Scientific article on the Russian language. There is no Russian language problem in Ukraine - Yushchenko

EDUCATION AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

A. V. Vorontsov,

director of the fundamental library

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MODERN WORLD *

The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the world's languages. Until recently, before 1990, in terms of the number of those who speak it (500 million people, including 300 million abroad), Russian ranked third in the world after Chinese (1 billion 350 million) and English (750 million). It is today the official or working language in most reputable international organizations. Nevertheless, concern about the position of the Russian language both in Russia and in the near and far abroad has become a national character since the end of the last century. The severity of problems in this area, despite the fact that 2007 was declared the Year of the Russian Language, is by no means decreasing.

Not a single language in the world in recent years has experienced such unexpected collisions and crisis situations as the Russian language had to experience during the period of Yeltsin's "democratic" reforms. Our politicians fought for power by any means, without thinking about how it would turn out for Russian culture, the Russian language and the country as a whole. They were not up to it. The national elites of the former republics and autonomous regions, having grown out of the party-state apparatus and cut themselves off from the people, rushed to power.

Meanwhile, the policy pursued within the country, when autonomous entities, with the blessing of the president, “took as much sovereignty as they could”, when the rating of national languages ​​was artificially inflated in the course of ethnic mobilization and sovereignization, led to a significant drop in the prestige of the Russian language, Russian

culture, and ultimately - the culture of the all-Russian.

If we approach the Russian language as a political problem, it will suffice to give one example. The events in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, among many reasons, are connected with the fact that they wanted to take away not only independence from these peoples, but also the Russian language, Russian culture.

After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian language immediately lost the status of the state language for more than 130 million people (the former republics of the Union) and covers (as a state language) only a little more than 140 million people - citizens of Russia. There is a global attack on the Russian language.

According to experts, only 63.6 million people in the CIS countries actively speak Russian, and almost 38 million people no longer speak Russian. A total of 23.5 million people consider Russian as their native language in the CIS and Baltic countries. However, there is a trend towards a steady decline in this indicator. According to available forecasts, in 10 years the number of those who do not speak Russian in the countries of the near abroad will almost double (i.e., to approximately 80 million people) and will exceed the number of those who speak Russian to some extent (60 million people).

As a result of the introduction of the language of the titular nations as the only state language, the Russian language is gradually being squeezed out of socio-political and economic life, the field of culture, and the media. Reduced opportunities for education on it. Less attention is paid to the study

* Speech to the participants of the international seminar for teachers of the near abroad "Russian language: language situation and speech culture" March 21, 2011

the development of the Russian language in general education and vocational schools, where education is conducted in the languages ​​of the titular nations.

Aggressive, militant nationalism prevailed in most of the republics of the former USSR and the "socialist camp". The ruling circles of these countries are pursuing a policy of ousting the Russian language from scientific and everyday communication, believing that by doing so they will strengthen national independence, defense, economy, culture, etc., with the tacit connivance of "civilized states" and such authoritative international organizations as the UN, the OSCE , UNESCO, European Parliament and others. The Russian language is defiantly ousted precisely in the era of globalization, when ties between states become closer, and communication between the peoples of different countries becomes an urgent need.

All the distortions in the language policy that the previous government allowed led to the infringement of the rights of both the Russian-speaking population and representatives of other nationalities. The Russian language has ceased to be a means of interethnic communication in the former countries of the social community, the CIS and the Baltics.

The Russian language remained the state language only in Belarus. 75% of children study in Russian-language schools, and in universities the proportion of subjects taught in Russian is at least 90%. The Russian language dominates the Belarusian media.

In Kyrgyzstan, the Russian language has been given the status of an official language. There are 160 Russian schools in the country, and 400 provide instruction in Russian and Kyrgyz. The cultural and information "Russian Center", created by the Russkiy Mir Foundation, is actively operating. The Russian language also has an official status in Kazakhstan. In other CIS countries, the Russian language has a lower status (Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan), in Ukraine it has the status of a national minority language, in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia,

Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia - the status of a foreign language. In Uzbekistan, Russian is the native language for 40% of the population. The most loyal to the Russian language and Russian culture are in Armenia.

The Russian language has official status in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, recognized by Russia, in a part of Moldova (Transnistria, which is an unrecognized state) and in the autonomy of Gagauzia, as well as in some communes of the counties of Constanta and Tulcea in Romania, where the Lipovan Old Believers are an officially recognized minority.

The countries of the Transcaucasus are increasingly oriented towards the West, and the Russian language is giving way to English every year (this is especially evident on bilingual signs of state institutions and official international events).

However, to make the picture more complete, the following should be noted. Despite the differences in the status of the Russian language in the Central Asian republics, it is still a means of communication for the majority of the population, especially the urban ones. The Russian language is widely spoken at the household level in all these states, and most of all in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, where at least 70% of the population use it in everyday life. Having recently visited Bishkek, as a member of the expert council of the EurAsEC, I heard Russian speech both on the streets and in the huge market, on radio and television.

Life shows that the former Soviet republics, pursuing a policy of discrimination against the Russian language, cause considerable damage, first of all, to themselves. Relations with Russia are also losing, which is contrary to national interests.

An active offensive against the Russian language is being carried out in the Baltic states - Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia. I wrote about this in detail in the work “The Russian language in the post-Soviet space”, in a number of other publications in the Herzen University Bulletin, and I will not dwell on this.

The Russian language is going through difficult times in Georgia, where those in power are pursuing a line to squeeze the Russian language out of the education system. Not only Russian schools are being closed, but also Russian sectors attached to Georgian schools (in 1990 there were 500 Russian schools, today only 130 Russian sectors remain). A few years ago, out of 4.5 million inhabitants of Georgia, about 130 thousand people considered Russian as their native language, and 1.7 million people actively spoke it. In recent years, the number of those who do not speak Russian has been growing rapidly (especially among young people) and has become about twice as large as it was in 1989.

The mass exodus of Russians from Georgia began in 1991 in connection with the slogan of President Z. Gamsakhurdia "Georgia for Georgians." Then Russians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Greeks (and representatives of 120 nationalities live in Georgia), and the Georgians themselves began to leave because of numerous economic and political upheavals, especially the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. The Russian Doukhobors left near Tambov, who had lived compactly in southern Georgia since the 19th century. However, at the everyday level, as sociological data show, the craving for the Russian language has been preserved. In the near abroad, a “new Russian world” is emerging, no matter how many nationalists interfere with this process.

All of us, champions of the Russian language, are concerned about the alarming situation with Russian culture that is developing in the Slavic countries, and above all in Ukraine, whose people are an integral part of the Russian superethnos and who (just like the Great Russians and Belarusians) were characterized by priorities of spiritual, moral values , lack of arrogance, arrogance, rejection of one's exclusivity or isolation. The proximity of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​is explained by the fact that these three independent national languages ​​have a common root - the Old Russian language.

In the national composition of the population of Ukraine, Russians firmly occupy the second place.

Russian is the native language for 40% of the population and over 70% are active in it. But even here, despite the change of president and Viktor Yanukovych's pre-election assurances about giving the Russian language the status of an official or language of interethnic communication, it is still the language of national minorities. Of the 22,000 schools in Ukraine, only 1,305 remained with instruction in Russian - less than 6.5% of the total.

The current president of Ukraine, V. Yanukovych (who for some reason is sometimes called "pro-Russian") has not yet made significant changes in relation to the Russian language. And relatively recently, he said that "in Ukraine, the Ukrainian language will develop as the only state language." Let us note that there is no reaction from Russia to the policy of the Ukrainian authorities, both in the past and now, when relations are more friendly. I and many were surprised by the speech of K. Kosachev, head of the Committee on International Affairs of the State Duma, who on March 11 stated that Viktor Yanukovych was pursuing “an absolutely adequate pro-Ukrainian policy, that if we give this Russian language the same powers and freedoms as Ukrainian, then the Ukrainian language could suffer from this, which would be completely wrong for the fate of statehood, for the sovereignty of Ukraine.” Kosachev's statement produced the effect of a "tub of cold water" on society. At the same time, undoubtedly, Konstantin Iosifovich voiced the general opinion of representatives of our liberal political elite, and an opinion that has long been established, but so far has not been so frankly voiced by anyone.

Indeed, a significant part of the modern political elite wants to see a single sovereign Ukraine, and it has no intentions to defend Russian interests in Ukraine, support the Russian public, protect and promote Russian culture, the Russian language.

Support for Russian compatriots abroad, protection of their rights and legitimate interests, including in culture, in the study of their native language, should be one of the long-term priorities of the country's foreign policy, relevant government institutions, and the public.

Nevertheless, in Russian society (and the further, the more) there is a steady tendency to gather all the progressive, patriotic, spiritual forces of society for the revival of Russian culture, the protection and promotion of the “great and mighty” Russian language. Hearings on the position of Russian culture and the Russian language in the State Duma are regularly held and important recommendations are made. They expressed serious concern about the situation with the position of the Russian language in the world and throughout the post-Soviet space at parliamentary hearings "On the problems of reducing, using and developing the Russian language abroad." The duty and calling of the state is to take care of the titular language within the country and pursue a consistent policy of its popularization.

Not only professionals (linguists, scientists of various specialties, writers, critics) are concerned about the fate of the Russian language and culture, but it has become the subject of increased attention of politicians, and not only Russian ones. The initiative to hold the Year of the Russian Language (2007), put forward by UNESCO and supported by the President and Government of the Russian Federation, found a lively response at home and abroad. Let me give you just a few facts.

The country annually hosts internal and international language Olympiads for schoolchildren. In September 2005, the government of the Russian Federation adopted the federal target program "Russian Language" (2006-2010), which provided funding from the federal budget in the amount of 1.3 billion rubles. A significant part of them was used for the development of educational, cultural and scientific ties and contacts.

The International Association for the Teaching of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL), which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2007, is doing a great job in promoting the teaching and learning of the Russian language and literature. Today the international association unites 309 collective and individual members from more than 70 countries of the world. These are national associations of Russianists, philological faculties and departments of the Russian language of the largest Russian and foreign universities, language schools, and publishing houses.

In 2008 in the fundamental library of the Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov, the II Assembly of the Russian World, organized by the Russkiy Mir Foundation, took place. The motto of the assembly was the words of Anna Akhmatova: “And we will save you, Russian speech, the great Russian word. We will carry you free and clean, and we will give you to your grandchildren, and we will save you from captivity forever!

On November 3, 2010, Moscow hosted the IV Russkiy Mir Assembly, an annual meeting of compatriots living abroad, prominent scientists, political scientists, cultural and art figures, teachers of the Russian language from more than 70 countries of the world, held annually by the Russkiy Mir Foundation. 2010 in Russia was declared the Year of the Teacher, and the IV Assembly was held under the motto "Teacher of the Russian World", and the theme of supporting the teaching of the Russian language abroad became the main one. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in 2010 the Assembly was preceded by the International Forum of Teachers of Foreign Schools with the Teaching of the Russian Language, organized by the Russkiy Mir Foundation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Rossotrudnichestvo - it took place on November 2 at the State Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin.

St Petersburg University President Lyudmila Verbitskaya stressed that in 2011 the V Assembly of the Russian World will be held in St. Petersburg for the first time, and on the eve of the assembly the final round of the World Festival of the Russian Language will take place.

On April 12, 1961, one of the greatest events in the history of civilization took place: the flight of the Vostok spacecraft with the first cosmonaut on board opened the era of cosmic achievements. He became a symbol of a creative dream, a triumph of science, perseverance and unparalleled personal courage. The earth rejoiced, meeting a great son, our compatriot Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, with whom I personally had to meet more than once in my native Smolensk land. He still lives in our memory, smiling through time.

The Russkiy Mir Foundation is dedicating the international action First in Space to the fiftieth anniversary of the great feat, and I call on everyone who cherishes the name and cause of Gagarin to participate in it. The first in space was Russian labor and intellect: the efforts of hundreds of thousands of people - scientists and designers, engineers and workers - were embodied in Gagarin's launch.

And the last. I would like to remind dear listeners that back in November 1999, at the General Conference of UNESCO, it was decided to annually celebrate February 21 as International Mother Language Day. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 68) stipulates that the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is Russian. This is the native language of the Russian people, it is the spiritual core that unites the peoples of Russia. At the same time, the Russian Federation guarantees to all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development. Unfortunately, the State Duma has not yet adopted the Law “On the Protection of the Russian Language”.

Many countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and far abroad have already implemented this initiative of UNESCO. As you know, in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, on May 24, the Day of Slavic Writing is celebrated.

and culture, but at the same time in Belarus the Day of Belarusian Writing is held, and in Ukraine - the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language. Unfortunately, in Russia there is still no holiday of the Russian language.

The time has come to correct this omission. This must be done also because in February 2010, the United Nations, in order to raise awareness of mankind about the history, culture and development of each of the official languages ​​of the UN, designated June 6 as the Day of the Russian Language. On this day, the great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin was born. Therefore, according to the participants of the round table of the All-Russian creative movement "Russian Lad", which was held in the State Duma in early March 2011, it is necessary to legally establish the Day of the Russian Language and hold it annually on June 6th.

And I want to end my speech on an optimistic note. As time has shown, discrimination against the Russian language and Russian culture in the former republics of the USSR does not find broad public support. Figures of culture and education, a significant part of the scientific and technical intelligentsia, sane politicians and businessmen, everyone who cares about the future of their countries and peoples, are convinced by their own experience of the perniciousness of national self-isolation, as well as a one-sided orientation in the sphere of language and mass culture only on USA and its allies. The rejection of one of the generally recognized languages ​​of interethnic and international cooperation, which is Russian, narrows the base of economic, business, scientific cooperation with such a self-sufficient country as Russia. The social need for the Russian language as the language of science, culture, education, market economy and interethnic relations remained at the same high level.

The Russian language in skillful hands and in experienced lips is beautiful, melodious, expressive, flexible, obedient, dexterous and roomy.
(c) A.I. Kuprin

What distinguishes a cultured person? That's right, his speech. It can be used to judge the education, outlook and even the mood of the interlocutor.

Unfortunately, the literacy rate of the population in our country is falling every year. Fortunately, the number of people striving for it is increasing.

Speaking and writing Russian correctly is difficult. Even professionals who work with texts on a daily basis make mistakes from time to time.

Linguistic knowledge and skills need to be constantly updated and improved. That is why we have collected for you the top 5 portals dedicated to the Russian language.

GRAMOTA.RU

- perhaps the most famous reference and information portal about the Russian language.

Sowing "the Russian language for everyone", the developers have collected all kinds of dictionaries on it: from spelling to anthroponymic ones.

Audio dictionaries deserve special attention among them. For example, the dictionary "We speak correctly" - the editor-in-chief of the portal, together with the host of one of the Moscow radio stations, teaches how to "hit" words correctly, and also talks about their origin in a fascinating way.

On GRAMOTE.RU you will find rich theoretical material on the Russian language, and more importantly, practical tasks (exercises and dictations). So everyone can check the level of the language and “paint over” the gaps in their knowledge.

In addition, if you are in doubt about the spelling of a particular word, you can ask the appropriate question and get a qualified answer from the staff of GRAMOTA.

The culture of writing

- an unofficial portal created by a group of enthusiasts from St. Petersburg teachers of Russian language and literature. They consult, edit texts, but most importantly they accumulate educational and reference material on the Russian language.

We are talking about publicistic and scientific articles, as well as dictionaries, spelling, punctuation, pronunciation and other rules.

Particularly interesting is the section that contains typical mistakes that we make in Russian speech and writing.

The site also has a lot of normative and methodological material. Therefore, it will be useful to teachers of the Russian language, as well as their students preparing to take exams.

Web edition of the rules of the Russian language

is a reference site created by a designer and blogger (together with Roman Parpalak and Shurik Babaev).

Here you will not find any dictionaries, tests and forms "question - answer". Only spelling and punctuation rules of the Russian language. But! They are well structured according to the morphemic principle, concise and provided with examples.

At the same time, the main feature of the portal is search. Fast and convenient. You can drive the suffix you are interested in or the whole word with it into the search string; you can write "commas in compound sentences" or just put a "," sign.

This site is indispensable for journalists, copywriters, bloggers and everyone who needs efficiency in editing texts.

Textology

- a site about the Russian language and literature. The target audience is quite wide: from philologists and linguists to high school students.

The site also presents all the basic language rules, dictionaries; there is a forum and a help desk to help you deal with complex cases.

From the point of view of the Russian language, there is nothing new on the portal, but the Literature section is very interesting and informative. You will find there a variety of materials on the theory of literature (genera, genres, text, and much more) - an excellent help for novice writers and publicists.

Best-language

- a site-collection of rules for the Russian language. As in the case of therules.ru, it contains all the basic rules (plus sections on phonetics, vocabulary and morphology), but they are even more concise.

It is stated that the site will help you improve your literacy and pass exams successfully. This should be facilitated by tests, the link to which is provided after some rules. But alas, the links are not working.

In conclusion, a small survey: what services and portals about the Russian language do you use? Share links in the comments.

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The most interesting articles about the Russian language published on the site in 2013.

Around the world, about two hundred and sixty million people speak Russian, and we are sincerely proud that we belong to this number. For website language is not just a communication tool, but an amazing living organism, full of mysteries and constantly ready for discoveries.

Every time we learn something new about the Russian language, we are happy to share it with our readers and always rejoice when we see that you are not indifferent to our materials. Today we have collected 10 linguistic articles that we remember the year 2013 for.

These words will diversify your curses and make them more sophisticated.

The Russian language is damn rich, including swearing, name-calling and offensive epithets. And we in our speech use only a small part of the opportunities provided to us. Well, who will surprise you with a "fool", "cattle" or "stupid". And you can name a person (only someone who really deserves it, of course) in such a way that he will understand for sure that he has just been called, but he will never guess who exactly. In this article, we talk about why no one wants to be a "balamoshka", "bzyrey" or "buffalo".

200 foreign words that have a replacement in Russian.

We often turn foreign words into our speech, which are instantly fixed in the lexicon. And there is nothing wrong with that. Borrowings take root in the language and already seem familiar to us.

the site presented a list of 200 words that we use almost every day. Of course, we do not call for abandoning their use. But if we sometimes use Russian synonyms, our speech will be no worse, and even more harmonious.

There are winged expressions, the meaning of which we do not really know.

There is an opinion that a truly educated person is distinguished by the ability to choose the right words in any situation. This is extremely difficult to do if you do not know the meaning of certain words. The same thing happens with well-known catchphrases: some of them are so replicated in false meanings that few people remember their original meaning.
We have collected the most common misconceptions in one article. It turned out that the truth is not at all in wine, and in a healthy body there is no healthy spirit...

English slang expressions that will certainly come in handy in Russian reality.

They say that in the English language a new word is born every 98 minutes, that is, as many as 15 neologisms appear per day. And no less words become obsolete, fade into the background and die. In the article we talk about the terms of the modern English language, which denote phenomena that have not yet been described, but already existing in Russia. Still don't know what "like shock", "seagull management" and "coffee face" are? Then you are here!

“Did Oblomov love Olga? Yes, but somehow in Russian: lying down, sluggishly and for a very short time.

Every day our teachers have to check hundreds of notebooks with essays, and in almost every one of them there are opuses worthy of being immortalized and dispersed into quotations. What kind of discoveries students make in their work! Pushkin becomes the author of the wonderful work "The Old Man and the Sea", Leo Tolstoy is credited with the story "The Fate of a Man", and Gorky's prose is replenished with the fantastic short story "The Old Woman from the Irga" ...

A story about our future without books and the love of reading.

What book have you read recently? And when was that? We have no time to read, no time to think, no time to give free rein to our imagination, no time to enjoy language, style, history. What will happen if one day literature simply dies and remains only in the hearts of devoted anachronistic people? Mike Gelprin wrote the story "The Candle Was Burning", in which he considered a similar situation. If you haven't read it, please read it. He's worth it.

40 modern tongue twisters for the development of diction and raising the mood.

Nowadays, you won’t surprise anyone with Sasha, walking along the highway and sucking dry, or some Greek who keeps driving across rivers and communicates with the local fauna. However, the fund of Russian tongue twisters is replenished every day, and among them there are those that correspond to the most pressing topics of our time. Bright Side has chosen 40 witty and hard-to-pronounce tongue twisters and invites its readers to practice their diction a little.

This section contains scientific reviews that present analytical materials on the experience of language building in Russia and Western Europe, as well as materials related to the analysis of the most authoritative reference books, grammars and textbooks on the Russian language in terms of their use as resources for scientific and information support functioning of the Federal Law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".

V. V. Khimik

The article is devoted to the codification of the Russian language, in particular, the problem of establishing a language standard. It is on the reference type of pronunciation that specialists are guided when establishing language norms. According to the author, it is expedient to use a narrow and strict understanding of the codified norm, which is characterized by stability, widespread, mandatory, systematic. Linguistic correctness, thematic and communicative relevance, accuracy of expressions, consistency in the construction of statements and texts, functional and stylistic purity and expressiveness are the main criteria for good Russian speech, which are formed on the basis of a codified norm of the literary language.

A. V. Polyakov

The language of legislative acts and legal documents has its own laws. The article is devoted to the issues of legal communication, which is realized through the exact selection of language means necessary to create texts in the field of lawmaking and law. The specific features of the language of law in the Russian language system and the main characteristics of legal texts are outlined, general scientific recommendations for the preparation of normative legal acts and ways of their interpretation are given.

S. A. Kuznetsov

State regulation in the field of speech activity inevitably concerns various aspects of speech practice: the choice of the language (or languages) in which teaching is conducted in schools and universities, office work and legal proceedings are carried out, the results of scientific research are published; development of regulations for speech communication in conditions of linguistic equality, when the legislative and executive authorities use several languages; regulation of speech activity, normalization of the language, rule-making within the same language. The author of the article formulates the main provisions that make it possible to develop a single standard of the language norm, introduces key linguistic concepts, characterizes the stylistic affiliation of the language of state documents. On examples from judicial practice, particular cases of the use of reduced vocabulary and the conclusion of language expertise in court cases on the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation are considered.

S. A. Belov

The problem of the limits of the mandatory use of the state language as the language of the functioning of state bodies, the issuance of legal acts of the state, the activities of the legislature, state administration and legal proceedings is discussed. The ban on the use of foreign words and expressions when using the Russian language as the state language is commented, the issues of lexical standardization of the Russian language, as well as other state languages ​​of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, are touched upon. The author emphasizes the need for a clearer formulation of the principles that determine the goals of legal regulation of the status of the state language, and the areas of its mandatory use.

M. Z. Schwartz

The article is devoted to issues related to the implementation of the rights to speech activity of participants in civil, criminal, administrative or constitutional proceedings, that is, providing the opportunity to communicate with the court and other participants in legal proceedings in their native language. The content and implementation of the principle of the language of legal proceedings are disclosed in detail. The role of an interpreter in court sessions is highlighted, as well as the situation when courts of different levels consider cases in different languages. Examples from legal practice illustrate the intricacies of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the matter of the language of legal proceedings.

V. S. Prokhorov, N. S. Shatikhina

The object of the crime can be not only social connections or material objects, but also verbalized information, that is, some phenomena of speech. Objectification of speech can occur through the commission of an act in the so-called "verbal" form. The article lists and briefly comments on the articles of the Criminal Code devoted to such crimes. Separately and in sufficient detail, the authors consider such speech acts as insult (in various compositions) and slander. Being the most striking examples of "verbal" crimes, they did not escape certain difficulties in legal interpretations.

I. A. Drozdov

The issues of the use of the Russian language in various cases of civil relations (during the execution of transactions, registration of marriage and choosing the name of a newborn, changing the name or surname, fixing the company name of a legal entity), the principles of state regulation of copyright and patent law, the provision of services and other cases of civil turnover, based on the provisions of the Federal Law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".

S. A. Belov

The article deals with the experience of legal regulation of issues related to the status of the state language and the languages ​​of national minorities. The processes of recognizing the official position of the dominant and regional languages, determining the areas of mandatory use of the state and official languages, taking measures of legislative protection of the state languages ​​of Eastern and Western Europe and a number of Eastern countries, are associated with certain difficulties that are typical for each specific state, depending on its national composition.

A. S. Asinovsky

The forms of state support of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation and other languages ​​of the subjects of the Russian Federation are described, the basis for professional monitoring of the state of languages ​​and the effectiveness of language policy in the Russian Federation is proposed. A detailed analysis of the language policy of Great Britain is given, including separately Ireland, Scotland and Wales, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. In a brief summary, the author outlines the direction of further research and educational programs in the field of Russian language policy.

N. V. Pushkareva, D. V. Rudnev

In the issue of language policy, differences in approaches towards the peoples of the western outskirts of the Russian Empire - Finland, Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine and Bessarabia - were dictated by a number of factors, including the degree of national consolidation and self-awareness of peoples, features of the foreign policy environment, interfaith relations, the attitude of the Russian public opinion towards this or that people, the peculiarities of the internal political situation (uprisings and acts of open disobedience to the authorities of the metropolis), etc. The significance of Russification at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries is analyzed.

I. Yu. Borisova

The first part of the article discusses the features of the Soviet language policy in the USSR in the pre-war period. Its initial stage, until the end of the 1920s, was marked by a pluralism of approaches, a desire to realize the existing needs and resources of peoples, and to develop the literary languages ​​of large peoples. The second stage, which coincided with the start of the first five-year plan in 1928, was associated with the development of language building processes and the active creation of literary forms of the language for non-literate peoples. The third period of language policy in the USSR, after 1934, is the period of the rapid spread of the Russian language among nationalities and the transfer of national languages ​​to the Cyrillic basis. The second part provides a detailed analysis of the Soviet language policy on the example of Karelia. Foreign policy played a significant role in the language situation in Karelia: in the 1930s, Finland was recognized as a foreign policy enemy and a course was adopted for the “Karization” of the population, and in 1940, after the “winter war”, Finnish returned again as one of the state languages Karelian Republic.

D. V. Rudnev

The causes and consequences of the language policy of the USSR in the second half of the twentieth century are disclosed in detail. From 1940 to the mid-1980s, in the conditions of state stability, the status of the Russian language was steadily increasing relative to the status of other national languages, however, a number of measures taken by the central government showed its desire to preserve national languages, including the languages ​​of the peoples of the Far North. The second period, from the mid-1980s to 1991, was characterized by the disintegration of the Soviet state, which resulted in the collapse of the USSR and the formation of 15 independent states in its place. After 1991, the national-radical movements that came to power in the republics began to pursue a tough language policy against the population that did not speak the titular languages, giving rise to ethnic conflicts that have not yet been overcome.

E. Yu. Vaulina, V. M. Kruglov

The article contains a brief review and analysis of the most significant dictionaries and grammars of the Russian language in terms of the requirements for describing the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation. The subject of consideration was explanatory dictionaries of full vocabulary and current vocabulary, dictionaries of foreign words, spelling and orthoepic dictionaries, grammar dictionaries and academic grammars. Higher education textbooks on grammar and a number of search scientific grammars of various theoretical directions, reference books on spelling and punctuation are also analyzed.

G. N. Akimova, N. V. Bogdanova, L. V. Bondarko and others.

The review of educational literature on all aspects of the course "Modern Russian Language" includes not only the most recent works, but also those relevant and suitable for use in modern higher education publications that were published 50 or more years ago. The experts comprehensively characterized the available educational literature: its compliance with modern scientific ideas, methodological orientation, factual material involved, accessibility, etc. Based on the observations and comments made, a number of proposals were made, the implementation of which would help optimize the educational process and improve its provision with educational literature.

M. D. Voeikova, S. V. Vyatkina, Ya. E. Akhapkina

The article deals with the specifics of the current state of the Russian language. According to the authors, the requirements for the correctness of speech should not be regulated by censorship measures, but should be developed and accepted by society on a voluntary basis. The situation can be improved by raising the prestige of mastering codified speech, for which it is necessary to provide those who wish to speak and write correctly with the necessary reference materials. A scheme of work is proposed for the creation of such normative manuals, in particular, a grammar reference.

N. M. Kropachev, S. A. Belov

Based on the analysis of the goals of legal consolidation of the national language as the state language (first of all, ensuring a common communicative space in society), the authors assess the current state of legal requirements for the use of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation. The study of the legislation on the state language and the practice of its application, as well as its actual implementation, shows that at present there are a number of shortcomings in the legal regulation of the use of the Russian language as the state language. The authors propose measures to correct these shortcomings, based on the previously formulated general goals and the meaning of fixing the language as a state language.