical position. It is located at the intersection of water and land roads, which have always contributed to the development of economic ties, because even in ancient times the main trade routes crossed here. And at present, the position of the Center in the middle of the most densely populated and economically developed part of the country, in the largest junction of transport routes, at the “crossroads” of the most important economic ties between various territorial units, has a very great influence on the entire course of development of this district. The presence of the capital region also has a huge impact on the development of the regions of the Central Federal District. Moscow has developed economic, cultural, scientific, transport, supply and other ties with the regions of the region.

The Central Federal District borders on Belarus and Ukraine, and is also conveniently located in relation to the fuel and energy bases of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, with which economic relations are developing and interregional associations are formed.

The natural conditions of the region are characterized by moderate continentality, average temperatures in July +19 +22°С, January -8 -11°С, the amount of precipitation ranges from 400 to 550 mm per year, the duration of the growing season is 175-185 days. Despite the aridity of some parts of the region, conditions are favorable for agriculture. The relief is expressed by the Central Russian Upland and the Oka-Don Lowland. The area is poor in water resources, which is unfavorable for its economic development. The surface water sources of the region are represented by an extensive river network belonging to the basins of the Caspian, Black and Baltic Seas. The availability of surface water resources in the territory of the region decreases from the north-north-west to the south-south-east. The land resources of the region are used very intensively. The degree of agricultural development of the territory is high.

1.2. Social aspect

In terms of population, the number of cities and towns, the variety of types and appearance of settlements, the Center occupies a special place in our country.

The population living on the territory of the Central Federal District is about 37.1 million people, or 20.4% of the population of all of Russia. In terms of population density (62 people per 1 sq. km.), Central also ranks first among all federal districts of Russia. The most densely populated are the Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, Ryazan and Lipetsk regions, the lowest density is in the Tambov region. Almost the entire territory of the district is characterized by natural population decline, low birth rate, but due to intensive migration processes, there is an increase in numbers. The mechanical movement of the urban population is characterized by a large proportion of migrants from other economic regions. The central region south of Moscow is one of the main fields of migratory gravity. In exchange with Moscow and the region, almost all regions of the region are losing part of their urban population. Along with this, the mechanical increase in the urban population of these regions is formed mainly due to the influx of local rural residents. In recent years, there has been a significant influx of refugees, especially to the rural areas of the southern part of the district.

Occupying an insignificant part of the territory of Russia, the Central District is distinguished by a particularly large population. Such a high population is determined by the historical factor. The center is the area of the most ancient Slavic settlement, the historical core of the Russian people. And at present, the region is distinguished by a very homogeneous national composition: the Russian population prevails here everywhere. There are small national groups in the east of the Ryazan region (Tatars) and the northeast of Tver (Karelians). In the southern part, the percentage of Ukrainians is quite high.

A characteristic feature of the Central Federal District is the high proportion of the urban population - 83% (Appendix 2). At the same time, the Ivanovo, Tula and Yaroslavl regions reached the average district indicator, and the Moscow region exceeded it. There are more than 30 large cities in the region, the share of the population of which in the total number of inhabitants of the Central District is almost half, and in the urban population - more than 2/3. In the Center, both large clusters of urban settlements and single cities and towns are common. Among the clusters of cities, Moscow occupies an outstanding place, around which a whole galaxy of satellites has grown. 1/2 of the urban population of the district lives in the Moscow agglomeration. Other major urban agglomerations, "millionaires" - Tula and Yaroslavl. An important reason for strengthening communication between the cities of the Okrug is their diversity, the special role of industry, territorial proximity, and favorable transport conditions. Large cities are characterized by high growth rates, which is due to the concentration of industry and social infrastructure. The network of urban settlements of the Center took shape over many centuries. Here, more than anywhere else, cities that are among the most ancient in our country have been preserved. It was they who became the reference points of modern urban settlement. Ancient cities (Smolensk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Vyazma, Kolomna) also predominate among the administrative and industrial centers. The Central District is characterized by a relatively small proportion of rural residents in the total population - 17%. The main reason for the reduction in the number of rural residents of the region is the intensive outflow from the countryside.

The demographic situation that has developed in the Central Federal District is characterized by low natural growth and an increase in the proportion of the population of older ages. The number of labor resources is insufficient. The population of the Center, as the ancient economic core of the country, has historically become the bearer of many diverse production skills. Thanks to the early development of industry, which relied on the established skills of the population, a large army of skilled workers had formed in the Center long before the revolution. The district, primarily due to Moscow located within it, has played and is playing an outstanding role in the development of culture and the training of qualified personnel. Higher than the national average, the level of employment of labor resources in the non-manufacturing sector is due to the role that the Central District plays in the development of science, culture and training of specialists. But the area itself is experiencing a shortage mainly in less skilled labor.

Central Federal District. Area 652,800 sq. km.
The administrative center of the Central Federal District and the Moscow Region, the capital of Russia is the city Moscow.

Cities of the Central Federal District.

Cities in the Kursk region: Dmitriev-Lgovsky, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov, Lgov, Oboyan, Rylsk, Sudzha, Fatezh, Shchigry. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Kursk.

Cities in the Lipetsk region: Mud, Dankov, Yelets, Zadonsk, Lebedyan, Usman, Chaplygin. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Lipetsk.

Cities in the Oryol region: Bolkhov, Dmitrovsk, Livny, Maloarkhangelsk, Mtsensk, Novosil. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Eagle.

Cities in the Tambov region: Zherdevka, Kirsanov, Kotovsk, Michurinsk, Morshansk, Rasskazovo, Uvarovo. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Tambov.

Federal districts of Russia: , .