Not in all cases. When is it written "not" and when "neither" with different parts of speech? Spelling of particles in adverbs

"Not with different parts of speech" is one of the topics in the Russian language that always cause difficulties. And the point here is not so much the complexity of the topic itself, but the amount of information that needs to be remembered: the rules used for the verb are not always suitable for a noun, but trying to determine the continuous and separate spelling of the participle by analogy with the verb is generally one of the worst mistakes!What to do to be confident in your knowledge and not make mistakes?

particle and prefix

First you need to clearly distinguish the particle not and prefix not-. The particle is always written separately, while the prefix is distinguished by the corresponding sign in the morphemic parsing of the word and is its structural part. Based on this, a general rule is built: not with different parts of speech is written together if the given word without not just not used hate, bad weather, invincible, unexpected etc.). Finding such words in the text is by no means difficult, so there are usually no difficulties with them.

Spelling with nouns, adjectives and adverbs

One large group combines nouns, adjectives and adverbs ending in -about (cold, fast). Particle Spelling not with different parts of speech in this case completely and completely coincides.

So, not written separately:

If there is an opposition with the union a (not hot, but cold; not a friend, but an enemy; not fresh but stale).
With words by no means, at all, far (by no means caution; not cold at all; far from simple).
With a double negative ( is not new to anyone; interesting news to no one).
When denying two signs in a row ( not high and not low).

Consolidated spelling not- with different parts of speech is possible in two cases:

If you can find a synonym without not- (enemy - enemy, near - close, a little - little).
If the union is used but in combinations like shallow but fast. Union but is adversative, but unlike the union a it may mean not opposition, but a comparison of non-mutually exclusive features.

Participle

We continue to study the spelling of particles not with different parts of speech. The rule concerning the sacrament can safely be called one of the most controversial, because it is with it that usually the greatest difficulties arise. But let's try to figure it out.

Slitno not- with a participle is written in such cases:

If there is no dependent word ( wet grass; failed task).
If there is no opposition ( unread book; unpublished manuscript).
With adverbs of measure and degree very, extremely, absolutely, almost, completely, extremely, completely, quite (extremely rash decision; almost undisturbed order).
If the participle is formed from a verb with a prefix under- (misunderstood, unwashed).

With separate spelling not It's also easy to understand:

If there is a dependent word ( essay not written (how?) on time; student who did not come (when?) today).
If there is opposition ( not invented, but a real story).
If the participle has a short form ( the story is not fictional, the book is not read).

Only separately!

There are several situations in which only separate writing is possible not with different parts of speech. Some of them are peculiar rules and are memorized by children in elementary school, while others are practically not found.

With words that are written with a hyphen ( not friendly, not southeastern).
With comparative adjectives ( no better, no worse).
With relative, possessive adjectives, as well as adjectives of taste and color ( not winter; not mother's; not black).
With numerals ( not one, not the second).
with verbs ( did not go, could not).
With gerunds ( not knowing, not thinking).
With function words: prepositions and particles ( not only, not with him, not because of him).

In addition to the fourth point: it is very important not to confuse the participle and the adjective, because in the case of a short adjective, the spelling not will be subject to different rules. Compare: the girl is talented and educated and group formed. In the first case, that the word educated is an adjective, indicates the adjacent word of the same part of speech, moreover, it is clear from the meaning that this is not a participle (the girl was not educated, but she is smart). In the second situation, it is clear that someone created the group, formed it, that is, it formed. Therefore, due to different spelling not different parts of speech, which include homonymous words.

Pronouns

Thinking about spelling not with different parts of speech, let's focus on personal and negative pronouns. In the case of them, everything is very simple: if there is a preposition, it is written separately ( with no one), but if it is not there, it is merged ( once).

Under- and not up to

One of the most difficult points of this rule is the spelling of verbs with the prefix under- and verbs with a particle not and prefix before-. They mean words like malnourished and don't eat up, which at first glance are exactly the same, but from the point of view of grammar, they should be written differently.

Prefix under- denotes a completed action, the result of which does not correspond to the norm (some linguists say that any word with this prefix means something bad): undernourish (eat little), underestimate (not appreciate enough), understate (hide the truth).

In turn, the particle and the prefix characterize the interrupted action: do not finish eating (do not have time to finish the meal), do not finish (do not finish the speech), do not swim (do not finish swimming).

At first glance, everything is not so difficult, but sometimes situations arise when it is not easy to choose between two options.

Not against neither

Another controversial topic is "Spelling not and neither with different parts of speech". Fortunately, there are not so many nuances here, so it will not be difficult to understand the rules.

Particle not used for:

Negative expressions ( I don't understand, not mine).
Under stress in pronouns ( no one, never).

While the particle neither:

Reinforces denial ( there was no light, no house)
Not used under stress in pronouns ( nobody, never)
Used in complex sentences to reinforce a statement ( wherever we went, we were greeted joyfully everywhere).

In principle, everything is not so difficult, some tasks of such a plan are performed exclusively at the level of intuition, but nevertheless, knowledge of the theory can greatly facilitate the task.

We repeat

In order to consolidate the rule, it is better to repeat the entire material. It is important to understand what combinations are formed with not different parts of speech. The table will help to remember all the most important things.

		Apart
Nouns, adjectives, adverbs in -about	1. Synonym without not- 2. Not consumed without not-	1. Contrasting with the union a 2. Not at all, not at all, far from 3. Double negative
Communions	1. No dependent word	1. With adverbs of measure and degree 2. With dependent word
Other parts of speech		1. With words that are written with a hyphen 2. With verbs and gerunds 3. With short participles 4. With possessive, relative adjectives, adjectives of color 5. With numbers 6. With function words

Conclusion

In principle, this can end the conversation about spelling not with different parts of speech. This rule includes many sub-items, each of which is divided into several others - you really have to memorize a lot. But, on the other hand, in some places there are overlapping points, thanks to which, of course, it will be much easier to figure it out. The main thing is desire, patience and practice, and the rest will come by itself.

Spelling of adverbs and particles.

86. Particles something (something), something, something, something, something are attached to the word with a dash (hyphen): someone, something, somewhere, let's go.

Note. If the particle something (something) separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then the line is not put: with someone, with something(cf.: someone, something).

Particle still spelled with a dash in words anyway, anyway and when it follows the verb: found out. In other cases, the particle still written separately:
1)I still don't believe him;
2)Still, we don't give up.

Particles not and neither.

87. Particle not written together with words that are not used without it: not report, not knowledge, not avoidable, not bearable, not shaken, not victorious(by no one) not fading, not annoy, not maybe not really, not lzya etc.

88. Not written together with nouns, adjectives and adverbs in -about if the noun, adjective or adverb with not means one concept; in this case, it does not give the speech a negative meaning and could be replaced by a single-meaning word without negation, for example: not happiness(trouble) not buddy(enemy), not truth(False), not tall(short), not expensive(cheap).

89. Not is written separately from nouns, adjectives, and adverbs when the opposition follows or is implied.

Examples. This is not truth. but a lie. makes him tired not learning, but idleness truth, but what?", "not learning, and what?" Not high mountains separate us, and low hills. Not the right one is punished, and the guilty one. He is still not old. Apple not tasty but disgusting. In these cases, you can always ask: "do not high, but which ones?", "not right, but which one?", "not tasty, but what is it?" (Compare: The apple is green and not tasty.) He entered not carefully but recklessly("not carefully, but as?"). He not He knows a lot(he does not know much, but knows little) ("not lot, but how much?") [Compare: He is used to doing everything quickly, extremely not carefully. He not He knows a lot(knows something)].

Note 1. Attention should be paid to two cases of separate writing of the particle not: 1) if with an adjective, noun or adverb (in -about ), which include negation not , there are explanatory words to strengthen the negation, expressed by negative pronouns or adverbs with neither (nothing , to nothing , not at all , not at all , nowhere etc.), then the particle not written separately: nothing not wonderful village; neither to what not capable person; neither in what sense not success; neither to what extent not successfully; 2) if the particle not is part of amplifying negative combinations: far not , by no means not , at all not , then these combinations are always written separately from the word following them (in such cases, opposition is always implied): far not profitable enterprise, by no means not fair decision, at all not stupid, at all not bad, far not friend etc.

On the contrary, in the presence of words denoting the degree: very, quite, extremely, extremely, completely, almost, somewhat- particle not spelled succinctly: deal very not profitable(unprofitable), it's almost not politeness(coarseness), very not interesting(boring) story, acted to the highest degree not carefully(recklessly) this is extremely not profitable(unprofitable).

Writing not with different parts of speech depends on whether the not part of a word (prefix) or a separate word - a negative particle. Prefix not- is written together with the part of the word following it, particle not written separately with the word following it. Compare, for example: Not the execution is terrible - your disgrace is terrible(P.); A difficult lot, not gratifying / Was taken out for you by fate, / And early with a merciless life / You entered into an unequal battle(Tyutch.).

The difficulty for the writer is to distinguish between particle and prefix. The rules are designed to help the writer distinguish between the prefix not- and particle not and on the basis of this, choose a continuous or separate spelling.

Particle not expresses negation without creating a new word, whereas with the prefix not- a word is created, compare: Not experience is the reason, but prudence and Inexperience leads to trouble(P.).

With words of some grammatical categories not can only be written separately, with words of other categories - both together and separately. In addition, there are conditions that determine only the continuous spelling not regardless of the grammatical category of words. Only negative is written separately not , pertaining to the whole phrase.

Consolidated spelling NOT

Regardless of the grammatical affiliation of the word negation not it is written together in the following cases.

1. If after not, which has a negative meaning, there follows a part of the word, which does not exist separately (without not) as an independent word, For example:

Nouns fable, tumbler, ignorance, ignoramus, adversity, unseen, invisible, slave, scoundrel, touchy, ailment, forget-me-not, hatred, bad weather, malfunctions, fidget, slob, foolish, loser, non-Christ;

Adjectives (as well as adverbs formed from them in about ): negligent, nondescript, irrevocable, unharmed, inevitable, unchanging, absurd, necessary, invincible, incessant, inseparable, inexpressible, unending, incessant, undoubted, incomparable, awkward, unfortunate, clumsy, unbearable, unshakable, indisputable, indomitable; carelessly, absurdly, necessary, undoubtedly;

Verbs: to dislike, to dislike, to be indignant, to be unwell, to be unwell, to hate, to be unwell;

Adverbs and other invariable words: unbearable, unbearable, unbearable, unaware, by chance, unwittingly, impossible, inadvertently, really.

2. If a part of the word without not in independent use has a different meaning not related to the given word , For example: ignorance('ignorance'; conducting means ‘field of activity’, compare: he was in charge of...); flaw('flaw'; prosperity means ‘prosperity, lack of need’); misfortune(‘trouble’, not ‘lack of happiness’), unimportant('bad'; important means ‘proud’ and ‘significant’); narrow-minded('not very smart'; far means ‘at a great distance’); lack(meaning ‘not enough’), enemy('enemy'). Compare also: unprecedented chance, wrong light, incredible event, impossible character, involuntary lie, useless boy, immediate response, immediate reaction; unevenness(meaning ‘uneven place on the surface’); not without reason(meaning ‘not in vain’).

3. As part of the prefixes under- and nebez- (heaven-):

under- with the value of incompleteness, insufficiency compared to the norm, for example: underweight, imperfection, underweight, underestimation, shortcoming; unripe, underdeveloped; to underdo, to underdo, to underestimate, to underestimate, to underestimate, to underestimate, to undersalt;

From verbs with a prefix under- distinguish between verbs with a prefix before- and the preceding particle not(such verbs with particle not denotes an action that has not been completed). Compare: overlooked the child and Didn't finish the play; They are chronically malnourished and He usually doesn't finish his portion..

not without- (heaven-) with the value of a moderate, but sufficiently significant degree of the attribute, for example: notorious(‘quite famous’), unreasonable, useless(‘pretty useful’), fruitless('pretty effective').

Separate spelling NOT

Negative is not written separately in the following cases.

1. With all forms of verbs :

a) with the infinitive and conjugated forms, for example: don't know, don't know, don't know, didn't know, didn't know, take your time, take your time, take your time, don't like it, out of luck;

b) with short forms of participles, for example: not used, not starched, not uncorked, not developed, not closed, not busy, not drunk;

c) with gerunds, for example: not wanting, not being distracted, not hurrying, not joking, not having time, not having met.

From gerunds with a particle not should be distinguished:

a) adverb immediately(‘immediately, immediately’), compare: Got down to business immediately and Without delay in answering, he sat down to write;

b) complex prepositions in spite of, in spite of, compare: Came despite the difficulties and Went without looking around; c) union despite the fact that.

2. With numerals and countable nouns , For example: not one, not two, not five, not both, not a sixth, not a hundred, not a thousand, not a million.

3. with pronouns , For example: not me, not me, not you, not you, not him, not that, not mine, not ours, not theirs, not anyone, not like that, not everyone, not everyone, not so much, not like this, not always, not everywhere, not in my own voice, not in my own.

4. With adjectives used only in short form : not happy, should not, not much.

5. With adverbs (except for those formed from adjectives with the suffix -about ), as well as with invariable words used as a predicate , For example: not near, not in time, not quite, not right, not for the future, not seriously, not in passing, not yesterday, not enough, not tomorrow, not in vain, not otherwise, not forever, not forever, not on purpose, not really, not behind , not completely, not today, not too much, not from above, not immediately; not sorry, not married, not shameful, not necessary.

There are a few exceptions to this rule: adverbs not far away, inopportunely, shortly, not for long, not much can be written both together and separately.

6. With any words written with a hyphen, For example: not commercial and industrial, not research, not a conference hall, not a social democrat, not in a comradely way, not in Russian, not in our way.

7. With any combination of words :

a) with combinations consisting of significant words (in these cases, the negation does not refer to the word that follows not , but to the whole phrase), for example: not a candidate of science, not a citizen of Russia, not a researcher, not a specialist in the field of philology, not directly proportional;

b) with prepositional combinations, for example: not for children, not for fame, not with them, not along the way, not without reason, not under power, not according to conscience, not from timid, not about war, not in the spirit, not able, not in his mind, not to the face, beyond the power.

Merged / separate spelling NOT

With nouns, adjectives (full and short forms and comparative forms), with adverbs in -about , full participle forms not can be written both together and separately.

-about negation not written separately in the following cases.

1. As part of constructions with opposition : not ... but, not ... but, ... but not ... In such structures not can only be a negative particle, for example:

Not happiness, but just luck; He didn't tell the truth, but a half-truth(compare: Told a lie); Not love, but infatuation(compare: His dislike for animals);

Not a good person, but rather a bad one(compare: He is a bad person); The title is quirky, not original(compare: Non-original title); Not a simple egg, but a golden one(compare: Tough question); It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick; He is resourceful, not cunning; The new sentence is not fairer, but only more severe ;

You did not act badly, but horribly; Understanding this is not easy, but very simple..

Particle is written in the same way not in constructions with opposition and in the absence of union a , For example: This is not entertainment, this is a lesson; Not pleasant - a spectacular sight; A gift is not expensive - love is expensive; He does not act more energetically - more fussy.

It is necessary to distinguish such constructions from opposition of a different kind, in which unions a and but close in value to though, still, nevertheless, For example: The river was not wide, but full-flowing; He is ugly but smart; She is short but slender; Inexpensive gift, but nice; Ugly, but cute; Silly but boring. Here it is not denied that the river was wide, that it was beautiful, etc., but it is asserted that the river is not wide, that it is ugly, etc.

2. As part of structures that reinforce denial:

a) with words not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all , For example: This is not true at all; This case is by no means unique; This is by no means obvious; She is far from brave; He is by no means stupid; It's no fun to talk about it; Not in the least embarrassed; She is not more educated than her husband;

b) with negative pronouns: not at all, not at all, no one, no one, no one, never, nowhere, not at all, nothing, nothing, nothing etc., for example: The case is in no way suitable; A worthless project; He is no friend of mine; not at all envious, not needed by anyone, in no way useless, good for nothing, incapable of anything, not interesting in anything; He is no prettier than his sister;

in) with union no no, For example: Neither the hosts nor the guests know a man; Not needed by me or you.

Constructions that reinforce the negative should be distinguished from constructions that emphasize the affirmative meaning.

3. In combinations almost…, almost…, isn’t…, no further than…, not later than…, not earlier than…

With nouns, adjectives, adverbs in -about negation is NOT written together in the following cases X

1. If the word with cannot be replaced by a word that is close in meaning without not. This possibility means that not - a prefix that forms a special word, for example: non-intervention(neutrality), not true(False); frivolous(frivolous), unhealthy(painful), shallow knowledge(surface), unfriendly(hostile); quietly(quiet), often(often), not easy(difficult), not close(far), quite a few(lot).

2. If nouns and adjectives in combination with do not indicate non-belonging to any category of persons or phenomena , For example: non-doctors, non-phraniuses, non-Marxists, non-Christians, non-specialists, non-Muscovites, non-Russians, non-democrats, non-poets, non-terms, non-metals, non-spirits; A non-Russian will look without love / At this pale, bloody, / Whip-slashed Muse(Nekr.); The non-doctor will not understand this; Non-specialists liked the report; A non-Egyptologist will not understand him; A non-mathematician cannot solve this problem; A non-linguist would not write such a dictation; non-academic institutions, non-food additives, non-military industries .

3. If there is no definition or preposition before the noun c. The presence of these words is a sign that not with the given noun forms a single word, for example: Fired for absenteeism; It's all my eternal bad luck; To his rashness was added his usual indecisiveness; Everyone knows about her bad manners; I doze off at balls, / Before them, a mortal reluctant(Gr.).

4. If with an adjective, as well as with an adverb on -about there are words very, extremely, quite, extremely, clearly, rather (enough), enough, egregiously, exceptionally, eminently- words with the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the feature, emphasizing the statement, For example: very dishonest work, slept very restlessly, became extremely inactive and slow, answered extremely unintelligibly and unsatisfactorily, very extraordinary, very thoughtlessly, extremely unresponsive person, extremely unpleasant, clearly inappropriate undertaking, rather unfortunate ending, fairly consistent, blatantly illiterate, exceptionally unfavorable circumstances , highly indecent.

However, words like absolutely, absolutely, can also be used in combinations of this type (emphasizing the statement), and with words that are not written with separately. Compare, for example: absolutely(totally) bad performance and he is absolutely human(totally) not old(Possibly a synonym not old at all).

5. If there are qualifying adverbs in the form of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs , For example: even more uninteresting, much uglier, much more unpleasant, more and more inaccessible, a little more incomprehensible, and also if the form of the comparative degree is used in negative constructions like: there is nothing worse than... or in constructions with unions than... the, For example: the simpler the better; the further, the more disappointing.

From a number of adjectives with a prefix not- and the corresponding adverbs of the form of the comparative degree are not formed. These include education not- from words that have forms with a suffix -e and -she (For example: not rich, uneasy, not loud, not thin, not far), with stressed suffix -her (For example: weak, obscure, uncomplicated, dull). Therefore, it is common to write not richer, not simpler, not louder, not farther, not stronger, not clearer, not funnier.

However, very rarely forms of the comparative degree from such formations with not- occur, for example: The floating ghost has become even more obscure(P.); It’s not easier, more secretive than it was small in all Izvala(Boon.).

In all other cases, in the absence of words in the context that help to recognize the negation or affirmation and, therefore, to distinguish the particle not from prefix not- , the writer must check which words - reinforcing the negation or emphasizing the assertion - are possible in meaning in this context.

If it is possible to substitute words expressing opposition or reinforcing negation ( at all, by no means etc.), is not written separately, for example: way there(not at all) not far; weather was(not at all) not hot; He(far) not calm; They are(not at all) not guilty; They live(at all) not rich; Confess your mistake(at all) not humiliating; left, but(not at all) not for long; May be,(at all) and it's not bad that he didn't get there; Understand these rules(not at all) not easy.

With the possibility of substitution of words emphasizing the statement ( very, enough and etc.), not spelled as follows, for example: way there(very) narrow-minded; They live(quite) not rich; weather was(enough) not hot; He(very) restless; They are(obviously) innocent; left, but(very) briefly; May be,(very) and it’s good that he didn’t get there; Understand these rules(quite) not easy.

Unlike participles, with any dependent words (except for words that reinforce negation), the spelling of such adjectives with not remains merged, for example: a role unusual for her, a person unknown to me, previously unknown poems, a boy unlike his sister, not prone to boasting, in places inaccessible to children, the island has long been uninhabited.

Thus, the writer must be aware of what he wants to express: the negation of the sign - and then write not apart from the next word(For example: he is not healthy, not important, not rare, not accidental, not significant, not surprising, not democratically) or assertion of the sign - and then write not merged (compare: he is unhealthy, cases are not uncommon, unimportant, not accidental, insignificant, not surprising, in an undemocratic way). The choice of spelling will also determine the understanding of what is written by readers.

With full forms of participles, negation is not written separately:

a) if they have dependent words , For example: a person who does not shun any means; not knowing what he is doing; not caring about food; friends who have not seen each other for many years; version not supported by facts; a genius not recognized by his contemporaries; object not identified by ground services; not bound by obligations; not obligated to obey; unmoved by her tears; a dress that has not been washed for a long time; unpainted roof since spring;

b) as part of constructions with opposition or constructions that reinforce negation, For example: this is not a finished work, but some kind of sketches; not knowing, but only guessing; not warring, but peacefully neighboring countries; not respected - beloved; by no means calmed, not at all embarrassed, not at all pleased, not noticed by anyone, never discouraged, not loved by anyone.

With full forms of participles, negation is not written together:

a) in the absence of dependent words , For example: unarmed soldiers, unopened letter, unreturned valuables, unemployed pensioners, uncombatants, unopened flower, unrealized advantage, unproved theorem, unfinished novel, unrecognized genius, unidentified object, unclosed door, unwatered plants;

b) as part of constructions emphasizing the statement, for example: highly undeserved censure, highly thoughtless act, manifestly unreasonable demands.

Unfortunately, sometimes not knowing the native. There are a lot of strict rules in the Russian language, unlike other, so to speak, "non-Slavic" languages. Consider one of the most burning questions: when is it written "not", and when - "neither"?

When is it written "not", and when - "neither"

In order to fully understand when “not” is written, and when “neither” is written, one should clearly distinguish between the purpose of both particles. As a rule, "not" is used for negation, and when used twice - for affirmation. The particle "neither" rather plays the role of reinforcement (both in single and double use).

When to spell "not"

Negative sentences (“I didn’t see”, “I didn’t talk about that”).
Double use in sentences that imply an affirmative meaning (“I can’t help but say ...”, “I can’t help but note”).
In interrogative and exclamatory sentences (“Where have I not been”, “Well, why is he not a hero?”).
Subordinate tense clauses ("Stay here until I return").
Connecting unions “not that”, not only ..., but”, “not that it is not ..., but”, not that ..., not that ...”, etc.).

When to spell "no"

The usual amplification of denial ("There is not a soul in the forest", i.e. there is no one at all).
Double negation ("Neither give nor take", "Wherever you look, ...").
Before the predicate in subordinate clauses to enhance the semantic load (“Do whatever he asks”).
Categorical orders ("Don't move!", "Not a step back!").
Negative pronouns and adverbs ("no one", "never") and set phrases ("To be left with nothing", "I have nothing to do with", "No way").

Thus, the question of when “not” is written, and when “neither” is written, should become clear to many. However, in this case, we are dealing more with the modern Russian language, without touching on the topic of outdated speech turns. However, it seems that even with these simple examples one can quite easily understand the rules for using the particles “not” and “neither”.

Be that as it may, many people sometimes need to refresh their school knowledge and look into textbooks more often. Otherwise, as can be seen from the above, the rules for use are quite simple. In any case, before writing a sentence, you should evaluate the situation, and then, based on the rules, insert the desired particle.

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