A few words related in meaning and grammatically. phrase

Which performs communicative function(included in speech) only as part of a sentence.

It is generally accepted that phrases include compounds of significant (having an independent semantic meaning) words on the basis of a subordinate connection (connection of the main and dependent members). Some researchers also recognize a broad understanding of the phrase: coordinating phrases - combinations of homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as predicative phrases - subject and predicate.

Types of connection of words in a phrase

Classification of phrases by the main word

Classification of phrases according to the degree of fusion of components

According to the degree of fusion of components, phrases are distinguished:

syntactically free

Example: high house.

syntactically (or phraseologically) not free, forming an indecomposable syntactic unity and acting in the sentence as one member:

Examples: three sisters, pansies.

Are not phrases

In the narrow sense adopted in most textbooks and academic grammar, phrases do not include such combinations in which the connection is not subordinating, one of the words is not significant, or the connection occurs only in a certain position in a sentence with a certain form, for example:

Subject and predicate (predicative basis of the sentence), for example, it's raining.
Passive or impersonal form of the verb with the subject in the instrumental case. For example, proposed by scientists
A combination of homogeneous members of a sentence, for example, fast and agile
Forms of the future tense, imperative mood, degrees of comparison, for example, Will work, larger
The combination of a word and a separate member of a sentence related to it, for example, I'm going fast
A combination of a function and a significant word, for example, a noun with a preposition: before bedtime
Combinations of verbs in the same form
phraseological units, for example, neither fish nor fowl

The plan of syntactic analysis of the phrase:

Select a phrase from a sentence.
Find the main and dependent words, indicate what parts of speech they are expressed, raise a question from the main word to the dependent.
Determine the type of phrase (verbal, nominal or adverbial).
Determine the method of subordination (consent, control, adjoining) and indicate how it is expressed (the end of the dependent word, the end and the preposition, only in meaning).

The type of connection can be determined by the question:

which? whose? (except for the immutable possessive places of him, her, them) - agreement;

case questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? about whom? about what? (in phrases there may be various prepositions that are a formal sign of management) - control;

where? where? when? where? why? why? as? — contiguity.

Determine the semantic relationship between the main and dependent word (determinative, objective, adverbial).

Example:

The icy wind sharply tore the floors of his overcoat (L. Tolstoy).

which? — ↓──────× cold wind —- ↓ ↓ adj. + n.	Nominal phrase. The mode of communication is agreement, expressed by the ending of the dependent adjective. Attributive relations: the object and its attribute are indicated.
as? ↓─────× vomited sharply —- ↓ ↓ nar. + vb.	The phrase is a verb. The method of communication is adjoining, the words are connected in meaning and intonation. Relations are circumstantial: the action and its sign are called.
what? ×────↓ tore the floors ↓ ↓ ch. + n. in wine P.	The phrase is a verb. The phrase names the action and the object, object relations.
which? ×────↓ overcoat floors ↓ ↓ noun + n. in the genus P.	The phrase is nominal, since the main word is a noun. The mode of communication is control, expressed by the ending of a dependent noun. The phrase names the object and its attribute, the relationship is definitive.

phrase- this is a combination of two (or more) independent words, interconnected by a subordinate relationship in meaning and grammatically: read a book, warm day.

Phrases call objects, actions, signs, etc., but more precisely, more specifically than words: read - read aloud, pen - ballpoint pen, fast - very fast.

A phrase consists of a main and a dependent word.

A word that names an object, sign, action, etc., is called main.

The word that explains, spreads the main thing, is called dependent.

From the main word to the dependent Ask a Question.

The main word when parsing a phrase is usually noted cross stitch.

The following combinations of words are not phrases:

1. Combination of subject and predicate, since this sentence: The shop is closed; The day is hot; The train is arriving.

2. A number of homogeneous members of the proposal, since they are connected by a coordinating connection (i.e., they are equal): books, newspapers, magazines; light but warm; either rain or snow.

3. The combination of a service word with a significant, since this is a word form: near the house (near- preposition), also came ( too- union), as if in a dream ( like- particle) .

4. Compound forms of words: I will be engaged, more interesting, the most intelligent.

5. Phraseological turns, since the words in them lose their lexical meaning, they can be replaced with one synonymous word: beat the buckets(= to mess around) , lead by the nose(= deceive) .

The words in the phrase are connected in meaning and grammatically:
semantic connection words in a phrase established on issues, which are placed from the main word to the dependent:

×——————-↓ ×—————-↓ ×———————-↓
path(which?) forest, run away(where?) home, think(about what?) about the exam.

grammatical connection words in a phrase is expressed with the end or endings and prepositions:

— ×——————↓ ×———————↓
working her (which?) place, tell(about what?) about trip e .

Types of phrases

BUT. Depending on what part of speech the main word is expressed, phrases are divided into three groups:

Nominal phrases are those in which the main word is expressed:

noun: May day, broken vase, seventh house, our yard, drops rain, wish understand, riding on horseback;

adjective: useful children interesting for me absolutely unknown, capable forgive;

numeral: three comrade, five from U.S;

pronoun: anything important something incredible, some of them.

verbal

verb: log off to the street, speak the truth multiply five, loud laugh, go bouncing;

participle: reported relatives, arrived to the pier conversing with friends, loud speaking;

gerund: reading newspaper, beingware colds, asking help suggesting return.

Adverbial phrases are called in which the main word is expressed

adverb: very successfully, still interesting, left from the house, shortly before dawn, somewhere in the yard.

B. By the nature of the semantic relations, three groups of phrases are distinguished (by analogy with the secondary members of the sentence):

Determinants phrases denote object and its attribute:deep river, cheerful mood, forest flowers.
Object phrases refer to action and object, to which it goes: sweep the floor, wrote a note, digging a well, put on the table, reading a book.
circumstantial phrases refer to action and its sign:sleep well, speak softly, jump high.

C. According to the number of components, two groups of phrases are distinguished:

Simple phrases consist of two significant words: go in for sports, a new student, look at photos.
Complex phrases consist of three or more significant words and are formed as a result of the spread of a word by a whole phrase or by the spread of a phrase by another word: doing homework(word performance common phrase homework),new monthly magazine(phrase monthly magazine word spread new);read a book - read an interesting book - read a very interesting book - read a very interesting book for a long time.

D. According to the degree of soldering of the components:

Syntactically free phrases- the result of a free association of two independent words, each of which has a full-fledged lexical meaning. In such phrases, the main word is the main one both grammatically and in meaning, and the dependent clarifies the meaning of the main one in one way or another. Each of the components of a free phrase in a sentence is a separate member of the sentence. Free phrases are easily decomposed into their constituent parts: test, problem book in mathematics, work around the clock.
Syntactically non-free (solid) phrases- this is a combination of words in which the grammatically dependent word is the main one in meaning, and the grammatically main word is insufficient in terms of semantics (information). Syntactically non-free phrases are not decomposed into their constituent parts. In a sentence, syntactically complete phrases are one member of the sentence: two houses, few students, little time.

Models non-free (solid) phrases:

Quantitative-nominal phrases. In them, the main word denotes quantity (number, volume, size), but does not have an objective meaning, and the dependent word - a word with an objective meaning in the genitive case: three pencils, two guys, so many people, a lot of cars, a lot of books.
Phrases with the meaning of selectivity.
In them, the main word is a pronoun or numeral, the dependent is a noun or a pronoun in the genitive case with the preposition "from": one of us, each of those present, some of the students, one of the guys.
Word combinations with metaphorical meaning. The main word is used in a figurative sense and names what the object looks like, the dependent word is the direct name of the object: sickle of the month, a hat of curls, a mirror of the river, a flame of the mouth (S. Yesenin), copper leaves (S. Yesenin), rowan bonfire (S. Yesenin).
Phrases with the meaning of uncertainty. The main word is an indefinite pronoun, the dependent is an agreed adjective, participle: something unpleasant, someone unfamiliar, someone sitting.
Word combinations with the meaning of compatibility. Such phrases are called equal participants in joint action. The main word is a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, the dependent is a noun in the instrumental case with the preposition "c": brother and sister, Kolya with a friend, me and a friend. Phrases built according to this model are integral only as a subject and only if if the verb is plural:mother and daughter were preparing dinner; Nikolai and Denis went to the forest.If the subject is in the singular, the phrase is free:father and son went to the zoo (subject - father,with son - addition) .
Contextually integral phrases. Their integrity arises only in the context of a sentence or a complex phrase: smart man be able to figure it out; girl with blue eyes , tall man .
Phrases in compound predicates, including auxiliary verbs, linking verbs or other auxiliary components: He started talking about adventures in the Amazon jungle; We want to you help; She is looked tired.

§ 1. Types of connection in a phrase

We remember the past and take new steps on the path of knowledge.

Exercise

1. Explain on what basis the phrases are divided into three groups. Check if there are any errors in grouping.

school olympiad,
first student,
rhetoric lessons,
classical gymnasium,
entertaining linguistics.

Learn the paragraph
stand in front
get out from behind the desk
informatics office,
elective in chemistry.

2. In words with unchecked vowels, underline the erroneous places. Choose the three most difficult words from your point of view and make sentences with them.

phrase – is a combination of two or more independent words that are grammatically and semantically related.

The phrase serves to name objects, their actions and signs more accurately than a word. Compare, for example, the word house and phrases wooden house, twelve-story house, my house, brick house etc.

In the phrase, the main and dependent word are distinguished: mistake(which?) unnoticed, indicate(for what?) on shortcomings, fled(as?) fast.

There are three types of subordination in the phrase: agreement, control, adjoining.

Coordination- this is a subordinating relationship, in which the main and dependent words are in the same gender, number and case: spring sun, funny kitten, at this stop or only in number and case: first lessons, funny kittens, i.e. are consistent. With a change in the form of the main word, the form of the dependent also changes: spring sun, spring sun, oh spring sun.

Control is a subordinating relationship in which the main word controls the case form of the dependent word: decide(what?) task, be interested(how?) art. With a change in the form of the main word, the dependent retains its form: interested in art, interested in art, interested in art.

Adjacency - a type of subordinating connection, in which a dependent immutable word (adverb, gerund, indefinite form of a verb) is associated with the main one only in meaning, adjoins it : read aloud, soft-boiled egg, said smiling, forgot to call.

1) a combination of predicate and subject: it's raining, quarter ends;

2) homogeneous members of the proposal: newspapers and magazines; shines but does not heat;

3) a noun (or a word that replaces it) with a preposition: near the house, during the year, near it;

4) complex forms of the future tense and comparative degree: I will study, you will train, deeper, the best;

5) idioms: put sticks in the wheels, drive a quitter, roll up your sleeves.

To make it easier for you to recognize the types of communication in a phrase, we will compose a self-instruction.

self-instruction

Types of communication in a phrase

1. Determine if the dependent word is an invariable part of speech
Yes	No
I determine whether the dependent word is in case form	2. Determine if the dependent word changes when the main word changes
Yes	Yes	No
Conclusion: control	Conclusion: agreement	Conclusion: control
No
Conclusion: contiguity

Exercise

What type of connection connects the words in a phrase if only one sign is known? Keep in mind: in two cases, the problem has more than one solution.

1) The main and dependent words are played in the Estonian game “Do as I do”; 2) the dependent word is expressed by an adverb; 3) there is a preposition between the main and dependent word; 4) the main word, like a traffic controller at a crossroads, controls the traffic; 5) the main word is a verb.

Exercise

1. Write down phrases, grouping them by type of subordination and underlining the spelling.

Desperate act, answered irritably, in a seething stream, panting, hide the letter, along the river, cut your hair in a new way, according to a new textbook, evening program, program work, subsequently decide, due to a rash decision, chained to a rock, compromise, an uncompromising person, having decided on an act, spoke ostentatiously, overcoming an obstacle, a growing organism, creeping over the river, red-hot.

2. Dictation. Prepare to write down these phrases from dictation.

Exercise

Fill the table.

1. Depending on what part of speech the main word is expressed, phrases are divided into nominal, verbal and adverbial.

AT registered phrases, the main word is expressed by a noun ( warm day, desire to learn), adjective ( very inquisitive, pale with fear) or numeral ( three comrades, two at the top). To verbal include phrases with verbs, participles and gerunds in the role of the main word ( read a book, flushed with embarrassment, remembering the past). This is the largest group of phrases. At adverbial phrases, the main word is an adverb ( a lot of fun, shortly before departure).

2. Except free phrases, allocate more whole phrases: five books, most of the students, one of us, me and my mother, a girl with blue eyes etc.

Whole phrases appear in the sentence as one member of the sentence: Seryozha (because you can't say was silent for five). Keep this in mind when parsing by members of a sentence.

Exercise

1. Write out only whole phrases. Indicate which of them have a quantity value ( three friends), selectivity ( one of us), compatibility ( me and Tamara), portrait detail ( boy with bright red hair). For other phrases, name the species according to the main word (nominal, verbal or adverbial).

Thirty-eight parrots, a lot of cars, having met a friend, Ivanov and Petrov, who could not hold back tears, three fat men, apples and pears, girls with laughing faces, long known, a man of short stature, each of the employees, subscribe to a magazine, mom and dad, what one of the things, spoons and forks, saving a child, me and a friend, a baby with brown eyes, a date alone, twenty-two students.

2. Make sentences with 3-4 whole phrases. Indicate which part of the sentence they act as.

Have you ever wondered why intentions are carried out, a Dreams Come True? Why can someone enrapture, infuriate, enrage or in despair, but by no means lead to jubilation?

A few more examples. A person who has spoken his native language since childhood will never name health heavy, and the disease strong; does not confuse turns lose patience and lose your composure. In all these cases, we take into account the features lexical combination of words, i.e., their ability to connect with each other. Many mistakes in our speech are explained by a violation of the rules of lexical compatibility. For example: Brown hair(or eyes),awfully beautiful(or scary beautiful). True, funny combinations? (They say Brown eyes and brown hair, very pretty or extraordinarily beautiful.)

Exercise

1. In these phrases, the norms of lexical compatibility of words are violated. Write down the phrases, correcting the mistakes.

Cheap prices, take action, earned fame, unflagging help, doesn't matter, sudden departure, increase level, provide care.

2. Come up with sentences with stable phrases play a role, matter.

Exercise

When talking about many different animals, we use different nouns, for example: herd of horses, herd of cows. And how should one say when it comes to sheep, dogs, crows, fish, bees?

Exercise

1. Before you are two groups of words: in the first - the words that are the main ones in the phrase, in the second - dependent. Combine words into phrases.

1) Package, tile, bundle, tube, pack, bunch, jar, stick, pinch, handful.

2) Jam, nuts, milk, chocolate, firewood, yeast, cookies, carrots, toothpaste, salt.

2. What is the common meaning of all these phrases?

Exercise

1. Type the following phrases on your computer keyboard.

Worry about the child, confidence in the future, come from Moscow, head of the hospital, a monument to Pushkin, distinguish letters and sounds, after school, a review of an essay, pay attention to physics, pay for travel, be surprised at behavior, worry about relatives, point out shortcomings , honor with an award.

2. Which phrases were underlined in green on the screen? What does it say? Read the commentary on these examples given in the Grammar Explanation dialog box. Were all errors corrected by the program “Spelling” (section “Grammar”)? Decide whether you can rely on computer spelling and grammar checkers for everything.

3. Write down all phrases correctly, in accordance with the norms of the literary language.

Exercise

1. Verbs close in meaning often require different cases from nouns, for example: making a difference(what and what?) sounds and letters, but: differ(what from what?) sounds from letters. Combine the words into phrases, putting the dependent word in the correct form. Specify the case of the noun.

1) Warn, warn (danger); 2) to be surprised, amazed (act); 3) focus attention, pay attention (main); 4) superiority, advantage (opponent); 5) be defeated, lose (champion); 6) pay, pay (travel); 7) rely, be based (results); 8) commander, commander (regiment); 9) reprimand, reproach (bad faith); 10) to despise, neglect (danger).

2. In words with prefixes before- and pre- Underline erroneous places.

§ 2. Syntactic analysis of the phrase

The order of parsing a phrase

1. Select a phrase from a sentence.

2. Find the main and dependent word; indicate what parts of speech they are expressed; make a diagram of the structure of the phrase.

3. Name the type of phrase according to the main word (verbal, nominal, adverbial).

4. Determine the type of subordinate relationship (coordination, control, adjoining).

Sample written review

And Tatyana has a wonderful dream. (A. Pushkin)

1) wonderful dream- adj. + noun, nominal, acc.;

2) Tatyana dreams- vb. + noun, verb, ex.

Exercise

1. Read the sentence.

Frosty night, the whole sky is clear;
Luminaries of heaven wondrous choir
It flows so quietly, so according to ... ( A. Pushkin)

Did you see this picture on your mental screen?

2. What is the meaning of the word choir? Choose synonyms for the adjective marvelous.

3. Highlight the grammatical foundations in the sentence, then do a syntactic analysis of all phrases.

Exercise

Syntactic parsing of phrases was performed in the class. Check if there are any errors in the next work.

Round dances of stars intertwined in wonderful patterns in the distant sky. (M. Lermontov)

Round dances of stars - noun. + noun, nominal, acc.;

wonderful patterns- adj. + noun, nominal, acc.;

intertwined in the sky - vb. + noun, verb, exercise;

intertwined patterns- vb. + ad., approx.

Exercise

1. Read an excerpt from A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Let your imagination work.

It was evening. The sky was dark. Water
They flowed quietly. The beetle buzzed.
The round dances were already dispersed;
Already across the river, smoking, blazing
Fishing fire. In a clean field
Moonlight in silvery light
Immersed in my dreams
Tatyana walked alone for a long time.

2. Write down three phrases with different types of communication. Make a syntactic analysis of any two phrases.

3. What is the meaning of the word round dances? And what is the meaning of the same word in M. Lermontov (see the previous task)?

Exercise

1. Write down phrases, opening brackets and distributing phrases into different groups by type of connection. For word-combinations with connection agreement, indicate in what way the main and dependent words agree.

In winter (e, and) m silver, waking up early, in the morning (n, n) snow, smelling snow, a brown filly, softly covered (n, n) s, with a cheerful crackle, bl (i, e) standing in the sun , (im) patient horse, fluffy reins, trotted, bl (and, e) a stately carpet, (to) a meeting of the northern Aurora.

2. In what Pushkin lines do these phrases occur? Try to remember the titles of the pieces and the lines themselves.

3. In which phrase, compared with Pushkin's time, has the management norm changed?

4. What is the name of a stylistic device in which the usual word order is violated in a phrase or sentence? Give examples.

Exercise

1.Remember spelling. Write by inserting the missing letters and opening the brackets. Complete each row with 3-4 examples of your own.

1) Winter .. jacket, winding .. greenery, early .. in spring, former ... girlfriend, in the waking up .. forest, about trembling .. flames, late .. night, about drizzling .. rain, not melting .. snow…

2) Wrote on the cover .. notebook .., attend the opening .. exhibition .., drove up to the towers .. fortress .., went to the porch of the gatehouse .., a letter from Astrakhan .. for Natal ..

3) (In) the spring sky, they chirp (in) the spring, you worry (still) as before, (along) the same way, a hot (along) summer day blew ...

4) Short hair .. s, hair .. th boy, baked .. potatoes, baked in ash, powerful .. tiles, powerful .. streets ...

2. Determine which words in the phrases from the fourth row are main and which are dependent; indicate the types of communication. Make sentences with participial phrases.

3. Based on this task, draw a conclusion about what spelling and punctuation rules are associated with the ability to select phrases from a sentence.

§ 3. Phrase and forecast

The ability to look ahead is a remarkable quality of a person. You know that a number of words have been created to denote this amazing ability: foresight, anticipation, anticipation, anticipation, prediction etc. But most often we use the word forecast(remember the expression weather forecast). So, reading a sentence that begins with the word those, we foresee what will soon follow which. Hearing the words for, we expect to. Similar those for that, there when give us the opportunity to anticipate to some extent both the thought and the syntactic construction expressing this thought. Seeing the first words in a sentence When the boys, leaving ..., we immediately guess that when the boys, having abandoned one thing, were engaged in something else, something third happened. In some cases, from the words already read, you can accurately predict the next ones. Even small children, having heard Pushkin's unfinished lines: “Winter was waiting, nature was waiting. It only snowed…”, they unmistakably finish: “in January”.

But most often we predict word forms and syntactic constructions. Consider how the prediction works when a phrase is created. To do this, let's analyze a few examples.

Let's take a phrase with a connection agreement. If it contains the word green, then it will certainly predict that there will also be a main word expressed by a noun in the form of a nominative case, singular, feminine, for example: lamp, or sweater, or melon, or bug... And seeing the word fluttering, we immediately guess that somewhere nearby a genitive or accusative plural noun will appear: wings, or butterflies, or birds…

If the main word is denoted by a Latin letter BUT, and the dependent - by the letter AT, their relationship can be represented by the formula BUT<- В, i.e dependent word predicts the main(of course, if it comes first in the phrase). Does the main word predict the dependent? Of course not. Because the main word does not necessarily have a dependent that characterizes it. So, in connection with the agreement, the dependent word predicts the main one, but not vice versa.

Now let's look at the syntax control. Here, the dependent word always predicts the main thing, and the main thing - the dependent. Let's check it out. transitive verb I read requires that it be accompanied by a noun (or noun pronoun) in the accusative case: I read(what?) book, letter… In the same way, hearing or reading a word book, we are waiting for the verb I read, or give, or will buy etc. In other words, there cannot be a servant without a master, and a master without a servant: the dependent word predicts the main word, and vice versa. True, in a particular proposal, the forecast does not always come true. Yes, with the verb play there can be a variety of dependent words: play(on what?) piano, play with whom?) play with brother(into what?) play chess etc. We do not know which of these links, dependencies are implemented in a particular proposal.

The same relationship exists between the main and dependent word in phrases with a link abutment. Let's take a verb read. Read can (how?) well, fluently, aloud etc. An adverb denotes a sign of an action, so we almost always expect that a verb will appear next to the adverb, which this action denotes. However, in a particular proposal, this expectation may not come true. The dependent word may either not appear at all, or there will be only one of several predicted ones.

Now, based on the observations made, we will make a table.

Let's try our hand at forecasting.

Exercise

It is known that the dependent word in the phrase is one of the following words: brick, school, neat, last, hastily, hours, about the film, professional.

Try to predict the main word. Determine the types of communication in phrases.

Like this: ripe - the dependent word is an adjective in the singular form. h., w. r., V. p. So, the main word will be a noun in the same form, denoting an object. This is a connection agreement.

Exercise

Predict the meaning and type of connection in the phrase if it contains one of the following words.

1) flatly, 2) translate, 3) notorious, 4) unquestioningly, 5) judge.

Exercise

“Collect” a sentence from “crumbled” words. Keep in mind that this task is also related to forecasting.

Let's "collect" a sentence that "crumbled" into such word forms: fragrant, early, on, white, just, in the morning, garden, gently, blooming, all, summer, rose.

Let's do this work together first.

fragrant is a verb in the past tense, singular, feminine. In a sentence, it must be a predicate and associated with the subject - a feminine noun, singular, nominative. Such a noun is the Rose. Got a grammatical basis - fragrant rose. The next word is early. It is an adjective in the instrumental, singular, masculine or neuter form. It predicts that the sentence should contain a noun with the same grammatical features. We find it - in the morning. The adjective also belongs to the same noun. summer. It's a complex phrase early summer morning…

Exercise

The sentence is written in a column, one word at a time. Gradually shifting the “engine” (a sheet of blank paper or a ruler), express your assumptions about the further content and structure of the sentence, as well as about the placement of punctuation marks.

cutesy

on the stove

sitting...

cutesy- the adjective in the form of the nominative case of the singular masculine is a dependent word in the phrase; waiting for the main word with the same grammatical features. This word cat, got the phrase cutesy cat. I'm waiting for the predicate. On the stove- prepositional case form, which must be associated with a verb-predicate or a gerund. sitting- gerund, together with a dependent word on the stove forms a phrase sitting on the stove, turned out to be a participial turnover; if there are no other dependent words further, then it must be separated on both sides with commas ...

Murlycha

paw

stigma

(A. Pushkin)

Exercise

Make a step-by-step record of the following sentences, predicting their further content, structure and punctuation. (Acting in the same way as in the previous task, write down ...)

Exercise

1. Many adjectives “attract” strictly defined nouns to themselves. Match each adjective with the appropriate noun. Write down the resulting phrases.

Pencil ..., walnut ..., wide ..., brown ..., pitch ..., branched ..., snub ..., leap ..., exclusive * ..., pouring ..., stale ....

2. In what cases does the problem have a single solution, and in which - two or even three?

Exercise

1. Nouns and adjectives are mixed. Build phrases from them, focusing not only on the grammatical forms of words, but also on the meaning.

Ultimate, friendship, hopeless, joy, strong, fun, unrestrained, need, suffering, unbearable, influence, unrestrained, stormy, victory, beneficial, pity, immeasurable, health, immeasurable, sleep.

2. What is the general meaning of these phrases?

3. Find words with prefixes of the second group, i.e. on the -z(-s) , label them.

ON THE. BORISENKO,
Korolyov

A phrase is a combination of two or more independent (significant) words related to each other in meaning and grammatically. For example: white birches, getting ready for classes, a more difficult task, completed on time, etc. The phrase consists of the main and dependent components, between which there are subordinating relationships. Sometimes phrases also include compounds of syntactically equal words connected by coordinating relationships (brother and sister; beautiful, but expensive), as well as combinations of subject and predicate in a sentence.  The semantic connection of words in phrases is established by questions that are asked from the main word to the dependent. In phrases, the following basic meanings can be expressed: - definitive (attributive): between an object and its sign (sunny day, notebook in a cage, soft-boiled eggs); - objective: between the action and the object to which it is directed (to strive for knowledge, to defend the Motherland); between action and instrument of action (to strike with a hammer), etc.; - circumstantial: between the action and the place, time, reason for the action or the manifestation of a sign (leave the city, return late, be absent due to illness, dressed fashionably). Which phrase expresses the attributive relationship? a) a heart-to-heart talk b) come to talk c) close to us d) run a theater Which phrase expresses circumstantial relationships? a) soft-boiled eggs b) return by midnight c) ordered to retreat d) graduation from school Which phrase expresses object relations (action and the object on which the action is directed)? a) to draw beautifully b) the desire to leave c) to walk along the boulevard d) to think about a friend Agreement is a kind of subordination in which the dependent word is put in the same forms as the main one (i.e., it agrees with the main word in the gender , number and case or in number and case). For example: deep river, deep pond, deep lake, deep lake, deep river, deep rivers and lakes, deep lakes, etc. In agreement with the change in the form of the main word, the forms of the dependent word also change accordingly. Management is a kind of subordination in which the dependent word is placed with the main one in a certain case, regardless of the form in which the main word is. For example: read a book; reading, reading, reading, reading, reading, reading, reading a book. When managing with a change in the form of the main word, the dependent word does not change (remains in the same case). Adjacency is a type of subordinating connection in which unchangeable words act as a dependent word: adverbs, gerunds, an indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) and possessive pronouns his, her, them. In a phrase with a connection, an adjunction, a dependent immutable word is connected with the main word only in meaning. For example: truthfully portray, truthfully portrayed; gloomy in autumn, gloomy in autumn; going to do, going to do; his home, his home. In what phrase is the type of connection - agreement? a) our bosses b) get there quickly c) horseback riding d) looked out from behind the clouds In which phrase is the type of communication - management? a) a little strange b) forgot to tell c) melt in the dark d) loose shirt In which phrase is the type of connection - adjoining? a) a milk bottle b) speak French c) the thirteenth chapter d) look around Which phrase is built on the model “adj. + "? a) climbing plants b) any person c) amazingly beautiful d) in the third grade Which phrase is built according to the “+adverb” model? a) go for a walk b) do it by accident c) left without saying goodbye d) running out to meet Which phrase is built on the model “+adverb”? a) extremely dissatisfied b) practically impossible c) whispered distressedly d) (on the street) spring-like warmth A high culture of spoken and written speech, good knowledge and development of a sense of the language, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support , the most faithful help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity (V. Vinogradov).