Scientific communism - the middle strata. middle layers

Class is his awareness of himself as "a sense of a common identity characteristic of members of a particular social class" (N. Abercrombie, et al. Sociological Dictionary, 1997). At the same time, the social class is a long-term formation, unlike, for example, the consumer stratum. An important specificity of the concept is the transfer of belonging to the class of society by inheritance.

Research Background

As A.Sh. Zhvitiashvili (“Interpretation of the concept of “class” in modern Western sociology”, 2005), the attention of science to the problem of classes, as well as class relations, was due to two factors:

recognition of the limited nature of a similar theory in the writings of Karl Marx;
active attention to the transformational processes in the Russian state and the countries of Eastern Europe.

At the same time, the question of the appropriateness of singling out the category of the middle class in our society remains open to this day, both in domestic and foreign sociological theory.

The problem of differentiation of the concept of "social class" in Western sociology

Western social science includes several trends in the interpretation of the concept of class. First of all, it is the rejection of the dominant economic criterion in the analysis of the class-forming process. On the one hand, this step makes the concept under study more extensive. On the other hand, the characteristics of society from the socio-stratification point of view become less definite: the boundary between the concept of class and stratum becomes less distinguishable.

Signs of the middle class

From the point of view of a West German economist and statesman, the founder of the modern economic system in Germany, the middle class is people whose qualitative features include the following:

self-esteem;
independence of opinion;
the courage to make one's own existence dependent on the effectiveness of one's work;
social sustainability;
independence;
the desire to express themselves in a free civil society and the world.

In turn, the former first prime minister of Estonia, singled out such features of the middle class as:

stable and confident social position;
relatively high standard of living, education, and vocational training;
high competitiveness in the labor market;
clear awareness of events in society;
political skepticism;
sufficient independence in the analysis of information;
high level of efficiency of self-realization in society;
active influence on significant social processes;
high level of civil liability;
orientation, in addition to oneself and one's family, to the whole society as a whole.

Accordingly, in both classifications there is an emphasis not so much on the economic side of the existence of the middle class as on the socio-political one.

Middle class and professional class

Comparing the set of features of the middle class identified by Erhard with those characteristics used by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons when defining the concept of a professional, one can note a certain coincidence. In his worldview, the Parsonian professional is a supporter of liberal democratic values, including professional duty and selfless service to his clients. The presence of professionalism, according to Parsons and Storer, implies responsibility for the storage, transfer and use of specialized knowledge, high autonomy in attracting new members of the professional community, patronage from the environment, incorruptibility, etc.

Thus, the concepts of the middle class and the professional become closely linked in many sociological studies.

The distinction between the "old" and "new" middle class

The semantic meaning of the concept of the middle class has a dynamic specificity that directly reflects the socio-economic characteristics of society in a certain period of time. Thus, in the modern interpretation, the middle class is a qualitatively new social phenomenon.

From the point of view of the American sociologist Charles Wright Mills, in contrast to the "new", the "old" middle class was predominantly made up of small entrepreneurs who profit from their property. In turn, the American middle class was made up of the rural bourgeoisie, and their land simultaneously acted as a means of production, a way of earning money, and also as an investment object. Thus, the independence of the entrepreneur, who independently set the boundaries of his own professional activity, was preserved. Labor and property were inseparable for the American middle class. In addition, the social status of this category of citizens also directly depended on the state of the property in their possession.

Accordingly, the "old" middle class had a proprietary basis, as well as a clear definition of boundaries. Also, its representatives were characterized by independence both from high society and from the state itself.

Functions of the middle class in society

The position of the middle class at the center of the social system thus ensures its relative stability and stability. Thus, the middle class is a kind of mediator between the extreme poles of the stratification structure of society. At the same time, for the optimal implementation of the intermediary function, it is necessary that this stratum of society has a sufficient number.

On the other hand, as many domestic sociologists note, the conditions of mass character are not enough to ensure the fulfillment of the function of a stabilizer and a source of development of the social system, to which the middle class is oriented. This fulfillment is possible only if the representatives of the middle class meet certain political and economic characteristics: law-abiding, awareness of actions and the ability to defend their own interests, independence of opinion, etc.

Western tradition

Initially, in Western scientific thought, the middle class was identified with the people and the masses in general. For example, in the concept of Ortega y Gasset, the representative of the middle class is mediocrity in the field of knowledge and skills. In Hegel, he appears as a formless mass - without any specific goals and ideals.

There is a significant difference between domestic and foreign approaches to the category of the middle class in society. For example, the middle class in Europe, from the point of view of a French sociologist, in addition to economic capital, allocated as a dominant, should rely on social, cultural and symbolic capital. One of the forms of symbolic capital Bourdieu considered political. The right of ownership was documented when it came to economic property. In the case of the cultural part of it, a diploma or an academic title was considered confirmation. Social property was confirmed by the title of nobility. Thus, a full-fledged characteristic of the middle class society was formed.

Another important point should also be noted. In the Western tradition, the middle strata of society are aware of the fact that private property is not just an object of appropriation, but is also accompanied by the need to perform a number of public functions. Otherwise, it cannot be inviolable, remaining open to encroachment by other people.

The controversial nature of the problem of the middle class in Russian society

The middle class in Russia represents a separate category for scientific controversy in sociological theory. For example, some Western sociologists deny the existence of this stratum of society during the functioning of the USSR and during the years of transition to the post-Soviet system (Zhvitiashvili, 2005). From the point of view of H. Balzer, in the Russian social stratification structure there is a middle stratum, but it differs from the classical understanding of the concept of "middle class" in society.

In turn, the Russian sociologist A.G. Levinson writes that the question of the presence of a middle class in Russia as an empirically verifiable object is not significant in itself. In this case, it is only about the name given to a certain group of people, or about the interpretation of some results. The question of the existence of a middle class in Russia should be decided not in the environment where applied or fundamental research of society is carried out, but in the environment of public and public institutions, as an example, within the framework of public opinion. At the same time, as the author notes, for many researchers involved in the discussion about the presence / absence of a middle class in Russian society, it is preferable to differentiate such concepts as "intelligentsia", "specialist", "middle link", etc.

Characteristics of the middle class in the structure of modern Russian society

The classical understanding implies a focus not only on owners of property of a certain size, but also on carriers of basic social values - socio-political activity, opposition to social manipulation, personal dignity and independence, etc. Meanwhile, in the Russian state in the early 90s. reformers considered property relations in society exclusively from the economic side.

Even now, there are remnants of this perception, when any “brother” of the “Solntsevo or Tambov mafia” is referred to as a “pillar of civil society” (Simonyan R.Kh. “The middle class: a social mirage or reality?”, 2009) - for example, on the basis of the presence of two cars in the family, etc.

In this regard, certain paradoxes arise in Russian sociological theory, when the middle class in Russia includes primarily private businessmen, and not engineers, doctors or teachers. The reason for this "skew" is the fact that representatives of private business have much higher incomes than the above-mentioned specialists.

Many researchers, noting the presence of a middle consumer stratum in Russian society, believe that for its transformation into a full-fledged class, it is necessary to create a number of conditions:

structural transformations of the economy;
formation of a special worldview position;
changes in the psychology of society;
revision of stereotypes of behavior, etc.

In any case, the process of forming a full-fledged middle class in Russian society requires a fairly long period of time.

Criminal past and present of the middle class in Russia

The primitive division into strata of society from the point of view of economic criteria, as a distorted understanding of Marxist theory, had a certain justification. There are quite a few representatives of the materially prosperous and super-rich population in Russian society. However, the question arises as to whether a high-ranking official or a major businessman who takes bribes can be classified as a citizen from the standpoint of the strict socio-political meaning of this word. Stops the fact that they are not free. These are no longer so much citizens as accomplices tied to the authorities (Simonyan, 2009).

The system of privatization in Russia also had its own negative impact on the specifics of the formation of the concept of "middle social class". Instead of the so-called enrichment of the people, the largest state scam was carried out on the distribution of common material wealth between individual representatives of private business. This situation only strengthened the corruption of the state structure. As a result, the modern owner of capital least of all corresponds to the requirements of the classical representative of the group presented as the middle class. This carrier, as noted by S. Dzarasov, is primarily a criminal, but not a rational type of consciousness.

The problem is that this category of people is capable of capturing other people's goods and at the same time is completely incapable of creating. It cannot be said that it was about the unconsciousness of the criminality of these actions. The people of the middle class of this category, with a full understanding of the illegality of acquired property, are related to it - not as a well-deserved good, but as a welcome prey and personal privilege.

Accordingly, the modern Russian nomenklatura does not recognize any public functions for this property. It also rejects the concept itself, in contrast to how Western middle-class society interprets it. In this regard, the vast majority of the Russian population refuses to recognize the results of privatization in the early 1990s. Meanwhile, in order to respect the inviolability of property, it is necessary that it has a legitimate character. Only under this condition does private property become the economic basis of a full-fledged civil society.

Thus, the criminal side of the existence of society not only does not contribute to the formation of the middle class, but also leads to the deformation of this very concept, on which the social characteristics of the class are based.

In the stabilization of a modern democratic society, the so-called middle strata play a decisive role. M. Weber paid great attention to the middle strata or the middle class. Indeed, in economically developed countries, it is the middle strata that are the main support and subject of civil society, the social basis of stability.

Aristotle's idea of a connection between a large middle class and legitimate political power has been confirmed by history. G. Simmel once emphasized that the stability of the hierarchical structures of society depends on the specific weight and role of the middle stratum. Occupying an intermediate position, the middle class performs both a kind of binding and dampening, i.e. a suppressing role between the two poles of the social hierarchy, reducing the intensity of their contradictions.

In our time, foreign sociology distinguishes between traditional middle strata, represented mainly by the petty bourgeoisie. In terms of numbers, it is from 7% to 25%.

Along with such traditional middle layers, new middle layers are also distinguished. These new strata in Western countries necessarily include: most of the intelligentsia, managerial and administrative personnel, middle and lower managers. In developed countries, until recently, a layer of "golden collars" has been growing rapidly - scientific and design personnel, engineering and technical specialists of a wide profile. In sum, these middle strata make up the bulk of the population (from 60 to 80%). They are the social pillar of Western democracies. But now, in the context of the crisis, there is a rapid erosion of the middle class.

In Ukraine, in the process of establishing market relations, the old social structure is being dismantled and a new social stratum is gradually beginning to form. But, in our opinion, in some publications they sometimes make a mistake, meaning by the “middle layer” only small and medium-sized entrepreneurs. The fact is that entrepreneurs (i.e., the bourgeoisie) in no society can make up the majority of the population, only together with the majority of the intelligentsia, managerial personnel, generalists, etc., they will make up the overwhelming majority.

Unfortunately, in our country, most of the intelligentsia and the public sector in general (science, education, culture, healthcare) are people on the verge of or below the poverty line, so their prospects for entering the new middle stratum are very illusory.

It should also be taken into account that despite all the declarations of support for their own producers and entrepreneurs, their growth is insignificant, since the bureaucratic structures stubbornly do not want to give up power and the opportunity to enrich themselves.

Questions for self-control and discussion

What are the reasons for the social differentiation of society?

Social differentiation in society - a norm or a social pathology?

What is the social structure of society?

What does the stratification system of society mean?

Class and stratification approach to the analysis of society: mutually exclusive or complementary models?

What does the term "social group" mean?

What groups are distinguished in sociology?

What is the main content of the theory of social stratification?

What strata, in your opinion, can be identified in the social structure of Ukraine?

What is meant by social status in sociology?

How is the role interpreted in sociology?

What is a role set, role expectation, role conflict?

What is meant by social mobility in sociology?

What types of mobility are distinguished in sociology?

What is the mechanism of social mobility, channels of social mobility?

What does marginality and marginal layers mean?

What is the reason for the appearance of marginal layers?

What are the reasons for the marginalization of Ukrainian society?

Who are classified as middle strata in developed democracies?

"Blue collar", "white collar", "gold collar" - do you know these terms? What social groups are behind them?

Why are the middle strata in contemporary Western democracies a stabilizing force?

Are lumpens an inevitability of any society? What is their danger to society?

Is the intelligentsia a social stratum or a way of life?

In different historical eras, different states fought against the dominance of the bureaucracy? Always and everywhere this fight was won by the latter. What do you think lies behind the “unsinkability” of the bureaucracy?

What do you see as the causes of social inequality in society?

Is social equality achievable?

Why have so far failed to achieve it, and why one kind of inequality has been replaced by another kind?

Does the dilemma: freedom or equality have its solution in principle?

How do the market and social justice relate?

Do you agree with the principle of one of the main theorists of liberalism, the English sociologist F.A. Hayek, according to which, "the atavism of social justice protests against the market"?

What is your attitude to such a postulate of F.A. Hayek: for the normal functioning of the liberal economy, "people must get rid of some natural instincts, above all a sense of solidarity and human compassion."

Is social justice the "blue bird of humanity"?

Is Social Equality an Illusion or a Real Possibility?

Is it possible to achieve complete social justice?

How do you understand the words of N.A. Berdyaev that freedom is the right to inequality?

Comment on the statement of the famous English sociologist Giddens that "the best way to get rich in England is to be born rich."

Is this statement applicable to modern Ukrainian reality?

Why do you think the mafia is so strong in Italy and virtually non-existent in the Scandinavian countries?

MIDDLE LAYERS

set of intermediate societies. groups in class-antagonistich. society. In the slave in society, these were, for example, free small proprietors (farmers, artisans), in feudal society - the burghers, the emerging trade and industry. . In the capitalist society to S. with. belong to part of the peasants, artisans, handicraftsmen, small industrialists and merchants, freelancers, certain groups of employees and intelligentsia. S. s. remain in the transitional period from capitalism to socialism - up to the complete victory of socialism.

Under capitalism economic basis of S.'s existence with. heterogeneous: some of them are associated with the remnants of the old socio-economic. ways (the so-called "old" S. s. - peasants, artisans), the other is a product of the development of modern. capitalism (the so-called "new" S. S. - some sections of the bureaucracy and the intelligentsia). The higher the level of development of capitalism, the greater the proportion of "new" groups of S. c., and in the composition of the "old" groups - mountains. petty bourgeoisie. On the contrary, the lower the level of development of capitalism, the greater the share in the composition of socialist society. "old" groups (the petty bourgeoisie), and within the latter - the peasantry. S. is extremely heterogeneous. and in other respects. Therefore, in particular, rejects the non-Marxist "middle class" theory and "" theory.

As part of the "old" S. s. the special belongs to the peasantry, which ceases to be a single class under capitalism. As the proletarianization of the peasantry intensifies, an ever smaller part of it can be attributed to the S. s. In most chapters capitalist countries, it is already very small (remaining more significant in France, Italy, Spain, Japan). On the contrary, in the capitalist countries of the zone of the "third world" rural S. with. make up meanwhile. part of the population. In ch. capitalist countries are now especially numerous mountains. S. s. In particular, despite the intensification of the processes of ruin, displacement and proletarianization, mountains remain a relatively stable layer. - due to high rates of urbanization and the expansion of services and trade. The number of "new" groups, in one way or another related to the mountains. S. c., - intelligentsia, bureaucracy, adm.-management. personnel is growing rapidly. Increases and is not self-sustaining. part of the adult population of cities (housewives, pensioners, students), in some respects close to S. of page.

In the conditions of modern state-monopoly capitalism S. s. are increasingly being exploited by the monopolies and the state. On this basis, the fundamental interests of the working class and socialist socialism are coming closer together. However, this rapprochement is taking place under contradictory conditions, since, to a certain leveling of the material situation of the working people, it is combined with a growing diversity of direct contact. interests of various prof. groups.

In most capitalist monopoly countries. the bourgeoisie and its parties retain the predominant ideological and political. influence on S. c., using for this as economical. leverage, and ideological and political. impact - and bourgeois. , ideology and politics of nationalism, chauvinism and fascism, etc. These forms and methods of influence alternate and change, but they always rely on the peculiarities of the petty-bourgeois. psychology with its bizarre intertwining of elements of conservatism and democracy, reactionary and radicalism, nationalism and patriotism, with its illusions of a "middle line" and "above class" in politics. Petty-bourgeois traits are inherent in the consciousness not only of small proprietors, but also of part of the intelligentsia, employees, backward sections of the working class. It also facilitates the widespread involvement of S. with. on the side of the social democrats. parties.

Communist parties attach importance to S. with. as a potential ally of the working class in the struggle for democracy and and are striving to create a broad anti-monopoly. coalitions led by the working class. See also Peasantry, Petty bourgeoisie, Employees and lit. with these articles.

A. Weber. Moscow.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .

See what "MIDDLE LAYERS" is in other dictionaries:

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MIDDLE LAYERS

set of intermediate societies. groups in class-antagonistich. society. In the slave in society, these were, for example, free small proprietors (farmers, artisans), in feudal society - the burghers, the emerging trade and industry. bourgeoisie. In the capitalist society to S. with. belong to part of the peasants, artisans, handicraftsmen, small industrialists and merchants, freelancers, certain groups of employees and intelligentsia. S. s. remain in the transitional period from capitalism to socialism - up to the complete victory of socialism.

Under capitalism economic basis of S.'s existence with. heterogeneous: some of them are associated with the remnants of the old socio-economic. ways (the so-called "old" S. s. - peasants, artisans), the other is a product of the development of modern. capitalism (the so-called "new" S. S. - some sections of the bureaucracy and the intelligentsia). The higher the level of development of capitalism, the greater the proportion of "new" groups of S. c., and in the composition of the "old" groups - mountains. petty bourgeoisie. On the contrary, the lower the level of development of capitalism, the greater the share in the composition of socialist society. "old" groups (the petty bourgeoisie), and within the latter - the peasantry. The structure of S. of page is extremely heterogeneous. and in other respects. Therefore, in particular, Marxism rejects non-Marxist "middle class" theory and "new middle class" theory.

As part of the "old" S. s. a special place belongs to the peasantry, which ceases to be a single class under capitalism. As the differentiation and proletarianization of the peasantry intensifies, an ever smaller part of it can be attributed to the S. s. In most chapters capitalist countries, it is already very small (remaining more significant in France, Italy, Spain, Japan). On the contrary, in the capitalist countries of the zone of the "third world" rural S. with. make up meanwhile. part of the population. In ch. capitalist countries are now especially numerous mountains. S. s. In particular, despite the intensification of the processes of ruin, displacement and proletarianization, mountains remain a relatively stable layer. the petty bourgeoisie - due to the high rate of urbanization and the expansion of services and trade. The number of "new" groups, in one way or another related to the mountains. S. c., - intelligentsia, bureaucracy, adm.-management. personnel is growing rapidly. Increases and is not self-sustaining. part of the adult population of cities (housewives, pensioners, students), in some respects close to S. of page.

In the conditions of modern state-monopoly capitalism S. s. are increasingly being exploited by the monopolies and the state. On this basis, the fundamental interests of the working class and socialist socialism are coming closer together. However, this rapprochement is taking place under contradictory conditions, inasmuch as the trend towards a certain leveling of the material situation of the working people is combined with the growing diversity of the immediate environment. interests of various prof. groups.

In most capitalist monopoly countries. the bourgeoisie and its parties retain the predominant ideological and political. influence on S. c., using for this as economical. leverage, and ideological and political. impact - parliamentarism and bourgeois. liberalism, ideology and politics of nationalism, chauvinism and fascism, clericalism, etc. These forms and methods of influence alternate and change, but they always rely on the peculiarities of the petty-bourgeois. psychology with its bizarre intertwining of elements of conservatism and democracy, reactionary and radicalism, nationalism and patriotism, with its illusions of a "middle line" and "above class" in politics. Petty-bourgeois traits are inherent in the consciousness not only of small proprietors, but also of part of the intelligentsia, employees, backward sections of the working class. It also facilitates the widespread involvement of S. with. on the side of the social democrats. parties.

Communist parties attach great importance to S. of page. as a potential ally of the working class in the struggle for peace, democracy and socialism and are striving to create broad antimonopoly. coalitions led by the working class. See also Peasantry, Petty bourgeoisie, Employees and lit. with these articles.

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29. Layers.

From the book Spiritual Enlightenment: A Nasty Thing author McKenna Jed

29. Layers. Concepts serve best to negate each other, as one thorn removes another and then discards it. Words and language deal only with concepts and cannot reach Reality. - Ramesh Balsekar - I came home after eight and straight

middle layers

classes and social groups occupying an intermediate position between the two main classes, the two poles of an antagonistic society (under capitalism, between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat). Marx pointed to the presence under capitalism of "the middle classes, standing in the middle between the workers, on the one hand, and the capitalists and landowners, on the other..." (vol. 26, part II, p. 636).

S. s. economically, socially, politically and ideologically do not represent a single whole. This is a collection of groups that differ from each other, each of which occupies a peculiar place in the class structure of society, being between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The urban and rural petty bourgeoisie (artisans, handicraftsmen, small merchants, owners of small enterprises, small and middle peasants and farmers), like the capitalists, own private property and, like the workers, belong to the workers, live mainly on their own labor and not on exploitation. These are the worker-owners. The intelligentsia and employees, unlike the capitalists, are petty bourgeois, non-proprietors. They are workers, hired workers, like workers. But, firstly, many of them do not produce surplus value, but live on income; secondly, they occupy a peculiar place in the social division of labor, being associated with mental labor, which the bourgeoisie seeks to use against the proletariat. Servants and declassed elements also occupy a special place between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

S. s. under capitalism, on the one hand, they are eroded (mainly the petty bourgeoisie), replenishing both main classes of capitalist society, and on the other hand, part of the ruined capitalists and part of the workers who fill the ranks of the intelligentsia and employees are poured into them. Due to such a mixed, intermediate composition . can be allies of both opposite classes of capitalist society.

In the struggle for socialism, the working class considers socialist s. as their real allies. At the same time, in order to develop a correct strategy and tactics in relation to them, it is of paramount importance to take into account the objective development trends of each of the constituent parts of the intermediate layers, to assess their role and relative weight in society and the liberation movement.

In the period of pre-monopoly capitalism, the main ally of the working class is the petty bourgeoisie, primarily the peasantry. This was the most massive non-proletarian stratum of the working people in that period.

With the transition of capitalism to the monopoly and state-monopoly stage, the size and proportion of the petty bourgeoisie in town and country (especially the peasantry) decrease, and so goes the process of their ruin. At the same time, the number and proportion of the intelligentsia and civil servants are growing at an enormous pace (cf. Lenin V.I. Full coll. cit., vol. 7, p. 213-214). In the capitalist countries, office workers, intellectuals, along with the peasantry, working handicraftsmen, artisans, become mass allies of the proletariat, and in highly developed capitalist countries, due to the strong reduction in the number of petty bourgeoisie, they are increasingly becoming the main ally of the working class.

Due to the heterogeneity of each s. groups, one part of these groups links its fate with the bourgeoisie, and the other with the proletariat. Within the petty bourgeoisie, the wealthiest hope to become capitalists and support the bourgeoisie, while the least wealthy, who are in danger of ruin, link their future to the working class. The social stratification manifests itself no less sharply within the intelligentsia and employees. On the one hand, as Lenin said, “a horde of careerists and mercenaries of the bourgeoisie is growing - the “intelligentsia” is contented and calm, alien to any kind of nonsense and knowing well what it wants” (vol. 1, p. 305). On the other hand, the liberal, radical, proletarian (socialist) intelligentsia stands out. In the conditions of modern capitalist countries, the top of the intelligentsia and employees (highest officials and managers, politicians, the highest ranks of the army, police, intelligence, etc.) merges with the bourgeoisie, merges into it, in fact becomes its integral part. The mass of hired employees and intellectuals (ordinary and middle link) in terms of living conditions, labor, consciousness approaches the workers, proletarianizes, adjoins the working class, becomes a layer difficult to separate from it (although it also differs in place in social production), and a certain part of them straight into the composition of the workers, since it acquires features characteristic of the working class.

As a result of these processes, an ever smaller part of S. with. remains a faithful and reliable ally of the bourgeoisie, an increasing number of them take the side of the proletariat. We can say that now S. s. not so much increase the social stability and strength of the "upper ten thousand", as it was in the time of Marx, but expand the base of the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, contribute to the growth of its strength and power. As noted at the International Conference of Communist and Workers' Parties in 1969, "the convergence of the interests of the peasantry, the urban middle strata and the intelligentsia with the interests of the working class, their growing cooperation lead to a narrowing of the social base of monopoly power ...".

S. s. remain in the transitional period from capitalism to socialism and represent non-socialist groups of workers (the petty bourgeoisie, bourgeois and petty-bourgeois specialists), occupying an intermediate position between the victorious working class and the overthrown, but still surviving, still resisting bourgeoisie. “... The peasantry, like any petty bourgeoisie generally takes and under the dictatorship of the proletariat, the middle, intermediate position ... "( Lenin V.I. Full coll. cit., vol. 39, p. 280). With the liquidation of the bourgeoisie, the transformation of the peasantry into socialist workers, and the formation of a socialist intelligentsia, a socialist united society of working people is established, in which there is no longer a socialist society (see Socio-Political and Ideological Unity of Society).