Non-existent countries and states. Countries that have changed their name

The city, which played a large significant role in the history of Russia, today is a metropolis with a population of over a million people. This article will help you make an excursion into the history of the city and answer the question of what Volgograd used to be called. Throughout the history of its existence, it has changed its name twice.

How Volgograd appeared

What was the name before and how did the city develop? It was founded at the end of the 16th century, but many researchers believe that the settlement existed a long time ago, back in the days of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Along with Samara and Saratov, the city of Tsaritsyn was founded as a fortress by a garrison of military Cossacks and a local governor, Grigory Zasekin, at the behest of Ivan the Terrible after the conquest of the Astrakhan kingdom. from nomad raids. The fortress was guarded around the clock by archers on duty, who raised the garrison from the watchtowers on an alarm signal.

City development

What was the name of Volgograd before 1925? Until that time, he was called Tsaritsyn. The city began to develop rapidly, having moved to the right bank of the great Russian river Volga after the final victory over the wild hordes. Its inhabitants were distinguished by liveliness and enterprise, therefore, from a paramilitary settlement on the outskirts of the state, Tsaritsyn quickly assumed the guise of a merchant city. But in the following centuries of its history, the people often called Tsaritsyn "Ponizovaya freemen", since runaway serfs and peasants from all over Russia gathered in the Lower Volga. History has preserved the names of famous heroes-fighters for the free life of the people - Stepan Razin, Kondraty Bulavin, Emelyan Pugachev.

How did Volgograd get its name?

How the city used to be called and what is the history of each of its names - not everyone knows. Those who are not strong in history are sure that Tsaritsyn was named after Empress Catherine the Great. This is an incorrect assumption, although it is to her that he owes the transformation from a narrowly military settlement into a rapidly developing city. And the name arose thanks to the small river Tsaritsa, from which only a few springs remained. But five centuries ago, the riverbed was full, and it carried its clay waters quite rapidly into the Volga. For its color, the Mongol-Tatars began to call the river Sary-Su, which means "yellow water". Later, this name began to be perceived by ear as the Queen, hence the first name of the city.

The earliest mentions of the Tsaritsyn fortress date back to, therefore, since then this date has been considered official, and it is from it that Volgograd traces its history. What was the name of this city before and where did the first name come from, you now know.

Early 20th century

During the time of the Civil War, the city found itself at the junction of battles between the Red and the White Guards, who captured the city, dealt very cruelly with the Red soldiers who were captured - they were chopped down with checkers. Great damage was inflicted on the city: residential and cultural buildings were wiped off the face of the earth, the water supply and sewerage system, as well as the power plant were put out of action, and industrial enterprises were almost destroyed. Then came the restoration of the city. First, the giants of the industry were launched: metallurgical, sawmill, woodworking plants, then they set up lines for hosiery and clothing factories, built and launched food industry enterprises.

Second name

What was the name of Volgograd before (1925-1961)? In 1925, the city of Tsaritsyn changed its name to Stalingrad. Of course, this renaming is associated with I. V. Stalin, who since 1922 was the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. By this time, the city had 112 thousand people, it ranked nineteenth in terms of the number of inhabitants among the cities of Russia. Two years later, the population was already 140 thousand, which served as an impetus for grandiose housing construction.

In the future, the city, like the whole country as a whole, developed towards industrialization. The country's first tractor plant was built, and "Red October" - a metallurgical plant - began to produce high-quality steel.

War

But the outbreak of war knocked the ground out from under their feet and subjugated everything. From its first days, Stalingrad turned into the largest arsenal in the south-east of Russia. Factories continuously produced and repaired tanks, ships, machine guns. A division of the people's militia and eight battalions were formed on the territory of the city. Defensive construction reached a huge scale. Railway lines were built, which played a huge role in supplying the troops. Since 1942, regular enemy air raids by local air defense forces were reflected in Stalingrad.

The city worked and fought in spite of the fascist invaders, frustrating Hitler's plans. The enemy command sent its selected forces to Stalingrad. If they managed to break the main shock concentration of troops, then this would significantly change the course of the battles. But Stalingrad stubbornly resisted the onslaught, its heroic resistance allowed the Soviet troops to move on a decisive offensive. Having defeated the enemy, the Soviet army created the conditions for the course of the entire war. At the Stalingrad line, the enemy was not only stopped, but also crushed physically and morally.

Memorial Complex

The legendary Battle of Stalingrad was left behind, turning the city into ruins. In memory of this battle, a famous memorial complex was erected on Mamaev Kurgan with the world-famous monument "The Motherland Calls!", which has become a symbol of the city. It was built for nine years, its height is 55 meters, weight is 8000 tons, the complex is a part of the monument. It is visible from all parts of the city.

What was the name of Volgograd before? Until 1961, it bore the proud name of Stalingrad, but, despite the historical significance of the name, the country's authorities decided to rename the city, giving it a third name - Volgograd, due to its geographical location. According to historians, this idea was put forward in order to combat Stalin's personality cult.

So you got acquainted with a brief history of the city and now you can answer any question about how the city of Volgograd used to be called.

Adrianople is an ancient city in Thrace or Paphlagonia (here, in 368, local residents Slavs, Antes and Goths rebelled against Rome), in modern Turkey - the city of Edirne on the Maritsa River.
Aquileia is a historical region on the Adriatic Sea. The local Slavs were among the first to adopt Christianity, because the department here was headed by the patriarch. After the destruction of Aquileia by Attila in 452, the bishop moved to Grado.
Andalusia (Andarusia, Vandalusia) - a historical region in Spain, was founded by the Goths in the 5th century; on it ready called vandals.
Arkona - a fortified city of the Baltic Slavs in Pomerania, on the island of Ruyan (modern - Rügen) with the temple of St. Destroyed by the Danish king Valdemar 1 in 1168.
Artaxata - an ancient city near modern Yerevan, founded by "blond beasts", the predecessors of the Armenians.

Asgard (Tana, Adzak, Cossack, Kazava, Asgard on Tanakvis) - the ancient names of the city of Azov on the Don.
Baghdad - (God-given, City of Peace, Irinopol) an ancient city in Mesopotamia, the capital of Iraq. In 762 it became the capital of the Caliphate, since 1534 it belonged to the Turks.
Barcelona (Barcelagne) - a city in the northeast of Spain; founded in the 3rd c. BC.
White Mountain is a historical place near Prague, here the Czechs were defeated by the Germans and submitted to the power of the Catholics.
Belaya Krinitsa is a historical region in Bukovina, the center of the schismatic land of fugitives from Russia from the terror of Christians with the cities of Klimoutsy, Sokolniki, Mehidra.
Belgrade - 1) see Akkerman; 2) ancient Singidun or Singidon, the capital of Serbia on the Danube.
The White Sea is the former Slavic name for the Mediterranean Sea.
Beresty (Brest-Litovsk) - the former name of the ancient Russian city, now - Brest in Belarus.
Berles is the former Slavic name for Berlin.
Bern is the capital of Switzerland.
Bessarabia is a historical region (it got its name from the people of Bessy, Waxes, Satras, Thracians after the conquest by Rome in 168) between the Dniester and Prut rivers (now the main part of Moldova and the Odessa region). In the 10-11 centuries. in Kievan Rus, then in the Galicia-Volyn principality, from the 14th century. in the Moldavian principality, from the beginning of the 16th century. as part of Turkey, since 1812 as part of Russia, in 1918-40 as part of Romania.
Befsan is one of the names of the ancient city of Scythopolis in Palestine.
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Bologna - (Bologna,) the modern name of the former Etruscan capital city of Volsinia (Folsina), after the capture by the Roman Greeks in 189 BC. became known as Bononia.
Bornholm - (Berholm, Bear Hill), an island in the Baltic Sea, the territory of Denmark.
Bohuslan - (Boguslan - Divine Land - translated from the ancient local dialect) is an area in the south-west of Sweden, known for rock carvings of the Bronze and Iron Ages with solar signs.
Braga - the ancient capital of the people who lived on the territory of Portugal before the conquest by Rome; ruins of the Roman garrison settlement of Bracara Augusta.
Branibor - the former Slavic name of the city of Brandenburg before its capture by the Catholic Germans.
Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia; an ancient Celtic settlement captured by the Romans (Pison, Pizon, Pressburg).
Bremen is an ancient Slavic city on the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, in 778 it was captured by the Germans and became the center of the Christian metropolis.
Bremen - the former name of the ancient Russian city on the territory of modern Germany.
Brittany - a historical region in the west of France, on the peninsula of the same name; was captured by the Normans and renamed after them.
Brunswick is the former name of the modern city of Braunschweig.
Brusa (Prusa) - an ancient city in Bithynia, at the foot of Mount Olympus, was the residence of the Ottoman Turks before they took Tsaregrad.
Budyshyn is the Slavic name of the city of Bautzen in Germany.
Boulogne (Boulagne) is a city and historical region in France.
Burgundy is a historical province of France, the center is the city of Dijon. The name was given by the fair-haired Huns or Burgundians, who came in the 5th century. to Gaul from the banks of the Vistula and Oder, after the adoption of Christianity, they submitted to the Franks.
Burdigala - the former name of the Galic (Celtic) city; now Bordeaux in France.
Var - the oldest name of the city in the Czech Republic, famous for the extraction of salt from natural thermal (up to 73 degrees) springs, the Germans changed it to Karlsbad, the Czechs to Karlovy Vary.
Varnow - the name of the city of Waren (Müritz).
Varangian Sea - Baltic Sea.
Vedegoshch (Vedegast) - the name of the city of Volgast (Wolgast Germany).
Velehrad - (Devin), capital of Moravia in antiquity.
Velegrad - the former name of the city of Didrichshagen.
Veligrad is the former name (Rerik, Rarog) of the city of Macklenburg. Rurik's father, Godoslav, the last ruler of the principality, was executed here.
Velikomir - the former name of the Russian city (modern Ukmerge, Lithuania).
Velichka - the later name of the ancient Tiberiopol (modern city of Strumnitsa) in Western Macedonia.
Vienna - the city of the Celts (Gauls) Vindobor before being captured by Rome and renamed Vindobona.
Hungary - (Ugria, ancient Pannonia, part of Dacia) - a historical region inhabited by the Goths from the 3rd century, then by the Huns and Avars; in the 8th c. Carl Vel. settled here many Slavs; in the 9th century occupied by the Mongols or Hungarians under the leadership of Arpad.
Venden - the official name of the residence of the swordsmen from the moment of construction in 1203 until 1917 (modern - Cēsis in Latvia).
The Vendian state is the state of the Polabian Slavs and the Pomeranians in the 40s of the 11th century. - the first third of the 12th century. led by vigilantes.
Vänern is a lake in southern Sweden; the Göta-Elv river flows out of the lake; main ports - Venersborg, Karlstad.
Venessin is a historical region in the southeast of France.
Hungary is the Russian (Slavic) name of the country Magyar Kostarsasag with the capital Budapest.
Venice is a republic on 12 islands of the Adriatic Sea, founded by fugitives from Aquileia and other cities, the Wends (or Venets), fleeing from the invasion of the Huns. It had a great influence on the fate of many countries and peoples, began to decline when America was discovered and trade routes shifted. After the death of the last orthodox ruler of Venice, Sophronius Kutovali, unrest began, which led to the unification with Lombardy into the Lombard-Venetian kingdom.
Vincennes is an ancient city, a suburb of Paris, to the south of which there is a former royal castle and a park - the Bois de Vincennes.
Vienna Woods - a spur of the Eastern Alps, near Vienna; oak and beech forests, replete with monuments of Slavic paganism; resting-place.
Venta - a river in Lithuania; flows into the Baltic Sea; at the mouth - Ventspils.
Verona - a city in northern Italy on the Ech River, the capital of Theodoric (Fedora-rex) of the Ostrogoths, since 1405 belonged to Venice, then to Austria
Weighs - the official name of the city of Viesite in Latvia until 1917.
Wessex (All Saxons, modern Wessex) - a historical region in England - the first kingdom in Britain.
Vilna (Vilnya) - the former name of the ancient Russian capital city, which in 1939 was transferred to Lithuania (modern Vilnius).
Wiltse - Slavic state of the 7th-9th centuries. in the Baltic Pomerania.
Vindava - the former name of the ancient city on the Baltic Sea at the confluence of the Venta River into the sea. In 1242 it was captured by the crusaders.
Vindobor - (Vienna Forest) the name of the Celtic (Gallic) city on the edge of the Vienna Woods before it was captured by the Romans in the 1st century. AD and renaming to Vindobona; modern - Vienna, the capital of Austria.
Vishemier is the former name of the city of Wismar in Pomerania, Germany.
Vaudemont is a county in Lorraine.
Vodina (Vodena) is the former name of the city of Moklena or Edessa (Edessa) in South Macedonia.
Wolin is an ancient Slavic city in Poland on the island of the same name at the mouth of the river. Audra.
Volyn - the former name of the city of Jomsburg in Germany.
Vyshgorod is generally an upper, fortified city, a Kremlin, a citadel. In particular, the city on the right bank of the Dnieper, built by Vladimir in 989 as his residence.
Vienne (Vennes) is a historic city in Dauphine (France).
Vyatka is the later name of the ancient Russian city of Khlynov.
Havel - the former name of the Slavic city (7-9 centuries) of the Polabian Rus on the territory of modern. Deutschland; modern - Havelberg.
Gadara is an ancient city east of the Tiberias (Genisaret) Lake in the Gerchesinian country. Here Jesus cast out a legion of demons.
Gaza is an ancient city in the Middle East, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea as part of Palestine.
Gai - the city of the Canaanites (subjects of the khan) to the southeast from Bethel, which was conquered by I. Navin and given to the tribe of Benjamin.
Gilead mountains, Gilead - (hill of evidence) the modern name of Jil-ad, mountains in Palestine north of the Dead Sea.
Galata (milk market) - the historical part of Istanbul; capital place of Galatia - the main city of the Gauls (Celts).
Galatia is a historical region in Asia Minor, inhabited by the Gauls (Celts), who converted to Christianity in the 3rd-4th centuries.
Gallipoli is a city in Italy.
Gallipoli Peninsula - located in the European part of Turkey, between the strait. Dardanelles and the Saros Gulf of the Aegean Sea.
Galilee is a historical region in the north of Palestine near the Mediterranean Sea, inhabited by pagans. Hence - all the apostles, comrades of J. Christ. After the fall of Jerusalem, the Jews moved here and made the Tiberias Academy their center. Many residents then moved to the Balkans.
Galicia - ancient Chervonaya (Chervlenaya - Red) Rus or Chervlensky cities, in the upper reaches of the Dniester and Vistula, along the northern slope of the Carpathians.
Gall - the ancient name of the city of Hull in England, a port on the North Sea, in the estuary of the river. Humber.
Gaul (lat. Gallia from the Roman name of the Celts) - historical regions that were not part of the Roman Republic until the 2nd century BC. BC.; the territory of modern Spain, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland and parts of other territories.
Garama - the capital city of the mysterious white population of the Garamans who lived in Libya; in 21 BC they were conquered by Rome and dissolved in the local population, especially among the Tuareg. The lower ones were assimilated by the Arabs.
Gargan is a mountainous area in Italy overlooking the Adriatic Sea, famous for its monasteries.
Gardarika - (country of cities) the former European name of Northern Russia with the capital Staraya Ladoga - the predecessor of Novgorod.
Garia (Garrien) is an ancient Estonian maakond (land) in the north of modern Estonia from the city of Varbola. In the 13th century captured by Denmark, including the land of Reval with the city of Revel (modern - Tallinn). In 1347 he was ceded to the Livonian Order, from 1561 - in Sweden. In Russia since 1710 - Revel district of the Estland province.
Heidelberg is an ancient city on the territory of Germany, known as the oldest (600,000 years) Eneolithic site of an ancient (Heidelberg) man. In the 5th century BC the Celts built a fortified settlement-shelter and places of worship on the Holy Mountain. OK. 80 AD captured by the Romans (held until 260), and then in the hands of the local population. In 1196 it was first mentioned under a modern name.
Gelonia (Geolan) is a historical region, a forest country located north of Scythia.
Helvetia - Celtic land between the Main and the Alps; later between Lake Constance and Lake Geneva; Helvetia is currently the Latinized name for Switzerland.
Genisaret land - the later name of Tiberias in Palestine.
Geon water - (muddy water), another name for the Nile.
Heraclea is an ancient city in Asia Minor on the Black Sea, the modern city of Ergeli in Turkey. According to legend, people from Heraclea founded Chersonesus in the Crimea.
Hesperia is one of the ancient names of the Apennine peninsula (Ausonia, Enotria, Italica).
Hyrcania (Iran. Varcana - country of wolves) - an area southeast of the Caspian (Hircan) Sea; from the rest of Iran is separated by mountains with the Caspian Gates pass.
The Hyrcanian Sea is the Iranian name for the Caspian (Khvalyn, Khvalis) Sea.
Gniezno - an ancient Slavic city in the west of Poland; in the 10th century it was the capital of Mazovia (an early Polish state).
Holland is the former name of the Netherlands or Northern Gaul; modern a province in the Netherlands.
Gotha is a historic city in Germany.
Gotland is an island and historical region in the Baltic Sea.
Gotthia is a historical region on the territory of modern Crimea (it got its name after the conquest by the Turks), formerly Tavria.
Grado is a historical Slavic town and island 15 km from Aquileia, in the Adriatic Sea. The chair of the metropolitan (or patriarch) was moved here after the attack of Attila's troops in 452.
Gran - the later name of the city of Ostrog in Hungary.
Greece - an ancient village in Attica (now Orop, Skala Orop). Mythical and mythological country, traces of which are found throughout the territory of human settlement
Grimbergen - ancient Zelenograd - a city in Belgium near Brussels.
Dacia is a historical region that included present-day Romania, Transylvania and Bessarabia. It was originally inhabited by Gauls, Dacians and Getae. After the conquest by the Romans in 107 AD. was inhabited by pagan Jews and Jatts (Gypsies), who received Roman citizenship (Roma). In the 3rd century it was occupied by the Goths, then by the Alans, Avars, Hungarians and Slavs.
Dalmatia - (Dalmatia - the country of sheep) a historical region in Yugoslavia, along the coast of the Adriatic Sea, the western part of ancient Illyricum, inhabited by Serbs and Croats with a center in Delminium.
Denmark is a historical Slavic region, then a state that adopted Catholicism in 826.
Dvinsk - the former name of Borisoglebov (Daugavpils) until 1917.
Mesopotamia - the same as Mesopotamia (mixed offspring) or Mesopotamia.
Develt - the former name of the city of Zagora, located on Zagorje or Zagora (mountain slope).
Devin - (Velegrad), the capital of Rostislav, Prince. Moravsky.
Devon is a county in the south of Great Britain, on the English Channel.
Dedyakov - Alanian medieval town of 10-15 centuries. at the village Elkhotovo in North Ossetia. Christian churches, mosques, public and residential buildings, graves.
Deira (Dur) - a field near Babylon, a place of worship of the golden idol of the sun god (dei Ra).
The Dzhurdzhani Sea is one of the names of the Caspian Sea.
Dinaburg is the German name for Daugavpils (Dvinsk).
Diocletia - (Dioklia, Cetinje), the birthplace of Emperor Diocletian, at the confluence of the Zeta into the Morava. Later names - Dukla or Dukla, inhabited by Serbian tribes of Duklians (Dulebs, Slavs). At the beginning of the 11th c. conquered by Byzantium and renamed Zeta (named after a tributary of the river Moracha). After it became part of the Serbian state of Nemanich, then conquered by Venice, after falling under Turkish rule, the name Zeta was supplanted by Montenegro.
Dioskuriada - (in Greek - Dioscuria and Sebastos), an ancient city on the Black Sea coast (now at the bottom of the Sukhumi Bay); in the Roman period it was renamed Sebastopolis.
Dobresol - the former name of the city of Halle (Saxony, Germany).
Dodona - the sanctuary of Zeus (Dodona) in Ancient Greece, located in Epirus near Mount Tomar (that ma Ra), now Olichka.
Dorilea is an ancient city in Phrygia Healthy, with palaces and healing springs. In 10-8 centuries. - a state in the vast territories of Asia Minor with the capital Gordion.
Doros (Mangup, Doro, Theodoro) - the main city of Gotthia, in the Crimea, the ruins are 20 km from Sevastopol.
Dorosad - the name of an ancient city in the south of England-England (modern - Dorset).
Dorostol - (Durostorum, Dristr, Dorostol, Silistria), an ancient city, the Roman fortress of Durostorum in the NE. modern Bulgaria, which changed its name under Turkish rule to Silistria (Silistra), a port on the Danube.
Dregovichi is a historical area in Dalmatia.
Drepan - (Elenopol) in Bithynia - historical region. Asia Minor; It got its name from the Thracian tribes of the Bithynians.
Drogichin is an ancient Russian city in the Brest region, Belarus. He put up a regiment to participate in the Battle of Grunval.
Drozdyany is the former Slavic name for Dresden.
Oak - a village near Chalcedon in Bithynia with a royal palace surrounded by groves. Here, at the Council of Chalcedon in 403, John Chrysostom was condemned.
Dublania - (Dublin - known since the 3rd century) Slavic fortress built on the territory of Ireland in 836; the modern city of Bale-Aha-Cliah, the capital of Ireland.
Dubovik - the former name of Dobin.
Dubossary - (Dubesari) an ancient city on the territory of Moldova.
Dubrovitsa is an old Russian city (before 1940 - Dombrovitsa) in the Rivne region. Ukraine on the Goryn River.
Dubrovnik - (Latin name - Ragusa), an ancient Slavic city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea; known since the 7th century; for a long time it was the center of the aristocratic Republic of Dubrovnik.
Dover is an ancient city in England; shipbuilding center of pre-Roman Britannica.
Dullan (Dullan) is a city in Picardy (France).
Dura-Europos is a city on the Middle Euphrates, founded at the end of the 4th century. BC. Seleucus Nicator as a military colony. It became the center of caravan routes linking the Roman Empire. with the East. Repeatedly passed from hand to hand of the Parthians and the New Persian kingdom of the Sassanids. Destroyed in the 4th c.
Dymin - the former Slavic name of the city of Demmin.
Zagreb is the modern name of the city of Agram.
Zagros - (Zagorskaya Rus) a mountain system of parallel ranges in modern Iran, in the southwest of the Iranian Highlands. Length - 1600 km, width - 200-300 km. Mountain deserts, bushes, copses.
Zadar is the oldest city in Croatia, a port on the Adriatic Sea. Remains of the Roman Forum and triumphal arches; rotunda church of St. Donatus (beginning of the 9th century); Romanesque basilicas (St. Stoshi, 11th-12th centuries; St. Krevan, 12th century); fortress gate "Porta Terraferma" (16th century).
Zara - an ancient Slavic city on the Adriatic Sea, adopted Christianity in the 8th century.
Zverin - the former name of the Russian city; now Schwerin, the administrative center of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany.
Zvyagel - the name of the ancient city on the Sluch River until 1793; modern Novograd-Volynsky in Ukraine.
Zeta (Cetinja, ancient Dioklea, then Dukla) is the main city of Montenegro on the Zeta River.
Golden Sands (Zlatni Pyasytsi) is a climatic resort in Bulgaria, known since the 3rd century.
Solothurn is a historical region and canton in Switzerland.
Jabbok is a river, a left tributary of the Jordan River. The modern name of Ez-Zarqa.
Iberia - the ancient name of the Iberian Peninsula along the river Iber (Giber, Ber), now the Ebro. Spain became known after the conquest by Rome.
Ida is a mountain in Greece on the island of Crete.
Jebus - the area in which Jebus was located (Ie news, renamed Jerusalem - "the throne of the god of the Rus" by David) before his capture by David. It had its former name by the name of Jebus, the son of Canaan. Cunning invaders try not to call these lands by real names, so that it is not clear to the modern reader what kind of people lived here before.
Yemen - (happy or God's chosen people); the name of the state in Africa after the adoption of Judaism.
Hierakon (Ie Ra Kon-Hierakonpol, Jericho) is the name of the political center of Southern Egypt during the first dynasty.
Iliopolis (Heliopolis) - the city of the Sun, Beth-shemesh, He (the sun), Baal-bek (Bel God), the city of Baal; the most unique object of the ancient world with temple complexes made of incredibly large parts, weighing over a thousand tons.
Ilmen - the old name of the tributary of the Laba (Elbe), the modern - Ilmenau.
Imereti is a historical region in Georgia once inhabited by pagan Jews from Samaria. Its last king Solomon went to Turkey in 1783 and Imereti became part of Russia.
Irinopol - the name of the city of Baghdad before the restoration of the old name in 762.
Ireland - (Iriy land, Hiberia, "Island of the Saints"), the Celtic population began to accept Christianity in the 5th century. through monasteries, submitted to Rome in the 12th century.
Istria is a peninsula in the north of the Adriatic Sea, inhabited by Slavs since ancient times. At first it was part of the Roman Empire, then it belonged to Venice, from the end of the 18th century it belonged to Austria.
Itil (Atel) - the ancient capital of Kozaria, was located near Astrakhan. According to it, it is customary to call the lower part of the Volga - Itil.
Iturea (Tiria, Turia) is a historical region in the north of Palestine.
Kolotida (Kallatida) is a Dorian colony on the western coast of the Black Sea. According to legend, it was founded by Heraclea.
Camara is a city and fortress in Italy.
Campania is a historical region in southern Italy on the Tyrrhenian coast, which has long preserved Slavic traditions.
Candia is one of the old names (after the capture by the Arabs) of the island of Crete (formerly the Hidden One).
Canossus - Tuscan (Etruscan) castle. Here, in 1077, Henry IV humbly asked for forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII with the participation of the Tuscan Margraves Matilda.
Canton is the former name of the city of Guangzhou in southern China.
Capernaum is an ancient city in Galilee, on the northwestern shore of Lake Tiberias. Glorified by the frequent visits of Christ.
Cappadocia is a historical region in Asia Minor, on the border of Armenia and Cilicia. Adopted Christianity in the 3-4 centuries.
Karaman is a historical region and state in Asia Minor.
Karanovo - the remains of a Neolithic and Bronze Age settlement (6-3 thousand BC).
Carantania is a historical region, the state of Slovenes in the 7th-11th centuries in the Mura river basin and the upper reaches of the Drava river. Later names - Carinthia, Krayna, Carinthian brand (Styria).
Karasev - the old Russian name of the city of Belogorsk in the Crimea; under Turkish rule - Karasubazar, Karasuvbazar.
Karenica - the former name of the city of Harz.
Karin (Kari) - the ancient name of the city, which became Theodosipolis or Theodosipolis (Divine City) under the Byzantines, under the Arabs - Kalikala, the modern Turkish city of Erzurum.
Karin (Erzerum, Theodosipol) is a city in Armenia, near the Euphrates.
Kariya is a historical region in the southwestern part of Asia Minor.
Carmel (Carmel) is a mountain in Palestine (Israel) on the Mediterranean coast. Known for ancient pagan temples, from the 4th-5th centuries. became a place of seclusion for Jewish hermits. In the caves of Skhul and Tabun, along with the Mousterian kam. tools discovered the remains of fossil people of the Neanderthal European type, which had many features of similarity with modern man. Antiquity - 45-40 thousand years.
Catalonia (Catalan) is a historical region in Spain with the capital Barcelona.
Kafa (Kaffa) - the name of the city of Feodosia in the Crimea from the 13th century; renamed in 1783. Founded in the 6th century. BC. unknown people, sometimes they write that the Greeks.
Kakhetia is a historical region of Georgia, conquered by King Bagrat in the 11th century. On old maps it is simply Khetia, part of Kolokhetia, which became Colchidon and Colchis.
Kezlev (Kozlov) is the Slavic name of the city of Evpatoria.
Cologne - the later name of the ancient Slavic city (Appian Colonia-Cologne-Cologne).
Celtiberia - a historical region on the territory of modern Spain; was inhabited by the Celtiberians (Celts and Iberians).
Kemeri - (before 1917 - Kemmern, earlier - Kem Meri) a balneo-mud resort in Latvia (the city of Jurmala).
Kemi is an ancient city in Finland at the confluence of the river. Kemi-Yoki to the Gulf of Bothnia; founding time is unknown.
Kem - (Ta Kemi, Kemi) the ancient name of the state in northern Africa; in the 7th century renamed Misr; the modern name of Gumhurdia Misr al-Arabi; the Hebrew name - Egypt - has taken root in our country.
Kem - an ancient city of Northern Pomerania on the river. Kem at its confluence with the White Sea; founding time unknown; It has been known in Novgorod since the 12th century, and in Moscow since the 15th century.
Kerkinitida is one of the ancient ports of the western Crimea, on the site of modern Evpatoria.
Kimmerik - an ancient city of the 5th century. BC - 3rd c. AD on the southern coast of the Kerch Peninsula in the Crimea, which gave the name of the people - the Cimmerians.
Cyrenaica (Kyrenia) is a historical region in the west of Egypt, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Clusium is an ancient Etruscan city on the territory of modern Italy (now Chiusi).
Kobrin is a city in the Brest region. Belarus; founded by Russian princes in the 11th century; known from chronicles since the 13th century.
Kovno - the former name of the ancient Russian city (since 1917 - Kaunas); founded at the beginning of the 11th century.
Kozlov - the Slavic name of the city of Evpatoria in the Crimea before Turkish rule.
Kola (Kolo) is a medieval city on the shores of the Kola Bay, at the confluence of the Kolo and Tuloma rivers. Known since the 13th century; Who founded and when is unknown.
Kolgon - modern Golgong, a city in India on the Ganges River.
Kolobreg - the former name of Kolberg.
Colony - (Kolo), the ancient name of the city of Cologne.
Colossi (Khona, Gona) - an ancient city in Phrygia on the river Lykos.
Kolochetia (Kolkhida - in Greek) is a historical region in Western Georgia. In the 13th-7th centuries. BC. the union of tribes of “blond beasts”, identified by archaeologists as the Colchis culture of agricultural tribes, accompanied by the image of animals and swastika ornaments, analogues of the Northern Black Sea region. Mingrelians, Georgian Jews, currently live here.
Kolyvan - the former name of the ancient Slavic city (in Lithuanian - Lindanis). In 1219-1917 the official name was Revel, then from 1917 - Tallinn.
Constantinople - the name in the Middle Ages of Perun-grad, Tsar-grad, Byzant, modern Istanbul (Turkey).
Konstanz is a city at the outlet of the Rhine from Lake Constance.
Horse-Stone (Kony Island) - an ancient sanctuary of the Korels on Konevsky (Konevsky) Island.
Kopaysky basin - Kopayskaya hollow, intermountain depression in Central Greece, along the Kefis River. In the past, it was filled with Kopaysky Lake, now drained.
Koporye - an ancient Russian city and fortress that defended the Novgorod land from the Swedes; now a village in the Leningrad region. with the remains of the fortress walls.
Corbeil is a city in Ile-de-France.
Korela - the name of the city of Priozersk, Leningrad region until 1611. Under Peter 1 - Kekzholmts.
Corinth is an ancient city in Greece at the Isthmus of Corinth, connecting Central Greece and the Peloponnese peninsula. Founded by the Dorians (Darians) in the 10th century. BC. as the main city of Achaia; ruins near modern Corinth (Greece).
Korsun is the ancient Russian name for Chersonese, an ancient polis founded in the 5th century. BC. Ruins near Sevastopol.
Kortsira - the ancient Slavic name of the modern Greek island of Kerkyra (Corfu - in Italian).
Korchev - a Slavic city in the Crimea in the Middle Ages; now - Kerch.
Kossovo field - (Kosovo field), an area in Dalmatia (Serbia), where in 1389 the Turks defeated the Serbs and Bulgarians (according to the modern version, the Serbian-Bosnian troops under the command of Prince Lazar).
Red - the name of the former Slavic city in the territory of Germany; modern - Rothenburg.
Krevo - an ancient city with a fortress and a castle on the territory of Belarus; known for the Union of Krevo - an agreement on a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Russia and Litvinsky and Poland.
Kremenets is an ancient city on the territory of modern. Ukraine; known from chronicles since 1226.
Khreshchatyk - the main street of Kyiv, is located on the site of a stream in which the sons of Vladimir and noble people of Kiev were baptized.
Crete - the modern name of the Slavic island of Skryten (Kryt), under the Muslims - Candia from the capital city of Kandax.
Krichev is an ancient Russian city on the Sozh River, the territory of Belarus, known from chronicles since the 12th century.
Croatia is the old name for Croatia.
Croachan is a county in Scotland.
Kruszewice is an ancient Polish capital (8th-9th centuries).
Crimea - the modern name of the island and the state with the former name of Taurida, Tauric Chersonese, Greater Chersonesus, Gotthia, Ostrogothia.
Kurland - the historical region of Kurzeme in the western part of Latvia (Latgale; gall in Roman - rooster, chicken. Türkic-Slavic kuren and vezha - house, dwelling.). In the 13th century it was captured by the crusaders; since 1561 - the Duchy of Courland and the Pilten region, in 1695-1917 - the Courland province as part of Russia.
Laba is the old Slavic name for the Elbe River; used in Czechoslovakia; Laba is a river in Russia in the North Caucasus, the left tributary of the Kuban.
Ladoga - an ancient Russian city in the Slovenian land (Novgorod); mentioned in chronicles since the 8th century; now with. Staraya Ladoga in the Leningrad region.
Ladon is a river in Greece on the Peloponnese peninsula.
Laconia is a historical region in Greece on the Peloponnese peninsula.
Lan (Lan) is a land and a city in France.
Languedoc is a province in France.
Langton is a bay of the Arctic Ocean in northern Canada.
Landes is a region in southwestern France.
Lagny is a land and a city in the Île-de-France.
Lapland - a historical region, the territory of Finland, Sweden, Norway; the population is Lapps.
Latgale is a historical region in the Baltic states on the territory of modern Latvia.
Lebediya - a historical region on the territory of modern Ukraine, was occupied or defeated by the Magyars (Huns) when they moved to the west. The location was determined by historians - the area of ​​​​the city of Lebedyan (Lipetsk region) or Lebedin (Sumy region).
Swan - a river in Altai, a tributary of the Biya, the Ob basin.
Lenchin is the modern name of Lenzen.
Livonia - the Baltic lands captured by the German Livonian Order.
Lipsk - the old name of the Slavic city on the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany; now Leipzig in Saxony.
Litvinia - White Russia, population - Lithuania, Litvins; in later documents - the state (principality) - Lithuania.
Lausanne - a city in Savoy, from the 16th century. - in Switzerland, on the shores of Lake Geneva.
Longobardia is a historical region in northern Italy, founded in the 3rd century BC. from R.H. longobards (long-bearded), immigrants from the territory of modern Germany; the capital of Mediolan (middle land, now Milan). Modern Lombardy in Italy.
Ltava - (Litava) the name of the city of Poltava until 1430.
Lugdun - (Lugdon) the ancient name of the Gallic city at the confluence of the rivers Rhone and Saone; modern Lyon in France.
Lusatia is a historical region on the territory of modern Germany (named after the modern region of Lusatia), known since the 13th century. BC. The main population: Lusatians, Lusatian Sorbs (Serbs), Wends (Wends). They were subjugated by the Arabian Germans under Otto 1, but retained their own language, which belongs to the West Slavic languages.
Lusitania (Lusitania, Rusitania) - the name of the Iberian Peninsula before the conquest by Rome and renaming to Spain.
Lübeck is a city in the north of Germany, a port on the Baltic Sea.
Lyubech is an ancient Russian city on the left bank of the Dnieper. It was first mentioned in chronicles under 882. In 1097, a congress of Russian princes took place in Lyubech.
Lubich - the former name of the Slavic city (modern Lubeck in Germany).
Lublin is a city in the east of Poland, known since the 10th century; The Union of Lublin between Litvinia and Poland was concluded here.
Lutetia - the ancient city of Parisians and Luticians on the island of Sich (Sita) at the confluence of the rivers; in 3 c. after the capture by the Romans, it was renamed Parisii; modern name is Paris.
Lucerne is a city in Switzerland, on the Firwaldstet lake.
Lucin - the official name of the city of Ludza in Latvia until 1917.
Magdeburg - the ancient Slavic city of Velegrad in Prussian Saxony; the center of the state of Saxony-Anhalt in modern. Deutschland. Known since 805, since 968 - the center of the archbishopric.
Mazovia - a historical region of Poland, in the middle reaches of the Vistula and the lower reaches of the Narew and Bug; from the 9th c. - principality; from the 13th century it was divided into specific principalities and gradually began to fall under the rule of the Polish kings; finally in Poland from 1526.
Macedonia is a historical region on the Balkan Peninsula in the adjacent regions of Yugoslavia, Greece and Bulgaria.
Malin - 1. The ancient name of the Slavic city in Belgium (modern - Mechelen), known for its bell ("crimson") ringing. 2. City in Ukraine.
Marakanda - the ancient capital of Sogdiana; modern - Samarkand.
Mariupol is a city on the Sea of ​​Azov, in 1778 the tsarist government settled here brought Greeks, whom the Tatars did not want to let into the Crimea.
Marcomanni are border residents, the same as Ukrainians.
Mglin - (Meglin, Moglena), a mountain fortress and a city in Western Macedonia, northwest of Vodena (Edessa. Edessa).
Megara is the center of the Megarida region in ancient Greece, on the Isthmus of Corinth.
Medina is the modern name for the ancient city of Yathrib in the Arabian Peninsula.
Bear Lake - (Great Bear Lake), in northwestern Canada, in the Mackenzie River basin.
Mediolan - (middle land), the former Slavic name of Milan and the surrounding lands.
Medniki - the former name of the Russian city, modern. Medininkai, Lithuania.
Melit is the ancient name of Malta.
Memel (Memelburg) - the official name of the city of Klaipeda (Lithuania) until 1923.
Menesk - the old name of the Belarusian city of Minsk; known from chronicles since 1067.
Meotida - (Meot ida - the land of the Meotians) the Roman name of the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov (Meotian Lake or Meotian swamp); they also called the inhabitants of the coast Meots, so a new nationality appeared.
Merv is an ancient city, the center of the Merv oasis (modern Mary in Turkmenistan).
Merv oasis - a historical region in the south of modern. Turkmenistan; from the 3rd century it was part of Khorasan.
Lake Merida - dug it in the 15th century. BC King Merid to collect water supplies from the Nile.
Meroe is an ancient country to the west of the Arabian Gulf. According to legend, it was ruled by queens (of Sheba, Kandakia).
Dead Sea - (Salty, Asphalt, Lotovo) drainless salt lake in the Middle East. It is located 395 m below the level of the Mediterranean Sea. The lowest point in the world.
MESOPOTAMIA - (correctly - Senaar, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia, mixed offspring) - a historical region in the Middle East, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, one of the centers of ancient civilization, now in Iraq.
Messenia - the historical region of Ancient Greece, in the southwest of the Peloponnese peninsula, inhabited in ancient times by the Leleg tribe, which had Pylos as its capital; later it was settled by immigrants from the Palestinian Messenia; considered the first Jewish (Greek) colony in the Balkans.
Messina is the ancient city of Zankl (until the 3rd-4th centuries) in Sicily, the first Greek colonists came here after the defeat of the state of Northern Israel (Samaria) by Assyria or the Scythians around 730 BC.
Mechelen (Mehelan, Malin) - the ancient city of Malin in Belgium on the Dil River, famous for its bell ringing (crimson ringing).
Mechlin is the former name of the city of Mecklenburg.
Midia is a historical region in the northwestern part of the Iranian Highlands. 13th-7th centuries BC. - union of tribes; in the 7th-6th centuries. - a kingdom that flourished under Cyaxares (King Kiak) on the territory of Iran and South Azerbaijan.
Mysia is a historical region in the northwest of Asia Minor, on the site of Troy. Another area occupied by Serbs and Croats in the 19th century.
Mikilin is the former name of Mecklenburg.
Mytilene - (Mytilan) an ancient city on about. Lesvos.
Mishnah - the former name of the city of Meissen.
Morava - (blue) right tributary of the Danube, consisting of the Serbian and Bulgarian Morava.
Moravia is a historical region along the Oder and Morava.
Morea is a historical region on the territory of modern Greece.
Mosul is a historical region founded by the Guzes (torks - worshipers of Thor) of Central Asia, who converted to Islam in the interpretation of the commander and emir of Mosul - Islam in the territory of modern Iraq. After that, the Guzes began to be called Mosulmans (modern Muslims) or Torkmen (due to the fact that part of the people continued to worship the Torah).
Mstislavl - an ancient city in Belarus on the river Vihra; known from chronicles since 1156.
Murmansk - the same as the Norman coast, that is, the northern coast of Russia, adjacent to Norway.
Murom - an ancient Russian city, the capital of Muroma - the Finno-Ugric tribes who lived in the upper reaches of the Oka from 1 thousand BC; known from Christian chronicles since 862; since 1097 the center of the Muromo-Ryazan principality; from the middle of the 12th century up to 15 - the center of the Murom principality.
Mutyanskaya land - the old name of Moldova.
Nazareth is a mythological city in the lower Galilee (there was no such city, but there was the Nazarene land), here Jesus lived up to 30 years; the city is known as the center of the Nazarene heresy, which was preached by Jesus.
Narva - a city and fortress in Estonia on the Narva River; known in Russian chronicles since 1171 under the name Rugodiv (Rusodiv).
Naples - Palestine Naples, the same as Nabluz (Nablus) near ancient Shechem; Naples Italica - the ancient Parthenon; Naples in Macedonia became part of Philippa founded by Philip 11; Scythian Naples (Simferopol) 3rd c. BC - 3rd c. from R.H. - the capital of the Scythian state in the Crimea.
The German Sea is the name of the Baltic Sea found in foreign literature at the time of the seizure of land by Catholic orders.
Nesvizh is an ancient city on the territory of Belarus; known from chronicles from the 13th century and the castle of the Radziwills.
Nicaea is a city in Bithynia, on the shores of Lake Askan, the capital of the Nicaean Empire and the first capital of the Ottomans before they took Constantinople.
Nicomedia - a city in Bithynia, by the Sea of ​​Marmara, the capital of the Eastern Empire to Constantinople.
Nikopol - (Nikup), Roman city 2-7 centuries AD. in the province of Moesia Inferior, east of the modern city of Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgaria).
The Nile is the longest river in Africa, formed by the confluence of the White and Blue Nile. Actually, the Nile is Blue; this name has been from time immemorial, got its name from an unknown fair-haired and white-skinned people who lived here several millennia ago.
Nilgiri - the Blue Mountains in southern India; got its name from an unknown tall, fair-haired people who lived here several thousand years ago.
Nineveh is an ancient city in the Middle East, the capital of Assyria (on the territory of modern Iraq, near Mosul).
Novgorod is an ancient Russian city on the Volkhov River, 6 km from Lake Ilmen. According to church annals, it has been known since 859; from the Vlesova book: “In the summer of 3113 (2395 BC), the Grand Duke Sloven built a city and named it after his name Slovensk, which is now called Veliky Novgorod, from the mouth of the great lake Ilmer along the Volkhov River, half a third field.”
Novgorodok is the name of a Russian fortress on the territory of modern Estonia before it was renamed Vastselina.
Novgorod-Seversky is an ancient Russian city on the Desna River, in the Chernihiv region. Ukraine, known since the 10th century.
Novgorod land - a historical region in the northwest and north of Russia in the 9th-15th centuries; included, in addition to the Novgorod Republic and its possessions to the White Sea and the North. Trans-Urals (Karelia, Tersky coast, Zavolochye, Pechora, Yugra), from the end of the 15th century - only the lands adjacent to Novgorod.
The Novgorod Republic is a rooted name in the domestic literature of the state in NW and S. Rus in 1136-1478. with the capital - Novgorod. Attached to Muscovy as a result of the campaigns of Ivan 111.
Novogrudok is an ancient city in Belarus, known since 1116.
Novosil is an ancient city in the Oryol region. on the river Zusha; known since 1155; at the beginning of the 14th century. - the center of the Novosilsky principality.
Novotroitsk settlement - the remains of a fortified Slavic city of the 8th-9th centuries. at the village Novotroitskoye, Sumy region Ukraine.
Novocherkassk - a city in the Rostov region; the former capital (since 1805) of the Land of the Don Army; the capital of the world Cossacks.
Norik - a historical region, a mountainous country bordering Italy and Pannonia; the main population was the Celts. At the age of 16-13 BC. was conquered by Rome and became an imperial province.
Normandy is a historical region and duchy in northwestern France.
Oks is the ancient name of the Amudarya River; before the Arab conquest.
Oldenburg is the modern name of the Slavic city of Stargrad before the capture by the Germans.
Olbia is the economic capital of the Scythians, located on the right bank of the Dnieper-Bug estuary.
Orany - the former name (until 1917) of Varena in Lithuania.
Oreshek - the name of the Russian fortress and city in 1323-1611; in 1611-1702 after the capture by the Swedes - Noteburg; since 1702 as part of Russia - Shlisselburg.
Or-Kapu (Perekop) is a Turkish fortress on the Perekop isthmus.
Ostia (Mouth) - (in Latin - the mouth of the river) an ancient city in Italy at the mouth of the Tiber, not far from Rome.
Ostrogom - the former name of the city of Gran in Hungary.
Pavia is a city in Lombardy (Italy) on the river. Ticino; since 568 - the capital of Longobardia.
Palestine is a historical region in the Middle East, east of the Mediterranean Sea, one of the oldest centers of Russian civilization. Before colonization by the Jews under the leadership of Solomon, it had one of the names of Palena Stan (hot place).
Palmyra - (Fadmor, City of Palms), an ancient city in Syria, the greatest flourishing in the 1-3 centuries. AD; the temples of Baal, the sanctuaries of Bel, the so-called. camp of Diocletian.
Pamphylia - a historical region in the south of Asia Minor; first - the union of tribes, from the 6th century. BC. in the kingdom of the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, Ptolemies, Seleucids, Pergamon, together with whom, after 133 BC. became a possession of Rome; in 43 AD Lycia and Pamphylia made up Rome. province.
Pannonia - historical region (ancient Paeonia), Roman province; occupied part of the territory of modern Hungary, Yugoslavia, Austria.
Roman Pantheon - a pagan temple depicting all the gods of the Roman Empire; in 607 Pope Boniface IV converted to the Church of All Saints.
Panticapaeum (Panticapeum) - an ancient city in the Crimea (modern Kerch) in the 6th century BC-4th century. AD; then the Slavic city of Korchev.
The Papal States is a theocratic state that existed in 756-1870. on the Apennine Peninsula with its capital in Rome. Led by the Pope.
Parthia is a historical region southeast of the Caspian Sea. Known from 1,000 BC; in 250 BC-224 AD - Parthian kingdom (from Mesopotamia to the Indus). Since 224, it became part of the Sassanid state.
Passau is a city in Bavaria, the center of Catholic expansion into the Slavic lands.
Patus is an ancient city on the site of modern Gelendzhik.
Paphlagonia is a historical region in the center of Asia Minor.
Pella - an ancient city in Perea (Palestine), opposite Scythopolis; the Jews left here in 66 AD. who did not want to participate in the war with Rome.
The first Bulgarian kingdom is a Slavic-Bulgarian state in 681-1018. in the north of the Balkan Peninsula.
Mother See - an honorary title of Moscow after the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg.
Pergamum is a city and a state in Asia Minor, in Mysia. Founded in the 12th century. BC. He lost his independence in connection with his will in 133 BC. King Attalus III. In its place, the Romans established the province of Asia. The city gave its name to parchment where it was first invented; famous for the library, honey. school, the Pergamon altar of Zeus.
Crossed - the ancient capital of the streets (uglichs, budzhaks) on the Dniester (modern village of Peresecina in Moldova). The city was taken and destroyed by the Kyiv governor Sveneld in 939-940. Then, after the expulsion of the Uglichs and Tivertsy, the Pechenegs, who converted to Christianity, were invited here.
Perea is the Greek name for a part of Palestine, east of Irdan.
Pereyaslavl the Great (Preslav, Markianopol, Megalopolis) - an ancient Slavic city, located in the Balkan Mountains near Shumla.
Pereyaslavl small - (Preslav) an ancient Slavic city, the former capital (893-971) of the First Bulgarian and Western. Bulgarian kingdom; for some time it was owned by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav. Ruins near the modern city of Preslav.
Pereyaslavl Russian (Pereslav) - an ancient Russian city, known since 906; the capital of the Pereyaslav principality in the 11th-13th centuries; the modern city of Pereyaslavl-Khmelnitsky.
Pereyaslavl Ryazansky - an ancient Russian city, founded in 1095 by Prince. Yaroslav Svyatoslavich. From the middle of the 13th century - the capital of the Ryazan principality; in 1778 it was renamed Ryazan.
Pereyaslavl - before the 15th century. Pereslavl, then - Pereyaslavl-Zalessky; in 1175-1302 - the center of the specific Pereyaslav principality of the great Vladimir-Suzdal principality; from the 14th century within the Moscow principality.
Perm - (ancient Biarmia), the old Russian name for the historical region from the Ural Mountains to the river. Pechora, Kama and Volga; inhabited by the Komi people (Kama). This territory was annexed to the Muscovite state in 1478. Great Perm - the territory of modern. Komi-Permyak region; Perm Malaya (Old, Vychegodskaya) - ter. modern rep. Komi.
Persis - (Pars, Parsia, Barsia), - a historical region on the territory of modern Iran; modern - Farce.
Persia is a state in Asia (the modern name is Iran).
Perusia (Perusia) - an ancient Etruscan city on the territory of modern Italy (now Perugia - the former city of rugs; Perugia sounds in Russia).
Petra is an ancient city in Jordan.
Petrian Arabia - the territory adjacent to the city of Petra.
Pitiunt is an ancient city; modern Pitsunda in Abkhazia.
Pleskov is the old name of the city of Pskov.
Pleskov (Pliskov) - the old name of the Bulgarian capital since 640 - Pliski.
Polabskaya Rus is a state that existed on the territory of modern Germany and western Poland until the end of the 11th century.
Polotsk - (Polota) the oldest Russian city on the Polota River, known from chronicles since 864 (currently in the Vitebsk region of White Russia).
Pomerania - the modern name of the historical Slavic region of Pomerania on the Baltic Sea coast with the center of Szczecin.
Pomerania is a historical region on the northern Baltic coast of Poland. It consists of two parts: Western and Eastern (Gdansk). The western part, captured by the Mediterranean Germans, became a duchy and became part of the German Union in 1170.
Northern Pomorie - received its historical name in the 15-17 centuries. (the coast of the White Sea from the city of Kem to the city of Onega - the Pomor Coast) or a wider area from Obonezhye to the North. Urals, including Korelia, Dvina, Vazhskaya, Sysolskaya, Vyatka, Perm lands, Posukhonye, ​​Belozersky and Pechersky territories (Pomor cities). Until the 12th century - the possessions of the Novgorod Republic; by the beginning of the 16th century. - in the Moscow state.
The Kingdom of Pontus is a state on the southeastern shore (Ponte) of the Black Sea. Existed from 301 to 64 years. BC.
Pontus Euxinus - the ancient Greek name of the southern coast of the Black Sea in Asia Minor, on the territory of which the Pontic kingdom was created in 301 BC.
The Ponto-Aral Sea is a hypothetical water basin that united the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas in the past.
Portugal is an ancient historical region (Coast Gaul).
Portusallia is the old name for Portugal.
Beautiful port - the former Slavic name of the port of Chersonesos on the western coast of Crimea, on the site of the modern city of Chernomorsk (under the Turks, Ak-Mechet).
Pressburg is the German name for Bratislava (Pizon, Pizhon).
Prilwiec is the former name of the city of Prilwitz in Germany.
Propontis - the ancient Greek name of the Sea of ​​​​Marmara (lying between the ponts-shores - Pontus Euxinus and Helios Pontus).
Ra is the ancient name of the river, which eventually became known as the Big Road (Bol Ga), and then turned into the Volga.
Ravenna (The Plain) is a Gallic city in northern Italy in a low, marshy plain. From the 5th century - the residence of the Western Roman emperors, then the Ostrogothic kings.
Ragusa is the former name of the current Dubrovnik on the Adriatic Sea.
Ragi is the capital of the Great Media, south of the Caspian Sea.
Razgrad - an ancient and modern city in Bulgaria; formerly the Roman city of Abritus.
Hrazdan is the modern name of the river in Armenia; former - Zanga.
Raipur is a city in India, in the north of the Deccan highlands.
Rakobor - (Rakovor) the former name of a Russian city from the 13th century. (modern Rakvere in Estonia, until 1917 - Wesenberg).
Ras (Ras) is an ancient city in Serbia on the banks of the Raska (Raska) River, a tributary of the Ibra. Stefan Nemanja was baptized here in 1143.
Ratibor - the former Slavic name of the city of Ratzenburg.
Reval - the former name of the capital of the land Rävala in Northern Estonia. In the 13th century it was captured by the Danish crusaders.
Riphean mountains - presumably the Urals.
Rod as - (Rod of Ases) the old name of the island of Rhodes; in the Aegean Sea off the coast of Asia Minor.
Roden is an ancient Russian city of blacksmiths, located at the confluence of the river. Ros in the Dnieper-Slavutich.
Rhombits - Big and Small - now the Beisug and Yeysk estuaries of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.
Rossiena - the official name from 1253 to 1917 of the modern Lithuanian city of Raseiniai.
Rossano is the main city of Calabria, in the south of Italy.
Rostock is a former Slavic city in Germany.
Rotenburg is a city in the south of Germany, the former Slavic city of Krasny.
Rugodiv - an old Russian city, captured by the crusaders and renamed Narva.
Rusafa is the residence of the Baghdad caliphs.
Ruse is a city in Bulgaria, near which there are the remains of the city of Cherven with rock churches.
Rusne is a city in Lithuania on the river. Nemunas.
Ruspe is an ancient city founded by the Vandals (Goths) in NW Africa.
Russik is a monastery founded by Russians on Mount Athos.
Roussillon - 1. Historical region in the south of France. 2. Historical region in the Pyrenees.
Rävala is a historical region in the north of modern Estonia with the capital Revel.
Sals (Salsk) is a city in Roussillon.
Samaria - (Sevastia - after the restoration by Herod) an ancient city in Palestine, for many years the former capital of the pagan Jewish state. The modern name is Sebastia.
Samarra - the capital of the Caliphate after the transfer of the capital from Baghdad in 836, is located 110 km from Baghdad up the Tigris.
Samkerts - the name of Taman during the period of the Khazar Khaganate.
Samothrace - on modern maps of Samothrace, an island in the north of the Aegean Sea as part of Greece.
Sarai - (royal palace), the capital of the Mongol khans on the banks of the Akhtuba River; founded by Batu in the 13th century.
Sardika - (Sredets, Sofia, Ulpiya, Triaditsa) former names of the Bulgarian capital Sofia.
Sardinia is a large island in the Mediterranean. The first cities were built here by the Phoenicians (presumably).
Sardis - (Sardim) - the ancient capital of Lydia under Croesus.
Sarkel - (Royal Shield), - the second name of the border town of the Don Russ Belaya Vezha.
Sevastia (Sebastia) - the name of the restored capital of the Gentile Jews of Samaria under Herod the Great. Hence - Sevastipol (Sevastopol).
Sevastia in Armenia is a city built by settlers from Samaria-Sevastia, in which 40 Christians were executed in 320 AD.
Sevastopol is the modern name of the Turkish city of Akhtiar, renamed in honor of the Jewish city of Sevastia by "Greek" settlers.
Semigallia is a historical region between Poland and Courland, which was captured and converted to Christianity in 1218 by the Sword-bearers.
Semikarakora - a city in the Rostov region, the ancient Karakorum (founded by Khan Karakorum in 808) in the European part of the Golden Horde.
Serbia New - the territory inhabited by Serbs along the river. Bugu, immigrants from Austria in 1749.
Cerdan (Cerdan) is a historical region in the Eastern Pyrenees.
Sephoris - (Diocesarea, Kitron) - the main city of Galilee at the time of I. Christ.
Sekheriy - the Black Sea channel of the Kuban.
Silesia is a historical region in Europe, in the upper part of the Odra river basin (modern territory of Poland and the Czech Republic).
Silistra - (Dorostol, Derstr) an ancient Bulgarian fortress on the Danube.
Singidon - (Upper Misia), the ancient name of the capital of Serbia, Belgrade.
Sindskaya harbor is one of the former names of Anapa.
Syracuse is an ancient city and capital founded in 734 BC. in Sicily.
Seachem (Sichem, Sikar, Flavius-Naples) - the former capital of the bulk of the Jews who broke away from Judea before being transferred to Samaria; now - the city of Nabluz (Navluz).
Scythopolis (Befsan) is an ancient city in Palestine.
Sclavnia - one of the Slavic states of the Baltic coast of the 8th century. on the territory of modern Deutschland; neighboring - Wiltse.
Scrivia is a meandering river in Italy.
Slavonia is a historical region in the north of Yugoslavia, between the rivers Sava and Drava, part of ancient Pannonia.
Slavutych is the Slavic name for the Dnieper.
Smyrna - the ancient city of Lydia in Asia Minor; founded in the 2nd millennium BC
Sogdiana - the historical region of Asia in the north. from the Persian Gulf, in the basin of the Zeravshan and Kashkadarya rivers, one of the most ancient centers of civilization. Chief city from 329 BC - Marakanda (now Samarkand).
Solun - (Thessalonica), the ancient city and capital of Thessaly; now Thessaloniki.
Sparta is an ancient Greek state with the center of the same name in the south of the Peloponnese peninsula.
La Spezia is an ancient and modern city and port in Italy, famous for its spice trade.
Splet (Spalatro) - The ancient city of Dalmatia; modern - Split.
Sredets - (Sardika, Ulpiya, Triaditsa) is the ancient Slavic name of the Bulgarian capital Sofia.
Srem - (Sirmium), a city in Pannonia on the Sava River, the capital of the Gepids; in 3-5 centuries. - the capital of the Roman Caesar.
Stargrad - the former name of the Slavic city; now - Oldenburg in Germany.
Stargrad - the former name of the city of Altenburg (modern Stralsund).
Starodub - a city from the 11th century on the territory of the Bryansk region, on the Babinets river; the center of a specific principality, put up a regiment to participate in the Battle of Grunval.
Starodubye is a settlement founded in 1690 in the Chernihiv region. fugitive Old Believers from Moscow, fleeing executions.
Walls - a port on the western coast of the ancient Crimea. The exact location has not been established.
The Stodar state is the name of the principality of the Lyutichs in the 8th century. in the Great Chronicle.
Stradonitsa is an ancient Celtic settlement dating back to the 1st millennium BC. near the village of the same name in the Czech Republic.
Strasbourg is a city in eastern France on the Ile River at its confluence with the Rhine (the German name is Strasbourg). The name comes from "guard" and "city" - a border town.
Stridon is an ancient city in Dalmatia at the confluence of three rivers.
Strymon is the Greek name for the Struma River, which flows mainly in Bulgaria and flows into the Aegean Sea.
Suva - (Owl, Soval Syria, Kelesiriya), the area between Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon.
Sugdey (Sugdeya, Surozh) - an ancient Slavic city in the Crimea, the center of Surozh Rus; modern Sudak.
Sudzhuk-Kale is the former name of Novorossiysk.
The Surozh Sea is the name of the Sea of ​​Azov from Surozh Rus and the city of Surozh (Sudak).
Taurus (Toros) - mountains in southern Turkey.
Taurida - (Gottia) Crimea.
Taurica - in ancient times (9th century BC - 4th century AD) was the name of the southern part of the Crimea, inhabited by Taurians, Tauro-Scythians.
Tavria - the name of the Crimean peninsula and the south of Ukraine (Northern T.) in the 19th - early. 20th century
Tauromenos is an ancient city in Sicily.
Taman - Tmutorokan, Tamatarkha, Matarkha, Matrika, Matrakha, Maritandis, Tom, Tom Tarkhan, Samkerts, Sharukan. As an administrative territory of the entire peninsula: Belaya Kumaniya, Taman.
Tana is an ancient city on the left bank of the Don River near the city of Azov and the Don River itself.
Tanais is an ancient city (3rd century BC-5th century AD) at the mouth of the river. Don and the river itself.
Tarquinia - the ancient Etruscan city is famous for the royal family of Takvinii (Tarkh Venev); now Tarquinia in Italy.
Tarsus - (Afar), the main city in Cilicia.
Tver is a city in Russia; founded in 1209 by the Slavs who came from the south of Europe.
Ternov (Tyrnov) - the ancient Bulgarian capital on the Yantra River; modern Veliko Tarnovo.
Tiberias - a historical province and an ancient city on the southwest shores of the Tiberias (Genisaret) Lake in Palestine, the main city of the lower Galilee (Gaul of Palestine); the population was called "Tiberians", then "Nazarenes"; hence came Jesus and all his apostles.
Tiberiopol - an ancient Slavic city in Western Macedonia (later names - Velichka, Strumnitsa); founded by fugitives from Palestine.
Tyre, a seaside city-state in Phoenicia; founded in 4 thousand BC; modern Sur in Lebanon.
Tire (Thira, Santorini) is a group of volcanic islands in the Aegean Sea with the port of Thira.
Tire (Tira, Tiras) - an ancient city (6th century BC - 3rd century AD) on the banks of the Dniester estuary, near the city of Belgorod-Dnestrovsky.
Tiryns is one of the oldest centers of Mycenaean culture in Argolis, in the Peloponnese. The first settlement dates back to the Neolithic period. Heyday - by the 14th-13th centuries. BC. During excavations, tablets with linear writing were found.
Tyrol is a historical region in Europe, in the Alps.
The Tyrrhenian Sea is part of the Mediterranean Sea between the Apennine Peninsula and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Named in ancient times from the Tyrrhenian people (natives of Tyre, who founded all cities with similar names).
Tirtsa (Tivertsa, Ferza, Fersa) - the capital of the Israelite kingdom before Samaria.
Tom (Tom, Tomy, Ovidiopol) - a city at the mouth of the Danube, at first a Dorian colony; later the episcopal city of Lesser Scythia in the 2nd-5th centuries. AD; modern city of Constanta.
Tom is one of the former names of Taman.
Tor - the former name of the city of Slavyansk in Ukraine (renamed under Catherine 11) in honor of the 9th Slavic regiment guarding A.V. Suvorov.
Torki is the former name of the Russian city (modern since 1917 - Trakai).
Transylvania - (Semigradje) historical region in Romania; formerly part of Hungary.
Transoxiana - (the land beyond the Oxus - the early name of the Amu Darya), a historical region in Central Asia.
Troad - a historical region in Mysia, in Asia Minor.
Tours is a city in France, the main city of the historical region of Touraine.
Tura - 1. River in the West. Siberia; 2. The capital of the Evenki a.o.
The Turan lowland is a plain in Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
Turdetania is a historical region on the territory of modern Andalusia.
Touraine (Touraine) - a historical region in France in the Loire basin; includes dep. Indre and Loire.
Touraine is the former name of Turin (Italy).
Turinsk is a city in the Sverdlovsk region (before 1600 - Yepanchin).
Tysmenitsa - an old Russian city in Ukraine, not far from Ivano-Frankivsk; known from chronicles since 1143.
Ubii is the capital city of the Germanic tribe of the Ubii (since 50 BC - the Agrippa colony, then the Colony, the modern city of Cologne).
Ugarit - city-state 2 thousand BC in Phenicia.
Ugrian Rus (Hungarian Rus) is a historical region that received its name even before the arrival of the Hungarians.
Ugrovesk is an ancient Slavic city at the confluence of the Uger with the Western Bug, one of the most ancient Russian cities.
Umbria is a historical region in Italy; its borders were in the north of the river. Rubicon, in the west - r. Tiber, in the northeast - the coast of the Adriatic Sea, and in the south and east - the river. Nar. During the era of Etruscan colonization, many cities were built on the lands of Umbria.
Ungvar - the name of the city of Uzhgorod from the 11th century. until 1918; known since the 8th century.
Ur, Ur Chaldean - an ancient city-state in Mesopotamia, on the territory of modern Iraq.
Wales (in the old days Veles), a peninsula in the west of Great Britain.
Phanagora - the former local name of the ancient city (between Taman and Sennaya), in which there was a lighthouse on the mountain (lantern on the mountain).
Fars is a historical region in the south of Iran. Before the Arab conquest (7th century) naz. Pars, Parsa, Parsia, Persis. In the Middle Ages - the core of the state-in the Buyids, Mozafferids, Zends, etc.
Philippopolis - an ancient city in Thrace on the SE bank of the Gebra; modern Plovdiv in Bulgaria.
Philippi is the ancient capital of Macedonia.
Khadzhibey - the name of Odessa under the Turks and Tatars.
Hayastan is the name of Armenia among the Armenians.
Hainash - the official name of the city of Ainazi in Latvia until 1917.
Halan (Halne, Halonitida) is a historical region in Mesopotamia, near Ktesiphon.
Chaldea - (Babylonia, Shinar), a historical region in Mesopotamia since the arrival of the Chaldeans (626-538 BC).
Chalcedon is a city in Bithynia, at the entrance to the Thracian Bosporus.
Charax - Roman fortress in the 1st century. BC. - ser. 3 in. AD at Cape Ai-Todor in the Crimea.
Harappa - the ruins of one of the oldest centers of civilization in India and Pakistan. Known from 3-1 thousand BC.
Kharuhain-Belgas - a medieval city (10-13 centuries) on the territory of modern Mongolia, on the river. Haruh. Fortifications, suburban irrigated arable land, residential areas, water supply.
Hattusas - an ancient city in Anatolia; in the 17th-13th centuries. BC. was the capital of the Hittite state.
Khvalynsk - a city in the Saratov region, a pier on the Volga; founded by people from the Caspian Sea (Khvalynsk Sea).
Khvalynskoye Sea - (Khvalisskoye Sea), the Old Slavonic name of the Caspian (Hirkan in Iranian) Sea.
Hedeby (Haythabu; Hedeby, Haithabu) - a medieval center in Denmark (9th-ser. 11th centuries), was destroyed as a result of an attack by Christians.
Kherson - the most important of the cities of the Greek colony of Tauric Chersonesos; in the Middle Ages - Korsun; since 1778 - again Kherson.
Chersonese (from Greek - peninsula, cape) Thracian - on the Sea of ​​Marmara; Chersonese Tauride in the Crimea; Chersonese Cretan or Akritian.
Khlynov - the former name of the ancient city before being renamed Vyatka (Vyatko or Vyachko, and in Christian terms, Prince Vyacheslav died.
Khorasan - a historical region in the NE of Iran; the center of the Parthian kingdom in 250 BC - 224 AD. In the 3rd-18th centuries. H. included C of Iran, the Merv oasis of the south of modern. Turkmenistan, part of Herat and Balkh.
Khorezm is the former name of Khiva.
The Khorezm Sea is one of the names of the Aral Sea.
Horeb is the former name of the mountains of Sinai.
Khorsabad is an ancient fortress founded by the Assyrian king Sargon (King Gon, King Gun) in 717 BC. near the city of Mosul.
Horutania is the Slavic name for Carinthia; from the ancient name of the Slovenes - Horutans.
Khotyn is an ancient Russian city on the Dniester, which was again conquered from the Turks in 1769.
Khromkla (Rumkale, Romkla) is a medieval city near Tarsus in Cilicia.
Cera - (tse Ra) the name of the ancient Etruscan city (modern Chetveteri).
Chervonaya Rus is a historical region, part of Galicia, which had this name before baptism.
Chernigov - an old Russian city in Ukraine; known from chronicles since 907.
Montenegro - in the past, a historical region, a state on the Balkan Peninsula.
Black Mountains - volcanic mountains in the Crimea (Karadag). These mountains and the neighboring Black Sea steppes gave the name to the local lands of Black Russia.
Chernaya Zemlya is the former name of Black Russia or Volga Bulgaria.
Black Russia - the name in the 13-14 centuries. NW of Belarusian lands in bass. the upper Neman from the years. Gorodno, Novogorodok, Volkovysk, Slonim, Zditov, Lida, Nesvizh. From the 10th c. - in Dr. Russian state-ve; from 13 - in the Grand Duchy of Russia and Litvinsky.
The Black Sea is the modern name of the sea, which was called by ancient and later authors: the Russian Sea, the Rum Sea, the Pontus of Euxinus, Pontos, Bontus, the Nitas Sea, the An-Nitasi Sea (near Idrisi in the 12th century).
Shavly is the former Slavic name of Shauliai.
Sharukan - the name of Taman during the reign of Sharukanid Muslims.
Shash - the name of Tashkent before the conquest by the Arabs in 712.
Swabia is a historical region in Western Europe, now in the southeast of Germany.
The Shetland Islands are a group of islands in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, part of Great Britain.
Aegippius - (Egypt, Egypt) one of the ancient names of the Kuban.
Epirus - a historical region, present-day Albania and Montenegro.
Yuriev - the former name of the Russian city; after the capture by the Germans - Dorpat; modern - Tallinn.
Jutland is a peninsula in Europe, between the North and Baltic Seas, as part of Denmark and Germany.
Jutta (from Heb. Mountainous country) is a city near Hebron in Palestine.
Yaik is the former name of the Ural River.
Yaksart - (Aksart) the ancient name of the branch of the Syr Darya before the Arab conquest in the early 8th century.
Janovo - the official name of the city of Jonava until 1917.
Yarov - the name of the city-fortress in the north-east of England-England in the 8th century; modern - Jarrow.
Yaroslavl is an old Russian city in Galicia. Yaroslavl is the regional center of Russia; founded in 1010.
Yathrib (Yatreb) - the former name of the city of Medina.

On May 19, 2016, it became known about the decision of the Verkhovna Rada of independent Ukraine to rename the city of Dnipropetrovsk to Dnipro. The renaming was initiated by the city council at the end of 2015 as part of the decommunization of the names of Ukrainian cities. The fact is that the city was renamed in honor of the Soviet party and statesman Grigory Petrovsky (1878 - 1958), and not in honor of the Apostle Peter, as one might assume. And now the capital of the Dnipropetrovsk region of Ukraine is the city of Dnipro.

A similar situation in Russia is associated with Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg, which, having returned their former names, remained the centers of the Sverdlovsk and Leningrad regions, respectively. But the conversation is not even about that. Just today I wanted to remember and find out the former names of Russian cities. Because many former names are not only not well known, but may even seem paradoxical. For example, what is the name of Stavropol-on-Volga today? Don't remember? Because how else can you find out the old name of Tolyatti, if you are either not born and live there, or have relatives there, or be Wasserman from Russian geography. For everyone else - the current article.

Cities with a population of more than 500 thousand people

To determine the order in which cities are indicated, the names of which have changed over the course of Russian history, the principle of decreasing population was chosen - from the largest to the smallest. To do this, it turned out to be sufficient to use the list of Russian cities with the corresponding rank, for example, in the Wikipedia table. It seems that it is enough to confine ourselves to cities with a population of more than 500 thousand people, and say a few words about the rest separately. So.

City	Former names	Notes
St. Petersburg	Petrograd (1914 - 1924) Leningrad (1924 - 1991)	Yes, the child of Peter was imprinted in the history of the Great Patriotic War with the sad phrase "blockade of Leningrad." The former capital of the Russian Empire, Petrograd was renamed in honor of the pseudonym of the leader of the world revolution.
Yekaterinburg	Sverdlovsk (1924 - 1991)	Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, together with Lenin, authorized the execution of the royal family just in Yekaterinburg ...
Nizhny Novgorod	Gorky (1932 - 1990)	Yes, if it were not for another pseudonym, this time the writer Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov, the cars of the local plant would be called not GAZ, but NNAZ ...
Samara	Kuibyshev (1935 - 1991)	Valerian Vladimirovich Kuibyshev is another associate of Lenin in the cause of the revolution. Born in Omsk, died in Moscow, but in 1917 he established Soviet power in Samara.
Permian	Molotov (1940 - 1957)	Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov is an ardent revolutionary and Soviet politician. The city of Perm was renamed Molotov in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR at that time. Interestingly, until 1957, two more cities, Severodvinsk and Nolinsk, bore his name in the variant "Molotovsk".
Volgograd	Tsaritsyn (1589 - 1925) Stalingrad (1925 - 1961)	The title of Hero City was awarded to Stalingrad in 1965, when the city lost the name of Stalin after the leader's personality cult was debunked. But the Battle of Stalingrad played a decisive role in the Great Victory.
Krasnodar	Ekaterinodar (1793 - 1920)	Catherine's gift to the Black Sea Cossack army.
Tolyatti	Stavropol / Stavropol-on-Volga (1737 - 1964)	It's simple: on the Volga - so as not to be confused with the Azov Stavropol, and Togliatti - in honor of the leader of the Italian Communist Party Palmiro Togliatti, who died just in 1964.
Ulyanovsk	Sinbirsk (1648 - 1780) Simbirsk (1780 - 1924)	Named after the real name of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who was born here and died in 1924.
Makhachkala	Petrovskoe (1844 - 1857) Petrovsk (1857 - 1921)	During the Persian campaign of 1722, the camp of the troops of Peter I was located here. It was renamed in honor of the Avar revolutionary, Bolshevik and Dagestan politician Makhach Dakhadaev. Makhach, by the way, is his pseudonym.
Ryazan	Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (1095 - 1778)	Yes, Ryazan is called Ryazan three times less in time compared to its former name.
Naberezhnye Chelny	Brezhnev (1982 - 1988)	Yes, the Brezhnev era was short and stagnant.

Cities with a population of less than 500 thousand people

Yes, it would be fundamentally wrong to focus only on large cities. After all, the population is one thing, and the proud names are another. It is difficult to imagine the current article without recalling Grebenshchikov's line "This train flies like an apostolic rank on the way from Kalinin to Tver" and without indicating that from 1931 to 1990 Tver bore the name of the "all-Russian headman" Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin.

However, one can confine oneself to simple mentions of how certain Russian cities used to be called. So:

Kirov - Vyatka - Khlynov

Kaliningrad - Twangste - Koenigsberg

Stavropol - Stavropol-Kavkazsky - Voroshilovsk

Sevastopol - Akhtiar

Ivanovo – Ivanovo-Voznesensk

Kurgan - Tsarevo Settlement - Kurgan Sloboda

Vladikavkaz - Ordonikidze (yes, if the city had been left named after Grigory Nikolaevich Ordzhonikidze, it would have been not Vlakikavkaz, Ordzhonikidze "Alania" that was the Russian football champion in 1995)

Murmansk – Romanov-on-Murman

Yoshkar-Ola - Tsarevokokshaysk - Krasnokokshaysk

Syktyvkar – Ust-Sysolsk

Dzerzhinsk – Rastyapino

Veliky Novgorod – Novgorod

Engels - Pokrovskaya Sloboda - Pokrovsk

Yes, not only cities, but also entire countries and empires are insured against large-scale renaming. It is only important that new names are chosen according to taste. Here is Tula, for example. As it was founded in 1146, it remains Tula today. Maybe they say the truth, that whatever you call a ship, that's how it will sail. This is especially true for such huge ships as cities.

"Russia" is a relatively new name. Prior to this, our territory was recorded in the annals of history and marked on geographical maps under completely different names.

hyperborea

The legendary country of ancient Greek mythology. Many scientists claim that the Hyperboreans lived in the territory of the Russian North many thousands of years ago. It is interesting that even on many medieval maps these lands were designated as Hyperborea. The ancient Greek historian Diodorus Siculus described the Hyperboreans as a minion of fate, more precisely, the god Apollo, who often visited these lands and frankly patronized Hyperborea. Diodorus, not without envy, wrote: “Even death comes to the Hyperboreans as deliverance from satiety with life, and they, having experienced all the pleasures, throw themselves into the sea.”

Sarmatia

The borders of this country stretched from the Black Sea to the Urals. Some historians say that Sarmatia was settled by people from the mythological Hyperborea, who ousted the Scythians and began to rule their population. Interestingly, many clans (coats of arms) of the Polish gentry believe that they originated precisely from the Sarmatians (the so-called Sarmatism). By the way, Mikhailo Lomonosov, in contrast to the defenders of the Norman theory, believed that the origins of Russian statehood should be sought precisely in the Sarmatian tradition.

Tartaria

European cartographers designated the territory of our country with this not harmless name right up to the 19th century. Many domestic historians optimistically associated the name "Tartaria" with the Tatar people. But it is unlikely that Western European geographers of the Middle Ages would have shared such a positive attitude with them, since they associated the name "Tartaria" with Tartarus, the hell of ancient Greek mythology, where the god Kronos (aka Saturn) and other titans were cast down. We owe the localization of this dead place on the Russian Earth to astrologers, according to whose calculations, it is this territory that is controlled by the planet of Saturn with all the ensuing consequences. It is curious that Nostradamus in his "Centuries" promised a happy ending to Tartarus, arguing that almost the Golden Age would await the land of Saturn at the end of time.

Gardariki

This is how the Normans and other Vikings called the current territory of Russia. From Icelandic, the word "gardariki" can be translated as "country of cities." Considering the fact that the Normans, who have seen many countries and regions in their lifetime, called only Russia by the “urban” name, we can judge the high level of civilization of our ancestors.

Greater Sweden

The famous Icelandic skald and politician Snorri Sturlusson, who lived at the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century, called the European territory of the current Russian Federation Great Sweden (in Icelandic - Svitjod). That is, to some extent, we, the citizens of Russia, are Swedes. Only big ones, or great ones. This is how the skald describes mother Russia in the collection of sagas “Circle One”: “To the north of the Black Sea, Svitiod Bolshaya or Kholodnaya stretches. Some believe that the Great Svitiod is no less than the Great Serkland (Country of the Saracens), some compare it with the Great Bloland (Africa). The northern part of Svitiod is not inhabited due to frost and cold weather. There are many big kheradivs (cities) in Svityod. There are also many different peoples and many languages. There are giants and dwarfs, there are blue people and many different amazing peoples ... ". Actually, little has changed since the days of Snorri Sturlusson. Unless you rarely see blue people.

As-Slavia

This name was given to Russia by Arab geographers El-Farsi and Ibn-Khaukal in the 10th century. The capital of As-Slavia was the city of Salau. Many historians identify As-Slavia with the land of Novgorod, and Salau with the legendary city of Slovensk, which was located not far from present-day Veliky Novgorod. Interestingly, Arab historians still gave several names to Russian territories: Artania and Kuyava. There are still disputes about the localization of Artania: some historians place it in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Ryazan. Kuyava is clearly associated with the Kyiv land.

Muscovy

Everything seems to be clear here: Russia was called Muscovy due to its capital. True, a number of sources claim that the name Muscovy comes from Mosokh (or Meshech), the grandson of Noah. Say, he was the founder of the people "Muscovites". Interestingly, this version was spelled out in the Synopsis, or Brief Description of the Beginning of the Russian People, which was published in 1674 within the walls of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Many historians went even further, stating that the words "Muscovy" and "Moscow" have nothing to do with each other. If the name of the state came from a descendant of the Old Testament prophet, then the capital of this state came from a certain local god of the Merya tribe, which, as you know, was the natives of the land of the present Moscow region. Alas, we can no longer verify these versions in the 21st century ...

Often in the history of the state united with other states, divided into several other states, or simply changed their name. Therefore, there were many countries and states that do not exist now or exist under other names. The list below does not include all such states, but lists the most prominent of them.

old state	Modern State(s)	The year the old state ceased to exist	Note
Abyssinia, or Ethiopian Empire	Ethiopia	1974	An African state that existed for almost a millennium (980 - 1974).
Austria-Hungary, or Austro-Hungarian Empire	Austria, Hungary, parts of the Czech Republic, Poland, Italy, Romania, and some Balkan countries	1918	A monarchical state founded in 1867, which ceased to exist at the end of the First World War.
Basutoland	Lesotho	1966	Former British colony.
Bengal	Part of India and Pakistan	1539	An independent kingdom that existed from 1338 to 1539
Burma	Myanmar	1989	The Burmese government officially changed the name back in 1989, but many countries still do not recognize the new name.
Great Columbia	Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador	1830	A short-lived (1819-1830) state in South America that ceased to exist when Venezuela and Ecuador separated from it.
Vermont	US state	1791	In 1777, Vermont declared independence from Great Britain, and existed as an independent state until 1791, when it became the first state to join the thirteen existing American colonies.
Upper Volta	Burkina Faso	1984	Name change.
East Pakistan	Bangladesh	1971	Province of Pakistan in 1947-1971
German East Africa	See note	1919	Former German colony. After independence, several states were formed: Tanzania (Tanganyika), Burundi, and Rwanda
German Democratic Republic (GDR; also called East Germany) and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; also called West Germany)	Germany	1989	Merger of the two Germanys.
Western Samoa	Samoa	1998	Name change.
Mesopotamia	Iraq	1932	For a long time (1534-1914) the state was under the control of the Ottoman Empire, then (1914-1932) - under the control of Great Britain, until independence in 1932.
New Granada	Colombia	1886	South American state that was part of Gran Colombia (see above) in 1819-1830, then independent in 1830-1858. In 1858, the state became known as the Confederation of Granada, then, in 1861, the United States of New Granada, in 1863, the United States of Colombia, and finally the Republic of Colombia in 1886.
Newfoundland	Part of Canada	1949	From 1907 to 1949 Newfoundland was a British dominion with great autonomy. In 1949 joined Canada as a province.
United Arab Republic	Syria, Egypt	1961, 1971	In 1958-1961. Syria and Egypt (having no common borders) united into a single state. Syria withdrew from the union in 1961, but Egypt retained the name of the United Arab Republic for another decade.
Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Empire)	See note	1923	The founding date of the empire, around 1300, included parts of present-day Russia, Turkey, Hungary, the Balkan countries, North Africa, and the Middle East.
Persia	Iran	1935	Name change.
Prussia	Germany	1918	A state founded in 1660 as a duchy, which became a kingdom in the following century. At the time of its highest prosperity, it included two-thirds of the territory of modern Germany and western Poland.
Republic of Zaire	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1997	Name change.
Northern Rhodesia	Zambia	1964	Former British colony that existed from 1924 to 1953. From 1953 to 1964 - as part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
North Yemen and South Yemen	Yemen	1990	In 1967, Yemen split into two states, North Yemen (officially the Yemeni Arab Republic) and South Yemen (officially the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen). In 1990, both states united again and formed a single Yemen.
Siam	Thailand	1939	Name change.
Sikkim	State in northern India	1975	A monarchical state that was independent from the 17th century until 1861, from 1861 to 1975. - British protectorate.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)	See note	1991	After the state ceased to exist, fifteen new countries appeared: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, and Estonia.
Tanganyika and Zanzibar	Tanzania	1964	Merger of the former British and German colonies.
Texas	US state	1845	The Republic of Texas gained independence from Mexico in 1836, and existed as an independent state until 1845, when it was annexed by the United States.
Tibet	Part of China	1950	Kingdom founded in the 7th century. In 1950, there was an invasion by China, and since then Tibet has been called the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Transjordan	Jordan	1946	Former British protectorate (1921-1946).
Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, Fezzan	Libya	1951	Former colonies, first Italian, then British and French.
Champa (Champa)	South and central Vietnam	1832	Kingdom that existed from the 7th century to 1832
French Equatorial Africa	See note	1958	Former French colonial possession. After independence, several states were formed: Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, and Chad.
Ceylon	Sri Lanka	1972	Former British dominion.
Czechoslovakia	Czech Republic, Slovakia	1993	Peaceful division into several states.
South West Africa	Namibia	1994	Former German colony.
Yugoslavia	See note	See note	Yugoslavia split into several countries in the 1990s: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Slovenia. Yugoslavia officially ceased to exist in 2006.
Southern Rhodesia	Zimbabwe	1980	Former British colony that existed from 1924 to 1953. From 1953 to 1964 - as part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, from 1965 to 1979. was called Rhodesia.
South Vietnam	Vietnam	1976	Several different ones that existed in 1954 - 1976. on the territory of modern southern Vietnam states.