A short story about the sun. The sun - an explanation for children

Anna Begman

Subject: « Sun and stars"

Target A: The sun is our source of light and heat, tell children about the stars.

Tasks: to form children's ideas about the sun and stars, to develop cognitive interest in children, speech, thinking, imagination. Nurture: a sense of beauty, kindness in the sunlight.

Equipment: solar system, sun (soft, “enchanted” sheets of paper (constellations are painted on them with wax, gouache, brush, water container, space corner).

Motivation: An astrologer comes to visit the children and invites them on a journey on a spaceship.

Course progress.

Hello guys! I am an Astrologer (educator).

What is a spaceship? What does it have? Let's build a spaceship and fly to the stars. (puts chairs one after another, children sit down and music sounds).

Our first stop is SUN. (suitable for the solar system). Guess the riddle:

It sheds light on the earth

And gives warmth to all of us. (The sun)

The sun is the closest star to us and is the center of our solar system. Therefore, the stars appear to us against the black background of the sky as tiny twinkling dots.

Like other stars, the Sun is a flaming ball. It emits into space a huge amount of light and heat, most of which appears to us in the form of rays.

(the table lamp is on, the light falls on the globe)

Is the sun a circle or a sphere? The earth is (a sphere). If the celestial bodies are similar to each other, then the Sun also has the shape of ... (ball).

Do you think the Sun is far or close? (children's answers)

If a tourist went to the Sun on foot, he would have to walk 3500 years. It will take about 200 years by car, almost 20 years by plane, a few months by rocket. But the sunbeam will reach us in 8 minutes 19 seconds. And only a ray of sunshine can tell how hot it is on the Sun: 6000 degrees on its surface.

The sun gives us the main thing - light and heat, and that is why life is possible on Earth! After a cold cloudy winter, people and animals especially rejoice at its gentle rays.

From the high sky the sun shines -

Adults and children are happy with its rays ...

Animals and birds are happy with its rays.

The river shines in the sun, silver.

The sun looks down on the earth with kindness,

The world is illuminating with warmth and beauty.

And now the children get into our spaceship and go on a journey! (music plays)

Next stop "STAR".

The sun doesn't just shine during the day, it creates the day for us. During the day, the faint brilliance of other stars is not noticeable. And only at night, when the Sun is not in the sky, they become visible.

Fizminutka.

white cloud

Rounded hands in front of you

Raised above the roof

Pull your arms up over your head

The cloud rushed

Higher, higher, higher.

Pull your hands up; gentle swaying of the arms above the head.

The wind is a cloud

Caught on a twist.

The cloud turned into a thundercloud

Describe a large circle through the sides down with your hands and lower them; sit down.

Solve the riddle.

The field is unmeasured ... (sky,

Sheep are not counted (stars,

And the shepherd is horned ... (month).

There are a lot of stars, but a person without the help of a special device - a telescope (shown in the picture) can only see a small part of them. (During the story, the Astrologer shows the children illustrations of the starry sky, the children examine, share their impressions).

And now I will ask you to sit in our spaceship. (music plays)

The next stop is "CREATIVE".

(Children take chairs and sit at tables).

I brought you "enchanted" sheets of paper (constellations are drawn on them with wax). Let's take paint (any color) and paint them.

(Children color, name the constellation, the Astrologer helps, and arrange an exhibition of their works).

See you soon! The stargazer leaves.

The sun
The sun is the closest star to us. The distance to it by astronomical standards is small: only 8 minutes is the light from the Sun to the Earth. This is a star that was formed after supernova explosions, it is rich in iron and other elements. Near which such a planetary system was able to form, on the third planet of which - Earth - life arose. Five billion years is the age of our Sun. The sun is the star around which our planet revolves. The average distance from the Earth to the Sun, i.e. the semi-major axis of the Earth's orbit is 149.6 million km = 1 AU. (astronomical unit). The sun is the center of our planetary system, which, in addition to it, includes 9 large planets, several dozen satellites of the planets, several thousand asteroids (minor planets), comets, meteoroids, interplanetary dust and gas. The sun is a star that shines fairly evenly over millions of years, as proven by modern biological studies of the remnants of blue-green algae. If the temperature of the Sun's surface were to change by just 10%, life on Earth would probably be wiped out. Our star evenly and calmly radiates the energy so necessary to sustain life on Earth. The size of the Sun is very large. So, the radius of the Sun is 109 times, and the mass is 330,000 times greater than the radius and mass of the Earth. The average density is low - only 1.4 times the density of water. The sun does not rotate like a solid body, the speed of rotation of points on the surface of the sun decreases from the equator to the poles.
· Weight: 2*10 30kg;
· Radius: 696,000 km;
· Density: 1.4 g/cm 3 ;
· Surface temperature:+5500 С;
· Period of rotation relative to the stars: 25.38 Earth days;
· Distance from Earth (average): 149.6 million km;
· Age: about 5 billion years;
· Spectral class: G2V;
· Luminosity: 3.86*10 26W, 3.86*10 23KW
The position of the sun in our galaxy
The Sun is located in the plane of the Galaxy and is removed from its center by 8 kpc (26000 light years) and from the plane of the Galaxy by about 25 pc (48 light years). In the region of the Galaxy where our Sun is located, the stellar density is 0.12 stars per pc3. The Sun (and the Solar System) moves at a speed of 20 km/s towards the border of the constellations Lyra and Hercules. This is due to local motion within nearby stars. This point is called the apex of the motion of the Sun. The point on the celestial sphere opposite to the apex is called the anti-apex. At this point, the directions of proper velocities of the stars closest to the Sun intersect. The motions of the stars closest to the Sun occur at a low speed; this does not prevent them from participating in circulation around the galactic center. The solar system is involved in rotation around the center of the Galaxy at a speed of about 220 km/s. This movement occurs in the direction of the constellation Cygnus. The period of revolution of the Sun around the galactic center is about 220 million years.
The internal structure of the Sun
The sun is a hot ball of gas, the temperature in the center of which is very high, so much so that nuclear reactions can occur there. At the center of the Sun, the temperature reaches 15 million degrees, and the pressure is 200 billion times higher than at the surface of the Earth. The sun is a spherically symmetrical body in balance. Density and pressure rapidly increase in depth; the increase in pressure is explained by the weight of all overlying layers. At each internal point of the Sun, the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium is satisfied. Pressure at any distance from the center is balanced by gravitational attraction. The radius of the Sun is approximately 696,000 km. In the central region with a radius of about a third of the solar core, nuclear reactions take place. Then, through the zone of radiative transfer, energy is transferred by radiation from the inner regions of the Sun to the surface. Both photons and neutrinos are born in the zone of nuclear reactions in the center of the Sun. But if neutrinos interact very weakly with matter and instantly leave the Sun freely, then photons are repeatedly absorbed and scattered until they reach the outer, more transparent layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which is called the photosphere. While the temperature is high - more than 2 million degrees - the energy is transferred by radiant heat conduction, that is, by photons. The opacity zone due to the scattering of photons by electrons extends approximately to a distance of 2/3R of the solar radius. As the temperature decreases, the opacity increases greatly, and the diffusion of photons lasts about a million years. Approximately at a distance of 2/3R is the convective zone. In these layers, the opacity of matter becomes so great that large-scale convective motions arise. Here begins convection, that is, the mixing of hot and cold layers of matter. The rise time of a convective cell is relatively short - several tens of years. Acoustic waves propagate in the solar atmosphere, similar to sound waves in air. In the upper layers of the solar atmosphere, waves that have arisen in the convective zone and in the photosphere transfer part of the mechanical energy of convective movements to the solar matter and heat the gases of the subsequent layers of the atmosphere - the chromosphere and corona. As a result, the upper layers of the photosphere with a temperature of about 4500 K are the "coldest" on the Sun. Both deep into and up from them, the temperature of the gases increases rapidly. Every solar atmosphere is constantly fluctuating. It propagates both vertical and horizontal waves with lengths of several thousand kilometers. The oscillations are resonant in nature and occur with a period of about 5 minutes. The inner parts of the Sun rotate faster; the core rotates especially fast. It is the features of such rotation that can lead to the emergence of the magnetic field of the Sun.
The modern structure of the Sun arose as a result of evolution (Fig. 9.1, a, b). The observed layers of the Sun are called its atmosphere. Photosphere- its deepest part, and the deeper, the hotter the layers. In a thin (about 700 km) layer of the photosphere, the observed solar radiation arises. In the outer, colder layers of the photosphere, light is partially absorbed - against the background of a continuous spectrum, dark fraunhofer lines. The granularity of the photosphere can be observed through a telescope. Little bright spots granules(up to 900 km in size) - surrounded by dark gaps. This convection that occurs in the inner regions causes movements in the photosphere - in the granules, hot gas breaks out, and between them it sinks. These movements also propagate to the higher layers of the Sun's atmosphere - chromosphere and crown. Therefore, they are hotter than the upper part of the photosphere (4500 K). The chromosphere can be observed during eclipses. visible spicules- reeds of the condensed gas. The study of the spectra of the chromosphere shows its heterogeneity, the gas mixing occurs intensively, and the temperature of the chromosphere reaches 10,000 K. Above the chromosphere is the rarest part of the solar atmosphere - the corona, which constantly fluctuates with a period of 5 minutes. Density and pressure build up rapidly inward, where the gas is highly compressed. The pressure exceeds hundreds of billions of atmospheres (10 16 Pa), and the density is up to 1.5 10 5 kg/m. The temperature also rises strongly, reaching 15 million K.
Magnetic fields play an essential role on the Sun, since the gas is in the plasma state. With an increase in the field strength in all layers of its atmosphere, solar activity increases, manifesting itself in flares, which in the years of maximum are up to 10 per day. Flares with a size of about 1000 km and a duration of about 10 min usually occur in neutral regions between sunspots of opposite polarity. During a flash, energy is released equal to the energy of an explosion of 1 million megaton hydrogen bombs. Radiation at this time is observed both in the radio range and in the X-ray. Energetic particles appear - protons, electrons and other nuclei that make up solar cosmic rays.
Sunspots move across the disk; noticing this, Galileo concluded that it rotates around its axis. Observations of sunspots have shown that the Sun rotates in layers: near the equator the period is about 25 days, and near the poles - 33 days. The number of sunspots fluctuates over 11 years from the largest to the smallest. The so-called Wolf numbers are taken as a measure of this spot-forming activity: W= 10g+f, here g is the number of spot groups, f is the total number of spots on the disk. With no stains W= 0, with one spot - W= 11. On average, a stain lives for almost a month. The spots are hundreds of kilometers in size. Spots are usually accompanied by a group of light stripes - torches. It turned out that strong magnetic fields (up to 4000 oersteds) are observed in the region of the spots. The fibers visible on the disk are named prominences. These are masses of denser and colder gas rising hundreds and even thousands of kilometers above the chromosphere.
In the visible region of the spectrum, the Sun absolutely dominates on Earth over all other celestial bodies, its brilliance is 10 10 times greater than that of Sirius. In other ranges of the spectrum, it looks much more modest. Radio emission comes from the Sun, the power is the same as the radio source Cassiopeia A; there are only 10 sources in the sky 10 times weaker than it. It was noticed only in 1940 by military radar stations. The analysis shows that short-wavelength radio emission originates near the photosphere, and at meter wavelengths it is generated in the solar corona. A similar picture in terms of radiation power is also observed in the X-ray range - only for six sources is it weaker by an order of magnitude. The first X-ray photographs of the Sun were obtained in 1948 with the help of the equipment located on a high-altitude rocket. It has been established that the sources are associated with active regions on the Sun and are located at altitudes of 10–1,000,000 km above the photosphere; the temperature in them reaches 3–6 million K. An X-ray flare usually follows an optical flare with a delay of 2 min. X-rays come from the upper layers of the chromosphere and the corona. In addition, the Sun emits streams of particles - corpuscle. Solar corpuscular streams have a great impact on the upper layers of the atmosphere of our planet.

Origin of the Sun
The sun originated from an infrared dwarf, which in turn originated from a giant planet. The giant planet even earlier originated from an icy planet, and that one from a comet. This comet originated at the periphery of the Galaxy in one of the two ways that comets occur at the periphery of the solar system. Either the comet, from which the Sun originated many billions of years later, was formed during the crushing of larger comets or icy planets during their collision, or this comet passed into the Galaxy from intergalactic space ..
Hypothesis about the origin of the Sun from a gaseous nebula
So, according to the classical hypothesis, the solar system arose from gas and dust

a cloud made up of 98% hydrogen. In the initial epoch, the density of matter in this nebula was very low. Separate "pieces" of the nebula moved relative to each other at random speeds (about 1 km/s). In the process of rotation, such clouds first turn into flat disc-shaped clusters. Then, in the process of rotation and gravitational compression, the concentration of matter with the highest density occurs in the center. As I. Shklovsky writes, “as a result of the existence of a“ magnetic ”connection between the disk separated from the protostar and its main mass, due to the tension of the lines of force, the rotation of the protostar will slow down, and the disk will begin to go outward in a spiral. Over time, the disk will be smeared due to friction ", and part of its substance will turn into planets, which will thus "take away" with them a significant part of the moment ".
Thus, suns form in the center of the cloud, and planets along the periphery.
There are several hypotheses about the similar formation of suns and planets. Some tend to associate this process with an external cause - a flash in the neighborhood of stars. So, S. K. Vsekhsvyatsky believes that a star flared up near our gas and dust cloud 5 billion years ago at a distance of 3.5 light years. This led to the heating of the gas and dust nebula, the formation of the Sun and planets. The same opinion is shared by Clayton (for the first time this idea was expressed in 1955 by the Estonian astronomer Epik). According to Clayton, the contraction that formed the Sun was caused by a supernova which, by exploding, gave motion to the interstellar matter and, like a broom, pushed it ahead of itself; this happened until, due to the force of gravity, a stable cloud was formed, which continued to contract, turning its own compression energy into heat. All this mass began to heat up, and in a very short time (tens of millions of years) the temperature inside the cloud reached 10-15 million degrees. By this time, thermonuclear reactions were in full swing and the compression process was over. It is generally accepted that it was at this “moment”, from four to six billion years ago, that the Sun was born.
This hypothesis, which has a small number of supporters, was confirmed as a result of a study in 1977 by an American scientist from the California Institute of Technology "Allende meteorite", found in a deserted region of northern Mexico. An unusual combination of chemical elements was found in it. The excess presence of calcium, barium and neodymium in it indicates that they fell into a meteorite during a supernova explosion in the neighborhood of our solar system. This outbreak occurred less than 2 million years before the formation of the solar system. This date was obtained from the results of determining the age of the meteorite using the aluminum-26 radioisotope, which has a half-life of T = 0.738 million years.
Other scientists, and most of them, believe that the process of the formation of the Sun and planets occurred as a result of the natural development of a gas and dust cloud during its rotation and compaction. According to one of these hypotheses, it is believed that the condensation of the Sun and planets occurred from a hot gas nebula (according to I. Kant and P. Laplace), and according to another, from a cold gas and dust cloud (according to O. Yu. Schmidt). Subsequently, the cold-onset hypothesis was developed by academicians V. G. Fesenkov, A. P. Vinogradov, and others.
The most consistent supporter of the hypothesis of the formation of the solar system from the primary "solar" nebula is the American astronomer Cameron. It links the formation of stars and planetary systems into a single process. Supernova explosions in the process of condensation of interstellar medium clouds due to their gravitational instability are, as it were, "stimulators" of the star formation process.
However, none of these hypotheses fully satisfies scientists, since it is impossible to explain with their help all the nuances associated with the origin and development of the solar system. During the formation of planets from a "hot" beginning, it is believed that at an early stage they were high-temperature homogeneous bodies consisting of liquid and gas phases. Subsequently, when such bodies cooled, iron cores first separated from the liquid phase, then the mantle was formed from sulfides, iron oxides and silicates. The gas phase led to the formation of the atmosphere of the planets and the hydrosphere on Earth.
etc.................

Entertainment for senior and preparatory groups. Includes an electronic presentation about the sun and its importance in our lives and the cartoon "Hippo and the Sun". But the cartoon weighs too much - do not download. Look for it yourself on the net or replace it with another cartoon about the sun.

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Slides captions:

The sun is friend and foe

Preview:

Entertainment progress:

slide 1.

Guys, please guess the riddles:

If there is none, the sky is gloomy,

If there is, people will squint.

What is higher than the forest, more beautiful than light, burns without fire.

The day was not fine in the morning,

Even a light rain fell.

I hung a pancake on the sky -

It got good right away.

That's right, it's the sun.

Slide 2.

The theme of our meeting: "The sun - friend and foe." What is the sun? What place does it occupy in our life? We will try to answer these and other questions today.

What is the sun?

(children's answers)

Slide 3.

The Sun is the closest star to the Earth, all others are immeasurably farther from us. For the Earth, the Sun is a powerful source of cosmic energy. It gives light and heat necessary for the plant and animal world. Without it, there would be no air necessary for life. For us, earthlings, the most important feature of the Sun is that our planet arose around it and life appeared on it.

Look how bright it is even in the photo!

slide 4.

Without carefully protecting your eyes, you can not look at the Sun! And even more so, it is extremely dangerous to look at the Sun through binoculars or a telescope during the day - it causes irreversible damage to vision. You can carefully look at it through a very dense special light filter or at sunrise or sunset (then the brightness of the Sun weakens several thousand times).

Slide 5.

In ancient times, people considered the Sun to be a good deity. The ancient Greeks called the Sun Helios, in a golden helmet, on a golden chariot racing through a crystal vault. The ancient Australians believed that the Sun was a beautiful girl who climbed into the sky! From her beauty and kindness, people became warm and light. The ancient Egyptians imagined that the god of the Sun - Ra floats along the heavenly river in his golden boat. The ancient Slavs worshiped the god of sunlight - Yarila.

With the development of mankind, various beliefs gradually gave way to attempts to scientifically explain the phenomena of reality. The man began to think about the question: what is actually our luminary? - and tried to find an answer to it.

slide 6.

This is what the sun looks like up close, taken with special devices.

Indeed, with the help of special instruments, astronomers managed to find out that the temperature on the surface of the Sun is approximately 6000 degrees. With such a "heat" all substances turn into steam (gas)!

The size of the sun is enormous. If you place our Earth next to the sun, it will look like a pea next to a watermelon.

Slide 7.

For people, animals and plants, sunlight is very important. Green plants, thanks to the sun, produce oxygen that we breathe. Eating plants in which energy is accumulated due to the Sun, there are animals

slide 8.

In addition, people have learned how to convert solar energy into electrical energy using solar panels. There are entire solar power plants.

slide 9.

Sometimes the sun heats the earth too much, it becomes very hot. If there is no rain for a long time, a drought sets in. The earth cracks, the rivers dry up. Plants die. Animals also suffer. How to help plants and animals?

slide 10.

That's right guys.

Irrigation, or "irrigation," is the best way to deal with drought.

The fields are irrigated with special irrigation machines.

You and I can water the plants with a hose or watering can.

Slide 11.

We all know that sunbathing and water procedures are very beneficial for health. We all love to lie on the beach on a hot day, splash in the river or the sea.

What rules must be observed so that exposure to the sun would only benefit us?

slide 12.

Do not stay in the sun for a long time. Walking in the shade of trees is suitable, and it is not necessary to expose the entire body to the rays - it is enough if the hands and face are open. Liquids should be in abundance - you need to drink more often, and water and fruit drinks, and not carbonated drinks and juices.

The summer diet should include as many fresh vegetables and fruits as possible, which will also serve as a source of fluid.

To protect the skin, you can use a special sunscreen.
Sunglasses for a child should not let in ultraviolet rays. Toy glasses most often do not protect the eyes and can even harm. You can protect your eyes with a wide-brimmed panama hat or cap with a visor. Headwear is a must! It protects the child from overheating.

slide 13.

Fizminutka. Arbitrary movements to the song "I'm lying in the sun"

slide 14.

Watching the cartoon "Hippo and the sun."

Everyone knows that the Sun is a large star, which is closer than any other to the planet Earth and is the only source of light in our system. The rest of the planets, like our own, revolve around it and receive their share of heat depending on the distance. But this is not all that is known about the Sun.

1. The sun illuminates everything around with its light for more than 4.5 billion years. At the same time, in just one second, according to research, it creates an unprecedented amount of energy. According to scientists, about 400 billion trillion kilowatts.

2. In just one instant, more than 700 tons of hydrogen burn out on the surface of a star. This allows the necessary heat and light to be emitted, but seems like too much of a loss. However, calculations showed that even taking into account such waste, the Sun will continue to exist for about the same time as it has already managed to do.

3. The light that forms the rays from the starting point reaches the Earth in less than 8 minutes. At the same time, he overcomes a distance of 150 million kilometers. For our monastery, it is very important, because it is responsible for all life on the planet, affects weather conditions, and can even be the cause of cataclysms.

4. Among interesting facts about the sun you can find a myth about its color. In fact, the star has an exclusively white color. In the sky, we often see orange and sometimes even red tones, but they are formed due to a phenomenon called "atmospheric scattering". In the pictures and in the textbooks, it is colored for clarity, but in real life we ​​see only shades.

5. Many do not suspect what the Sun really is. Visually, it is a huge ball that consists of different gases that are in the aggregate, not spreading through the galaxy due to the force of internal attraction. And the glow itself is already the consequences of a constant process of nuclear fusion.

6. If you choose the key 3 interesting facts about the Sun, then gravity will probably be among them, because it is 28 times more powerful on a star than on Earth. Although it is impossible to verify this in real life, due to the fact that a person will burn out in an instant, once on the surface of a gaseous ball, his earthly weight of 70 kilograms will turn into almost 2 thousand here.

7. An interesting fact for children about the Sun is that it is the main heavyweight in our system, because it occupies 99% of the total mass, despite the visual size of other planets. It is 330,000 times heavier than our home planet and 400 times larger than the Moon. In the sky, we see them almost identical due to the difference in distance.

8. Judging by all the forecasts for its age, the Sun will live in 8 billion years, but will not burn out, disappearing without a trace, but on the contrary, it will begin to increase. Preliminary analysis indicates that it will become 200 times larger than its current size, absorb Mercury along the way, and only then begin to split into small pieces until it turns into a “white dwarf”. Everything that manages to survive this process will be the beginning of a new life in a completely different system.

9. Thanks to him, the northern lights appear. Many people call this phenomenon the solar wind, because it occurs when a mass of charged particles approaches the Earth with heat. Most of them do not pass the magnetic field, but there are those that still penetrate the atmosphere and create a miracle of incredible beauty in cooperation with our gases.

10. Twice a year there is a solar eclipse, and always in different places. You can see it only thanks to the Moon, which only allows a narrow edge of the glow to pass through. It will take at least 200 years, sometimes even 300, to wait for a second eclipse from one point.

The temperature on the planet fluctuates from approximately -50° to +50° The earth is removed from the sun as much as necessary for this "eternal fire" to properly heat us, no more, no less! If the Earth were a little further from the Sun, we would freeze, a little closer, we would burn out. Any slight change in distance in one direction or another - and life on Earth would be impossible. And the rotation of the Earth around its axis every day makes it possible for the entire surface of the planet to heat up and cool down enough.

Here is what Professor David Block notes: “If the distance from the earth to the sun was reduced by 5%, then the earth would turn into a solid steak (of people and animals). And if the distance from the earth to the sun increased by only 1%, then the earth would become icy.

It is interesting that God created both "great luminaries" with the same angular dimensions and made them the largest celestial objects (in terms of their visibility from the Earth). The sun is at a distance from the earth, which is 400 times the distance from the earth to the moon. It is amazing that the solar ball is 400 times larger than the moon. But visually, the Sun and Moon are the same size and occupy the same space in the sky.

If a drop of matter from the core of the Sun fell to the surface of the Earth, then not a single living being would survive at a distance of 150 km from the fall.

Thanks to sunlight falling on the retina of our eyes, a natural antidepressant is formed in the body - melatonin, which provides us with a good sleep, which means restoration of the whole organism. But, as they say, everything good should be within reasonable limits.

It's no secret that sunlight also produces the hormone of happiness, so don't be too lazy to take a walk on a sunny day.

The diameter of the Sun is hundreds of times larger than the diameter of the Earth. If it were hollow inside, it could contain more than 1 million Earths.

It is difficult for us to imagine how great is the distance from the Earth to the Sun. It is incredible - 150 million kilometers. If we draw an analogy with a highway, then when a car moves at a speed of 105 km / h, this distance can be covered in 163 years. Consequently, we could not have traveled such a distance by car in our entire lives.

The sun is very far from the earth, but the earth is much closer to the sun than the rest of the planets.

The luminosity of the Sun (i.e. the amount of energy released per second) is approximately equal to 3.86 * 1020 Megawatts. It is produced by thermochemical reactions that convert hydrogen into helium. The earth receives only 94 billion megawatts of solar energy. However, if you fully use this energy, then it will be enough for all of humanity for many thousands. years.

The temperature of the Sun is not the same in different parts of it. On the surface of the Sun it is 6000°C, while in the core it reaches 14.000.000°C. This is explained by the fact that almost all the energy of the luminary is generated in the center and only then transferred to the upper layers.

Did you know that the Sun causes the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis)? To be precise, of course, it is formed not by the luminary itself, but by the so-called "solar wind". The fact is that in addition to heat, our star throws a huge amount of charged particles (corpuscles) into space. Most of this flux is reflected due to the Earth's magnetic field, however, some corpuscles, breaking through the magnetosphere, react with the gases that make up our atmosphere (mainly oxygen and nitrogen) and the latter, in turn, begin to glow, forming an unusually fabulous beauty.

We all think that the Sun is yellow or orange, but in fact, it is white. The yellow tones of the Sun are produced by a phenomenon called "atmospheric scattering".

The minimum number of eclipses in a year is two. Solar eclipses in the same area are rarely observed, since eclipses are visible only in a narrow band of the moon's shadow. At some particular point on the surface, a total solar eclipse is observed on average once every 200-300 years.

In Stockholm, the average length of daylight hours in summer is 18 hours, and in the Swedish city of Kiruna, located above the Arctic Circle, it is 24 hours. True, in winter in Kiruna the sun does not rise at all.

300 sunny days a year happen in Morocco, Nice, Brisbane (Australia), Monte Carlo and Ussuriysk…

The Earth receives 94 billion megawatts of energy from the Sun. This is 40,000 times the annual requirement of the United States.

If the Sun were the size of a soccer ball, Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball, and the Earth would be the size of a pea.

Unlike the Earth, the Sun is completely gaseous; there is no solid surface on the Sun.

The sun also emits electrons and protons, known as the solar wind, at a speed of 450 kilometers per second.

The brightness of the Sun is equivalent to the brightness of 4 trillion trillion 100 watt light bulbs.