The name of the geographic areas matches. Geographic zones

Geography as a science studies a number of features of our planet, paying great attention to the shell. The modern approach involves the division of the planet's shell into several large zones, which are called geographic zones. At the same time, attention is paid to a number of criteria: temperature features, the specifics of the circulation of atmospheric masses, the characteristic features of the animal and plant world.

What exists?

From geography you can learn a lot of interesting information. For example, it is known how many time zones Russia is located in: nine. But there are six geographical zones in our country. In total, there are nine types of geographical zones: equatorial, subequatorial (two slightly different species), tropics, subtropics (two, each on their own half of the planet), two northern belts in each hemisphere - the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as the subarctic , subantarctic belts adjacent to them. Geographic - these are climatic zones (that is, there are two terms that apply to the same real area).

All geographic zones can be divided into For correct division, it is necessary to analyze temperature, humidity and identify the relationship between these parameters. Often, the names of the zones were given, focusing on the type of vegetation prevailing in this area. In some cases, a natural area is named after a term that describes its natural landscape. So, the geographical zones of Russia include such natural zones: tundra, steppe, desert and forests. In addition, there are forest-tundras, light forests, semi-deserts and many other types of zones.

Belts and zones: is there a difference?

As is known from geography, natural belts are a latitudinal phenomenon, but zones depend much less on latitude. The heterogeneity of the surface of our planet plays a role, due to which the level of humidity varies greatly. The same continent in different parts of it at the same latitude can have different levels of humidity.

As can be seen from the geography of the globe, rather dry areas are more often located inside the mainland: steppes, deserts, semi-deserts. But there are exceptions everywhere: Namib, Atacama are classic representatives of deserts, but they are located on the coast, and in a rather cold area. Zones within the geographic zone, crossing the continents, are mostly heterogeneous, so the term "meridional areas" was introduced. As a rule, they speak of three such areas: the central one, remote from the coast, and two coastal ones, adjacent to the ocean.

Eurasia: features of the mainland

Geographical zones characteristic of Eurasia are usually divided into the following additional zones: broad-leaved wooded steppes go to the west of the Urals, coniferous and small-leaved wooded steppes dominate between the Urals and Baikal, and prairies are located in the territory between the Sungari and the Amur. Zones in some places move from one to another gradually, there are transitional areas, due to which the boundaries are blurred.

Features of climatic zones

Such areas are homogeneous in terms of climate, they can be interrupted or continuous. Climatic zones are located along the latitudes of our planet. To divide the space into such areas, scientists analyze the following information:

• specifics of the circulation of atmospheric masses;
• the level of heating from the luminary;
• change in atmospheric masses, provoked by seasonal factors.

It is noted that the difference between the subequatorial climate, equatorial, temperate and other types is quite significant. Usually the countdown starts from the equator, gradually moving up - to the two poles. In addition to the latitudinal factor, the climate is strongly influenced by the topography of the planet's surface, the proximity of large water masses, and the rise relative to sea level.

Basic theory

The well-known Soviet scientist Alisov spoke in his works about how natural geographical zones and climatic zones are delimited, how they pass into each other and how they are divided into zones. In particular, a landmark work on climatology was published under his name in 1956. It laid the foundations for the classification of all climate zones existing on our planet. From that year to this day, not only in our country, but practically all over the world, the classification system proposed by Alisov has been used. It is thanks to this outstanding Soviet figure that no one else has any doubts about which climate, for example, the Caribbean Islands should be attributed to.

Considering the subarctic and subantarctic belts, as well as other belts, Alisov identified four main zones and three transitional zones: adjacent to the poles, adjacent to them, temperate, tropical, adjacent to the tropics and the equator. Each belt corresponds to its own unique continental, oceanic, as well as coastal, characteristic of the east and west.

closer to warmth

Perhaps the most pleasant places for lovers of warmer places are not the Arctic and Antarctic belts at all (by the way, in former times there was an erroneous opinion that the South Pole is the warmest place on the planet), but the equator. The air here is warmed up to 24-28 degrees all year round. The temperature of the water during the year fluctuates sometimes by only one degree. But a lot of precipitation falls at the equator during the year: up to 3,000 mm in flat areas, and twice as much in mountainous areas.

Another warm part of the planet is the one where the subequatorial climate reigns. The prefix "sub" in the name means "under". This site is located between the equator and the tropics. In summer, the weather is predominantly controlled by air masses from the equator, while in winter the tropics dominate. In summer, precipitation is less than that of neighbors at the equator (from 1,000 to 3,000 mm), but the temperature is slightly higher - about 30 degrees. The winter period passes almost without precipitation, the air warms up to +14 on average.

Tropics and subtropics

The tropics are divided into continental and oceanic, and each of the categories has its own characteristic feature. On the mainland, precipitation usually falls in the amount of 100-250 mm per year, in summer the air warms up to 40 degrees, and in winter - only up to 15. In 24 hours, the temperature can fluctuate within forty degrees. But the oceanic zone is distinguished by an even lower amount of precipitation (within 50 mm), a slightly lower average daily temperature in summer than on the mainland - up to 27 degrees. And in winter it is as cold here as it is away from the coast - about 15 degrees Celsius.

The subtropics are such a zone that provides a smooth transition from the tropical to the temperate geographic zone. In summer, the air masses that come from the more southern neighboring areas “rule the weather” here, but in winter - from temperate latitudes. Summer in the subtropics is usually dry and hot, the air warms up to 50 degrees Celsius. In winter, this climate is characterized by cold, precipitation, snow is possible. True, there is no permanent snow cover in the subtropics. Precipitation falls in the amount of approximately 500 mm per year.

In the mainland, dry subtropics are usually located, where it is very hot in summer, but in winter the thermometer drops to minus twenty. During the year, precipitation falls in the amount of 120 mm, or even less. The Mediterranean also belongs to the subtropics, and the name of this area gave the name to the geographical zone - the Mediterranean, characteristic of the western extremities of the continents. In summer it is dry and hot, and in winter it is cool and rainy. Usually up to 600 mm of precipitation falls per year. Finally, the eastern subtropics are monsoons. It is cold and dry here in winter (compared to other parts of the subtropical geographical zone), in summer the air warms up to 25 degrees Celsius, it rains (about 800 mm of precipitation).

Temperate climate

Any educated resident of Russia should know how many time zones (nine) and how many climatic (four) there are on the territory of their native country. At the same time, the temperate climatic and geographical zone is dominant. It is characterized by temperate latitudes and is distinguished by a rather large annual precipitation: from 1,000 to 3,000 in coastal areas. But in the inner zones, precipitation is often small: only 100 mm in some areas. In summer, the air warms up to a temperature of 10 to 28 degrees Celsius, and in winter it varies from 4 degrees Celsius to frost, reaching -50 degrees Celsius. It is customary to talk about maritime, monsoon, continental temperate areas. Any educated person who has completed a school geography course should know them, as well as how many time zones Russia is located in (nine).

It is characterized by a fairly large amount of precipitation: in mountainous areas, up to 6,000 mm falls per year. On the plain it is usually less: from 500 to 1000 mm. In winter, the air warms up to five degrees Celsius, and in summer - up to 20. In the continental part, about 400 mm of precipitation falls per year, the warm season is characterized by air warmed up to 26 degrees, and in winter frosts reach -24 degrees. The Continental Temperate Zone is an area where there is persistent snow cover for several months of the year. There are many areas where this period is very long. Finally, temperate monsoon is such an additional type of climate, which is characterized by an annual rainfall of up to 560 mm. It is usually clear in winter, frost reaches 27 degrees, and in summer it often rains, the air warms up to 23 degrees Celsius.

To the north!

The subpolar climate is two poles adjacent, respectively, to the Arctic and Antarctic. In summer, this area is quite cool, as humid air comes from temperate latitudes. Typically, the warm period is characterized by the heating of air masses up to 10 degrees Celsius, precipitation - at the level of 300 mm. However, depending on the specific area, these indicators vary significantly. For example, in the northeastern parts of Yakutia, only 100 mm of precipitation often falls. But winter in a subpolar climate is cold, reigning for many months. At this time of the year, air masses that come from the north dominate, and the thermometer drops to -50 degrees, or even lower.

Finally, the coldest are the Arctic and Antarctic belts. The climate prevailing here in geography is considered polar. It is typical for latitudes above 70 degrees in the north and below 65 degrees in the south. This area is characterized by cold air and year-round persistent snow cover. Precipitation is not characteristic of such a climate, but the air is often filled with tiny needles of ice. Due to the settling of these masses, an increase in snow occurs per year, comparable to 100 mm of precipitation. On average, in summer the air warms up to zero Celsius, and in winter frost reigns down to -40 degrees. Geographic coordinates of the earth's poles:

• in the south - 90 ° 00'00 ″ south latitude;
• in the north - 90 ° 00'00 ″ north latitude.

Geographic time zones

Another important geographical division of our planet is due to the specifics of the rotation of the globe around its axis and around the Sun. All this affects the change of time of day - in different areas the day begins at different times. How many time zones are there on our planet? The correct answer is 24.

The fact that uniform illumination of the entire surface of the planet is impossible became clear when mankind discovered that the Earth is not a flat surface at all, but a rotating ball. Consequently, as scientists soon found out, on the surface of the planet there is a cyclical change in the time of day, consistent and gradual - it was called the change of the time zone. At the same time, astronomical time is determined by the position that different parts of the globe are characteristic at different times.

Historical milestones and geography

It is known that in former times the astronomical difference did not actually create any problems for mankind. To determine the time, one had only to look at the Sun; noon was determined by the moment when the luminary passes the highest point above the horizon. At that time, ordinary people often did not even have their own clocks, but only city ones, which carried information about the change of time to the entire settlement.

The concept of "time zone" did not exist, in those days it was impossible to imagine that it could be relevant. Between settlements located not far from each other, the time difference was minutes - well, let's say a quarter of an hour, no more. Given the lack of telephone service (let alone high-speed internet), as well as the limited capacity of vehicles, such time shifts did not represent a really significant difference.

Time Synchronization

Technological progress has posed an abundance of new tasks and problems for humanity, and one of them has become time synchronization. This changed the human life quite a lot, and the time difference turned out to be a source of considerable headache, especially at first, while there was no solution in the form of changing time zones with the systematization of this phenomenon. The first to feel the complexity of changing time intervals were those who traveled long distances by train. One meridian forced to move the hour hand by 4 minutes - and so on all the way. Of course, this was not easy to follow.

Railway workers found themselves in an even more difficult situation, because dispatchers simply could not say in advance and exactly at what point in time and in what place in space the train would be. And the problem was much more significant than the possible delay: the incorrectness of the schedule could lead to clashes and numerous victims. To get out of this situation, it was decided to introduce time zones.

Order restored

The initiator of the introduction of time zones was the famous English scientist William Wollaston, who worked with the chemistry of metals. Surprisingly, it was the chemist who solved the chronological problem. His idea was as follows: to call the territory of Great Britain one time zone, to give it the name of Greenwich. Railroad representatives quickly appreciated the benefits of this proposal, and common time was introduced as early as 1840. After another 12 years, the telegraph regularly transmitted a signal about the exact time, and in 1880 the whole of Great Britain switched to a single time, for which the authorities even issued a special law.

The first country to pick up the English fashion for the exact time is America. True, the States are much larger in territory than England, so the idea had to be improved. It was decided to divide the entire space into four zones, in which the time with neighboring areas differed by an hour. These were the first time zones in the history of our time: Center, Mountains, East and Pacific. But in the cities, people often refused to follow the new law. The last to resist the innovation was Detroit, but here the public finally gave up - since 1916, the clock hands were translated, and since then, to this day, time has reigned, consistent with the division of the planet into time zones.

Idea takes over the world

The first propaganda of the division of space into time zones attracted attention in different countries even at a time when time zones were not introduced anywhere, but the railway already needed a mechanism for coordinating time intervals. Then, for the first time, the idea of ​​the need to divide the entire planet into 24 sections was voiced. True, politicians and scientists did not support it, they called it a utopia and immediately forgot it. But in 1884 the situation changed radically: the planet was still divided into 24 parts during a conference with the participation of representatives of different countries. The event was held in Washington DC. A number of countries spoke out against the innovation, among them was the representative of the Russian Empire. Our country recognized the division into time zones only in 1919.

Currently, the division into time zones is recognized throughout the planet and is actively used in various areas of life. The need for time synchronization, also due to fast communication with different parts of the world using the latest technologies, is now more relevant than ever. Fortunately, technical means come to the aid of a person: programmable watches, computers and smartphones, through which you can always find out exactly what time it is in any point of the planet and how much this time differs from the characteristic other area.

T
trends of regionalization and globalization, the growth of integration processes and international cooperation at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. sharply increased attention to cross-border territories, regions and problems.
Multilevel geopolitical processes in the 90s of the last century led to the collapse of a whole bloc of socialist countries, a number of states - the USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and the formation of many new ones. As a result, for example, Russia has many new neighbors: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc. And in Russia itself, new border regions have appeared - territories bordering on newly formed neighboring countries.
Radical reforms and the orientation of the countries of the former socialist camp towards an open market economy caused a significant increase in foreign economic relations and international integration processes, in which border territories and regions were actively involved. At the same time, new prerequisites and problems of regional development began to appear in them.
In this regard, attention has increased to scientific research, to the development of special, including joint programs for the development of territories located in the immediate vicinity of the state border (the Program for Sustainable Land Management).

calling..., 1996; Kachur et al., 2001; Cross-border diagnostic analysis. Caspian Ecological Program, 2002; Trans-boundary diagnostic analysis. Tumen River..2002; and etc.). The concepts of “transboundary territory, region” and “border territory, district” have become increasingly widely used, but often they have far from the same meaning. This is due to the fuzzy definition of their content, properties, functions and types. This issue is not only of scientific but also of great practical importance, since certain economic and geopolitical actions of states and regional authorities are associated with it. For such territories, specific priorities and restrictions in socio-economic and environmental policy are determined. The main directions of the geopolitical interests of states are also formed taking into account not only the benefits of the entire state, but also the development of territories adjacent to certain sections of the state border. Therefore, when studying transboundary territories, as a rule, the functions and properties of different types of state borders are singled out and analyzed (Kolosov, Turovsky, 1997; Kolosov, Mironenko, 2001). However, state boundaries are one type of geographic boundaries, and the latter generally have a broader meaning. At the same time, geographical boundaries are central links in transboundary geographic structures.
Geographic boundaries in the strict sense are geographic structures within which the maximum differences in certain natural, natural resource, socio-economic and political characteristics are concentrated. During generalization, such structures are most often reduced to a linear type.
We have formulated a theoretical position (with the corresponding proposed proof - this is a specific theorem): if significant differences are established between two points (points) of the territory in terms of a number of geographical characteristics, then the geographical border between parts of the territory with different characteristics passes through a certain segment, and not through a point ( Baklanov, 2006). This provision proves that the geographical border is a certain zone, belt, strip, but not a line (Fig. 1).

A, B - points of the territory with different characteristics, Gg - section of the strip (segment
geographical border)

In general, two types of geographic boundaries can be distinguished: natural and man-made. Natural geographic boundaries are, for example, the boundaries between land and sea (a strip within the daily tides, between flat and mountainous areas, as well as some areas of foothills), between individual natural zones, landscapes, etc. In all cases, there are not dividing lines, but some transition zones, belts, stripes, which are not even always possible to unambiguously distinguish on the ground.
For management purposes, a wide variety of geographical boundaries set by man is distinguished: regulatory (medical, climatic, seismic, socio-economic, etc.), economic (regions, sea zones, market and trade zones, etc.), cultural and ethnic, state. The latter most often represent delimiting lines marked both on the territory (water area) and on the corresponding maps. Although, for example, the state border with its system of arrangement, protection, transport crossings and the like also represents a specific geographical structure of a linear type.

Geographical boundaries, as specific geographical structures, always perform both the functions of separation and the functions of connecting neighboring structures and territories that differ from each other.
In this regard, geographical structures, both natural and spatial socio-economic, adjacent to the same geographical border, are distinguished by us as contact geographical structures (Baklanov, 2000; and others). Most often, they intersect in one way or another in the zone of the geographical border, in its structure.
It is in the zone of contact structures that the interaction and mutual influence of the border geographic structures that differ from each other, their kind of interference (Fig. 2), takes place. For example, the significant influence of the land on the sea and the sea on the land, the mountain system on the plain, forests on the steppe areas, etc.

The territories adjacent to the state border can also be considered as specific contact geographic structures. The more various interactions occur between them, the more contact functions these territories perform. At the same time, the state border with all its functional bodies and instruments plays a central connecting and regulating role in the interaction of contact structures. It is the boundaries that form and determine the border links of the latter, the forms of their interactions. Over time, the functions of the boundary and the corresponding contact structures may change.
With the strengthening of ties and interactions between contact structures or their individual links, fairly stable connected structures are formed on both sides of the border - transboundary geographical structures. In general, if some integral geographical structure (natural-resource or socio-economic) is crossed by a geographical boundary, then such a structure becomes transboundary. By origin, genesis, three types of transboundary geographic structures can be distinguished: Geographical structures that initially intersect with a geographical border and develop in transboundary conditions (for example, a river crossing a mountain range). Geographical structures (Fig. 3, a), which from some time began to be crossed by geographical boundaries (for example, the state border began to cross a river or a river basin from some time). Geographical structures that have formed as fairly integral from stable interacting links on both sides of the border. For example, various infrastructure links formed at the transport crossing of the state border and over time are closely interconnected and interacting with each other (Fig. 3, b).
Cross-border geographic structures are a kind of contact geographic structures (Baklanov, 1999, 2000

Rice. 3. Types of transboundary geographic structures
etc.), when the essentially and stably interacting links of the latter form a new integral geographical structure, crossed by a geographical border.
At the same time, the real or potential interaction of territories and their natural or socio-economic links located on both sides of the border, real or potential forms of integrity, connectivity, commonality of territories and their natural or socio-economic links located on both sides are embedded in the concept of contact structures. borders.
In this regard, border territories are distinguished on both sides of the state border - as territories directly adjacent to the state border and experiencing the greatest influence of the border and the neighboring country, as well as combinations of border territories with all structural links of the state border - as trans-border territories.

Space and territory, often filling them with the same meaning. However, the concept territory” differs from the concept of “space” in its specificity, binding to certain coordinates on the earth's surface.

Territory- part of the land surface with its inherent natural properties and resources created as a result of human activity. The role of the spatial (territorial) factor in the life of society can neither be underestimated nor exaggerated.

State borders determine the boundaries of the state territory, and this is their main purpose. The entire inhabited part of the land (i.e., all continents, except) and the vast sea spaces adjacent to it are separated by political boundaries. In fact, the nature of the political, in addition to the state, have non-state borders: according to international agreements, contractual, temporary, demarcation.

State borders - lines and imaginary vertical surfaces passing along these lines, defining the limits of the territory of the state (land, water, subsoil, airspace), i.e., the limits of the spread of sovereignty.

Land and maritime state borders between neighboring states are established by agreement. There are two types of state border establishment - delimitation and demarcation.

Delimitation- determination by agreement between the governments of neighboring states of the general direction of the passage of the state border and drawing it on.

Demarcation- drawing the line of the state border and marking it with appropriate border signs.

Orographic, geometric and geographic state boundaries are known in practice. the border is a line drawn along natural (natural) boundaries, taking into account the terrain, mainly along the mountain watershed and riverbed. Geometric boundary - a straight line connecting two locally defined points of the state border, which crosses the terrain without taking into account. Geographic (astronomical) boundary - a line passing through certain and sometimes coinciding with one or another parallel or meridian. The last two types of borders are widespread in America. In Russia there are all kinds of borders.

On border lakes, the line of the state border runs in the middle of the lake or along a straight line connecting the outlets of the land state border to its shores. Within the state territory, the boundaries of administrative-territorial units (republics, states, provinces, lands, regions, etc.) and economic regions are also distinguished.

Allocate the state territory, as well as territories with international and mixed regime.

1. A state territory is a territory under the sovereignty of a certain state. The composition of the territory of the state includes: land within the borders, water (internal and territorial) and airspace over land and waters. Most of the coastal states (there are about 100 of them) have territorial waters (a strip of coastal sea waters) with a width of 3 to 12 nautical miles from the coast.
2. Territories with an international regime include terrestrial spaces lying outside the state territory, which are in common use by all states in accordance with international law. These are the open sea, the airspace above it, and the deep seabed beyond the continental shelf.

The international legal regime of the high seas () has some features. , and other countries divided it into "polar sectors". All lands and islands within the "polar sectors", ice fields near the coast are part of the state territories of these countries. "Polar sector" - the space, the base of which is the northern border of the state, the top -, and the side borders - the meridians.

It should also be noted the special international legal regime established in Antarctica under the 1959 treaty. The mainland is completely demilitarized and open to scientific research by all countries.

Outer space is located outside the earth's territory and its legal regime is determined by the principles and norms of international space law.

3. Territories with a mixed regime include the continental shelf and the economic zone.
In the second half of the 20th century, the definition of belonging, regime and boundaries of relatively shallow water areas adjacent to the coast turned into into an important political and legal problem in connection with the possibility of exploration and development of the natural resources of the continental shelf (, gas and others). According to some estimates, the area of ​​the continental shelf is almost 1/2 of the surface of the oceans.

In accordance with the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, the continental shelf is understood to mean the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas extending beyond the territorial waters of the state throughout the natural extension of its land territory to the outer limit of the submarine margin of the mainland or at a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines , from which the width of territorial waters is measured, when the outer border of the underwater margin of the mainland does not extend to such a distance.

The outer limit of the continental shelf may not be more than 100 nautical miles from the 200-meter isobath (line of equal depths) and should not be more than 350 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of territorial waters is measured.

The depths of the shelf edge are usually 100-200 m, but in some cases reach 1500-2000 m (South Kuril basin).

Fishing zones and shelves often exceed the land area of ​​a state and can significantly increase its resource potential.

Special territorial regimes are international legal regimes that determine the legal status and procedure for the use of any limited territory or space. They can be established in the interests of some or all states of the world.

So, the regimes of navigation along international straits and channels used for international navigation are known; regimes of fishing and other marine fisheries; exploitation of the seabed (exploitation of the continental shelf, etc.); regime and other types of economic activity on border rivers, etc.

Special types of territorial regime are the international legal lease of territory, the regime of "free economic zones", privileged in customs terms, etc. (Regiments for the use of military bases in foreign territories do not belong to the category of a special territorial regime).

1. Working with the contour map on p. 89:
a) sign the names and coordinates of the extreme points of Eurasia; b)
sign the seas washing Eurasia, peninsulas, bays, islands;
c) sign large lakes, rivers and mark the predominant type of their food (D - rain, L - glacial, S - snow, Sm - mixed), and for rivers also the time when they overflow (1 - winter, 2 - spring, 3 - summer, 4 - autumn).

2. Describe the geographic location of Eurasia according to the plan in the textbook appendix.
1. The equator does not cross, the Arctic Circle and the zero meridians cross.
2. N->S about 8 thousand km; W->E about 18 thousand km
3. SAP AP UP STP TP SEP
4. oceans: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic, seas: Mediterranean, Norwegian, Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Beringivo, Okhotsk, Philippine, South China, Arabian
5. Close to Africa, Australia, North America

3. Determine the extent of Eurasia in degrees and kilometers:
a) from north to south about 8 thousand km, 77 degrees
b) from west to east about 18 thousand km, 199 degrees
Calculate distance:
a) from Cape Chelyuskin to the North Pole in degrees 12 degrees , in kilometers about 1400 km
b) from Cape Piai to the equator in degrees 1 degree , in kilometers about 120 km

4. Which shores of the mainland are the most indented?
Western (the Atlantic Ocean goes deep into the land)

5. What geographical objects of the mainland bear the names of travelers:
W. Barents - sea, island
S. Chelyuskin - cape
V. Bering - strait, sea, island, glacier
S. Dezhneva - cape
D. and H. Laptev - sea

6. How will the outlines of Eurasia change if its coastline coincides with the boundary of the continental crust? Reflect the answer with a dotted line on the contour map on p. 89

Write down the landforms that it intersects:
a) meridian 80 degrees east - mountains, mountains, small springs, plains, lowlands
b) parallel 40 degrees north latitude. - mountains, lowlands

8. Where is most of the mountain systems of Eurasia located?
South and East (collisions of lithospheric plates)

9. Where are the areas of earthquakes and modern volcanism located in Eurasia?
Seismic belts: Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific
Places of collision of lithospheric plates.

10. How was the Indo-Gangetic lowland formed? What plains of Eurasia have a similar origin?
sediments of the rivers Indus and Ganges. The same origin in the Mesopotamian and Padan lowlands

11. Establish patterns of distribution of minerals in Eurasia.

12 Why are mineral deposits of igneous origin located not only in the mountainous regions of Eurasia, but also on the plains?
Since the plains correspond to platforms, they are based on crystalline rocks of igneous origin.

13. What territories of Eurasia are especially rich in oil?
Arabian Peninsula, Western Siberia, North Sea shelf (sedimentary deposits)

14. How do you think, in what part and due to what will the increase in the area of ​​Eurasia occur?
Uplift of some territories, for example: Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland Peninsula

15. Define points in Eurasia:
a) the coldest city ​​of Oymyakon
b) the hottest Arabian Peninsula
c) the driest Rub al Khali Desert
d) the wettest city ​​of Cherrapunji

16. What is the influence on the nature of Eurasia of the oceans washing it:
Quiet - warm current, monsoon climate type, east current
Atlantic - west wind from the ocean, warm current
Indian - monsoon winds from the ocean
Arctic - cold and dry VM

17. Using the climatic map of Eurasia in the atlas, establish the features of the course of the zero isotherm on the territory of the mainland. Explain the reasons.
West (weight part) - warm North Atlantic Current. In the depths of the mainland far to the south (continental climate). In the east rises to the north (warm currents)

18. In what climatic zones is Eurasia located?
Arctic subarctic temperate, subtrapic, tropical, subequatorial, equatorial

19. Fill in the table (Climatic zone - Prevailing air masses - Characteristics of the seasons)

20. In which climatic zone of Eurasia are there especially many climatic regions? What is the reason for this diversity?
Temperate belt (significant extent from west to east)

21. What climatic zones do the climatograms given in the textbook refer to?
a) temperate continental climate
b) maritime climate of the temperate zone
c) temperate continental climate

22. Make a description of the climate of the Apennine Peninsula and the Korean Peninsula. Fill the table.

Conclusion: The climate differs in its indicators, since the Apennine Peninsula has a subtropical and temperate climate, and the Korean Peninsula has a temperate monsoonal climate.

23. Using the climatic map of Eurasia in the atlas, make a description of the climate of the Hindustan Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Fill the table.

24. The climate of which areas of the mainland is most favorable for human life?
Western and Central Europe (moderate temperatures in summer and not low temperatures in winter with sufficient rainfall)

25*. The climate of which territories of Eurasia would change if the height of the Himalayas were no more than 1000 m?
South and Central Asia (the summer humid monsoon would penetrate further into the interior of the mainland, and the winter monsoon would bring dry and cold air to South Asia).

26. Which ocean basin does most of the territory of Eurasia belong to?
The Arctic Ocean

27. In what months do the rivers of Southern Europe flood? Why?
Winter months (the territory is located in the subtropical climate zone of the Mediterranean type, and in winter the tropical air mass is dry and warm)

28. What is the similarity of the regime of the Eurasian rivers belonging to the basins of the Pacific and Indian Oceans?
Their main source of nutrition is monsoon rains. The flood comes in summer.

29. The rivers of which territories of Eurasia do not freeze? Give examples.
Rivers in ECP SECP TKP SUTKP
For example: Indus, Ganges, Yangtze, Huang He, Po

30. What is the role of the inland waters of Eurasia in the life of the population?
1) Fresh water source
2) Large transport routes
3) Fishing
4) Electricity source
5) Tourism

31. What rivers of Eurasia bring a lot of trouble to people living on their banks? Why do these troubles happen? How do people prevent them?
Rivers of Western Siberia, mountain rivers UP (climate change and human activity). Prevention measures - planting trees along the banks, blowing up traffic jams, building dams.

32. On the map of the natural zones of Eurasia in the atlas, determine which zone occupies:
a) the largest area Taiga
b) the smallest area Arctic deserts, equatorial forests

33. Explain the features of the placement of natural areas of the mainland.
In the north, natural zones stretch in a continuous strip, and to the south, the taiga is replaced not only from north to east, but also from west to east. (The law of wide zoning appears)

34. Determine the similarities and differences in the alternation of natural zones of Eurasia and North America, located on the 40th parallel.
Similarity: Steppes and forest-steppes
Differences: there are no deserts in North America

35. On what plains of Eurasia is the law of latitudinal zonality most clearly manifested?
East European and West Siberian Plains

36. Which natural areas of the mainland are characterized by:
a) dwarf birch, lemming tundra and forest tundra
b) vanilla, teak and sal trees, elephant woodlands and savannas
c) myrtle, holm oak, wild rabbit zone of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs (Mediterranean)
d) feather grass, fescue, bustard steppes
e) camphor laurel, camellia, magnolia, bamboo bear variable wet and monsoon forests

37. Give examples of the mountains of Eurasia, where altitudinal zones:
a) a lot Similan, Tien Shan, Caucasus, Pamir
b) little Scandinavian and Ural
Explain the reasons for the differences.
1) There is little belt, since the mountains have an insignificant height
2) A lot, since the mountains are quite high and located closer to the equator

38. Describe or draw the appearance of summer tundra, winter taiga, hard-leaved evergreen forests and Mediterranean-type shrubs (two zones of your choice)
The predominantly brown soils here are fertile. Evergreens are well adapted to the summer heat and dry air. They have dense shiny leaves, and in some plants they are narrow, sometimes covered with hairs. This reduces evaporation. In winter, the grass grows wild
natural area Hard-leaved evergreen forests shrubs

The soils are podzolic. They grow cold-resistant coniferous plants (pine, spruce, fir, Siberian pine), as well as larch. Here live wolves, bears, moose, squirrels adapted to life in the forest.
natural area Taiga

39. Compare the deserts of the Karakum, Takla-Makan and Rub al-Khali. Fill the table

Specify the differences in the nature of these deserts and their causes: Rub al-Khali is the hottest (in a tropical desert type of climate). Takla Makan is the most severe (surrounded on all sides by mountains)

40. Highlight the largest and smallest peoples of Eurasia. Fill the table.
Peoples - Territories of residence
Large
1) Chinese - Chinese
2) Hindustanis - Hindustan Peninsula
3) Bengalis - South Asia
4) Russians - Russia
5) Japanese - Japan

Small
1) Evenki - Eastern Siberia
2) Livy - Baltic
3) Orochons - China, Mongolia

41. Name the climatic zones and natural zones:
a) with the highest population density UP STP SEP steppe, forest-steppe, savannas, mixed and broad-leaved forests
b) with the lowest population density AP SAP TP desert, tundra

42. Name the five peoples of Eurasia that live:
a) on the plains Poles, Danes, Germans, Moldovans, Belarusians
b) in the mountains Nepalese, Kyrgyz, Tibets, Tajiks, Pashtuns

43. What peoples of the mainland live in the zone:
a) taiga Finns, Swedes, Evenks, Norwegians
b) mixed and broad-leaved forests Belarusians, Germans, Poles, Estonians, Latvians
c) desert Arabs, Uzbeks, Turkmens
d) savannah Veddas, Sinhalese, Tamils
e) equatorial forests Dayaks, Ibans, Malays

44. Complete the contour map
45. Complete the contour map

46. ​​Make a "catalog" of the countries of Eurasia, grouping them according to various criteria. Determine the reasons for grouping yourself. Present the result of the work in the table.
Feature - Country
1. Territory
a) large: Russia, China, India, Ukraine
b) small: Singapore, Andorra, Vatican
2. Population
a) large: China, India, Russia
b) small: Andora, Monaco, Liechtenstein
3. By geographic location
a) access to the sea: Russia, Italy, India
b) inland: Czech Republic, Switzerland, Austria
4. Highly developed: France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan

47. On the political map, establish which countries of Eurasia have:
a) land borders with only one or two countries: Ireland, Monaco, Vatican
b) a large number of neighboring countries: Russia, Germany, China

48. In which countries are located:
a) the Bosphorus Turkey
b) Mount Chomolungma China, Nepal
c) Dead Sea Israel, Jordan
d) Hekla volcano Iceland
e) Krakatoa volcano Indonesia
f) Lake Lobnor China
g) Lake Geneva Switzerland, France
h) the Elbe River Czech Republic, Germany
i) the Yangtze River China

49. Show on the map the features of the economic activity of the population of China. Sign major cities.

51. Describe the geographical location of one of the cities in Europe and one of the cities in Asia. Fill the table

52. Give an example of the influence of the natural environment on the type of dwellings, the material from which they are built, national clothes, food, customs and rituals of the peoples of Eurasia. Make a drawing.
The dwellings of the peoples of the AP and SAP consist of animal skins. Clothing protects both from frost and from summer insects. Meat is the staple food.

53. Assess the contribution of the peoples of Eurasia to the development of world civilization. Fill in the table.
Country - Names of famous people - Monuments of culture
Russia - M. Lomonosov, A. Pushkin - Kremlin, Red Square
Italy - Marco Polo - Venice
UK - Charles Darwin - Stonehenge
India - Rajiv Gandhi - Taj Mahal

GEOGRAPHICAL ZONE (physico-geographical zone, natural zone), a relatively large subdivision of the geographical envelope, the formation of which is determined by the differentiation of hydrothermal conditions (the ratio of heat and moisture) within geographical zones.

Each geographical zone has a relative unity of natural conditions, including climate, surface runoff, depth and composition of groundwater, soils, vegetation, relief-forming processes, and partly morphosculptures; it has one specific zonal type of landscape. In this understanding, geographic zones correspond to landscape zones. Many names of geographic zones are traditionally given according to the predominant type of vegetation - the most physiognomic component of the landscape and an indicator of other natural conditions (for example, forest zones, steppe zones, etc.). At the same time, the appearance of a geographic zone is formed not only by the totality of modern natural conditions, but also by the history of their formation (for example, the most ancient are the equatorial forest zones, the youngest are the tundra zones).

Geographic zones most often in the form of strips extend in the latitudinal direction along one or more continents, but they can also have very different configurations; in particular, stretch in the meridional direction (for example, the forest-steppes, steppes and semi-deserts of North America). Many zones are subdivided into subzones (for example, the northern, middle, and southern taiga subzones). In mountains with the manifestation of altitudinal zonality, altitudinal zones are analogues of geographic zones. In the World Ocean, geographical zones are less clearly expressed (see the article Zoning of the World Ocean). For characteristics of specific geographic zones and their distribution on land, see the article Earth, as well as articles on individual zones (see, for example, the Arctic desert zone, Forest-steppe zones).

In a broad sense, geographical or natural zones also include zones that are objectively distinguished by a separate natural component of the geographic shell of the Earth: vegetation, soil, hydrological, sedimentation zones on the ocean floor, etc. These zones are not identical to geographical zones, understood as landscape zones. . For example, within the landscape zone of the steppes, soil scientists distinguish a zone of chernozems and a zone of chestnut soils. When drawing the boundaries of geographical zones, not only soils or vegetation are taken into account, but all components of the natural complex: soils, vegetation, climate, relief, groundwater, surface water, etc.

In the 21st century, with the humanization and sociologization of geography, geographic zones are increasingly called natural-anthropogenic zones.

Some Russian geographers extend the concept of "geographical zone" to the area of ​​social and economic geography, considering as geographic zones, in particular, agricultural zones, suburban areas, etc.

Lit .: Berg L. S. Physical-geographical (landscape) zones of the USSR. 2nd ed. L., 1936; Lukashova EN The main regularities of natural zonality and its manifestation on the Earth's land // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 5. Geographic. 1966. No. 6; Geographical belts and zonal types of landscapes of the world. Map. M-6 1:15 000 000. M., 1988; Rodoman B. B. Territorial areas and networks. Smolensk, 1999.