There is no doubt that making a discovery in science is an important and difficult task. It is equally important to make it public and put it into practice, make it useful. What ways and means exist for this, what obstacles does innovation usually meet, what difficulties do its developers face? Sooner or later, every scientist thinks about it.

Science as part of human culture

The existence of an ordinary person, a human community is unthinkable without the introduction of scientific discoveries and inventions into his life. We use them in all walks of life. Science gives us the opportunity to develop intellectually, physically, creatively. Her discoveries are used in healthcare, education, industry, agriculture, literally in all spheres of society. From year to year, the quality and quantity of material goods is growing.

However, despite the obvious value of scientific discoveries for our civilization, the following opinion can be found in the media: the latest scientific discoveries in the field of weapons are a direct path to the destruction of mankind in the event of a world war. In addition, the intensive use of natural resources depletes natural resources, leads to irreversible pollution of the environment. In the event of crossing a certain “red line”, a global catastrophe is inevitable, the consequence of which will be the complete extinction of mankind.

International scientific scientists of different countries on issues of global security), hopefully, will be able to find ways and means to prevent these threats to the existence of mankind.

The history of the emergence of scientific communication

Communication between specialists on the issues of their scientific work has always taken place, even in ancient times. The proof of this is the existence of ancient philosophical schools, where ancient thinkers in the 7th-6th centuries BC exchanged opinions about their works, argued, searched for the truth.

There is irrefutable evidence that in ancient Russia there were schools for people of "every rank." Russian scribes and readers were also famous outside the country. Only clerics were allowed to teach in these schools and colleges after checking their knowledge and behavior.

Of course, in those days there was no concept of scientific communication, of the ways of disseminating scientific knowledge, although in fact it already existed. Only in the second half of the 20th century did the features of the exchange of scientific information become the subject of a separate study.

The Importance of Communication in Science

Communication between professionals in scientific communities is an indispensable condition for the development of scientific theory and practice. Scientific communication is the creative interaction of scientists, the exchange of information on a common problem:

• allows you to identify new approaches to its content;
• find new methods of study;
• correctly interpret the obtained theoretical data and practical results;
• to see new prospects for research and application of scientific results;
• stimulates creative cooperation and co-authorship of scientists;
• allows you to quickly rebuild the direction, the content of scientific efforts in the case of determining the most promising lines of research;
• to attract new scientific personnel, to identify the most talented researchers from among young scientists.

International scientific communication brings together scientists from different countries to solve universal, global problems: environmental, medical, international, political, etc.

Scientific communication channels

The exchange is carried out in various ways.

1. Personal, direct, communications - conversations, reports and discussions, letters. There is a face-to-face discussion of the problem, a joint search for new scientific aspects.
2. Replication, dissemination of scientific knowledge in special journals, books - an indirect exchange of scientific data.
3. Communications are mixed: at conferences, scientific exhibitions, presentations, both personal communication and the exchange of scientific publications, materials, demonstration of experiments, their discussion, and evaluation are used.
4. Scientific and technological progress has made it possible for scientists to communicate using telephones and the Internet.

Their contacts by nature are official, formal, targeted, interpersonal and, conversely, unofficial, informal, non-addressed, impersonal. Modern scientific communications provide scientists with ample opportunities for professional communication.

Development prospects

Solving the problems of scientific communications expands the boundaries of their development. One of the problems is the inability of scientists to tell in a timely and understandable way about the essence of their discoveries and research, about the prospects for using scientific developments. As a result, useful, necessary works gather dust in personal archives for years.

Another problem is that there are practically no experienced scientific communicators - specialists in creating and maintaining interscientific contacts. They could professionally establish various internal and external relations of the world scientific community, develop various and interesting forms and methods of popularization of science and its individual representatives.

Scientific communication is also the interaction of universities with the so-called target audiences. Of interest are publications addressed to representatives of specific specialties in industry and agriculture. Scientific conferences are organized, where there is an exchange of experience, acquaintance with new developments. The scientific community is becoming more active in promoting its achievements using a variety of communication formats.

Scientific knowledge - to the masses

Currently, close attention in the scientific world is paid to improving contacts between science and society.

The issues of popularization of science, the formation of a scientific vision of the world among the population, the search for points of contact between scientific communications and social communications are important areas for the development of science. But even here there are unresolved problems.

For example, scientists do not feel the need to tell the general public about their work, they are not interested, since this does not affect their scientific career in any way. Journalists do not seek to receive scientific information about discoveries from their developers themselves. They have a poor command of scientific terminology, they do not know how to present scientific material in a popular way. As a result, the population receives fragmentary, vague information not from the first hand, sometimes significantly distorted.

That is, the problems of developing the means of scientific communication exist both at the external and internal levels.

Development of intercultural and scientific relations

There is a need to improve the forms and content of intercultural scientific communication. Modern peoples actively use foreign national experience in all spheres of life and also actively provide their own for study and use.

Interethnic communication is one of the means of understanding the world, but it is quite complicated, as it is associated with a difference in traditions, with personal ideas (not always objective) about people of a different nationality, with the peculiarities of understanding and interpreting language codes.

Intercultural scientific communication deals with the problems of communication between scientific personnel from different countries, the popularization of domestic science throughout the world. Young people go abroad to study at prestigious universities and then, returning to their homeland, introduce the latest achievements of world science into life, talk about the culture of other peoples.

Scientific communication is communication between scientists from different countries on a personal and social level, personnel exchanges between universities, internships, scientific competitions, joint scientific developments, publication of printed materials. The subjects of cultural and scientific communication are faced with the task of mastering foreign languages, taking into account their semantic structures. This will help to avoid distortion of meaning when translating oral or written text from one language to another.

So let's sum it up...

At present, scientific communication is a way of establishing interactions within and outside scientific communities. It has its own goals and objectives, forms and methods of functioning. Its importance is recognized at different levels of government, so significant measures are being taken for development.

In 2016, a professional community was created - the association of communicators in the field of education and science (AKSON), whose goal is to develop the field of scientific communications in Russia. It was from that time that the issues of training specialists of new professions - scientific communicators, scientific press secretaries, museologists, media managers - began to be seriously discussed.

Scientific communication is a set of types and forms of professional communication in the scientific community, as well as the transfer of information from one participant to another. The presence of communication as a form of information exchange between members of the scientific community has always been recognized as an essential characteristic of scientific activity, but it becomes the object of special analysis only in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Thanks to the activities of the American science scientist D. Price and his school, a special field of science research was developed, called scientometrics. The main task of scientometric studies was considered to be the consideration of the structure and features of the information funds of science, as well as the main directions of professional communication in science. At the same time, almost all the main information processes in science received an appropriate interpretation, starting with an array of scientific publications and major information events (conferences, symposiums, congresses, etc.) and ending with the functioning of the system of scientific and technical information.

The study of communications in science made it possible to substantiate several models for their description. Allocate cognitive models of scientific communication, which focuses on the cognitive-informational aspects of scientific activity and the main task of the scientific community is considered to be the maximum possible increase in the fund of available information. There are also socio-organizational models of scientific communication that prioritize stratification moments in the real communication of scientists. There are the following forms of scientific communication:

1.Formal and informal communication. The first involves documenting scientific knowledge in the form of an article, monograph or other publication. The second is based on such communication technologies that do not require written registration and subsequent reproduction in scientific literature or electronic media.

2.Oral and written communication. In connection with this division, it is important to fix the main forms of translation in culture, which largely determine the historically specific types of interaction between scientists, both in the structure of scientific communities and in broader social contexts. Since the 16th century, when printing was invented in Europe, the book has become the main form of fixing the transmission of knowledge in science. As a rule, it not only presented certain scientific results, but also contained their detailed and systematic substantiation. Such folios presented both specific scientific information about various phenomena and processes, as well as their philosophical and ideological interpretation, as well as the principles and forms of incorporating scientific knowledge into the existing picture of the world. All the outstanding scientists of that time worked in this way: Galileo, Newton, Descartes, Leibniz, etc. As science develops and its subject field expands, the next phase of scientific communication arises - systematic correspondence between scientists, which was carried out mainly in Latin and was devoted to a discussion of ways and results. scientific research. Subsequently, correspondence between scientists as a form of transmission of knowledge is replaced by an article in a scientific journal. According to D. Price, already by the XVIII century. scientific journals have significantly supplanted books. In modern conditions, information technologies and global communication networks significantly change the main forms of knowledge translation and, accordingly, the possibilities for their storage, processing and transfer both within professional communities and beyond.

Scientific communication is a set of types of professional communication in the scientific community.

The subject of research in science (what began to be studied in science, from the point of view of communication):

1) scientific publications, how scientific publication occurs

2) Functioning of the system of scientific and technical information.

3) Information meeting at which scientists share their achievements: conferences, symposiums, congresses, etc.

4) Personal contacts of scientists (acquaintance with scientists).

Science community

In the broad sense of the word:

A group of people who are professionally engaged in science.

In a narrow sense:

A subgroup of specialists who study a particular scientific problem.

Historical types in scientific communities:

1. Schools and academies of the ancient world. The first scientific communities are formed (academies of Plato, Aristotle).

2. University community (during the Middle Ages, when the university was formed). Already structured community, divided by directions.

3. Disciplinary scientific schools, communities. A community within a certain discipline (psychologists, philosophers, etc.).

4. Interdisciplinary communities - unite specialists of various profiles.

5. Hybrid communities: incl. practitioners, various laboratories in production.

How scientific communities are created (ns) - scientific schools

1) a formal way in which the National Assembly is created by an authoritative way, administrative measures to solve certain problems.

2) Informal organization of the National Assembly. - natural consolidation of scientists according to their interests.

Scientific schools are created for a very long time, about 40 years, but it is fashionable to destroy very quickly, stop funding or fire them.

Problems of the world NS:

1. Decreased interest in science

2. Aging of scientific personnel (28-43 most fruitful for science)

3. Brain drain (World vacuum cleaner USA now).

Specificity of scientific communication:

1. Any scientific work is dialogical. It is related to other studies.

2. National character of the point of view argumentation. We appeal to reason, not faith. Logic, consistency of the text, diet are now arguments.

3. The empirical nature of the justification. The scientist confirms his arguments with empirical data.

4. Orientation towards reaching agreement

5. Willingness to change one's position due to the presented arguments and justifications.

6. Information openness and transparency. Without which the movement of science forward and normal scientific communication is impossible.

From the point of view of Thomas Kuhn ("the structure of scientific evolution") - scientific communication is a sharp competitive struggle for the right to be the first.

Types of scientific communication:

Membership status:

teacher-student

Colleague - colleague

Democratic

For disciplinary grounds:

Inside the disciplinary

interdisciplinary

By form:

Direct (personal, congresses, symposia, etc.)

virtual

According to the degree of personal involvement:

Formal

Informal (part of a problematic scientific group and everything is discussed there.

By nationality:

Inside national

International

By goals:

opposing

Conciliation

There is an increase in electronic publications, which greatly speed up the process of communication.

Canons and status roles are blurred (it doesn't matter who the author is an academician or a graduate student).

Polygamy of reference groups is expanding.

The main, and in many ways the only means of organizing the interaction of scientists is to provide each participant in the scientific process with highly operational and high-quality information about the state of affairs in science in general and at its forefront in particular. This function is performed by the system of scientific communication.

"Scientific communication" - a set of types and forms of professional communication of scientists, carried out with the help of both standardized regular publications and a wide range of oral, written, printed and electronic means.

Objects of sociological study of scientific communications: 1) the place of communication processes in scientific activity; 2) characteristics of participants in scientific communication; 3) its institutions, types, forms and dynamics of communication contacts; 4) communication networks and associations of scientists.

The central role of communication for the existence of the scientific profession is due to both the internal specifics of science and the peculiarities of its interaction with the social environment. S.A. Kugel compares the production of knowledge in science with the process of forming a mosaic panel, where each participant must make his own piece of smalt and find a place for it in the overall constantly filling picture. If this cannot be done in time, the work on the whole picture is spent almost in vain. The effectiveness and intensity of the entire process, especially when millions of people are involved, depends on the level of organization of the interaction of participants.

The main means of communication used by science researchers are divided into 5 types: A) “formal” and “informal”, B) “interpersonal” and “impersonal”, C) “direct” and “mediated”, D) “oral” and "written", E) "primary" and "secondary". With oral and written everything, I hope, is clear, but let's deal with the rest.

A) grounds for separation "formal" and "informal" means is their attitude to documented types of scientific information. Formal communication refers to a set of documents, such as articles and monographs ( primary), reviews, abstract, review ( secondary). Informal communication usually includes various kinds of conversations between scientists - in scientific institutions, on the sidelines of scientific meetings, during off-hours, as well as a set of types of pre-publication materials - manuscripts, preprints, oral presentations at seminars that do not require mandatory publication, etc.

B) interpersonal forms - when the message is addressed to a very specific individual, and impersonal- this is a message of some scientific content to a group of colleagues, the personal composition of which is not defined, or even more broadly - to all interested parties (such as an article in a scientific journal or a monograph).

B) distinction direct and indirect The concept of communication does not so much characterize the means of communication themselves, but rather refers to the description of communication structures and the distribution of the roles of their participants. Direct communication involves direct information contact, while indirect communication requires one or more mediating links. This distinction is of particular importance in the study of communication groupings. What it is?

The traditionally established structures of information exchange usually have a two-level structure.

The first level consists of the so-called "key figures" - representatives of the scientific elite, directly related to each other throughout the entire community of a given subject area. They are members of the editorial boards of leading journals, are members of the governing bodies of professional associations, and maintain constant personal contacts. In other words, they have a significant informational advantage over other members of the community. Employees and graduate students are grouped around each key figure, who, through the leader, are indirectly connected with all other participants in communication.

In the course of informatization of society, traditional forms of communication are supplemented by electronic information means and telecommunication systems. So far, however, these means, significantly increasing the throughput of communication channels, increasing the efficiency of contacts, etc., as a rule, do not lead to significant systemic changes in scientific communication, which is quite stable in its deep foundations and very conservative.

The results of systematic studies of scientific communication made it possible to significantly clarify, and in some ways even reconsider ideas about the structure and dynamics of local scientific communities. These clarifications affected, first of all, sociologists' ideas about the relationship between the intensity, targeted distribution and structure of contacts in a particular community, and the state of research on the issues that community members are working on, the rate of progress in research. I'll talk about it a little.

Observation of the communication activity of individual scientists showed that the behavior of an individual researcher, his interest in contacts with colleagues are different in different periods of his work on a particular problem.

Thus, a rather active search for contacts is noted at the stage of choosing the topic of the next study and formulating a research hypothesis. This is explained by the fact that the scientist needs the most up-to-date information on the state of affairs in the selected area of ​​the research front. The choice of the topic of work depends on this, the determination of its prospects and the assessment of the possibility of obtaining a result acceptable to the community in a timely manner (before colleagues).

This is followed by a sharp decrease in communication activity - the choice has been made, intensive research work is underway, and unnecessary contacts only distract from the goal, and sometimes lead to the leakage of important information about intermediate results that the author has not yet comprehended.

The peak of activity comes after the result is obtained, and the author must give its interpretation as quickly as possible in order to get ahead of competitors; choose an edition, form of publication, etc.

Significant information about the structure and dynamics of communications was obtained by studying local research communities, which are commonly called "invisible colleges". These works have shown that in this case we are dealing with a certain fixed set of forms of communication behavior of the participants and the corresponding distribution of their roles in the communication process. The full range of these forms and structures is observed in areas of research breakthrough, when success in the development of any group of problems leads to the formation of a new scientific specialty.

10. Understanding dialectics in the history of philosophy: ontological, epistemological and logical aspects

11. Dialectics as a philosophical theory of development

12. Modern discussions about dialectics. Features of social dialectics

13. Dialectics and synergetics

14. Multidimensionality of the phenomenon of man. Basic philosophical concepts in the understanding of man.

15. The origin of man. Main Concepts of anthroposociogenesis

16. The problem of the essence and existence of man. Individual, individuality, personality.

17. Existential-phenomenological, socio-cultural and psychoanalytic traditions in the study of consciousness.

18. The concept of consciousness, its structure and functions. The phenomenon of the unconscious.

19. Anthropological crisis as a phenomenon of technogenic civilization.

20. Axiological parameters of human existence in the world.

21. Freedom and responsibility as an existential problem of being.

22. The concept of social. Realities. Society as a developing system.

23. The concept of social structure and types of social structures. Modern concepts of social stratification

24. The main concepts of the study of social reality in modern philosophy (Marxist concept of society, Weber's concept of social action, Parsons' model of socialism, etc.)

26. Status and functions of the social subject. The role of the people and the individual in history

27. Alternative history. Linear and non-linear interpretations of the historical process. Formational and civilizational approaches in understanding history.

28. Basic concepts of social progress and their alternatives. progress criteria.

29. The concept and types of civilization in the history of society.

30. The concept of culture. The main paradigms of the philosophical analysis of culture. The structure of culture and its main functions

31. Culture and spiritual life of society. Morality, art, religion as forms of spiritual exploration of reality.

32. The problem of unity and diversity of the cultural and historical process. Globalization and dialogue of cultures.

34. Scientific and non-scientific knowledge. Specificity of scientific knowledge.

35. Science as the comprehension of true knowledge. Truth and delusion. parascience phenomenon.

36. The problem of the beginning of science. The main stages of the historical development of science.

37. Classical, non-classical and post-classical types of scientific rationality.

38. Empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge, their unity and difference.

39. Structure and specifics of empirical research.

40. The concept and functions of scientific theory. Problem and hypotheses as forms of scientific research.

41. Metatheoretical foundations of science. (Scientific picture of the world, ideals, norms, philosophical foundations of science, etc.)

42. Cumulative and anti-cumulative theories of scientific progress. The development of science as a unity of the processes of differentiation and integration of scientific knowledge.

43. Nature and types of scientific revolutions. Modern strategies for the development of scientific knowledge.

44. The concept of method and methodology. Multilevel concept of methodological knowledge. Specificity of the philosophical analysis of science.

45. Object, subject, purpose and objectives of scientific research.

46. ​​Methods of empirical research (observation, description, measurement, experiment).

47. Methods of theoretical research.

48. The main features of the systematic method of scientific research

49. Substantiation of research results. Types of justification (proof, confirmation, interpretation, explanation).

50. The language of science. Definition and their role in the formation of scientific terminology.

51. Formation and development of dialectical logic.

52.Basic principles, laws and categories of dialectical thinking and the specifics of their manifestation in scientific knowledge.

54. Communication and its specificity in the modern world. Forms of scientific communication. Culture of scientific discussion.

55. Science in the system of social values. Scientism and anti-scientism. Forms of scientific ethnos.

56. Possibilities and boundaries of science. Creative freedom and social responsibility of a scientist.

57. Historical evolution of the concept of technology and its modern interpretations.

58. The problem of technical reality. Functions of technology, its status in the history of civilization

59. The problem of social consequences of the development of modern technology

60. Engineering thinking and technocratic ideas about the development of society

61. Virtual reality as a socio-cultural phenomenon of the information society.

62. Relationship between science and technology: linear and evolutionary models.

63. Philosophy of postmodernism: spiritual and theoretical origins and main stages of formation.

64. Philosophy and futurology. Social forecasting and its features.

65. Concept and systemic nature of globalization.

66. Paradoxes of sociodynamics of modern societies and global problems of mankind.

67. The era of "globalism" and the problems of preserving and developing national statehood and culture.

68. Integrative trends in the development of science and the prospects for a synergetic style of thinking.

69. The problem of historical self-determination of Belarus and the development priorities of modern Belarusian society.

54. Communication and its specificity in the modern world. Forms of scientific communication. Culture of scientific discussion.

Scientific communications in a broad sense- these are all types of interaction and interconnection between scientists and other participants in scientific activity. The specificity of these communications is that they are almost 100% informational, although in some cases scientists exchange or share material values ​​along the way (for example, equipment, chemicals, etc.). In addition, it is necessary to emphasize the professional nature of communication between scientists.

Forms of scientific communication:

Forums, congresses, conferences, symposiums, meetings, seminars and other public events with hearing and discussion of reports, round tables and other exchanges of views;

Personal contacts and correspondence, including electronic;

Publication of books, articles, reports, reports, interviews and other materials, including in electronic form;

Preparation of films, television and radio programs, other broadcast products;

Internet and other networks, websites, forums, "invisible or virtual colleges", search engines, etc.

Scientific archives, libraries, electronic databases, museums and other forms of collection and provision for the study of materials of scientific importance;

Scientific celebrations, specialized places for creativity, recreation, health improvement, other events and institutions that create conditions for scientists to communicate in a relaxed atmosphere;

Involvement of scientists in the work of state and public organizations.

The role of scientific communications often more important than the role of scientific research. Communication- a permanent mechanism for maintaining the achieved scientific level and further development of science, because thanks to it:

The contributions of individual scientists are multiplied and merged together, repeatedly duplicated (copied) by the scientific community, as a result of which science is well preserved and improved by the joint efforts of millions of people;

Scientific information becomes the property of society, awakens a wide interest in science, attracts new workers and students to science;

Often new truths are born in fellowship;

Verification by numerous peers is the best way to get rid of errors and to give the results of research a convincing and generally accepted look.

55. Science in the system of social values. Scientism and anti-scientism. Forms of scientific ethnos.

Science is an essential and very influential part of modern culture. She is:

Develops the technological power of mankind, increasing the quantity and improving the quality of consumed goods;

Replenishes erudition, develops the mind, exercises creative abilities and promotes other self-improvement of people;

It is the main source of information and the most influential factor in shaping the worldview;

Resolves or participates in the resolution of all problems facing humanity;

Develops research methods and creates value systems that are applied in many areas of culture (often science is presented as a model of depth, accuracy and thoroughness for other areas of human activity);

Contributes to the improvement of people, developing health care, inventing means of protection, safety, environmental conservation, etc.;

Creates more effective methods of management, communication and other forms of social life;

It creates a threat of a global catastrophe due to the growing depletion of resources and environmental pollution, in addition, there is a threat of a fleeting collapse of civilization, the human race or all life on Earth as a result of one or more scientific discoveries that release dangerous elements.

The value of science is both material and spiritual.

Material, but the instrumental value of science lies in the fact that it acts as a "leading tool" for a more complete satisfaction of human needs. As a direct productive force, science plays a decisive role in the creation of means of production, other tools and methods for human activity, and also creates the prerequisites for the mass production of consumer goods (products, works, services).

worldview the value of science lies in its profound influence on the entire spiritual sphere, on all forms of social and individual consciousness. At the same time, scientists are more active than others in shaping the public worldview, state and party ideologies.

scientism(a doctrine that absolutizes the role of science in the life of society) connects the solution of all present and future problems of mankind with the further development of science.

Antiscientists they also consider the level of science already reached to be extremely dangerous, therefore they call for taking science under strict public control and in every possible way limiting its development in dangerous and unpredictable directions. Morality and religion, a sense of natural beauty and a craving for unity with nature are named as factors capable of curbing destructive scientific tendencies.

Domestic scientists are looking for a middle ground between the extremes of scientism and anti-scientism.