Nevelskoy Gennady Ivanovich 1813 1976. Nevelskoy Gennady Ivanovich - biography

Gennady Nevelskoy was born on December 5, 1813 in the estate of Drakino, Kostroma province. Father, Ivan Alekseevich Nevelskoy was a hereditary naval officer from an old Kostroma noble family. Mother, Feodosya Timofeevna, belonged to the old noble family of the Polozovs.

In 1829, Gennady Ivanovich entered the Naval Cadet Corps. At that time, the famous navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, whose name is associated with the first Russian circumnavigation around the world, was listed as the head of the Naval Corps at that time. Among the cadets of those times, not so much the military as the research, geographical direction of study was especially popular.

Cadets and midshipmen were inspired by the famous sea voyages of Russian sailors. Everyone was talking about the discovery of Antarctica by Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, the campaigns of Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, Mikhail Nieolaevich Stanyukovich, Fyodor Petrovich Litke.

Even in the Naval Corps, Nevelskoy became interested in the geography of the Far East. Not quite unambiguous information given in books and maps, Gennady Ivanovich questioned. He was seized by a thirst for his own geographical research.

In 1832, Nevelskoy graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps among the best and, among the elect, became a student of the newly created Officers' class, the prototype of the future Naval Academy. In the rank of midshipman on March 28, 1836, he successfully passed the exams for the course of the officer class and was awarded the rank of lieutenant of the fleet.

At the end of the officer class, Lieutenant Nevelskoy was appointed to the squadron of Admiral Fyodor Petrovich Litke as an officer on the Bellona ship under the command of an experienced naval officer Samuil Ivanovich Mofet. Then he served on the ships "Prince Varshavsky", "Aurora" and "Ingermanland". During these years, as a well-trained naval officer, he was a watch officer under His Highness Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich.

During the years of Nevelskoy's service, this squadron did not take part in long-distance voyages, mainly sailing within Europe. In 1846, Gennady Ivanovich received the rank of lieutenant commander. A year later, he asked for the position of commander of the Baikal transport ship, which was to go to Kamchatka with cargo. The assignment to Baikal and the direction to the Far East was considered by Nevelskoy as an opportunity to fulfill his plan: to prove that it is possible to enter the mouth of the Amur River from the ocean and that Sakhalin is an island.

Enlisting the support of the governor of Eastern Siberia, Nikolai Muravyov, and the chief of the main naval headquarters, Prince Menshikov, Nevelskoy, without the Highest permission, reached the mouth of the Amur in the summer of 1849 and discovered the strait between the mainland and Sakhalin Island.

In 1850, Nevelskoy, already in the rank of captain of the 1st rank, was again sent to the Far East, but with the order "not to touch the mouth of the Amur." But, caring not so much about geographical discoveries, but about the interests of the Russian state, Nevelskoy, contrary to the prescription, founded the Nikolaevsky post at the mouth of the Amur, now the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, raising the Russian flag there and declaring Russia's sovereignty over these lands.

Nevelskoy's self-governing actions caused discontent and irritation in Russian government circles. The so-called Special Committee considered his act an audacity worthy of demotion to the sailors, which was reported to Emperor Nicholas I. However, after listening to Muravyov’s report, Nicholas I called Nevelsky’s act “valiant, noble and patriotic”, and even awarded him the Order of St. Vladimir IV degree , and imposed a resolution on the report of the Special Committee: "Where the Russian flag is once raised, it should not be lowered there."

In 1851, Nevelskoy was again sent to the Far East. In subsequent years, he carried out a detailed study of the shores of the mouth of the Amur, the Amur Estuary and the Tatar Strait, as well as the continental parts of the Amur and Ussuri Territories and Sakhalin Island. At the same time, the captain of the 1st rank, and since August 1854 Rear Admiral Nevelskoy, on behalf of the emperor, established the power of Russia in the Far Eastern territories.

In the mid-1850s, a large-scale development of the Amur Territory by Russia began under the leadership of Governor Muravyov. Nevelsky's mission was exhausted and the navigator returned to St. Petersburg.

Returning, Gennady Nevelskoy no longer participated in sea voyages. He devoted a significant part of his life to systematizing the materials he collected during the Amur expedition: he participated in updating maps, advised politicians and entrepreneurs. He was a full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

In 1857, he became a member of the directors of the newly created Amur Company and dealt with its affairs a lot. At the same time he was appointed a member of the Marine Scientific Council.

In 1864, Nevelsky was promoted to the rank of vice admiral, and in 1874 to full admiral.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy died on April 29, 1876 in St. Petersburg, and was buried with military honors at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Awards for Gennady Nevelsky

St. Stanislaus IV (III) degree (12/5/1838),
St. Anna III degree (12/5/1841),
St. Vladimir IV degree (12/17/1850),
St. Anna II degree with the Imperial crown (1853),
St. Vladimir III degree (12.1853),
St. Stanislaus I degree (1855),
St. Anna of the 1st degree and a life pension of 2 thousand rubles in silver per year (1858),
St. Anne of the 1st degree with the Imperial crown (12/6/1866),
St. Vladimir II degree (04/17/1870).
Also marked with the insignia of impeccable service for XX years (1855).

Memory of Gennady Nevelsky

In November 1923, the Soligalichsky Museum of Local Lore was opened. G.I. Nevelskoy.

In 1997, the yacht "Admiral Nevelskoy", 13.6 meters long, was found on the island of Rodrigues two years after the crash. Formally, the yacht belongs to the Maritime University in Vladivostok. In 2010, the Russian government officially transferred the yacht into the possession of Honorary Ambassador Bernard Eric Tifis Degtyarenko.
The Admiral Nevelskoy University has registered the yacht at the Mauritius Maritime Museum. It is important to emphasize that this is one of the most expensive yachts in the world in its category, including its historical importance, its cost reaches more than several million dollars.

In September 2013, the Russian State Military Historical and Cultural Center under the Government of the Russian Federation (Rosvoencenter) established a commemorative medal “Admiral G.I.
A bay and a strait in the Far East, the city of Nevelsk in the Sakhalin Region, a street in the city of Vladivostok, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Kholmsk (and in other cities of the Sakha Region), Novosibirsk, the village of Wrangel in the city of Nakhodka and a number of other places are named after Nevelsky.
In Vladivostok, in 1897, a monument was erected to him (sculptor R. R. Bakh, architect - naval engineer A. N. Antipov).
In 1952, the project 10A pusher tug of the Soviet Danube Shipping Company was named Admiral Nevelskoy.
A bust of G. I. Nevelsky is installed in the Museum of Geography of Moscow State University (on the 24th floor of the Main Building).
Monuments in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur as the founder of the city.
Until the mid-1990s, there was a monument to G.I. Nevelsky in Khabarovsk.
The name of G. I. Nevelskoy was borne by a passenger ship (project 860) of the Amur River Shipping Company.
The Maritime State University of Vladivostok bears the name of Nevelskoy.
The Naval School of Kholmsk bears the name of Nevelsky.
The name of Nevelskoy is carried by the Aeroflot VQ-BAX board of the Airbus A320-214 model.
On July 16, 2008, in the city of Irkutsk, on the wall of the Exaltation of the Cross Church (the place of the wedding of Gennady Nevelsky and Ekaterina Elchaninova), a memorial plaque was installed. The idea of the installation belongs to the Irkutsk poet and member of the Council of Navy Veterans of Irkutsk Gennady Gaide
Since 2007, the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Naval Cadet Corps named after Admiral G.I. Nevelsky has been operating in Ivanovo.
Since July 25, 2011, the BDK-98 project 775 of the Russian Pacific Fleet has been named Admiral Nevelskoy.
Monument in the city of Korsakov, Sakhalin region. Opened in July 2013.
The monument in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk was opened on October 25, 2013 (corner of Prospects Mira and Kommunisticheskiy).
A monument in the Zavolzhsky district (Ivanovo region) near the former Rogozinikh estate of the Nevelsky family 57°29′40″ s. sh. 42°16′31″ E d.HGЯO. Opened June 29, 2013.
In 2015-2017, an ice-class supply vessel Gennady Nevelskoy (project R-71014) was built for Sovcomflot at the shipyard in Helsinki.
Hall named after G. I. Nevelskoy in the Sakhalin Regional Universal Scientific Library.

Family of Gennady Nevelsky

Wife - Ekaterina Ivanovna Nevelskaya, nee Elchaninova (October 15, 1831 - March 8, 1879), niece of V.N. Zarina.

Daughter - Ekaterina Nevelskaya (June 1, 1853 - May 12, 1854)
Daughter - Olga Gennadievna Sorokhtina (April 2, 1854 - October 13, 1933, Nice, France) (husband - officer L. V. Sorokhtin) - the author of the first biography of G. I. Nevelsky (1894). She had no children.
Daughter - Maria Gennadievna Kukel (August 8, 1855 - approximately 1919-1920) (husband - Andrei Boleslavovich Kukel)
Daughter - Alexandra Gennadievna Okhotnikova (April 8, 1858 - 1929, Paris) (husband Platon Mikhailovich Okhotnikov, officer, later landowner)
Son - Nikolai Gennadievich Nevelskoy (September 14, 1861 - approximately 1919). Was not married.

Sergey Andreevich Kukel (Kukel-Kraevsky) - naval officer
Vladimir Andreevich Kukel (Kukel-Kraevsky) - naval officer
A. G. Okhotnikova had three daughters and two sons. Their descendants live in France, Brazil, the USA and Russia.

Father: Ivan Alekseevich Nevelskoy (1774-1823) - a hereditary naval officer, from an old Kostroma noble family. Mother: Feodosya Timofeevna (1787-1854) - belonged to the old noble family of the Polozovs; known for being prosecuted for inhumane treatment of serfs.

in the Marine Corps

On April 8, 1829, Gennady Nevelskoy entered the Naval Cadet Corps. The head of the Naval Corps at that time was the famous navigator Admiral I. F. Kruzenshtern, whose name is associated with the first Russian circumnavigation. Among the cadets of those times, not so much the military as the research, geographical direction of study was especially popular. Cadets and midshipmen were inspired by the famous sea voyages of Russian sailors. Everyone was talking about the discovery of Antarctica by F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev, the campaigns of F. P. Wrangel, M. N. Stanyukovich, F. P. Litke and others. It is no coincidence that many of Nevelsky's classmates subsequently became famous navigators, explorers, and geographers.

Even in the Naval Corps, Nevelskoy became interested in the geography of the Far East. Not quite unambiguous information given in books and on maps, Gennady Nevelskoy questioned. He was seized by a thirst for his own geographical research. January 7, 1831 promoted to midshipmen.

In 1832, Nevelskoy graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps among the best. On December 21, 1832, he received the rank of midshipman and, among the elect, became a student of the newly created Officer class (the prototype of the future Naval Academy). In 1836, midshipman Nevelskoy successfully passed the exams for the course of the officer class and on March 28 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant of the fleet.

The first years of service in the Navy

At the end of the officer class, Lieutenant Nevelskoy was appointed to the squadron of Admiral Fedor Petrovich Litke as an officer on the Bellona ship under the command of an experienced naval officer Samuil Ivanovich Mofet. Then he served on the ships "Prince Varshavsky" ("Konstantin"), "Aurora" and "Ingermanland". During these years, he, as an excellently trained naval officer, was a watch officer under His Highness Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. Tsesarevich Konstantin, the son of Emperor Nicholas I, at the age of 9 was appointed Admiral General and placed under the guardianship of Admiral Litke. Gennady Nevelskoy became the actual trustee of the young Grand Duke for many years. Subsequently, this circumstance may have served to ensure that Nevelskoy's arbitrariness during the development of the Amur was not only forgiven, but approved by Emperor Nicholas I. The historian A.I. Alekseev suggests that Nevelskoy at some point saved the life of the Tsarevich.

During the years of Nevelsky's service in the Litke squadron, this squadron did not take part in long-distance voyages, it mainly sailed within Europe. July 15, 1846 Nevelskoy received the rank of lieutenant commander. A year later, he asked for the position of commander of the Baikal transport ship under construction, which was supposed to go to Kamchatka with cargo.

Amur expedition (1849-1855)

The assignment to Baikal and the direction to the Far East was considered by Nevelskoy as an opportunity to fulfill his plan: to prove that it is possible to enter the mouth of the Amur River from the ocean and that Sakhalin is an island.

In 1857, he became a member of the directors of the newly created Amur Company (commercial enterprise) and dealt with its affairs a lot. On September 19, 1857, he was appointed a member of the Naval Scientific Council.

On January 1, 1864, Nevelsky was promoted to the rank of vice admiral, and on January 1, 1874, to full admiral. From December 6, 1866, he was a member of the scientific department of the Marine Technical Committee.

Nevelskoy's health, undermined as a result of participation in the Amur expedition, periodically deteriorated. At times, he was forced to travel abroad for medical treatment.

The main goal of the last years of the life of G. I. Nevelsky was to write a book about the Amur expedition. In this he was actively helped by his wife, Ekaterina Ivanovna Nevelskaya, who was an eyewitness and participant in the events described. In 1875 the book was basically finished. Initially, it was called "The actions of our naval officers in 1849 through the end of 1855 in the far East of our Fatherland and their consequences." However, it took a few more years before she saw the light. This happened after the death of Nevelsky. The final version of the book by G. I. Nevelsky entitled “The Feats of Russian Naval Officers in the Far East of Russia 1849-1855” was prepared by his widow and was published in 1877. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich took part in the name change.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy died on April 17 (29) in St. Petersburg, was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Family

Wife: Ekaterina Ivanovna Nevelskaya, nee Elchaninova (October 15, 1831 - March 8, 1879), niece of V. N. Zarin.

Daughters:

eldest daughter Ekaterina Nevelskaya (June 1, 1853 - May 12, 1854)
Olga Gennadievna Sorokhtina (April 2, 1854 - October 13, 1933, Nice, France) (husband - officer L. V. Sorokhtin) - author of the first biography of G. I. Nevelsky (). She had no children.
Maria Gennadievna Kukel (August 8, 1855 - approximately 1919-1920) (husband - Andrey Boleslavovich Kukel)
Alexandra Gennadievna Okhotnikova (April 8, 1858 - 1929, Paris) (husband Platon Mikhailovich Okhotnikov, officer, later landowner)

Son: Nikolai Gennadievich Nevelskoy (September 14, 1861 - approximately 1919). Was not married.

On September 19, 2013, the Russian State Military Historical and Cultural Center under the Government of the Russian Federation (Rosvoencenter) established a commemorative medal “Admiral G.I.
A bay and a strait in the Far East, the city of Nevelsk in the Sakhalin Region, a street in the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Kholmsk (and in other cities of the Sakha Region), Novosibirsk, the village of Wrangel in the city of Nakhodka and a number of other places are named after Nevelsky.
In Vladivostok, in 1897, a monument was erected to him (sculptor R. R. Bakh, architect - naval engineer A. N. Antipov).
In 1952, the project 10A pusher tug of the Soviet Danube Shipping Company was named Admiral Nevelskoy.
Monuments in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur as the founder of the city.
Until the mid-1990s, there was a monument to G.I. Nevelsky in Khabarovsk. On the night of May 17-18, 1996, a monument in the Central Park of Culture and Recreation of Khabarovsk was destroyed by minors. The sculpture was dismantled for reconstruction and not restored.
The name of G. I. Nevelskoy was carried by a passenger ship (project 860) Amur River Shipping Company.
The Maritime State University of Vladivostok bears the name of Nevelskoy.
The Nautical School of Kholmsk bears the name of Nevelsky.
The name of Nevelskoy was assigned to one of the aircraft of the Russian airline Aeroflot
On July 16, 2008, in the city of Irkutsk, a memorial plaque was installed on the wall of the Exaltation of the Cross Church (the place of the wedding of Gennady Nevelsky and Ekaterina Elchaninova). The idea of the installation belongs to the Irkutsk poet and member of the Council of Navy Veterans of Irkutsk Gennady Gaide
Since 2007, the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Naval Cadet Corps named after Admiral G.I. Nevelsky has been operating in Ivanovo.
Since July 25, 2011, the BDK-98 project of the Pacific Fleet of Russia has been named "Admiral Nevelskoy".
Monument in the city of Korsakov, Sakhalin region. Opened in July 2013.
The monument in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk was opened on October 25, 2013 (corner of Prospects Mira and Kommunisticheskiy).
In 2015-2017, an ice-class supply vessel Gennady Nevelskoy (project R-71014) was built for Sovcomflot at the shipyard in Helsinki.

On the tombstone of the grave of G. I. Nevelsky at the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg, the wrong year of birth is carved: 1814, instead of 1813. The historian A. Alekseev explained this by the fact that when he entered the Naval Corps in 1829, a fake birth certificate was presented, where Nevelsky's age was reduced by exactly one year. The year of birth 1814 subsequently passed into all official documents of G. I. Nevelsky. This was reflected in the inscription on the tombstone.

Notes

A. I. Alekseev. Love, Cupid, Happiness. Chapter 4
Nevelskoy - not discoverer of the Tatar strait<< Наука, История, Образование, СМИ | Дебри-ДВ (indefinite) . debri-dv.com. Retrieved 24 January 2016.

(1814-1876)

The name of the navigator Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky is inextricably linked with the development of the Amur River and with the accession to Russia of the vast expanses of the Amur and Primorye.

Before the studies of G. I. Nevelskoy, many mistakenly imagined that the full-flowing Amur at its mouth becomes unnavigable and is lost in the sands at the very exit to the ocean. The well-known navigators Laperouse and Brauton, who sailed in the Tatar Strait, consolidated this misconception with their authority, and also reported that Sakhalin was supposedly connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. Based on this information, the maps compiled by the first Russian travelers and discoverers of lands in the Far East were changed. The authority of La Perouse and Broughton undoubtedly influenced the remarkable Russian traveler, who, while sailing in the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk in 1805, also came to the conclusion that Sakhalin was not an island.

G. I. Nevelskoy, one of the most educated Russian sailors of his time, as a result of painstaking research, came to the conclusion that Sakhalin is an island and that the mouth of the Amur is accessible to ships. To prove this, he performed a real feat at his own peril and risk: he entered the mouth of the Amur, explored it, descended to the south and reached a latitude to which La Perouse and Brauton reached from the south, thereby proving that Sakhalin is an island and that the mouth of the Amur is accessible for sea vessels, and at the same time annexed the vast Amur Territory to Russia.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy was born on December 6, 1814 in the family of a retired sailor. G. I. Nevelskoy spent his childhood in the ancient estate of Drakino, Soligalichsky district, Kostroma province. Early orphaned and left to himself, the boy read a lot, using not only the books available in the parental home, but also the library of the neighboring landowner Polozov, an educated person at that time. Polozov fell in love with the inquisitive boy and took care of his education; the boy got acquainted with the glorious past of his homeland, read descriptions of the first Russian travels made by brave explorers and navigators. From early childhood, in the wilderness of the Kostroma forests, the future navigator has already dreamed of discovering new lands.

When the boy was 15 years old, he, according to family tradition, was sent to the Naval Corps, which fully corresponded to his most ardent desires. I. F. Kruzenshtern was the director of the Naval Corps at that time.

The teaching of the humanities in the corps, introduced under I.F. Kruzenshtern, greatly expanded the horizons of the pupils. During the years of G. I. Nevelsky’s stay in the corps, the traditions of Decembrist sailors were still alive there, and young men secretly read forbidden literature.

The classes of G. I. Nevelsky in the corps were very successful, and after graduation he was left among the best students in the officer classes. These classes were created by I.F. Kruzenshtern and subsequently transformed into the Naval Academy. Teaching in the new educational institution was exemplary. The lectures were given by the best Russian scientists; for example, mechanics was read by M. V. Ostrogradsky, physics by E. X. Lents and others.

During the summer months, young officers were usually at sea, acquiring the necessary navigation skills on battleships, frigates and commanding light rowing vessels. Already in those years, the life path of the future explorer and discoverer of new lands was outlined. In the extensive library and maritime archives, G. I. Nevelskoy had the opportunity to get acquainted with the most interesting travel materials, from the first "tales" of brave Russian explorers to the reports of contemporary travelers. Most of all, the young sailor was interested in the discoveries of Russians in Siberia and the Far East.

As in the corps, G. I. Nevelskoy invariably deserved the highest praise from his teachers, and his remarkable abilities in navigation drew the attention of such navigators as F. P. Litke and F. F. Bellingshausen to him. When in 1836 he graduated with honors from the officer classes, F.P. Litke took him on his ship, which sailed under the flag of the ten-year-old Grand Duke Konstantin. At this time, the famous Russian navigator F.P. Litke, by royal order, leaving his wonderful research, was supposed to teach this ten-year-old "Admiral General" the art of managing the Russian fleet. For ten years (1836-1846) G. I. Nevelskoy sailed in the Baltic, North and Mediterranean seas and comprehended marine science in all its subtleties. He devoted the rare months of his stay on land and all his free time on the ship to painstaking pursuits: he compared old nautical charts, studied the plump folders of countless projects relating to the Amur, and also studied the problems of the Far Eastern borders of Russia, which had disturbed many Russian minds for centuries.

After a detailed study of the Amur issue, G. I. Nevelskoy came to the firm conviction that none of the researchers had been at the mouth of the Amur and in its estuary and that assumptions were passed off as facts. G. I. Nevelskoy based his statements mainly on the information he gleaned from the travel records of Vasily Poyarkov and Khabarov, who back in 1644 reported on the navigability of the lower reaches of the Amur and its estuary, and also on the fact that the Sakhalin lands were from the mainland separates the strait.

In 1846, returning from a voyage, G. I. Nevelskoy became a member of the Russian Geographical Society, which had just been created on the initiative of F. P. Litke. At one of the meetings of the society, G.I. Nevelskoy met with a former teacher, naval officer A.P. Balasoglo, whose freedom-loving disposition was already evident in the corps. Balasoglo, for several years developed a project for a Pacific expedition. In his opinion, the defense of the Pacific borders of Russia and the supply of goods to the whole vast region depended on the correct resolution of the Amur-Sakhalin issue. G. I. Nevelskoy was happy to find a like-minded person, and gladly agreed to help him develop the project, and then participate in the expedition. However, the Balasoglo project did not meet with sympathy in the higher spheres - a favorable resolution of the troublesome Amur issue infringed on the overland Kyakhta trade, in which many dignitaries participated. In addition, the tsarist ministers, especially Foreign Minister Count Nesselrode, were frightened by the diplomatic complications that, in their opinion, could arise as soon as Russia showed interest in its Far East.

Enthusiasts did not lose heart from this failure and began to look for ways to serve their homeland in spite of the tsarist authorities. In 1848, G. I. Nevelskoy finally received the rank of lieutenant commander, which gave him the right to become a ship commander. In maritime circles, no one doubted that such an expert in naval affairs as G. I. Nevelskoy would be appointed to one of the best ships in the fleet. But, to the surprise of both friends and foes, and the general-admiral himself, G. I. Nevelskoy, for the first time in all the joint voyages with the Grand Duke, turned to him with an unexpected request for an assignment to the small transport ship Baikal.

Transport "Baikal" was supposed to follow with cargo to the distant Kamchatka shores. The plan of G. I. Nevelsky was ingenious and simple: to take cargo to Kamchatka as quickly as possible, and use the remaining navigation time for sailing to the Amur coast. According to his calculations, having handed over the goods, he could have time to conduct research on the mouth and estuary of the Amur.

The sailing ship "Baikal" was still being built when G. I. Nevelskoy was appointed its commander. Observing the construction of the ship, he achieved its launch in record time. Carefully observing the preparation of cargo for shipment, G. I. Nevelskoy immediately made enemies for himself, who forever harbored a grudge against a persistent and honest commander who loaded transport for distant colonies with first-class goods. But he did not pay attention to the fuss that ensued around him, being occupied with one thought: how to get permission for an additional voyage. His conversations with the chief of the naval headquarters, Prince A.S. Menshikov, led to the fact that, saying goodbye to the sailor, he left him a glimmer of hope for the “highest” permission. Before the departure of "Baikal" on a round-the-world trip, G. I. Nevelsky met with the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov, at whose disposal the commander of any transport carrying goods to Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka was placed. Clever and far-sighted Muraviev gave the researcher his full cooperation. Inspired by the attention and promised support of Muravyov, G. I. Nevelskoy set sail.

In an unprecedentedly short time - after 8 months and 23 days after leaving Kronstadt, "Baikal" entered the Avacha harbor and stood on the roads in Petropavlovsk. The head of Kamchatka, reporting to Menshikov, reported that the Baikal arrived 3 months earlier than ships usually arrived, and that the crew was completely healthy, a rare phenomenon at that time. The chief also pointed out that instead of the usual torn and rot, cargoes of the best quality arrived in Kamchatka.

Safely handing over all the goods brought in the Petropavlovsk port, G.I. Nevelskoy was looking forward to the promised instructions approved by the tsar. Time passed, it was no longer possible to linger, and he decided to start sailing at his own peril and risk.

Gathering his assistants and not hiding the possible consequences, he outlined his plan to them. All, as one man, wished to follow their commander. Thus began the glorious feat of Russian naval officers in the far east of Russia.

June 11, 1849 "Baikal" went to the ocean, and June 24 was already in the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and reached the eastern shores of Sakhalin. Having circled the island from the north, G. I. Nevelskoy began to descend south along the western coast of Sakhalin. The shores and the sea were unfamiliar, so they moved slowly, with great care. Entering the Amur Estuary. G. I. Nevelskoy started his inventory from the ship. Many shoals and contrary southerly winds, with which it was difficult for a small transport to fight, forced him to anchor and conduct further research from boats. Soundings at the mouth of the Amur, made from three boats, showed that along the right bank the depths are significant and that the mouth of the Amur is accessible to sea vessels from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk with a depth of 12 feet at the bar and from the Tatar Strait with a 15-foot bar. Then G. I. Nevelskoy headed south and proved that between the mainland and Sakhalin there is a narrow strait 7 kilometers wide with depths from 6 to 15 meters. Subsequently, this strait was named after him.

Thus the age-old delusion was dispelled.

On September 15, Baikal returned to Petropavlovsk, and the next day a special courier rushed to St. Petersburg with a report from Captain 2nd Rank G. I. Nevelsky on the results of the research.

The report produced in St. Petersburg the impression of a bolt from the blue. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nesselrode, the Minister of War, Count Chernyshev, and Admiral Wrangel did not believe what was stated in the report and, considering G. I. Nevelsky's "misconduct" primarily impudent, demanded his punishment.

Petersburg hostilely met the “unauthorized” discoverer (the instruction to Nevelsky, although signed by the tsar, was much later than Nevelsky sailed to the Amur). After endless and humiliating questions and checks for the navigator, they seemed to believe his discoveries, but they were not going to take any measures to develop the Amur region.

With great difficulty, G. I. Nevelsky managed to obtain permission to establish at least a winter hut in the Bay of Shchastya, discovered by him, on the Sea of Okhotsk. Before leaving, G. I. Nevelsky received an order, where it was said: “Under no pretext or pretext should you touch the estuary and the Amur River.” So from the first steps of his activity, G. I. Nevelskoy faced opposition from the same dignitary clique that failed the Balasoglo project.

In St. Petersburg, G. I. Nevelsky, in addition to unpleasant troubles with the ministers, was in for another blow: his friend and associate Balasoglo was arrested in the case of Petrashevsky.

He himself, undoubtedly, was in danger of the same fate if he had not been on a round-the-world voyage for so long and if Balasoglo had not been able to construct his testimony in such a way that the question of the unreliability of G. I. Nevelsky itself disappeared.

Again, with a small group of officers and a carefully selected team, G.I. Nevelskoy went to the Sea of Okhotsk. Having laid down the winter hut of Petrovskoye in the Bay of Happiness, he set off on two boats to the Amur, where, 100 kilometers from the mouth, he landed on Cape Kuyegda.

On August 13, 1850, the Russian flag was hoisted at Cape Kuyegda to the sound of drums and fireworks from two old falconets. At the flag, six people from the team were left, to whom G.I. Nevelskoy handed over a document in three languages. “On behalf of the Russian Government,” this document said, “this is to be announced to all foreign ships sailing in the Tatar Gulf that since the coast of this bay and the entire Amur Territory to the Korean border with Sakhalin Island constitute Russian possessions, then there are no unauthorized orders here, and equally, insults to the inhabiting peoples cannot be tolerated. To this end, Russian military posts have now been set up, In Iskay Bay and at the mouth of the Amur River. In case of any needs or clashes with the local population, the undersigned, sent from the government by authorized representatives, proposes to contact the heads of these posts.

The first Russian post at the mouth of the Amur was called Nikolaevsky (now the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur), G.I. Nevelskoy later wrote: “After two centuries, our shots began to be heard again on the banks of the Amur River, but these shots were not heard for shedding blood and not for the enslavement and robbery of the local population. No, the shots of 1850 were heard to salute the Russian banner. These shots hailed the victory over the age-old delusion!

A special article "Russians on the Amur" was devoted to the Amur issue by N. A. Dobrolyubov, who highly appreciated the activities of Nevelsky's Amur expedition. “Public attention not only in Russia,” wrote N. A. Dobrolyubov, “but also in the whole of Europe is now turned to the Amur Territory, whose natural importance is now even more increasing with the opening of China to European trade relations. Our readers, no doubt, already know from the newspapers all the details that explain our peaceful conquest of this rich region. The importance of this conquest, accomplished without bloodshed and without any participation of military force, by purely diplomatic means, is sufficiently appreciated by all of Europe.

When in the highest circles of St. Petersburg it became known about the new unauthorized actions of a daring sailor, the government was seriously alarmed. And again, for "unauthorized" actions, he was summoned to St. Petersburg. A special committee chaired by Nesselrode decided to demote G. I. Nevelsky to sailors, and abolish the Nikolaevsky post. But the deed was done. The actions of G. I. Nevelsky were followed by both friends and enemies of Russia. Sound-minded people tried to convince the tsar that the withdrawal of the Russians from the Amur by the Western powers would now be regarded as proof of Russia's weakness. And the tsar, instead of signing the order to remove the Nikolaevsky post, imposed a resolution: "Where the Russian flag is once raised, it should not be lowered." Demotion to sailors also did not take place.

The government had to, reluctantly, agree to at least some further steps in relation to the Amur. At the insistence of G. I. Nevelsky and his patrons - Governor-General Muravyov and Minister of Internal Affairs Perovsky, the Amur expedition was created. The captain of the 1st rank G. I. Nevelskoy was appointed head of this expedition.

But the Committee of Ministers still did not give up its positions, and in the resolution concerning Amur, it was stated: "Leave the Nikolaev post in the form of a shop of the Russian-American company, but take no further steps in this area."

G. I. Nevelskoy has already accumulated rich experience in dealing with such instructions and decrees. Going on his third voyage to the Amur already as the head of the Amur expedition, he developed an exact plan for the development of the entire Amur region and Sakhalin Island. His young wife Ekaterina Ivanovna took part in this expedition. The humane attitude of Ekaterina Ivanovna to the local population rendered invaluable services in the development of the Amur region. Ekaterina Ivanovna Elchaninova, married Nevelskaya, was one of those selfless heroines that the Russian people have the right to be proud of.

During the passage of the Amur expedition from Okhotsk to the Bay of Shchastya, one of the two ships of the expedition, the Shelokhov barque, sank, but thanks to the diligence of its commander, Lieutenant Matskevich, both people and all cargo were saved.

Immediately upon arrival at the deserted sandy spit of the Petrovsky winter hut, the members of the expedition, the composition of which was gradually expanding, began work. Assistants to G.I. Nevelsky were officers of the navy N.K. Belokhvostov and I. Vasiliev, topographer Popov, clerk of the Russian-American company Berezin and ordinary sailors. The entire small staff of the heroic expedition, in incredibly difficult conditions of hunger and cold, carried out the entire extensive program of work outlined by G. I. Nevelsky with the most minimal funds.

Settling scores with the "frantic" captain, his enemies in the second year of the expedition's stay on the Amur tried to slow down the progress of its work by starvation. People began to die from scurvy, and the first child of the Nevelskys also died. However, work continued. The skillful leadership of G. I. Nevelskoy and the invariably benevolent attitude of the local population helped to change for the better the tragic situation of people forgotten on the edge of the earth. The results of the expedition in the first year were enormous. For the first time, vast expanses of the Amur region were surveyed and mapped, maps of the coast from the De-Kastri Bay to the mouth of the Amur were corrected. In the following year, 1852, G. I. Nevelskoy, despite a special government order not to touch Lake Kizi and De-Kastri Bay, occupied the village of Kizi and De-Kastri. And the youngest member of the expedition, N.K. Boshnyak, explored the northern part of Sakhalin Island and crossed it for the first time.

In 1853, one of the most remarkable discoveries of the Amur expedition was made: one of the best harbors in the world was found, called Imperial (now Soviet). This discovery was made on June 4 by Lieutenant N.K. Boshnyak, who had previously discovered coal on Sakhalin.

1853 was also the year of the turning point in the attitude of the tsarist government towards the Far Eastern issue. The reason for the change was the receipt of reliable information that two large American squadrons went to the coast of the Tatar Strait to find a permanent base for their whaling flotilla, as well as rumors of an impending war.

G. I. Nevelskoy received an order to occupy both Kizi and De-Kastri, as well as to establish posts on Sakhalin. For these actions, the Nikolay transport was sent with people and cargo. Since both Kezi and De-Kastri were already occupied, G.I. Nevelsky had only to occupy southern Sakhalin. And this undertaking was brilliantly carried out by him. In Aniva Bay, a Russian military post was founded, named Muravyevsky.

All the activities of G. I. Nevelsky in the subsequent years of the war were aimed at keeping Russia's Far Eastern Territory; only the Amur and the rivers of its basin could serve as the shortest and most convenient ways of communication between the center of Siberia and the Pacific Ocean; only along the Amur could a sufficient number of troops and equipment be transferred there.

After lengthy discussions, the royal office gave permission for rafting down the Amur with everything necessary. The Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, Muravyov, ordered that most of the people and cargo arriving at the mouth of the Amur be transferred to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, believing that this point would be the main point of the enemy’s attack. In this he was right. The superior forces of the Anglo-French fleet twice on August 20 and 24, 1854 tried to land troops in the small, poorly defended Petropavlovsk, but were repulsed with heavy losses. After that, the fleet, the garrison of Petropavlovsk, led by V.S. Zavoyko, and all its inhabitants were urgently transferred to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. The defeat at Petropavlovsk was taken as an insult in London and Paris, and on May 19, 1855, the Anglo-French fleet reappeared in front of Petropavlovsk. But Petropavlovsk was already empty by that time. On April 5, 1855, the Russian squadron with a garrison and supplies left for the Tatar Strait and from there to the Amur.

The enemy squadron gave chase, but found nothing. “The enemy,” wrote G. I. Nevelskoy, “was firmly convinced that it was impossible to enter the estuary from the Tatar Strait, because of the continuous shallows connecting Sakhalin with the mainland. This circumstance later justified the head of the enemy squadron.

Thus, thanks to the opening of the strait between Sakhalin and the mainland, as well as thanks to the unshakable perseverance of G.I. Nevelsky, Russian ships were saved.

The scandalous situation in which Commodore Elliot, the head of the English squadron fell, was long understood by the English newspapers, but the truth was revealed too late: in England and France there were then maps of La Perouse and Broughton, according to which the "miraculous" disappearance of Russian ships from under the nose of the enemy seemed inexplicable.

In the hospitable waters discovered by G.I. Nevelsky, the Russian squadron found a safe haven, while the enemy ships blockading the Okhotsk coast waited in vain for its appearance until late autumn.

As soon as the war ended, the Amur expedition was closed. Rear Admiral V. S. Zavoyko was appointed head of the new region.

G. I. Nevelskoy, who was appointed chief of staff of Muravyov, was well aware that this appointment was in fact a resignation. And indeed, when Muraviev returned to Irkutsk with all his retinue, G. I. Nevelskoy remained on the Amur as a private person without any official duties.

In the summer of 1856, he left the region, in the development of which he had invested so much energy. The blow inflicted on G. I. Nevelsky was cruel, but neither he nor his faithful companion fell into despair: in spite of everything, the goal of their life was achieved. The region was populated, built up. No one had any doubts about the belonging of these vast land areas to Russia. Even so recently, the waters of the lower Amur, considered unnavigable, plowed deep-seated vessels of the most diverse equipment.

The last 20 years of the life of G. I. Nevelskoy were spent in St. Petersburg. True, he was promoted to admiral and appointed a member of the Naval Technical Committee - there was nothing better for this 46-year-old energetic and talented sailor in the Naval Ministry.

Removed from active participation in the events, G. I. Nevelskoy sat down to the book; in it, he described step by step the exploits of Russian naval officers in the far east of Russia, which, as you know, served as the basis for the signing of Russian-Chinese treaties - first Aigun (in 1858), and then Beijing (in 1860), forever securing the new borders of the Far East.

Admiral G. I. Nevelsky never had to board the ship again. April 29, 1876 Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy died. But the best people of Russia have not forgotten the remarkable man to whom the motherland owed so much.

A.P. Chekhov, heading for the Sakhalin shores, by coincidence, sailed on a ship bearing the name "Baikal". On board the Baikal, he remembered the whole extraordinary life of the commander of the Baikal sailing transport. Chekhov writes passionately and enthusiastically about G. I. Nevelsky and his associates, emphasizing their true patriotism and their struggle for the priority of Russian discoveries. “Nevelskoy,” writes Chekhov, “persistently recognized Sakhalin as a Russian possession, by the right of occupation by our Tungus in the 17th century, its initial description in 1742 and the occupation of its southern part in 1806.”

In 1897, by popular subscription, a monument to Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky and his assistants was erected in Vladivostok. The highest mountain peak of Sakhalin Island, as well as the bay in its southern part, is named after Nevelskoy. The fishing port on Sakhalin bears his name. The narrowest part of the Tatar Strait is named after Nevelskoy.

According to the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the names of Boshnyak, Orlov and Rudanovsky appeared on our maps, and at the place of Cape Kuegda, where the Russian flag was first hoisted over the Amur, on the square in front of the Marine Station of the busy city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur on August 13, 1950 erected a new monument to Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky.

Bibliography

Zubov N. N. Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy / N. N. Zubov // People of Russian Science. Essays on outstanding figures of natural science and technology. Geology and geography. - Moscow: State publishing house of physical and mathematical literature, 1962. - P. 450-459.

Belous M. A.

NEVELSKY GENNADY IVANOVICH

(1813-1876)

A well-known explorer of the Far East, he was born on November 23 (December 5), 1813 in the village of Drakino, Soligalichsky district of the Kostroma province, into a noble family. After graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps (1832) and officer "classes" (1836) in 1836 with the rank of Lieutenant Nevelskaya G.I. was assigned to serve in the squadron of F.P. Litke. Until 1846 he served on ships in the North, Baltic and Mediterranean seas. In 1846 he sailed around Europe.

During the voyages G.I. Nevelskoy devoted his free time from work to the study of East Asia, its shores and the waters washing them, using the materials that he managed to find in Russian and foreign literature. At the same time, he also had a desire to go on an expedition to the Far East to explore the Amur estuary. The fact is that all earlier researchers denied the possibility of navigation along the Amur. Gennady Ivanovich, studying the materials obtained by the former researchers of the Amur and its estuary, came to the conclusion that these conclusions were wrong.

In 1847 he became the commander of the Baikal military transport. In 1848-1849, on the ship "Baikal" passed with cargo from Kronstadt around Cape Horn to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, then went to the Sea of Okhotsk, explored and compiled a description of Sakhalin, proving that Sakhalin is an island, not a peninsula (as previously thought) , explored the Sakhalin Bay, the Tatar Strait, the lower reaches of the Amur and other regions of the Far East. For these studies and the discovery of a nautical entrance to the mouth of the Amur on December 6, 1849, he was promoted to captain of the II rank. In the summer of 1850 G.I. Nevelskoy founded the post of Nikolaevsky (now the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur).

August 25, 1854 "for the excellent execution of the special Highest orders in the Lower Amur Territory, carried out with insignificant means in deserted and remote places, among savages and associated with incredible hardships and constant danger to life, special labors, vigilance and courage, for the spread of Russian influence on the peoples living on the island Sakhalin and on the banks of the estuary of the Amur River, the southern shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the shores of the Tatar Strait, and by these actions laid the foundation for the annexation of the entire Amur and Ussuri Territories to Russia" G.I. Nevelskoy was promoted to Rear Admiral.

In 1857 he was appointed head of the Scientific Department of the Marine Technical Committee. In 1857-1876, he wrote instructions for commanders of ships going to the Far East, edited articles for the Marine Collection, participated in the work of the Russian Geographical Society, the Society for Assistance to the Russian Commercial Shipping Company, worked on the book "Feats of Russian Naval Officers in the Far East of Russia" .

Active activity of G.I. Nevelskoy, who understood the important economic and strategic importance of the development of Eastern Siberia, predetermined the establishment by the Russian government of a permanent Amur expedition to study the Amur, the Amur Region, about. Sakhalin, Ussuri Territory and other regions of the Far East. And, ultimately, the annexation of the territories of the present Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories to Russia, which is equal in area to three (!!!) modern Germany.

For excellent and diligent service G.I. Nevelskoy was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav IV degree (1838), St. Anna III degree (1841), St. Vladimir IV degree (1850), St. Anna II degree with the Imperial crown (1853), St. Vladimir III degree (1853 ), St. Stanislaus of the 1st degree (1855), St. Anna of the 1st degree and a life pension of 2 thousand silver rubles a year (1858). January 1, 1864 G.I. Nevelskoy was promoted to vice admiral, and in early 1874 to full admiral.

The admiral died on April 17 (29), 1876 in St. Petersburg and was buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

G.I. Nevelskoy, a well-known explorer of the Far East, was born on November 23 (December 5), 1813 in the village of Drakino, Soligalichsky district, Kostroma province, into a noble family. He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps (1832) and officer "classes" (1836). In 1836, with the rank of Lieutenant Nevelskaya, he was appointed to serve in the squadron of F.P. Litke. Until 1846 he served on ships in the North, Baltic and Mediterranean seas. In 1846 he sailed around Europe. In 1847 he became commander of the Baikal military transport ship. In 1848-1849, Nevelskoy on the ship "Baikal" passed with cargo from Kronstadt around Cape Horn to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, then went into the Sea of Okhotsk, explored and compiled a description of Sakhalin, proving that Sakhalin is an island, not a peninsula (as previously thought ), explored the Sakhalin Bay, the Tatar Strait, the lower reaches of the Amur and other regions of the Far East. For these studies and the discovery of a nautical entrance to the mouth of the Amur on December 6, 1849, he was promoted to captain of the II rank. In the summer of 1850 G.I. Nevelskoy founded the post of Nikolaevsky (now the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur).

Where once the Russian flag is raised, it should not go down!

Nevelskoy Gennady Ivanovich

August 25, 1854 "for the excellent execution of the special Highest orders in the Lower Amur Territory, carried out with negligible means in deserted and remote places, among savages and associated with incredible hardships and constant danger to life, special labors, vigilance and courage, for the spread of Russian influence on peoples living on the island of Sakhalin and on the banks of the estuary of the Amur River, the southern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, the shores of the Tatar Strait, and by these actions laid the foundation for the annexation of the entire Amur and Ussuri Territories to Russia "G.I. Nevelskoy was promoted to Rear Admiral.

In 1855, Nevelskoy was appointed chief of staff of the naval forces under the governor general, but on December 10, 1856, due to friction with the Admiralty, he was removed from his post and recalled to St. Petersburg; in 1857 he was appointed head of the Scientific Department of the Marine Technical Committee. In 1857-1876, he wrote instructions for commanders of ships going to the Far East, edited articles for the Marine Collection, participated in the work of the Russian Geographical Society, the Society for Assistance to the Russian Commercial Shipping Company, worked on the book "Feats of Russian Naval Officers in the Far East of Russia" .

A strait and a bay in the Far East, a cape, a mountain on Sakhalin, a city (1846), a seamount in the Pacific Ocean, one of the streets of Kineshma, the cruiser Admiral Nevelskoy (1913) are named after Nevelskoy.

In 1860-1876 he lived in the family estate of Rogozinikh, Kineshma district.

The admiral died on April 17 (29), 1876 in St. Petersburg and was buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent. Later, his widow, Ekaterina Ivanovna Nevelskaya (1834-1879), was buried next to the admiral. Two identical white crosses on the 7th track (section 16) are impossible not to notice.
"The discoveries made by Nevelsky are invaluable for Russia; many previous expeditions to these lands [Amur Territory, Sakhalin, Far East] could achieve European fame, but not one of them achieved domestic benefit, at least to the extent that Nevelskoy did it."

(N.N. Muravyov, Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, 1849)