The present form of the verb in Russian. Verb forms according to the nature of the change

It is not for nothing that our ancestors called speech a “verb”, in principle, this word is also interpreted in the dictionary of V. Dahl. Examples of verbs, their use, change will be analyzed in this article.

Verb as a part of speech

The part of speech that denotes an action and answers the questions "what to do?", "what to do?" - this is the verb. Referring to independent parts of speech, it is determined by the general grammatical meaning.

For a verb, this is an action. However, this part of speech differs in shades of meaning.

1. Any physical labor: cut, chop, knit.
2. Intellectual or speech work: observe, speak, think.
3. Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
4. Subject's state: to hate, to be ill, to sleep.
5. The state of nature: it got colder, it froze, it was getting dark.

Morphological and syntactic features

As for morphological features, we will analyze these various examples in detail later, but for now we will simply list them. Inclination, person, time, number, recurrence, gender, aspect and conjugation.

As for the most often, the verb is used as a predicate, it, together with the subject, forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in the sentence can spread. This function is performed by a noun or an adverb.

Infinitive

Every verb has an initial form, which is called the infinitive. We ask the following questions: "what to do?", "what to do?". Examples of indefinite verbs: teach, draw (what to do?), learn, draw (what to do?).

The verb is invariable, it does not determine the time, person and number - a purely action. Let's compare two examples: "I work in my specialty" - "A person needs to work for life." In the first example, the verb indicates that the action takes place in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun "I" indicates 1 person, singular). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without specifying the number and person.

There are still disputes between linguists about what the -t (-ti) of the infinitive is: a suffix or an ending. We agree in this article with those who position it as flexion. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, bake, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be borne in mind that when changing the word, alternation may occur: oven-pecu; flow-flow; burn - burn.

The infinitive can act both as a predicate and as a subject: "To read is to know a lot." Here the first verb "read" is the subject, the second, "know" is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.

Verb types

The aspect of a verb is determined by the question it answers. In Russian, there are imperfect (what to do? what to do? what to do?) and perfect (what to do? what to do? what to do?) types of verbs. Examples: speak, speak, spoke - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.

The types of the verb differ in semantic meaning. So, imperfect denotes a certain duration of action, its repetition. For example: write - write. The action has duration, duration. Compare with the meaning of the perfective verb: write - write - wrote. It indicates that the action is completed, it has some result. The same verbs define a one-time action (to shoot).

Inclination form

Verbs also change in mood. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.

If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to take the form of tense, person and number. Examples of verbs of this mood: "We are making this craft" (present tense) - "We will make this craft" (future tense) - "We made this craft" Or by faces: "I made this craft" (1 person) - "You made this craft" (2nd person) - "Anna made this craft" (3rd person).

Subjunctive verbs indicate the performance of an action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding the particle "by" ("b") to the past tense, which is always written separately. Such predicates vary in persons and numbers. The category of time is not defined. Examples of verbs: "We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher" (pl., 1 person) - "I would make this craft with the help of a teacher" (singular, 1 person) - "Anna would make this craft with with the help of a teacher" (singular, 3rd person) - "The guys would make this craft with the help of a teacher" (plural, 3rd person).

The speaker induces to some action with the help of a verb To prohibit an action, imperative verbs are also used. Examples: "Don't yell at me!" (ban) - "Wash your hands before eating!" (urge) - "Please write a letter" (request). Let's take a closer look at the last example. To give your request a polite tone, you should add the word “please” (“be kind”, “be kind”) to the imperative mood verb.

It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in and it is preserved in those that end in -sya and -te. There is an exception to this rule - the verb "lie down" (lie down - lie down - lie down).

The past tense implies that the action has already ended by the time you speak. For example: "I bought this dress last year." Usually, such verbs are formed using the suffix -l- added to the stem of the infinitive: buy - bought. These predicates vary in numbers, and in units. number - and by birth. The shape of the face is not defined.

The form of the present tense is characteristic only for the imperfect aspect. To form it, you need to add verbs. Examples: mine - wash - wash - wash - wash.

The form of the future tense can have verbs of both types, perfect and imperfect. It is of two types: simple and complex. The first is typical for perfective verbs: I will build, glue, saw, etc. The future complex is formed by imperfective verbs. Compare: I will build, I will glue, I will saw. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb "to be", put in the future simple, and the infinitive.

In the present and future tenses, verbs have person and number. We will talk about them below.

face and number

If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself. For example: "I temper myself every day, pouring cold water and wiping myself with snow."

The second person of the verb will tell us that the action is performed by the interlocutor of the speaker. For example: "You know perfectly well how much twice two will be." Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning, denote actions characteristic of any person. Most often, this can be found in proverbs: "You can't put a scarf on someone else's mouth." It is easy to distinguish such sentences: as a rule, they do not have a subject.

Verbs in the third person express the action that the subject of speaking produces or performed. "Lermontov was lonely all his life." - "The hurricane was so strong that hundred-year-old trees bent like twigs."

For each person in the singular or a specific ending of verbs is characteristic. Examples: "I am flying" - "We are flying" - "You are flying" - "You are flying" - "She (he, it) is flying" - "They are flying."

Conjugation and personal verb endings

The conjugation of a verb is a form that implies its change in persons and numbers. It is not typical for all predicates, but only for those that are in the indicative mood, present or future tense.

There are two conjugations in total. Let's present them in a table.

	I conjugation All verbs, except those with -it, plus 2 exceptions: shave, lay		II conjugation (endings) Verbs on -it, except for shaving, laying (they belong to the I conjugation), as well as drive, hold, look, see, breathe, hear, hate, depend, endure, offend, twirl		Verb examples
					Carry (I); talking (II)
					Carry, carry (I); talk, talk (II)
					Carry, carry (I); says, say (II)

Impersonal verbs

Personal verbs, examples of which we have analyzed above, are not the only ones in the Russian language. They are opposed by those that denote an action without an actor. That is what they are called - impersonal.

With them, there is never a subject; in a sentence, they play the role of a predicate. Such verbs do not have the category of number. That is, they determine purely time, present and future. For example: “It’s cold” (present tense) - “It will freeze even more at night” (future), “It was cold. It was freezing even more at night” (past).

What are the forms of the verb in Russian?

The verb is the most complex of all parts of speech. It has a view, 2 conjugations, conjugated verbs, which are very ancient. It has transitivity, recurrence, pledge. The verb has three tenses, two numbers, three persons. In the past tense, it has gender. In the Present tense, it can acquire moods, and in the future it can have a simple and complex form. And the verb can also have an infinitive, and in Russian there are two parts of speech, which, according to some textbooks, are its special forms. And all this must be taken into account in the morphological analysis. Even students of the philological departments of universities do not always cope with this uncle verb. I knew one correspondence student in Soviet times who took morphology five times and flunked this case because of the verb and its forms.

The first, perhaps, form of the verb is the infinitive, indefinite, which answers the question what to do? . By tense, the verb can be used in the present, future and past tense, and in the past tense there are two forms - perfect and imperfect (for example, did - did). Verbs are used in singular and plural. Also, verbs change by gender - masculine, feminine and neuter.

Remembering the existing forms of verbs in Russian is not difficult. First, as in any other language, verbs have an initial form, the so-called infinitive, which is the easiest to remember because it answers the question What to do? Further, the verbs are divided into tenses, this is also simple - past, future and present give three more forms. Naturally, verbs are also divided into number - singular and plural. And the favorite forms of the verbs of each student are participle and participle. The participle is an adjective verb, for example frozen, and the participle is an adverb verb that shows an additional action, for example, I was trembling, freezing.

In Russian, the verb has many forms. Let's start with verb conjugation. Each verb can change in persons and numbers, that is, conjugate. Therefore, we distinguish between the form of the first person singular and plural of the present tense, the form of the second person, etc.

Here are the personal forms of the verb go:

I'm going, we're going

you go you go

he goes, they go.

In the past tense of the indicative mood, the verb has its own form, formed from the stem of the infinitive with the suffix -l-:

Past tense forms:

took, took, took, took.

The verb has a special form - participle, which combines the qualities of a verb and an adjective, that is, indicates a sign of action.

Participles formed from the verb sow:

sowing, sown (present tense);

sowed, sown (past tense).

Mention and gerund- an invariable form of the verb, which has the features of a verb and an adverb and denotes an additional action in relation to the verb-predicate.

Hearing, speaking is an imperfect participle;

Having heard, understood, brought, baked - a perfect participle.

In a sentence, the participle is usually a circumstance.

Russian is a very difficult language. Including due to the fact that each word practically has many forms. The same applies to verbs. Verbs have an indefinite form when they answer the question what to do? . I also have perfect and imperfect forms. From different tenses, the corresponding forms of verbs are formed, the same can be said about the singular and plural. And these are just the main ones.

A verb is a part of speech that names an action or state as a process. Answers questions such as - what to do, what to do. The morphological features of the verb are: aspect, tense, mood, face. Moods are: indicative, imperative and conditional. Time: past, present and future.

The forms of the verb are those categories in which the verb changes: mood, tense, person, number, gender.

Verbs can be in the form of indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive in some textbooks) moods. In the indicative mood, the category of time appears: the form of the present, past and future tenses. Each of these forms has singular and plural forms; in the past tense and singular, verbs change by gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), in the present and future - by persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd).

Standing apart is the indefinite form of the verb, or the infinitive (what to do? what to do?), in which not a single inconstant feature is defined.

In modern school grammar, participles and gerunds are considered not as a special form of the verb, but as independent parts of speech.

A verb in Russian can have several forms.

Initial (undefined) verb form (it is also called the infinitive), for example, go.

Past tense form, present, future, an example went, I go, I go.

Singular, plural form, examples stand, stand.

Special form of the verb - participle.

Special form of the verb - gerund.

Verbs change by person, number, gender.

And these are just small examples. The topic of verbs is covered in more detail here.

Verbs change by person, number, tense, gender.

Genus - there are three types of female / male / middle.

Time - there are 3 types - present, future, past.

Number is Singular and Plural.

Faces - there are 1, 2, 3. (I, you, he) (we, you, they).

The verb has several forms and several types of changes.

Persons can be first, second and third.

The verb can be singular or plural.

The verb can be used in the feminine, male and neuter genders.

verb mood

a) Form imperative mood(imperative) is often used in ethics. formulas in meaning, led nothing. to the addressee: Hello!.. Farewell!.. Excuse me!.. - and in the sense of an almost erased impulse: Let me thank you!.. Both those and other ethics. formulas, without prompting anything, form a structure, designation. real. speech action at the moment of speaking. He led the forms. inclinations in the literal sense encourage action in a situation of request, advice, proposal, invitation: Do it, please! ..

b) Form subjunctive mood in stereo. speech formulas. etiquette is interesting because it does not translate the action into the unreal. The verb with the particle "would" increases the degree of politeness, removing izl. categorical (cf. refusal: I would love to, but ...), used in requests, express. in the form of a question (Could you pass the coupon?).

Performative verbs(action-speech) denote actions, a cat. can only be done through speech. In these cases, it is necessary to say: I promise! .. Greetings! .. I advise you ... etc.

Verb type serves as an indicator of the perfection / imperfection of the action. Nesov. the form of the verb indicates that the action is in development (answers the question "What to do?"), and the perfect - that the action has taken place (answers the question "What to do?"). The choice of the verb type determines the degree of categoricalness, politeness, expressiveness. statements. Wed: Sit down, please! - carry. view. Sit down! - owls. view.

Features of the use of certain verbs. For example, the verbs of owls. kind of type prepare, accumulate, cheer up can correspond to the verbs nes. type: prepare - prepare, accumulate - accumulate, acquaint - acquaint, cheer - cheer. Suffixes - yva-iva- are stylistically neutral and are more common in book writing. styles. Forms in which these suffixes are absent are often perceived as colloquial: accumulate, encourage, appropriate, etc.

In the formation of verbs nes. species with suffixes - yva-iva- are often formed paral. forms with a turn. root vowels - o-, - a-: determined about infuse - condition a infuse, concentrate about read - focus a chivat, etc. If there is under. options, it should be borne in mind that forms with -a- are more characteristic of conversations. style.

The formation of verbs nes is not allowed. species with suffixes - yva-iva- from two-species verbs such as address, use (forms address, use - colloquial). You should also not use the form "organize", although it is present in the sense. dictionaries of Russian letters. language (in modern usage, the verb "organize" has the meaning of both Sov. and non-Sov. species).

Choice of collateral associated with the selection of the subject / object of action. Active voice has the meaning "here - now - author - addressee" (Thank you! ..). Passive voice is used when the emphasis is on the fact of the action, and not on the indication of the subject: The work has not been done so far!

40. Particles and politeness

The term "particle" (from lat. particula) is used in shir. sense (all service words) and in the narrow sense: service. words, cat. serve in speech to express the relationship of all or part of the statement to reality, as well as the speaker to the reported. Consider the use of some particles from the position of the category of politeness.

Maud. particle -ka used to eliminate categorical, soften expression. verb. forms of command, inducement to action: let's go together; shut up for now! K.S. Aksakov pointed to three meanings particles -ka:

Caution or warning about the consequences: think for yourself!;

Druzh. an appeal that has some purpose: let's sit here!;

Druzh. exhortation: take care of yourself!

But it should be remembered that, using the particle - ka, it is necessary consider social status speech participants. act:

1) the speaker should not occupy a lower social. position than his interlocutor (in the opposite case, the use of the particle - ka in the imperial construction is excluded);

2) the speaker must be well acquainted with his interlocutor (in the other case, an address containing a particle - ka can also be regarded as rudeness).

Modal. particle - with(obsolete) introduced into speech a shade of reverence, subservience: Excuse me, sir. In modern speech, this particle is used in iron. Meaning: Well, what happened to us there?

Modal. particles wouldn't... wouldn't... wouldn't introduce into the question a shade of softening, non-categorical. Usually the particle doesn't ... whether it accompanies a request-question, cus. the possibilities of the addressee: would you be so kind ...; could you... Most polite. request formulas often contain a particle not: won’t it make it difficult for you? .. If it’s not difficult for you ... etc.

Modal. particle here polysemantic and can emphasize both positive and negative. assessment: Here is a girl! .. Here they are, workers! ..

VERB FORMS AND WAYS OF THEIR FORMATION

The verb has a branched system of forms. According to the functions, the nature of the change in the form of the verb, they are divided into conjugated, non-conjugated and declined.

Verb forms according to the nature of the change

Grammatical meanings appear in different verb forms in different ways. All verb forms have the meanings of aspect, pledge, transitivity, reflexivity. The infinitive and gerund, being invariable forms of the verb, have only signs of aspect, pledge, transitivity, reflexivity. The personal forms of the verb are conjugated, i.e. change in moods, tenses, persons, numbers, and in the past tense – by birth. Full participles change by gender, number and case, i.e. decline (according to the adjective type of declension, like adjectives), and also have two forms of voice (real and passive) and change in time (they have forms of the present and past tense). Only passive participles have a short form. Short forms change only by numbers and gender.

Two verb stems

Two stems are used to form verb forms: the stem of the present or future simple tense (for perfective verbs) and the stem of the past tense (or infinitive). The basics of present and past tense can differ: take-ut - bra-th or match: carry-ut - carry-ti.

The basis of the present (future simple) tense is distinguished by cutting off the ending from the verbs of the 3rd person plural: chitaj-ut, write -ut.

The basis of the past tense is distinguished by cutting off the suffix -l- from the verb in the form of the past tense (for the infinitive, respectively, the suffix -t or -ti): read, read, write, write.

The following forms of the verb are formed from the basis of the present tense:

1) present tense forms: chitaj; 2) forms of imperative mood: chitaj; 3) present participles: chitaj; 4) imperfect participles: chitaj-a.

From the basis of the past tense are formed:

1) past tense forms: heard-l(a); 2) forms of the subjunctive mood heard - l (a) would; 3) past participles heard - vsh-th; 4) perfect participles: heard - in

The totality of all forms of the verb of the same kind forms the paradigm of the verb.

The form of the verb is called conjugation. In linguistics, the term conjugation has two meanings. Broadly speaking, conjugation- this is a change in the verb by persons, numbers, tenses, moods (as well as by gender in the past tense and in the subjunctive mood). In a narrow sense- This is a change of the verb in persons and numbers.

Conjugation

Conjugation- this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. Depending on the system of endings, there are two main types of conjugation: the first and the second. There are also non-conjugated verbs and verbs of special conjugation forms. The endings of the present/simple future tense are called personal endings verb, as they also convey the meaning of the person.

If the personal endings of the verb are stressed, then the conjugation is determined by the endings. Verbs of I conjugation- these are verbs with endings: -u (-u), -eat, -eat, -ete, -ut (-yut). VerbsII conjugations- these are verbs with endings: -u (-u), -im, -ish, -ite, -at (-yat). Yes, verbs sleep, fly belong to II conjugation ( cn ish, cn yat; years ish, years yat ), and the verbs make a mistake drink- to I conjugation ( mistake eat oh, wrong ut Xia, pi eat, pi ut ). The same conjugation includes prefixed verbs derived from them with unstressed endings ( arrival ish (II question) , bittern eat (I question) ).

If the ending is unstressed, the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive. The second conjugation includes all verbs in -it (except shave, lay, rest), as well as 4 verbs with -at ( drive, hold, hear, breathe) and 7 verbs in -et ( watch, see, offend, hate, depend, twirl, endure b); the rest of the verbs belong to the first conjugation.

Opposite conjugated verbs have endings of both types of conjugation. Conjugated verbs include: want, run, honor, glimpse and their prefixes : want at, want- eat, want- no; want- them, want- ite, want- yat.

	Singular	Plural
	I want to run at	Hot them, beige them
	hoch eat, beige ish	Hot ite, run ite
	hoch no, beige it	Hot yat, run ut

Verb glimpse has an incomplete paradigm with forms: dawns and squeal.

Verbs of a special (archaic) type of conjugation: eat, get bored, give, create, and derivative words formed from them in a prefixed or postfixal way have a special system of endings.

Most verbs have all possible forms of person and number, but there are also verbs that do not have any or usually do not use certain forms. These are verbs with insufficient paradigm (for example, there is no first person in verbs vacuum, conquer and etc.)

Verb paradigm

Paradigm- the totality of all forms of the verb. The question of the scope of the full verbal paradigm remains unresolved. Some linguists do not include in it the forms of participles and gerunds, as well as verbs that differ in appearance. Complete paradigm - a set of forms of the gerund, all personal (conjugated) forms and all forms of the sacrament. All paradigm components must be of the same kind. The original word of the paradigm - the infinitive - is not included in the paradigm. The full paradigm of the verb includes several particular paradigms in which the verb forms are united by a common way of form change (unchanged, conjugated, declined). private paradigm - personal forms of the verb or participle forms.

According to the composition of the components, particular paradigms can be sufficient ( full), insufficient (incomplete) and redundant . Verbs that do not form all possible conjugated forms (see the section “Category of Person”) or do not form participles and gerunds have an insufficient paradigm. For example, for verbs to win, to find oneself, to stupefy there are no forms of the 1st person singular. numbers; at verbs crowd, group, scatter singular forms are not used. numbers; at verbs foal, crystallize- forms of the 1st and 2nd person. Verbs also have an insufficient paradigm to fever, to branch, to lack, to mean, to find oneself, to fit, to win, to vacuum, to disperse, to melt, to get cold, to be weird. Verbs that have parallel personal forms have a redundant paradigm (usually these forms partially differ in meaning or in stylistic coloring): splashes - splashes, moves - moves, masquet - throws, I suffer - I suffer, measure - measure, recover - recover, shake - shake, rinse - rinse, wave - wave, whip - whip, pinch - pinch.

Morphology of the Russian literary language*

VERB

Conjugation of verbs

Future tense, simple and compound

Forms of the future tense of verbs perfect. and imperfect. species, differing in meaning, also differ in their formation. Verbs have perfect. the form of the future tense corresponds in education to the form of the present tense in imperfect verbs. type, i.e. form, correlative with it and in meaning. Both of these forms are synthetic forms in which the totality of real and formal meanings is expressed in one and the same word, cf. the present tense of verbs is imperfect. kind write, read and the future tense of perfect verbs. kind write, read.

Imperfect verbs. the form of the future tense is formed analytically by combining the future tense of the auxiliary verb be with the infinitive of the conjugated verb, i.e. of the verb from which the future tense should be formed, for example: I will read, you will write, they will decide etc. In the form of the future tense formed in this way, the infinitive of the conjugated verb expresses real and non-syntactic formal meanings (kind, reflexive or irrevocable, transitive or intransitive), while the auxiliary verb expresses syntactic formal meanings (mood, tense, person, number).

According to the terminology accepted in Russian grammar, the synthetic future tense of verbs is perfect. species is called the future simple (write, read), and the analytic future tense of verbs is imperfect. species - future difficult (I will write, I will read).

Verb face forms

In the present and future tenses, verbs form forms called personal, or persons. These forms denote the person to whom the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb, and the person denoted by the verb is determined through its relation to the speaker. There are three such personal forms: 1st, 2nd and 3rd person. Each of them is presented in units. and in plural. number.

The persons of the verb, opposing each other in meaning, form two pairs of correlative forms. One of them is formed by the forms of the 1st and 2nd person. These forms, as properly personal, are opposed by the form of the 3rd person, which by its meaning can be defined as non-personal and which only in relation to the 1st and 2nd person is designated as a form of the 3rd person.

The personal meaning of properly personal forms, i.e. forms of the 1st and 2nd person, basically corresponds to the meaning of personal pronouns-nouns. Form of the 1st person unit. numbers means that the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to himself: write, read. In other words, the person to whom the process refers is "I". 1st person plural number is used in the case when the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to a group of persons, of which he himself is a member, i.e. relates it to "we": write, read.

Form of the 2nd person unit. numbers means that the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to his interlocutor, i.e. to the one to whom the speech is addressed, to "you": write, read. Its corresponding form is plural. numbers means that the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to a group of people (more than one) to whom he addresses with a speech, or to a group of people that includes the speaker's interlocutor, i.e. relates the process in general to "you": write, read. Also, 2nd person plural. number is used as a form of polite or formal address to one person (to "you"): Listen, Gorsky... You yourself know that I am not capricious now.(I. Turgenev), I want to know: how do you explain this? “But I want to know what right you have to question me,” I replied.. (I.Turgenev)

Form of the 2nd person unit. numbers are also used in the so-called generalized-personal meaning. This happens when the speaker means through it that the process expressed by the verb does not refer to any particular interlocutor, but to any possible person, including the speaker himself, for example: Ruined a completely human ... What are you going to do!(A. Pisemsky), Until you know him, you will not enter him - you are afraid, as if you are timid; and you will enter - as if the sun will warm you, and you will be all cheerful. (I. Turgenev) In this sense, the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers are widely used in proverbs: You will learn from the smart, you will unlearn from the stupid, Tears will not help grief, If you plant a seed, you will grow an apple tree. etc. The 2nd person can have a generalized personal meaning not only in the form of units. numbers, but also in plural form. numbers: A quarter of an hour before sunset, in the spring, you go out into the grove with a gun, without a dog. You find a place for yourself somewhere near the edge of the forest, look around, inspect the piston, wink at your comrade ... Birds chatteringly babble; the young grass gleams with the merry brilliance of emerald... you are waiting.(I.Turgenev)

Opposing in meaning to the 1st and 2nd persons in their totality, the form of the 3rd person means that the speaker does not attribute the process expressed by the verb to himself or to his interlocutor. In units In number, the form of the 3rd person in the absence of a subject has an impersonal meaning, i.e. it indicates the impossibility of attributing the process to any subject: It's still pounding in my head.(N. Gogol), The heat from her radiates. (I. Turgenev), There is a smell of fresh milk in the air.(N. Nekrasov), Burning at the sawmill. (A. Chekhov) Only if the verb has a subject or it stands out from the context, “implied”, this form means that the process refers to the speaker to some object, but not to a person in the narrow sense of the word, i.e. .e. speaker and his interlocutor: he writes, reads. In the presence of a subject, the form of the 3rd person plural has the same meaning. numbers indicating only the plurality of objects to which the process belongs: they write, read. In the absence of a subject, 3rd person plural. number has an indefinite personal meaning, i.e. it means that the process refers to the speaker to some objects, but indefinite and indefinable, since the speaker does not care who performs the process expressed by the verb: Bear! carry! carry!(N. Gogol), What is the name of this bridge?(A. Pushkin), Don't wave your fists after a fight. (Proverb), Please don't smoke. Thus, the use of the form of the 3rd person unit. number in an impersonal meaning corresponds to the use of the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers in an indefinite personal meaning. The latter cannot have an impersonal meaning, since this is prevented by the plural expressed by it. number. The value of multiplicity indicates that the process is produced by some objects (more than one) and, therefore, it cannot be represented in complete abstraction from the object that produces it.

decide decide will decide

decide decide decide

I will you will will	}	decide
we will you will will	}	decide

Personal forms, as already mentioned, are present in the forms of the present and future tenses. At the same time, since the present tense of verbs is imperfect. aspect and future simple in verbs perfect. species are synthetic forms, their personal forms are formed by changing the conjugated verb itself. In the complex future tense, the verbs are imperfect. aspect, which is an analytic form, personal forms are indicated by changing the auxiliary verb be, i.e. denoted by its personal forms.

Impersonal verbs

Some verbs from personal and generic forms form only the 3rd person singular. numbers in present and future tense and avg. gender in the past tense. Forms of the 3rd person and sredn. The genders of these verbs do not indicate any person and denote a process that occurs as if by itself, without anyone's active participation: I can't sleep, no fire.(A. Pushkin), He did not walk, did not walk, did not even want to climb up. (N. Gogol), There, here, but you can’t sit at home. (A. Pushkin), It was already late when we got home. (I. Turgenev) Such verbs are called impersonal. They are usually names or some natural phenomena: it gets light, it gets dark, it freezes, it gets dark, it soars(before the rain), etc., or various experiences and states of a person: dozing, thinking, sleeping, unwell, sick, feverish.

Formation of personal forms of the verb

Personal forms are formed by attaching to the basis of the crust. temp. special endings that simultaneously denote not only the person, but also the number of the verb. Therefore, verbs have six personal endings, three for each number. According to the differences in the sound expression of these endings, most of the verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second. The first conjugation is characterized by endings: -y, -osh (-eat), -ot (-et), -om (-eat), -ote (-eat), -ut; second: -u, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at.

In oral speech, the endings of the first and second conjugations in many persons differ only when the ending is stressed. In the same case, when the stress falls on the stem, the same unstressed endings are pronounced for all verbs: -ish (kol'ish, l'ub'ish), -it (kol'it, l'ub'it), -im (kol'im, l'ub'im), -it' (colitis', l 'ub'it'), -ut (kol'-ut, l'ub'ut). Therefore, both the verbs of the first and the verbs of the second conjugations are pronounced without stress in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular. numbers and 1st and 2nd persons plural. the number of the end of the second conjugation (because and- phoneme variant<and> and not <о> ), in the 3rd person plural. numbers - the end of the first conjugation. Such pronunciation of unstressed personal endings is typical, for example, of the language of many Muscovites.

A certain kind of difference exists between the verbs of the first and second conjugations in the nature of the stem from which the personal forms are formed, i.e. basics of present. temp. For verbs of the first conjugation, the stem is present. temp. as it appears in the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers, may end in back-palatal consonants (bake-ut, shore-ut), into hard consonants, paired with soft (push-ut, met-ut, lead-ut, carry-ut, carry-ut, row-ut, swim-ut, press-ut, or-ut), on hissing and j (pash-ut, knit-ut, cry-ut, sparkle-ut, spray-ut, game-ut, drawing-ut) and on soft r ’, l ’ (por-yut, coll-yut), while the verbs of the second conjugation have the stem of the present. temp. into soft consonants, paired with hard (let-yat, sit-yat, hang-yat, carry-yat, wail-yat, love-yat, catch-yat, noise-yat, ring-yat, hot-yat, vel-yat), as well as hissing and j (kish-at, tremble-at, scream-at, crack-at, squeal-at, poj-at). Thus, the basis of present. temp. into back-palatal consonants and hard consonants, paired with soft, have only verbs of the first conjugation, and the basis for soft consonants, paired with hard (except r', l'), are only verbs of the second conjugation. The stems do not differ in conjugations only when they have sibilant consonants at the end, j and soft r', l'.

The formation of personal forms by adding endings is accompanied by a change in the stem, which is expressed in the alternation of consonant phonemes at its end according to certain norms. These alternations are presented in verbs only with certain final consonants in the stem and occur in forms determined for each conjugation.

In verbs of the first conjugation, the alternation of phonemes at the end of the stem occurs during the formation of the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person units. numbers and 1st and 2nd person plural. numbers. In these forms, back-palatal consonants change to sibilants: bake-ut, bake-eat (peg-et, bake-eat, bake-ete), shore-ut - save-eat, and hard consonants, paired with soft ones, into the corresponding soft ones: push-ut - push'-you (push'-et, push'-em, push'-ete), met-ut - met'-you, ved-ut - lead'-you, carry-ut - carry'- eat, take-ut - carry'-you, row-ut - row'-you, float-ut - swim'-you, press-ut - press'-you, or-ut - or'-you etc. A very single exception is represented by only one verb weave, in which the posterior to is replaced in alternation not by hissing h, like other verbs, but soft to', compare: tk-ut - tk’-you, tk’-et etc. It is interesting to note that the personal forms of the verb weave with to' basically represent, except for a few borrowed words, the only case in the Russian language where to' appears in a phonetically independent position, i.e. as a separate phoneme, not a variation of the posterior phoneme<to>.

In verbs of the second conjugation, the alternation of the final consonants of the stem occurs during the formation of the form of the 1st person singular. numbers. Here, soft teeth change to sizzling: let'-at - lie down, sid'-at - sit-y, pros'-at - ask, woz'-at - lead-y, sad'-at - sad-y, drive'-at - drive-by; and soft labials - on combinations of labials with soft l': wop’-at - yell’-u, love’-at - lovel’-u, count’-at - graphl’-u, lov’-at - lovl’-u, noise’-at - noisel’-u etc.

Verbs are distributed according to conjugations as follows: the second conjugation includes verbs in which the stem is present. temp. non-derivative to a soft consonant or sibilant, and the stem is past. temp. derivative with suffixes -and-(bel-and-l - bel-yat, resh-and-l - resh-at, love-and-l - love-yat and etc.), -e-(mountains-e-l - mountains-yat, years-e-l - years-yat, sid-e-l - sid-yat and etc.), -a- (shout-a-l - scream-at, stoj-a-l - stoj-at, sp-a-l - sp’-yat and etc.). Therefore, the second conjugation includes, firstly, the verbs of the IV productive class (bel-and-l - bel-yat) and, secondly, the verbs of the second group of the I non-productive class (gor-e-l - gor-yat, scream-a-l - scream-at). All other verbs, with the exception of a few that differ in features in the formation of personal forms, belong to the first conjugation.

Three verbs – want to run and honor – form some personal forms according to the first conjugation, and others - according to the second. Of these, the verb to want has in plural. number of endings of the second conjugation, which are attached to the usual basis for this conjugation into a soft consonant t': hot-im, hot-ite, hot-yat. Personal forms of units. the numbers of this verb are formed by means of the endings of the first conjugation, and they are attached to the stem in which the consonant t' is replaced by h: want-u, want-eat, want-et. Two other verbs - run away and honor, having the stems of the present, characteristic of the verbs of the first conjugation. temp. to the posterior G(cf. run-out and shore-ut) and solid t(cf. Thu-ut and met-ut), which, when forming the 2nd and 3rd person units. numbers and 1st and 2nd person plural. numbers are replaced with well(cf. run away and save-eat) and t'(cf. what's up and met'-you), from personal forms according to the first conjugation form only the 3rd person plural. numbers: run-ut, th-ut, in other forms they have endings of the second conjugation: run-ish, run-it, run-im, run-ite and th-it, th-it, th-im, th-ite.

Completely apart in the formation of personal forms are verbs eat, get bored, give, create. They differ from other verbs primarily in that they have special personal endings in singular. including: 1st person -m, 2nd person -sh, 3rd person -st, moreover, these endings are attached to a stem that is different from the stem of personal plural forms. numbers, i.e. to the stem into a vowel, not a consonant, as in the plural. number.

Plural number

Plural base. the numbers of these verbs end in a consonant d: soft for verbs eat, get bored(cf. ed-yat, bored-yat) and hard in alternation with soft in verbs give, create(cf. dad-ut - dad'-im, created-ut - created'im). The former have plural in all personal forms. the numbers of the end of the second conjugation, the second in the 1st and 2nd persons - the end of the second conjugation, and in the 3rd person - the first. As well as eat, get bored, give, create, form personal forms and verbs derived from them with prefixes.

Past tense

Verbs in the past tense change by number, and in the singular they change, moreover, by gender. Gender and number in the past tense are indicated by endings. Namely, male. the genus is characterized by the absence of an ending (zero ending), female. gender has an ending -a, avg. genus – -about, pl. number - ending -and. In addition to endings, generic forms of units. numbers are different from plural forms. number by the fact that the former have a past tense suffix - solid l, while the second has l soft.

Plural number

Verbs whose past tense form is formed from a stem ending in a consonant: b, p, d, k, x, h, s, p, in men's gender do not have a suffix -l, compare: perished - perished, blind - blind, shore - whether - shore, tol-whether - tolok, dry-whether - dried up, carried-whether - carried, carried-whether - carried, died-whether - died.

Gender and number of the past tense are syntactic forms that, by means of agreement with the noun-subject, show that the process expressed by the verb refers to the subject masculine, feminine. or avg. kind or to the subject in the plural. number, for example: The artillery roared harder. We received orders to move forward. Suddenly, the flames of fire sharply licked the ranks of the front fighters. A landmine exploded.

On average gender past tense, in addition, is used when the role of the subject is words that do not distinguish gender, for example, numerals: About ten men were sitting near him.(I. Turgenev), or infinitive. I didn't have to lie. (I. Herzen), It never crossed my mind to laugh. (I. Turgenev) Finally, on average. In the same way, the past tense is used in impersonal sentences: A tree was lit by a thunderstorm, and there was a nightingale nest on a tree. (N. Nekrasov), Dampness and prelude wafted through the open window.(A.Fadeev) In this case, the mean. the gender of the past tense acts as a parallel form to the 3rd person of the present and future simple tenses, when they are used in an impersonal sense (see above, p. 35).

Plural form the number of the past tense can be used in an indefinitely personal meaning, corresponding to the same meaning of the 3rd person plural. present and future numbers: He was caught at the station. They took me to the governor's office. Under interrogation, he answered willingly and cheerfully. - The name of? - Grigory Ivanovich Peskov.(L.Seifullina)

The past tense has no personal forms. Therefore, the person to whom the verb refers is indicated in the past tense by personal pronouns, which are always placed with the verb if the process expressed by it refers to the 1st and 2nd person of both numbers, except when the person is clear from the context of speech: We have received orders to advance. Silently crawling forward.

Short form of the verb

In the emotional language, from some verbs (mainly onomatopoeic or denoting movement), a special short form is used with the meaning of a sudden single action: Grab a friend with a stone in the forehead. (I. Krylov), Then the knight jumped into the saddle and threw the reins.(I. Krylov), Left, left and from the cart - bang into the ditch!(I. Krylov), Whip click - and like an eagle he rushed. (M. Lermontov), I shouted at her, and she suddenly clapped on the sofa. (A. Pisemsky) The short form is expressed by the non-derivative stem of the verb and is usually used in the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood without indicating the person, number and gender. It has a transitive or intransitive meaning depending on which verb it is derived from, cf. from transitive verbs: grab, hit, bang(someone or something) grab, knock, bryak – and from intransitive verbs: jump, jump, jump(somewhere) - jump, bang, plop.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood means that the process expressed by the verb is considered not as real, but as expected: He would have helped you, I would have done it better, He would not have done that.. Depending on the syntactic conditions and the general context of speech, this meaning, the main one for the conditional mood, may change somewhat. So, in a complex sentence, when the process is limited by some conditions expressed in the subordinate clause, the conditional mood in the main clause expresses the process as possible under certain conditions, i.e. it becomes conditional in the proper sense of the word: He wouldn't have done that if he knew, If I fell, I would never get up.(A. Pushkin) In a certain context, the conditional mood can express a process as a desired one: If only he would come, I would like to talk with you, You would tell us something, You would rather sit at home etc., approaching in this case in meaning with the imperative mood.

The conditional mood is formed analytically by combining the past tense of the conjugated verb with the particle would or b expressing the value of the assumption. In this case, the form of the past tense itself loses its temporal meaning, and the conditional mood expresses a process, the supposed implementation of which is irrespective of the moment of speech. The forms of gender and number with their meanings, as well as the ways of expressing attitudes towards a person, are the same for the conditional mood as for the past tense.

Plural number

Particle would, b mobile: it can stand both after the verb and before it, and finally, it can be separated from the verb in other words: I'd come if I wasn't busy Whatever happens, it's all your fault No matter how much they ask him, he still won't say. The most common location of a particle would after the first word of the sentence.

The imperative mood and its forms

The imperative mood, expressing a demand, an incentive to action, is an expressive form that expresses the volitional attitude of the speaker to the producer of the action. On this basis, it is opposed to the indicative and conditional moods, which are not in themselves forms of expression of will. As an expressive form, the imperative mood is characterized by a special motivating intonation, often accompanied by appropriate gestures and facial expressions. Through this intonation, the meaning of motivation, orders can be given to almost any word: Be silent! Keep quiet! Quiet! Here! Into the corner! Go away! etc. But while in this case intonation is the only means of expressing the impulse, in the imperative mood the impulse is expressed, in addition to intonation, by its very forms. It, therefore, is a special grammatical form of the verb, which serves to express the motivation, the expression of the will of the speaker.

The imperative mood is expressed by a number of forms, which, opposing each other in meaning, form a system of correlative forms. So, first of all, forms are opposed to each other, which express, on the one hand, the impulse to action addressed to the interlocutor of the speaking person, and on the other hand, the impulse addressed to the object of speech, i.e. 3rd person. The latter are called forms. 3rd person imperative mood: Let me be denounced as an old believer. (A.Griboyedov), Let the Finnish waves forget their old enmity and captivity ...(A. Pushkin) The first, i.e. forms expressing the impulse addressed to the interlocutor, in turn, are divided into correlative forms opposed to each other: joint shape and form 2nd person.

The joint form, or, as it is less accurately called, the form of the 1st person, expresses the urge addressed to the interlocutor to perform an action together with the speaker himself, i.e. the speaker encourages the interlocutor to take part in the action that he himself intends to perform: Let's go, let's go, Pyotr Ivanovich!(N. Gogol), Give me your hand, dear reader, and come along with me.. (I. Turgenev), Let's get out of here, Nikolai! Father, let's go!(A.Chekhov)

Unlike the joint form, the 2nd person of the imperative mood expresses an incentive to act without indicating its implementation by the interlocutor together with the speaker: Look, Pavlusha, study, do not be foolish and do not hang out.(N. Gogol), Don't tell me about him, do me a favor, don't tell me. (A. Ostrovsky) Thus, both of these forms, combining in the sense that both express an appeal to the 2nd person, are divided into a joint form and a form of the 2nd person, depending on whether they contain or do not contain an indication of the joint performance of an action by the interlocutor of the speaking person with the speaker himself.

In the forms of the 2nd person of the imperative mood, certain semantic differences are observed, connected and determined by the aspect of the verb. Verbs have perfect. the form of the 2nd person often expresses a softer, more polite appeal to the interlocutor than the corresponding form of imperfective verbs. species, cf.: clear the table and clear the table, sweep the room and sweep the room, write a letter and write a letter, solve a problem and solve the problem etc. This difference is due to the fact that the impulse expressed by the verb perfect. kind, is no longer directed at the action itself, but at its result, while the form of the 2nd person of the imperative mood of verbs is imperfect. of the species expresses the impulse specifically for action, as if ignoring its result. Somewhat different differences in meaning, determined by the aspect of the verb, are observed when the forms of the 2nd person of the imperative mood are formed in negative verbs, i.e. verbs with particle prefix not. Namely, in negative verbs perfect. the form of the 2nd person imperative usually has the meaning of a warning: don't fall, don't slip, don't catch a cold, don't forget(caution refers to the result of the action), and for verbs imperfect. this semantic connotation is absent: don't read this book, don't go there, don't listen to him etc., and the imperative mood has the meaning of prohibition. Characteristically, such differences are not observed in a joint form.

The joint form and the 2nd person of the imperative mood form a singular. and plural. numbers, and the ratio of these forms is such that the value of units. number is defined negatively with respect to the plural. number. Plural forms numbers indicate that the impulse to action is addressed to more than one person: Proletarians of all countries, unite! Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? Let's die near Moscow...(M. Lermontov) Forms of units. the numbers do not contain an indication of the number of persons to whom the call to action is addressed. Therefore, units number can be used as when referring to one person: Look, Pavlusha, study, don't be a fool and don't hang out. (N. Gogol), Prove that you are my friend, let's go together. Let's go, shake the old. (A. Chekhov), and when referring to a number of persons greater than one: Listen to my command! Line up!(A. Fadeev), Nothing to do, break down the door guys. (N. Chernyshevsky), Friends! Let's go with a sad soul to pay him the last debt. (N. Karamzin) Plural. the number, in addition to its main meaning, can also have the meaning of a polite appeal to one person: Give me your hand, dear reader, and come along with me.. (I. Turgenev), . (I.Turgenev)

As already mentioned, forms expressing an appeal to the interlocutor, i.e. the joint form and the form of the 2nd person in their totality are opposed to the forms of the 3rd person. The meaning of the person of these forms in general corresponds to the personal meaning of the forms of the 3rd person of the present and future tenses. In particular, the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers can have an indefinitely personal meaning, for example: Let me be denounced as an old believer. (A.Griboyedov)

Joint the form { units h. pl. h.	Comm. view	Imperfect view
	(let's) decide (let's) decide	let's decide let's decide
{ units h. pl. h.	decide decide	decide decide
{ units h. pl. h.	let him decide let them decide	let him decide let them decide

In addition to these forms, the imperative mood also has forms denoting a certain kind of intimacy in relation to the speaker to the person to whom he is addressing. The value of intimacy in address is often accompanied by a touch of familiarity. These forms are formed by means of a special suffix -ka, which can be attached to any form of the imperative: Listen, let's look for a better ford. (I. Krylov), Yakov, raise the curtain, brother. (A. Chekhov), “Let’s go to Lgov,” Yermolai once told me. (I. Turgenev), But let's get better at drinking tea. (I. Turgenev), etc. Depending on the presence or absence of this suffix, all forms of the imperative mood can be divided into forms with an indication of intimacy in addressing a person and into forms without such an indication.

Use of the 2nd person singular imperative

In the system of forms will command. inclinations form of the 2nd person unit. number stands out in the sense that it can be used not only in the meaning of command. inclinations. The possibility of such use is explained mainly by the peculiarities of the personal meaning of this form. Being, as in general commands. inclination, a form expressing the volitional attitude of the speaker to the person, the form of the 2nd person matters command. inclinations, however, only when it is used in reference to a certain specific person or persons. In the same case, when it is used in a generalized-personal meaning corresponding to the generalized-personal meaning of the form of the 2nd person of the present and future tenses, it to a greater or lesser extent, or even completely loses the meaning of command. inclinations: Well, I admit, cut forests out of need, but why destroy them.(A. Chekhov), Do you need tea, sugar? Do you need tobacco? This is where you turn around.(A. Chekhov), Even if you die of anguish, will they pity you? How about, wait. At the same time, the inherent command is also lost. inclination motivating intonation. It is significant that in a similar sense, it is precisely that form of command that is used. mood, which is largely characterized by negative grammatical features: the absence of an indication of the joint implementation of an action and an indication of the number of persons addressed by the speaker with motivation.

Losing the value will command. inclinations, form of the 2nd person unit. number remains, however, an emotional, expressive form and is used mainly in oral speech to express various shades of predicative meaning. The generalized personal meaning of this form allows it to be used in relation to the 1st and 3rd persons. So, the form of the 2nd person will command. mood can be used in the sense of a forced action, usually reported with a hint of discontent, protest: He serves the master, and sweep, and clean. (I. Goncharov), They have a ball, and batiushka, drag yourself to bow. (A.Griboyedov), Here you sin, and the authorities answer for you. (V. Sleptsov), And he all laugh, but make others laugh. (I. Turgenev) and others; or in the meaning of an involuntary action with an emotional tinge of surprise: My father, and love him: what do you order to do. (I. Turgenev), Well, think it over me, this man. (V. Sleptsov), And they get together at night, convicts, then. (L. Tolstoy), Only suddenly she bowed, but on her back, and broke her leg.(I.Turgenev)

In a complex sentence, the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers will command. mood, mainly formed from verbs perfect. species, can be used in the meaning of the conditional mood. The action expressed by it in this case can refer to any person and with it (usually after) the subject is placed in any of the numbers: If he were seven spans in the forehead, but he would not leave my court. (A. Pushkin), And if there were pistols, he would have been long gone. (N. Gogol), And if it wasn't for me, you would have smoked in Tver. (A.Griboyedov), Do not take a pinch of fox hairs, she would have a tail. (I. Krylov)

Formation of imperative mood forms

In the conjugation system of the verb will command. the inclination is distinguished by the wide use of the analytical method of forming forms. So, the forms of the 3rd person and to a large extent the joint form will command. moods are formed by combining an auxiliary word or particle with the form of a conjugated verb, which in this case expresses mainly only the real meaning and non-syntactic formal meanings, while the syntactic formal meanings are expressed by a separate auxiliary word. Extremely characteristic of commands. moods are also agglutinative forms, i.e. forms formed by the addition of suffixes expressing only one formal meaning, so that several formal meanings are conveyed by a series of suffixes "glued" to each other. In this regard, the forms of the 2nd person will command are especially indicative. inclinations. True, their main forms are the forms of units. numbers - are formed in the usual Russian language in an inflectional way, i.e. through a suffix denoting several formal meanings, with a change in the stem through the alternation of phonemes, and represent not one, but two types of forms, but derivatives of units. form numbers are formed in a typically agglutinative way, by "gluing" unambiguous and same-type suffixes. Elements of agglutination are also present in the joint form of command. inclinations.

Joint form unit number coincides in form with the 1st person plural. future tense numbers. At the same time, since the verbs are imperfect. If the future tense, the so-called future complex, is formed analytically, then their joint form is also analytical, cf .: perfect. view decide, say, do and imperfect. view we will decide, we will speak, we will do. However, some verbs are imperfect. species form a joint form unit. numbers according to the model of perfect verbs. kind. These are verbs with the meaning of a certain movement, in which this form coincides with the form of the 1st person plural. present tense numbers: go, run, fly and etc.

Analytic joint form, coinciding with the form of the 1st person plural. number of the future tense, is used, in general, relatively rarely. Instead, verbs have an imperfect. type, the analytical form is usually used, which is formed by connecting a movable auxiliary particle let's and the infinitive of the conjugated verb: let's decide, let's talk, let's do etc. The same particle is often placed in the joint form of verbs perfect. type: let's decide, let's write, let's fly away and etc.

Form of the 2nd person unit. numbers will command. inclinations, as a rule, are formed from the basis of the present tense. Only very few verbs are an exception in this respect. Thus, verbs VII are non-product. class, i.e. verbs with stem past. temp. to suffix -va- and the basis of present. temp. without this suffix to suffix -j- (yes-va-l - yes-j-ut) have command in the 2nd person. inclinations a particular basis on -vaj-, compare: yes-j-ut - yes-wai, (co) hello-j-ut - (co) hello-wai, (y) know-j-ut - (y) know-wai, (c) hundred-j-ut - (c) sta-wai. Then, in verbs VI is an unproduct. class with the basis of past. temp. into a vowel and and the basis of present. temp. without this vowel j (bi-l - bj-ut) the basis of the 2nd person will command. inclination differs from the basis of the crust. temp. fluent vowel e, compare: bj-ut - beat, vj-ut - wei, lj-ut - lei, pj-ut - drink, shj-ut - shei. Isolated verbs give, create form a command. inclination with base let me create, and the verb there is- with base eat. Finally, the verb drive as the 2nd person will command. mood is a form formed from a completely different root : go.

In modern Russian, there are two types of formation of the 2nd person form command. inclinations. In some verbs, it is formed by attaching to the basis of the present. temp. suffix -and: go-ut - go-and, carry-ut - carry-and, push-ut - push-and, for other verbs - without this suffix, and then it equals the stem: get up - get up, hide-ut - hide, game j-ut - game j, drawing j-ut - drawing.

With suffix -and command. mood is formed in verbs that are in the 1st person singular. numbers present. temp. have an accent on the ending: keep - keep, shout - shout, carry - carry, shore - take care, go - go, take off - take off, except for a few with the basis of crust. temp. on the j: I sing - sing, I stand - stop, I'm afraid - be afraid, I chew - chew etc. The stress in such forms is on the suffix -and. In addition, the form with the suffix -and, already unstressed, also form some verbs in which the stress is in the 1st person unit. numbers present. temp. falls on a stem, but only if that stem ends in two consonants: cum - cum, jump - jump, knock - knock, clean - clean(but cleanse), spoil - spoil(but more often mess up), etc. Also with an unstressed suffix -and form a command. mood verbs with a prefix you-, transferring stress to themselves when they themselves are formed from verbs that have in command. mood suffix -and, compare: carry and take out, buy and buy, write and write out etc. The rest of the verbs form the 2nd person command. inclinations without suffix.

In the formation of both one and the other form, i.e. both with a suffix and without a suffix, in certain cases there is a change in the basis from which the command is made. mood. Namely, for verbs with stems present. temp. into a hard consonant, paired with a soft one, this consonant will command. mood is replaced in alternating order with the corresponding soft consonant. So in forms without a suffix: sit-ut - sit down, bud-ut - be, climb-ut - climb, den-ut - day, get up-ut - get up, throne-ut - touch etc. The same is observed in the formation of forms with a suffix, where before the phoneme and, i.e. in a position that is phonetically independent for hard phonemes, however, soft consonants are pronounced: met-ut - met'-i, id-ut - id'-i, carried-ut - carried'-i, wez-ut - wez'-i, push-ut - push'-i, call-ut - call '-and, row-ut - row'-and etc.

The replacement of hard consonants with soft ones occurs only in relation to those hard consonants for which there are paired soft consonants. Hard phonemes that do not have paired soft ones remain in the formation of the 2nd person command. inclinations without replacement. Therefore, hard hissing consonants are not replaced sh, w: hear-at - hear, write-ut - write-and, rezh-ut - cut, lie-at - lie-and etc., and therefore the consonants of the posterior palatine are not replaced: lie down - lie down. The form lie down, although it is completely isolated, it is formed quite naturally, without representing any "exception". Its exclusivity is only in the fact that not a single other verb with a stem is present. temp. on the posterior form of the 2nd person will command. mood is not formed without a suffix and, compare: pek-ut - pek-i, tk-ut - tk-i, shore-ut - shore-and, lg-ut - lies etc. However, even in the form with a suffix, hard phonemes are not replaced by soft ones. The softness of the consonants here is not the result of replacing one phoneme with another, i.e. their alternation, and the consequence of a phonetic change in the posterior palatine phonemes k, g in their position before the phoneme and, since this position is known to be a phonetically dependent position for the posterior palate, in which they change into softened variations k', g'. Thus, at the end of the base in forms like mk-i, lg-i etc. - the same posterior phonemes as in the form lie down. The difference between them is purely phonetic.

As a result of the replacement in the formation of the 2nd person, it will command. inclinations of hard consonants, paired with soft ones, into their corresponding soft ones, the basis of this form can have only soft consonants at the end, and from hard consonants only unpaired with soft ones, i.e. hissing sh, w and posterior k, Mr.

Education plural. the number of the joint form and the form of the 2nd person has an agglutinative character. Plural the number of both forms is formed by adding a plural suffix -those to the form numbers: decide, say, let's go; sit, climb, play, push, call etc. In the joint form formed analytically, the suffix -those attached to an auxiliary verb we will or particle let's, i.e. to the word, which is the carrier of not real, but formal meanings: let's work, let's write, let's decide and others. Also to the auxiliary particle let's plural suffix attached -those in the case when this particle is placed in a joint form formed from perfect verbs. species, cf.: decide and let's decide let's do it and let's do it, let's write and let's write and etc.

Similarly, forms are formed with the meaning of intimate appeal. They are formed by adding the suffix -ka, but not only to the forms of units. numbers: let's decide, let's go, sit down, play, go, as well as plural forms. numbers: decide, let's go, sit down, play, go. In analytic forms, the suffix -ka joins, as does the plural suffix. numbers -those, to the auxiliary word: let's work, let's write, let's do(cf. let's write) and etc.

It should be noted some features in the order of joining the suffix -ka in education command. moods of reflexive verbs. While the suffix -those joins the forms. numbers before the return particle: let's walk, walk suffix -ka joins the forms. and plural. numbers after the return particle: let's go, let's go.

The 3rd person form will command. inclination is an analytic form. It is formed by combining an auxiliary particle let be or let with the form of the 3rd person present. or bud. simple tense depending on the type of the verb: let be or let it go, let it or let him come. Unlike other analytical forms in the 3rd person will command. moods, the auxiliary word expresses, however, not all formal meanings. So, the person and the number in it are denoted by a conjugated verb: 3rd person singular. numbers - the form of the 3rd person unit. numbers present. or bud. (simple) time: let it go, come; 3rd person plural numbers - the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers: let them come, let them come. Only the meaning of intimacy in address is expressed in the usual way for analytical forms, by attaching a suffix to the auxiliary particle -ka: let them go, let them come.

In solemnly poetic speech, as an auxiliary word for the formation of the 3rd person, command. mood is used instead of particles let, let particle Yes: May the conquered element make peace with you!(A. Pushkin), May he meet an age rich in honor, may he be a glorious participant ...(V. Zhukovsky), Honor calloused hands! Let their work be argued!(F. Miller)

PARTICIPLE

The predicative forms of the verb are opposed by attributive forms - participle and gerund, i.e. forms in which the verb acts as minor members of the sentence.

The participle is an attributive form of the verb that expresses the process denoted by the verb as a property of the object: wasteland overgrown with bushes, a dimly burning lamp, a bone-chilling wind, cracked rocks, a slow-moving wagon etc. Therefore, in the sentence, it acts as a secondary member that determines the noun, i.e. as a definition. The relation of participles to a noun is expressed by the syntactic forms of gender, number and case, by means of which the participles agree in gender, number and case with the noun they define. Participles, therefore, are inflected forms, and their declension is identical with the declension of adjectives, with which they are approached by agreeable forms of gender, number and case, as well as similarities in syntactic use.

Participles express non-syntactic formal meanings of time, which denote the relationship between the moment of the process, expressed by the participle, and the moment of speech. By differences in this ratio, present participles and past participles are distinguished. Their temporal meaning generally corresponds to the temporal meaning of the present and past forms of the indicative mood.

Present participles indicate that the process they express is taking place regardless of the moment of speech: Everyone envied the harmony that reigned between the arrogant Troyekurov and his poor neighbor. (A. Pushkin), and therefore, it can also occur at the moment of speech: I look, a horse is slowly rising uphill, carrying a cart of brushwood.(N. Nekrasov) These participles are formed only for imperfective verbs. kind. Past participles indicate that the process they express preceded the moment of speech: I pass along the field with a narrow border, overgrown with porridge and tenacious swan.(A. Maikov), The steppes teemed with herds of deer and wild horses roaming in herds.(N. Gogol), The sun was already hidden in a black cloud resting on the ridge of the western mountains.(M. Lermontov) These participles are formed like imperfect verbs. species, and for verbs perfect. kind. Thus, the verbs are imperfect. species have participles of both present and past tense ( playing and playing, whitening and whitened, drawing and painting etc.), and the verbs are perfect. species - only past participles ( played, turned white, painted etc.). True, in verbs perfect. species in some cases, participles are formed according to the type of participles of the present tense for imperfect verbs. kind, for example: We are very glad when someone coming from the capital finds that they have exactly the same as in St. Petersburg.(N. Gogol), Kalinovich involuntarily remembered Nastenka, doomed to live in the wilderness and all her life, perhaps not seeing any balls or theaters.(A. Pisemsky), however, such forms have not been established in the language and are perceived as erroneous. For some verbs of this kind, formations have the meaning of adjectives, for example: future, future, next and etc.

Thus, participles are attributive forms of the verb, which, expressing the process as a property of an object, have a non-syntactic formal meaning of time and syntactic agreed forms of gender, number and case, indicating the relation of the participle to the noun.

In their meaning and syntactic use, participles are very close to adjectives, into which they often pass, losing their tense and verbal meaning. Such a transition is favored by some syntactic conditions, for example, the use of participles without controlled words or without any words defining participles in a position before the noun being determined. In this case, it is often difficult to determine whether a given form is a participle or an adjective. In particular, there is often a transition to adjectives of the present participles, for example: brilliant mind, pleading eyes, defiant voice, aspiring writer, prominent politician etc. The temporal meaning of this form, essentially negative, can easily be perceived as the absence of an indication of time, as a result of which the sign denoted by the word appears in the meaning of a permanent property and quality, and not a process occurring in time.

To be continued

* From the book: Avanesov R.I., Sidorov V.N. Essay on the grammar of the Russian literary language. Part I. Phonetics and morphology. Moscow: Uchpedgiz, 1945.