Informal positive sanctions: definition, features. Social sanctions Not a formal positive sanction

Social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values defined in society is designated as conformist (from Latin conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.

Social sanctions are used to control the observance of norms and values. Sanction is the reaction of the group to the behavior of the social subject. With the help of sanctions, the normative regulation of the social system and its subsystems is carried out.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms. Along with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected from two sides, from the side of values and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of social norms, that is, for conformity, agreement with them, and a system of punishments for deviation from them, that is, deviance.

Negative sanctions are linked with socially unapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:

forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.

forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, rupture of relations, etc.

The application of positive sanctions is associated not only with the observance of norms, but with the performance of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values and norms. The forms of positive sanctions are rewards, monetary rewards, privileges, approval, etc.

Along with negative and positive, formal and informal sanctions are distinguished, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:

formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax authorities, the penitentiary system.

informal applied by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).

There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square.

f+	f_
n+	n_

(F+) Formal positive sanctions. This is a public endorsement by official organizations. Such approval can be expressed in government awards, state prizes and scholarships, bestowed titles, erection of monuments, presentation of diplomas or admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example: election as chairman of the board).

(H+) informal positive sanctions - public approval that does not come from official organizations can be expressed in friendly praise, complement, honor, flattering reviews, or recognition of leadership or expert qualities. (just a smile) (F)-) formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fine, demotion, excommunication from the church, the death penalty.

(N-) informal negative sanctions - punishment not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, neglect, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relations, disapproving feedback, complaint, exposing article in the press.

Four groups of sanctions help to determine what behavior of an individual can be considered beneficial for the group:

- legal - a system of punishments for actions prescribed by law.

- ethical - a system of censures, remarks arising from moral principles,

- satirical - ridicule, neglect, smirks, etc.,

- religious sanctions .

The French sociologist R. Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:

- physical , with the help of which punishment is carried out for violation of social norms;

- economic blocking the satisfaction of urgent needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (downgrading of social status, warnings, penalties, removal from office).

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, sanctions together with values and norms constitute the mechanism of social control. Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people on the basis of norms. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes people's behavior predictable,

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If some norm does not have a sanction accompanying it, then it ceases to regulate behavior and becomes just a slogan or appeal, and not an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not (imprisonment requires a serious trial, on the basis of which a sentence is issued). Assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and making a decision by the Academic Council. If the application of the sanction is made by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control is internal control.

Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people who violate them feel guilty. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The higher self-control is developed among members of a society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, on the contrary, the weaker self-control, the tougher external control should be. At the same time, strict external control, petty guardianship of citizens, hinder the development of self-consciousness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, as a result, a dictatorship arises.

Often a dictatorship is established temporarily for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens who are accustomed to submit to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social beings, as individuals who are able to take responsibility and do without external coercion, that is, dictatorship, thus, the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, the likelihood of establishing democracy is high, with undeveloped self-control - dictatorship.

Social sanctions and their typology. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social sanctions and their typology." 2017, 2018.

Back to Sanctions

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Their main goal is the regulation of public life, the preservation of the given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Such a phenomenon as social control takes place in all types of society. For the first time this term was used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling it one of the most important means of correcting criminal behavior. Later, social control began to be considered by him as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the instruments of social control are called formal and informal incentives and sanctions. The sociology of personality, which is a branch of social psychology, deals with questions and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how the individual personality is formed. This science under the term "sanctions" also understands encouragement, that is, this is a consequence of any act, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), while informal control is carried out by members of the family, collective, church community, as well as relatives and friends.

While the former is based on state laws, the latter is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization, modern groups have a huge number of people (up to several million), so informal control is untenable.

Sanctions sociology of personality refers to the punishment or reward used in social groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to the individual's going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected.

Given the types of social control, there are formal positive and negative ones, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are various types of public approval by official organizations. For example, the issuance of diplomas, awards, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions.

Such incentives necessarily provide for the conformity of the individual to whom they are applied to certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements to merit informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public gratitude.

Formal punishments are measures that are set out in legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, a fine, official reprimand, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions.

The difference between such punishments and those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires a specific prescription that regulates the individual's behavior.

It contains criteria related to the norm, a list of actions (or inaction) that are considered as violations, as well as a measure of punishment for the act (or lack of it).

Types of punishments that are not fixed at the official level become informal negative sanctions. It can be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unfriendly reviews, remarks, and others.

All existing types of sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The former are applied after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or encouragement depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an act.

The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to the behavior that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school system are designed to develop the habit of “doing the right thing” in children.

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of "disguise" of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of the individual's behavior.

By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

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informal

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control.

Together with values and norms, they constitute

self-control. Thus, depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal tough, and nonstrict, or soft.

External control- subdivided into informal and formal. Informal control

formal control agents of formal control.

Public opinion

socialization and control basis legal regulations: the laws.

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informal

Formal positive sanctions (F+): — public approval from official organizations: government awards, state awards, titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, admission to high positions and honorary functions.

Informal positive sanctions (H+): — public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, benevolent disposition, flattering response, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-): - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (N-): — punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, insulting nickname, refusal to give a hand, spreading rumors, slander, complaint.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Together with values and norms, they constitute mechanism of social control. Norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have a sanction accompanying its violation, then it ceases to regulate the real behavior of people. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

Application of social sanctions in some cases, it requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not require (for example, imprisonment requires a complex procedure for litigation; awarding an academic degree involves a complex procedure for defending a dissertation and the decision of an academic council). If the application of the sanction is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

Thus, depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal. According to the degree of intensity, the sanctions are strict, or tough, and nonstrict, or soft.

External control- subdivided into informal and formal. Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances (they are called agents of informal control), as well as public opinion.

formal control based on the approval or disapproval of official authorities or administration. In modern society, the importance of formal control is increasing. It is carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are people specially trained and paid for performing supervisory functions (judges, police officers, social workers, psychiatrists, etc.). Formal control is carried out by such institutions of modern society as the courts, the education system, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government.

Public opinion- a set of assessments, ideas and judgments shared by the majority of the population or part of it; state of mass consciousness. It is in the production team, in a small village, it is in the social class, ethnic group, society as a whole. The impact of public opinion is very strong. Sociology is a very broad study of public opinion. This is her main subject. Questionnaires and interviews are aimed primarily at him.

It is easy to see the similarity of the two processes in society - socialization and control. The subjects of influence in both cases are agents and institutions. In modern society basis social control advocate legal regulations: the laws.

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Sanctions are the reactions of society to the actions of the individual.

The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created to protect the values of society, then sanctions are designed to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If a norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid.

Thus, the three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool with which the individual first gets acquainted with the norm, and then realizes the values.

Sanctions are of different types.

Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal.

positive(positive) sanctions are the approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of socially accepted norms. Every activity has its own incentives.

Negative sanctions- condemning or punishing the actions of society in relation to those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, dissatisfaction with others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, a fine, as well as more severe actions - detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more effective than the expectation of encouragement. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions do not punish as much as prevent violations of norms, be proactive, not late.

Formal sanctions come from official organizations - the government or the administration of institutions that are guided in their actions by officially adopted documents

Informal sanctions come from the immediate environment of the individual and are in the nature of informal, often verbal and emotional assessments.

Negative sanctions are linked with socially unapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:

forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.

forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, rupture of relations, etc.

Along with negative and positive, formal and informal sanctions are distinguished, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:

formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax authorities, the penitentiary system.

informal applied by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).

There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square.

(H+) Informal Positive Sanctions—Public approval that does not come from official organizations can be expressed in terms of friendly praise, compliment, honor, flattering feedback, or recognition of leadership or expertise. (just a smile) (F)-) formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fine, demolition, excommunication from the church, the death penalty.

Four groups of sanctions help to determine what behavior of an individual can be considered beneficial for the group:

— legal - a system of punishments for actions prescribed by law.

— ethical - a system of censures, remarks arising from moral principles,

— satirical - ridicule, neglect, smirks, etc.,

— religious sanctions .

French sociologist R.

Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:

— physical , with the help of which punishment is carried out for violation of social norms;

— economic blocking the satisfaction of urgent needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (downgrading of social status, warnings, penalties, removal from office).

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, and in others it does not (imprisonment requires a serious trial, on the basis of which a sentence is issued). The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and making a decision by the Academic Council. If the application of the sanction is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control is internal control.

Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people who violate them feel guilty. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The more self-control is developed among members of a society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, conversely, the weaker self-control, the tougher external control should be. At the same time, strict external control, petty guardianship of citizens, hinder the development of self-consciousness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, as a result, a dictatorship arises.

Most social groups function in accordance with certain laws and rules that, to one degree or another, regulate the behavior of all members of the community. These are laws, traditions, customs and rituals.

The first ones were developed at the state or regional levels, and their observance is mandatory for absolutely all citizens of a particular state (as well as for non-residents located on its territory). The rest are rather advisory in nature and are irrelevant for modern man, although they still have considerable weight for the inhabitants of the periphery.

Conformity as a way of adaptation

The preservation of the usual state of affairs and the existing order is necessary for people, like air. Children from an early age are taught how it is desirable or even necessary to behave in the company of other people. Most educational measures are aimed at eliminating from their behavior actions that may be unpleasant for others. Children are taught:

Restrain the manifestations of the vital activity of the body.
Do not annoy people with loud speech and bright clothes.
Respect the boundaries of personal space (do not touch others unnecessarily).

And, of course, this list includes a ban on acts of violence.

When a person lends himself to education and develops appropriate skills, his behavior becomes conformist, that is, socially acceptable. Such people are considered pleasant, unobtrusive, easy to communicate with. When an individual's behavior differs from the generally accepted pattern, various punishments are applied to him (formal and informal negative sanctions). The purpose of these actions is to draw the attention of a person to the nature of his mistakes and correct the model of behavior.

Psychology of personality: a system of sanctions

In the professional lexicon of psychoanalysts, sanctions mean the reaction of a group to the actions or words of an individual subject. Various types of punishments are used to implement the normative regulation of social systems and subsystems.

It should be noted that sanctions are also incentives. Along with values, rewards encourage adherence to existing social norms. They serve as a reward for those subjects who play by the rules, that is, for conformists. At the same time, deviance (deviation from laws), depending on the severity of the offense, entails certain types of punishments: formal (fine, arrest) or informal (reprimand, condemnation).

What is "punishment" and "reprimand"

The application of certain negative sanctions is due to the severity of the socially disapproved offense and the rigidity of the norms. In modern society they use:

Punishments.
Reprimands.

The former are expressed in the fact that a fine, an administrative penalty may be imposed on the offender, or access to socially valuable resources may be restricted.

Informal negative sanctions in the form of censure become a reaction of members of society to manifestations of dishonesty, rudeness or rudeness on the part of the individual. In this case, members of the community (group, team, family) may cease to maintain relations with the person, express public disapproval of him and point out the peculiarities of behavior. Of course, there are those who like to lecture with and without it, but this is a completely different category of people.

The essence of social control

According to the French sociologist R. Lapierre, sanctions should be divided into three main types:

Physical, which are used to punish a person who has violated social norms.
Economic, which consist in blocking the satisfaction of the most important needs (fine, penalty, dismissal).
Administrative, the essence of which is to lower the social status (warning, penalty, removal from office).

In the implementation of all these types of sanctions, except for the guilty person, other people take part. This is social control: society uses the concept of norm to correct the behavior of all participants. The goal of social control can be called the formation of a predictable and predictable model of behavior.

Informal negative sanctions in the context of self-control

For the implementation of most types of social punishment, the presence of unauthorized persons becomes mandatory. For example, a person who breaks the law must be convicted in accordance with the law (formal sanctions). The trial may require the participation of five to ten people to several dozen people, because imprisonment is a very serious punishment.

Informal negative sanctions can be used by absolutely any number of people and also have a huge impact on the violator. Even if an individual does not accept the customs and traditions of the group in which he is located, hostility is unpleasant for him. After a certain resistance, the situation can be resolved in two ways: leaving a given society or agreeing to its social norms. In the latter case, all existing sanctions matter: positive, negative, formal, informal.

When social norms are embedded deep in the subconscious, the need for external punishment is greatly weakened, as the individual develops the ability to independently control his behavior. Personality psychology is a branch of science (psychology) that deals with the study of various individual processes. She pays quite a lot of attention to the study of self-control.

The essence of this phenomenon is that a person himself compares his actions with generally accepted norms, etiquette and customs. When he notices a deviation, he is able to determine the severity of the offense himself. As a rule, the consequence of such violations are remorse and a painful sense of guilt. They testify to the successful socialization of the individual, as well as his agreement with the requirements of public morality and norms of behavior.

The importance of self-control for the well-being of the group

A feature of such a phenomenon as self-control is that all measures to identify deviations from the norms and apply negative sanctions are carried out by the violator himself. He is the judge, the jury, and the executioner.

Of course, if the offense becomes known to other people, public censure can also take place. However, in most cases, even if the event is kept secret, the apostate will be punished.

According to statistics, 70% of social control is carried out with the help of self-control. Many parents, heads of enterprises and even states resort to this tool to one degree or another. Correctly designed and implemented guidelines, corporate rules, laws and traditions allow you to achieve impressive discipline with minimal time and effort spent on control measures.

Self-control and dictatorship

Informal negative sanctions (examples: condemnation, disapproval, suspension, censure) become a powerful weapon in the hands of a skilled manipulator. Using these techniques as a means of external control over the behavior of group members and at the same time minimizing or even eliminating self-control, the leader can gain considerable power.

In the absence of their own criteria for assessing the correctness of actions, people turn to the norms of public morality and a list of generally accepted rules. To maintain balance in the group, external control should be the tougher, the worse self-control is developed.

The reverse side of excessive control and petty guardianship of a person is the inhibition of the development of his consciousness, the muting of the volitional efforts of the individual. In the context of the state, this can lead to the establishment of a dictatorship.

Good intentions...

There are many cases in history when dictatorship was introduced as a temporary measure - its goal was called restoring order. However, the existence of this regime for a long time and the spread of strict coercive control of citizens hinder the development of internal control.

As a result, they were waiting for a gradual degradation. These individuals, not accustomed to and unable to take responsibility, are not able to do without external coercion. In the future, the dictatorship becomes necessary for them.

Thus, we can conclude that the higher the level of development of self-control, the more civilized the society and the less it needs any sanctions. In a society whose members are characterized by a high capacity for self-control, democracy is more likely to be established.

SANCTIONS POSITIVE

- English sanctions, positive; German Sanction, positive. Measures of influence aimed at the approval of the desired behavior by society or a group.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

See what "POSITIVE SANCTIONS" are in other dictionaries:

SANCTIONS POSITIVE- English. sanctions, positive; German Sanction, positive. Measures aimed at the approval of the desired behavior by society or a group ... Explanatory Dictionary of Sociology

The reactions of a social group (society, work collective, public organization, friendly company, etc.) to the behavior of an individual, deviating (both in a positive and negative sense) from social expectations, norms and values. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

The totality of processes in a social system (society, social group, organization, etc.), through which the following is ensured. "patterns" of activity, as well as compliance with restrictions in behavior, the violation of which ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Alexander Lukashenko- (Alexander Lukashenko) Alexander Lukashenko is a well-known political figure, the first and only president of the Republic of Belarus President of Belarus Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko, Lukashenko's biography, Alexander Lukashenko's political career ... Encyclopedia of the investor

AND; well. [from lat. sanctio (sanctionis) indestructible law, the strictest decree] Jurid. 1. The statement of what l. supreme authority, permission. Get an arrest warrant. Give permission for the publication of the issue. Detained with the sanction of the prosecutor. 2. Measure, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (On the definition of the concept). Political values and norms are the most important regulators of political activity. Norms (from lat. norma, a guiding principle, a rule, a model) in politics mean the rules of political behavior, expectations and ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

transactional analysis- the direction of psychotherapy, developed in the 50s by the American psychologist and psychiatrist E. Burn, including: 1) structural analysis (the theory of ego states): 2) actually T. a. activities and communication, based on the concept of "transaction" as ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

Would you like to improve this article?: Add illustrations. Wikify the article. Sexual with ... Wikipedia

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Latin sanctio, the strictest decree) 1) a measure of influence, the most important means of social control. Distinguish between negative sanctions against deviations from social norms, and positive sanctions that stimulate socially approved, ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

Term" social control"was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist. Gabriel. Tarde. He considered it as an important means of correcting criminal behavior. Subsequently, Tarde expanded the considerations of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintenance of public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as by public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, or che. Through the media.

There were very few established norms in traditional society. Most aspects of the lives of members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and rituals brought up respect for social norms, understanding of their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group; in a large group it is ineffective. Agents of informal control are relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

Formal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by official authorities and administration. In a complex modern society, which has many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, order is controlled by special social institutions, such as courts, educational institutions, the army, church, mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, the agents of formal control are the workers of these installations.

If an individual goes beyond social norms, and his behavior does not meet social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, people's emotional reaction to normatively regulated behavior.

. Sanctions- these are punishments and rewards that are applied by a social group to an individual

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative.

. Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: certificates, awards, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the existence of prescriptions that determine how an individual should behave and which provide rewards for complying with normative prescriptions.

. Formal negative sanctions- these are punishments provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fine f, official penalty, reprimand, death penalty, etc. They are associated with the presence of regulations governing behavior individual and indicate what punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

. Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial persons and organizations: public praise, compliment, silent approval, applause, fame, smile, etc.

. Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as a remark, ridicule, a cruel joke, contempt, an unfriendly review, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the system of educational features we have chosen.

Given the way sanctions are applied, current and prospective sanctions are distinguished

. Current sanctions are those that actually apply in a certain generality. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond the existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded in accordance with the existing regulations.

Perspective sanctions are associated with the promises of punishment or reward to the individual in case of going beyond the limits of normative prescriptions. Very often the mere threat of execution (the promise of a reward) is enough to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is related to the time of their application.

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual performs a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs regarding the harmfulness or usefulness of its action.

Preventive sanctions are applied even before an individual performs a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied with the aim of inducing an individual to the type of behavior that society needs.

Today, in most civilized countries, the belief about the "crisis of punishment", the crisis of state and police control, prevails. The movement for the abolition of not only the death penalty, but also prison sentences and the transition to alternative measures of punishment and the restoration of the rights of the injured victims is expanding more and more.

progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations is the idea of preventive

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has long been known. Charles. Montesquieu in his work "The Spirit of the Laws" noted that "a good legislator is not so worried about punishing a crime as about. Preventing a crime, he will try not so much to punish as to improve morality" Preventive sanctions improve social conditions, create a more favorable atmosphere and reduce inhuman actions. They are suitable to protect a specific person, a potential victim from possible encroachment of the types of possible encroachment.

However, there is another point of view. While agreeing that the prevention of crime (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some sociologists (T. Mathyssen, B. Andersen and others) question the realism and effectiveness of their preventive measures. the arguments are like this:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, in one society alcohol is allowed, and in another - its use is considered a deviation?). That in decides what is an offense - the legislator. Will prevention turn into a way to strengthen the position of officials?

Prevention involves the impact on the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with certainty that he knows these reasons? and the basis and apply in practice?

Prevention is always an intervention in the privacy of a person. Therefore, there is a danger of violation of human rights through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR)

The severity of sanctions depends on:

Measures of formalization of the role. The military, policemen, doctors are controlled very strictly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship is realized through unformalized social ro. Ole, so the sanctions here are rather conditional.

status prestige: roles associated with prestige statuses are subject to severe external scrutiny and self-monitoring

The cohesion of the group within which role behavior occurs, and hence the forces of group control

Control questions and tasks

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the causes of deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations

7. Describe the biological and psychological theories of deviant behavior and crime

8. Describe the sociological theories of deviant behavior and crime

9. What functions does the system of social control perform?

10. What are "sanctions"?

11. What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?

12 names for the difference between repressive and preventive sanctions

13. Prove with examples what the tightening of sanctions depends on

14. What is the difference between the ways of informal and formal control?

15. Name of agents of informal and formal control