Nikolayevich Nikolaevich Vereshchagin biography history. Famous Vologda residents

Date of death: Place of death: Father:

Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin

Nikolai Vasilievich Vereshchagin(-) - Russian public figure, educator, farmer-practitioner. Known as the "father of Vologda oil" (Which, during the life of Vereshchagin, was called "Parisian"). Creator of the first Russian cheese and butter artels, technologies for the production and delivery of butter. The elder brother of the artist V. V. Vereshchagin.

Biography

Rural artels

Vereshchagin became interested in cheese making, but did not find smart technologists, and personally studied the craft in Switzerland. In Russia, Vereshchagin settled in the village. Gorrodnya of the Tver province, having founded their own cheese production there. At the same time, Vereshchagin turned to the Free Economic Society with a proposal to establish artel cheese dairies. Having convinced the Society and having received a thousand rubles for his project, he deployed an exemplary artel of Ostrokovichi in the Tver province. Having received the support of the northern zemstvos, he established butter and cheese artels in the northern provinces; in the Arkhangelsk province, where there was no Zemstvo, he found private capital. To organize artels, Vereshchagin attracted partners - former sailors G. A. Biryulev and V. I. Blandov (future oil producer).

Arriving in Switzerland and getting to the cheese factory, I could not understand why so many people carry milk there; it seemed to me that cheese-making was possible only among large landowners. The answer was that peasants carry milk. Who buys milk from them, was my question? They are not so stupid as to sell milk, the cheese maker answered me. The cheese factory is managed by the Committee, which hires a cheese maker, sells cheeses, etc. - Autobiography

Vereshchagin was driven by a simple calculation: since non-chernozem lands are less fertile than in the south, livestock products are no less important here than arable farming. At the same time, most of the peasants did not have the means to pay for the equipment themselves, and grew up in the conditions of a communal organization of agriculture. Therefore, Vereshchagin argued, it was the cooperative (artel) form of organization that could lead the northern peasantry from subsistence farming to a commodity one. Peasants were asked to take out loans to buy equipment, to supply artels with contributions in kind - milk, to produce cheese, and to divide the proceeds in proportion to the milk delivered.

In practice, this idea of ​​Vereshchagin (like many Zemstvo initiatives of the 1860s) failed. In the same Tver province, out of 14 artels established by artels, 11 were disbanded by. The literal adherence to the communal principle united in artels not individual interested peasants, but all members of the community without exception. Zemstvos deliberately prevented the concentration of artel resources in the hands of the "kulaks", imposing on the artels not economic, but social tasks - keeping the poor peasantry on the ground. As a result, the vague mass of "artels" ate up the loans received, and sooner or later the equipment passed into the hands of rural entrepreneurs - "kulaks", nobles and merchants. The artel business began to work in earnest only when the merchant houses (Blandov and sons, etc.) that rose to their feet seized the initiative and began to personally manage the rural artels.

Vologda oil

When I started my work in 1865, we were producing one ghee, which domestic consumption and export (to Turkey and Egypt about 250,000 poods a year) did not exceed 10,000,000 rubles in total. They prepared a small amount of the so-called Chukhonsky or sour cream butter, and so little butter that Moscow, for example, had no more than 1,000 pounds of it a year, and Petersburg, if a few or more, then this butter was delivered from Finland. Of the cheeses, we produced one Swiss and very small quantities of Green and Limburg cheese. The feeding of dairy cows was therefore the most meager, the profitability of them was small, and the quantity and quality of fertilizer did not encourage the labors of the landowners. I had to do a lot of work: 1) teach us how to process milk together, 2) provide proper utensils, 3) introduce in our country the production of all varieties of butter and cheese, 4) organize their sale in domestic markets and abroad, 5) introduce quality control and determination milk, 6) prove the suitability of the Russian dairy cow for the processing of enhanced feeds and pay for these feeds and improve care, 7) widely disseminate all the acquired knowledge in Russia. - Letter to Nicholas II, 1901

Vereshchagin School

The opening of the school was not given to me for a long time, despite the energetic support provided to me by the Imperial Free Economic Society and especially by Professor Mendeleev, who traveled with me to all the existing artel cheese factories. Despite the fact that he confirmed all my views on the possibility of a wide development of our dairy farming, despite the fact that the Ministry of State Property presented the school project, the establishment of the school did not meet with support from the Ministry of Finance and Control for two whole years. Finally, having lost a lot of time and money on travel, I went to personally explain to the Minister of Finance ... - Autobiography

Literature

• "Outstanding Vologda Residents: Biographical Sketches", Vologda, "Rus", 2005, ISBN 5-87822-271-X
• Yanni Kotzonis, “How peasants were made backward”, M., New Literary Review, 2006, ISBN 5-86793-440-3, pp.44-49, 80-93

Links

• B. M. MIKHAILOV "The founder of butter-making and cheese-making in Russia"
• Archive of N. V. Vereshchagin (including the cited autobiography)
• Vologda Dairy Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

physiologist, creator of Vologda oil, founder of the domestic dairy industry and agricultural cooperation

Date of birth: 1839
Date of death: 1907

(10/13/1839, Pertovka village, Cherepovets district - 03/13/1907, Pertovka village, Cherepovets district (now - Cherepovets district)

Public figure, creator of the first Russian cheese dairies on an artel basis,
creator of oil "Vologda"

Born in the family of a hereditary nobleman, a retired collegiate assessor Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin.

There were four sons in the family, and all of them left a mark in the history of Russia. The second son - Vasily Vasilyevich (born in 1842) became a great Russian battle painter. Sergei Vasilyevich (born in 1845) showed great ability in drawing, being an orderly of M.D. Skobelev during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, surprised everyone with his courage, but, unfortunately, died during the assault on Plevna. Alexander Vasilyevich (born in 1850) participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, his “military” stories were praised by L.N. Tolstoy, since 1900 he served in the Far East, retired with the rank of major general.

Ten years old, Nikolai was sent to the Naval Corps along with his younger brother Vasily. During the Crimean War of 1853–1856 the young midshipman served on a steam gunboat in the port of Kronstadt. In 1859, midshipman N.V. Vereshchagin received permission from his superiors to attend St. Petersburg University as a volunteer, where he listened to lectures at the natural faculty. In 1861 he retired as a lieutenant and settled on his parents' estate. He was elected to the conciliatory mediators of the Cherepovets district.

D. Magakyan cites an excerpt from a letter from Nikolai Vasilyevich to the Minister of Agriculture Yermolov, in which he explains the reasons for his passion for dairy farming: when I had to start farming.

A sailor by education, with all my desire I could not accustom myself to endure sea rolling and from the officer classes of the Naval Corps I moved to St. Petersburg University. Here, at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, I, by the way, attended Professor Svetlov's lectures, and in his ardent sermon on grass-sowing I saw one of the best guarantees for providing our cattle breeding with fodder. Even then I imagined as a resident of one of the northern provinces - Novgorod, that only increased concern for improving cattle breeding could support our economy ... ".

N.V. Vereshchagin considered cheese making to be a means that could contribute to the intensification of both peasant and landowner economy. Initially, he tried to take up cheese-making on his father's estate, but could not find good specialists in Russia so that they could teach him this business. Then he went to Switzerland, where in a small cottage near Geneva he learned the basics of cheese making, and then learned the intricacies of the craft from various specialists.

Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1865, N.V. Vereshchagin turned to the Free Economic Society (VEO) with a proposal to “make an experience in setting up artel cheese factories”. The VEO supported this idea and allocated funds from the capital bequeathed "to improve the farms of the Tver province." In winter, he settled with his wife in the half-abandoned wasteland of Aleksandrovka, renting two huts. The best one was equipped for syrnya, the other was adapted for housing. It was important for NV Vereshchagin to show by his own example the possibility of making good cheese and butter in Russia. This is where everyone who wants to learn comes in. At the same time, Nikolai Vasilievich traveled to the surrounding villages, inciting the peasants to create artel cheese factories. In two years, more than a dozen such artels were formed. N.V. Vereshchagin began to have students. One of his students, A.A. Kalantar, testified that Nikolai Vasilievich knew how to captivate people with his ideas, and they became his assistants and successors. In particular, he attracted former sailors N.I. Blandov and G.A. Biryulev, who became his associates in the development of cheese making, and later big businessmen.

At the beginning of 1870, N.V. Vereshchagin submitted a memorandum to the Ministry of State Property on the need to set up a dairy farming school in Russia, and in 1871 such a school was established in the village of Edimonovo, Tver province. In addition to writing and counting, in Edimonovo they taught how to make condensed milk, chester, backstein, green and French cheeses, butter; experiments were conducted with Swiss cheese; Dutch and Edam cheeses were prepared in the branch of the school in the village of Koprino (Yaroslavl province). The Edimon school existed until 1894 and during this period it trained more than 700 masters.

Among the teachers of the Edimon school was the Buman Holstein family. When their contract expired, Vereshchagin helped them open their own dairy near Vologda. They accepted trainees from Edimonov and kept their own apprentices. For 30 years, the Bumans have trained about 400 masters. On the basis of their exemplary farm in 1911, the Dairy Institute was established - the first such institution in Russia (at present - the Dairy Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin).

N.V. Vereshchagin is credited with creating a method for making a unique oil, which he called "Parisian". The taste of this butter was achieved by boiling cream and was similar to the taste of butter made in Normandy. The “Parisian” oil that appeared on the market in St. Petersburg interested the Swedes, who, having learned the technology of its manufacture, began to make the same oil at home and called it “Petersburg”. This oil received the name "Vologda" only in 1939 according to the order of the People's Commissariat of the Meat and Dairy Industry of the USSR "On the renaming of the name "Paris" oil into "Vologda".

Gradually, the activities of N.V. Vereshchagin began to gain public recognition: the products of the cheese dairies and butter-making artels organized by him receive awards at exhibitions, he is invited to make presentations at meetings of the VEO, and he is elected a member of the Moscow Society of Agriculture (MOSH). At the international exhibition of dairy farming in London in 1880, the Russian department was recognized by experts as the best, and N.V. Vereshchagin received a large gold and three silver medals and the first prize for Chester cheese.

Naturally, there were also skeptics who believed that Russian cattle, due to their genetic characteristics, could not be highly productive, so N.V. Vereshchagin's undertakings were doomed to failure. N.V. Vereshchagin had to organize three expeditions to examine Russian cattle in order to rehabilitate the Yaroslavl and Kholmogorok.

Great efforts were made to influence the culture of the peasants. The technology of making cheese requires special purity, and peasants often handed over milk in dirty dishes, often diluted, from sick cows. I had to establish a system for checking the quality of milk.

The situation with lending to artels was difficult. The government, fearing that usury might develop in the countryside, limited the possibilities for peasants to receive bank loans. Vereshchagin had to seek permission for loans to dairy artels from the State Bank under the guarantor's bill. In addition, together with the “prince-cooperator A.I. Vasilchikov, they began to create savings and loan partnerships of mutual credit.

In order to spread his ideas more widely, N.V. Vereshchagin began to appear in the press. His articles began to appear in VEO yearbooks. In September 1878, on his initiative, the newspaper Cattle Breeding began to appear. True, the newspaper did not last long - a little more than two years. Later, N.V. Vereshchagin founded the Bulletin of Russian Agriculture, which was published for twelve years. 160 articles by Nikolai Vasilyevich were published there.

In 1889, having become chairman of the Cattle Breeding Committee under the Moscow Union of Artists, Vereshchagin introduced annual exhibitions of regional peasant cattle, which forced the zemstvos to engage in this business.

All the largest All-Russian exhibitions of agriculture (Kharkov, 1887, 1903; Moscow, 1895), art and industrial exhibitions (Moscow, 1882; Nizhny Novgorod, 1896) and others had departments of cattle breeding, dairy farming and a demonstration department arranged (in whole or in part) Vereshchagin. In the demonstration departments, students from the school in Edimonovo made cheese and butter in front of visitors.

In addition to exhibitions, propaganda among the peasants was carried out by mobile dairies and a detachment of Danish craftsmen, issued by the Ministry of State Property. The work of the Danes was led by the outstanding practitioner K.Kh. Riffestal, attracted by Vereshchagin in 1891.

With the widespread development of butter and cheese making, the delivery of finished products to consumers, especially foreign ones, has become a big problem. N.V. Vereshchagin immediately enters into a seemingly hopeless struggle. He addresses projects and petitions to railway companies, to the government demanding the creation of refrigerator cars, lowering tariffs for the transportation of perishable goods, accelerating the speed of their movement, points to international experience, etc. Thanks to his perseverance, the transportation of dairy products gradually became exemplary in Russia.

The efforts of N.V. Vereshchagin began to bear fruit. Prior to the start of its activities, Russia practically did not export butter to Europe. In 1897, its exports amounted to more than 500 thousand poods worth 5.5 million rubles, and in 1905 - already 2.5 million poods worth 30 million rubles. And this is not counting the products that were consumed by the domestic market. The interests of the development of the dairy industry began to be taken into account by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Communications, the Main Directorate of Merchant Shipping and Ports, and other departments. Interdepartmental meetings and meetings of the State Council on the development of buttermaking have become the norm.

In the last years of his life, Nikolai Vasilievich retired from practical work, passing it on to his sons. His last work was the preparation of the Russian department of dairy farming for the World Exhibition in Paris (1900). The exhibits of the department received many top awards, and the entire department as a whole received an honorary diploma.

The life of Nikolai Vasilievich Vereshchagin is the life of an ascetic who actually created a new branch of the national economy in Russia: butter and cheese making. Lacking funds and influential connections, by the mere force of persuasion and personal example, he managed to stir up interest in bureaucratic circles, zemstvos, and peasant farms in many provinces in increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding through in-depth processing of milk. The result of his activities was the entry of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. among the world's leading oil exporters.

Literature

Malygina I.N. N.V.Vereshchagin - the organizer of the first school of dairy farming in Russia // Actual problems of milk processing and production of dairy products. - Vologda, 1989. - P.4.

Magakyan D. The first Russian cheese factories // Science and life. - 1981. - No. 7. - P. 116–120.

Guterts A.V. About Nikolai Vasilievich Vereshchagin // Cooperation. History pages. - T. 1. - Book. 1. - 30-40s of the 19th - early 20th centuries. - M., 1999. – P.441–450.

F.Ya.Konovalov

Vereshchagina-Rozanova N.V.(1900-1956)

F. CHOPIN. Waltz 7. Polonaise.

Shopen_-_val_s_7-polonez_

HOPE YOU. VERESHCHAGINA-ROZANOV (1900-1956) - artist

Rozanova- by the name of his father, philosopher V.V. Rozanov. Vereshchagin- by the name of the 1st husband, whom she divorced in 1936. 2nd marriage - with artist M.K. Sokolov was registered in 1947 on the eve of his death.

N.M. Mikhailov. Editor's preface.

Publication date: 21.04. 2014 War in Ukraine.

The artistic legacy of Nadezhda Vasilievna is hundreds of amazing illustrations for the works of F.M. Dostoevsky, Ch. Dickens, L.N. Tolstoy, to the biblical book "Ruth", etc. During her lifetime, several drawings were acquired by literary museums (for example, the F.M. Dostoevsky Museum in Moscow), but basically her work remained unknown. Folders with her drawings were kept in Moscow in the house of her friend E.D. Tannenberg, where the artist lived because she did not have her own home. The remaining works of her husband, artist M.K. Sokolov, and his archive. After the death of Nadezhda Vasilievna in 1956, E.D. Tannenberg.

Folders with drawings N.V. Vereshchagina and M.K. Sokolova in the secretary, in the Flerov-Tannenberg house in Likhovy Lane. In the frame is ill. to the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Photo 1975

In 1985 Elena Dmitrievna died, without leaving any orders to the account of the collection stored by her. Therefore, immediately after her death, there was a threat that the entire collection would be stolen and sold, that it would fall into the private (and greedy) hands of collectors. In order to save her, I considered my main task to place everything in state storage, that is, in some kind of museum. But not a single Moscow museum agreed to this. The proposal to take the entire collection of works by M.K. Sokolov (oil and graphics) for storage in the Yaroslavl Museum came from an employee of this museum, N.P. Golenkevich, who was familiar with E.D. Tannenberg, because she had been collecting his works for a long time. I remember how she and I wrote the Inventory of Vereshchagina and Sokolov's drawings all day until night, packed them into folders, wrapped frames with Sokolov's paintings, how we drew up an Act for temporary storage. And then they convinced Elena Dmitrievna's sister, Tatyana Dmitrievna, her only heir, to donate everything to the Museum. And she agreed.

Thus, everything that was stored in the house was drawings and documents by N.V. Vereshchagina, her Memories of her father, V. Rozanov; drawings, letters and paintings by M.K. Sokolova and even portraits of E.D. Tannenberg - everything was transferred to YHM for permanent storage. Then it seemed natural to me, both because Sokolov was a native of Yaroslavl, and because some of his paintings by E.D. Tanneberg has long since donated to this museum. True, she conveyed a prerequisite that the YACM will have a permanent hall for the work of M.K. Sokolova(which I was not aware of). However, YHM did not fulfill this condition either during her lifetime, or until now (2014) and there is no hope that she will. It turns out that there is no place in the museum for such a hall.

What can we say about the obscure Nadezhda Vasilievna. She had nothing to do with Yaroslavl, and her works ended up in this Museum quite by accident, along with the legacy of M.K. Sokolov. For her, her hometown was Leningrad (St. Petersburg), where she was born and lived as a child with her parents, then Sergiev Posad became her hometown, where her father, mother and brother died and were buried, and where her older sister Tatyana lived. If not native, then still close, was Moscow, where she lived the last years of her life and where she was buried at the Pyatnitskoye cemetery not far from the grave of her friend, teacher and husband, M.K. Sokolov, whose life and work were also inextricably linked with Moscow, his Old Moscow.

Both artists, both during life and after death, were unlucky. Now M.K. Art historians interpret Sokolov as a self-taught person, “the son of a cooper” and “one of the artists of Yaroslavl” - if only he knew about such a fate! And almost no one knows about Nadezhda Vasilievna Vereshchagina - no exhibitions, no catalogs - nothing! She, poor, if known, then either as the daughter of the famous philosopher V. Rozanov, or as a close friend of the artist Sokolov.

Almost 30 (thirty!!!) years. Over the years, the great works of the art critic N.P. Golenkevich hosted dozens of exhibitions by M.K. Sokolov in different cities (including the Tretyakov Gallery). But before the demonstration of drawings by N.V. Vereshchagina-Rozanova never got around to it. Moreover, during this time, the typescript with her memories of her father, V.V. Rozanov.

When the “Picture Gallery” section appeared on the domarchive website, first of all, I wanted to realize the dream of Elena Dmitrievna dear to me - to arrange permanent halls for M.K. Sokolova and her friend N.V. Vereshchagina. But if reproductions from paintings and drawings by Sokolov could be found in catalogs and on the Internet, then with drawings by N.V. Vereshchagina, one might say, nothing worked out for me. At one time, I could have re-shot them at Elena Dmitrievna's house, but I did not. What was left to do? Out of old memory, I turned to Nina Pavlovna Golenkevich, who is in charge of the N.V. Vereshchagina. I asked her to scan and send me at least a few drawings. I especially wanted to show visitors its amazing series based on the book "Ruth".

At the same time, she asked her to take the graves of the artists M.K. Sokolova and N.V. Vereshchagina-Rozanova at the Pyatnitsky cemetery. Those people who once looked after them are either dead or sick, and neglected graves in our time can take over. But nothing came of my idea: they didn’t send me any pictures, and they don’t take care of the graves. That's why in the hall N.V. Vereshchagina I was able to hang only 6 drawings, and even then all these are photocopies. Sometimes I still hope that I will receive what I promised from Yaroslavl. But hope is weak. It remains for me to blame myself for the fact that then, in 1985, with my own hands I donated the artistic legacy of Nadezhda Vasilievna to the YaChM instead of trying to arrange it somewhere in Moscow. Or at least reshoot them at the same time. I also regret that I gave it to Memories. I read them, but, of course, I no longer remember and cannot quote excerpts from them.

This page contains documents kindly sent to me by N.P. Golenkevich (for which I am very grateful to her): 1) biographical information about N.V. Vereshchagina (with my additions); 2) a list of series of her drawings and 3) two photographs of her. Other photos found on the Internet or taken from my personal archive. Links are also given. to the biography of M.K. Sokolova , whose letters to Nadezhda Vasilievna from 1943 to 1947, reprinted by her for public reading, give an idea of ​​herself and her work.

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION. Compiled by N.P. Golenkevich based on materials from the Scientific Archive of the Yaroslavl Art. Museum (ON YAHM) F. 43 Op.1 D. 43-58.

Father- Philosopher and publicist V. V. Rozanov (1856 - 1919).

Mother- Varvara Dmitry. (18 -1923, nee Rudneva, in the 1st marriage of Bityugov). Sisters: Tatyana, Barbara, Vera.

Husband 1st–A.S. Vereshchagin. Husband 2nd - artist M.K. Sokolov.

Elder sister of N.V. Vereshchagina, Tatyana Vasilievna Rozanova, almost all her life she lived in Zagorsk. She was close to the doctor MM. Melentiev, whose Memoirs preserved their correspondence. The letters are given on the next page, as they give an idea of ​​the circle of acquaintances of both sisters in the 1940s and 50s.

1908-1918 - studied at the private gymnasium M.N. Stoyunina (St. Petersburg)

1918 - came to her parents in Sergiev Posad (Zagorsk), where the family moved in 1917 on the advice of her father Pavel Florensky. AT 1919 - death of father V.V. Rozanova

1920 – 1922 - graduated Pedagogical College in Sergiev Posad (out-of-school department). In 1922 she married A.S. Vereshchagin, a student of the Military Electro-Academy and in connection with the transfer of her husband moved to Leningrad

1924-1925 - studied at the Leningrad Institute of Art History in the verbal department. In 1925- moved with her husband to Moscow, studied in various art circles

1929 – participated in the 2nd All-Union exhibition of the OKHS(Association of self-taught artists. Cm. Association of Artists of the Revolution. Art to the masses. M., 1929. P. 93 The catalog says: “Housewife. Self-taught experience 6 years. Address: Moscow, Sokolniki B. Deer, 9 kv.3)

1929-1932 - Studied in the studio thin Leblanc and in the technical school at the IZO GIZ. She left the 3rd year (certificate No. 97 dated February 4, 1932, stating that N.V. Vereshchagin is studying in the 3rd year)

1930 — 1934 – artist-performer at the State Musical Theatre. IN AND. Nemirovich-Danchenko (Moscow, Bolshaya Dmitrovka st.). (three certificates from the State Musical Theater named after V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko)

1934 8.09 — 23.11.1935 – artist of the 5th studio at the film factory Mosfilm(Moscow, Potylikha st., 54). In parallel, she worked "for herself" as an illustrator.

1936 - separated from her husband, moved to Leningrad.

Beginning of correspondence with M.K. Sokolov. In 1938 - his arrest and exile. Correspondence continued all the years until his death.

1936 — 22.04.1941 - background artist film studio "Lenfilm"(cartoon studio). In April 1941 she was sent by the studio to work in Moscow.

From 06/26/1941 to 02/14/1951 artist of the Soyuzmultfilm film studio (together with E.D. Tannenberg). There is a list of films from 1934 to 1950 ( cm . ON YAHM F.43)

Since 1941, he has been working on illustrations for the works of A.S. Pushkin. In 1944 - illustrates Fedin for Goslit (they were removed from print).

1945 15. 06 – accepted as a member of the graphic section of the Moscow Union of Artists(by recommendation thin D. A. Shmarinova (1907-1999)). From 1945 to 1949- drawings by N.V. acquire: State. Lit. Museum (Moscow) and Institute of Literature under the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Leningrad).

1947 - registration of marriage with thin. M.K. Sokolov. His move from Rybinsk to Moscow, exacerbation of the disease (cancer). Sokolov bequeaths N.V. Vereshchagina-Rozanova to keep his legacy. After his death on 19 Sept. 1947, Nadezhda Vasilievna, until her death, puts his entire archive in order, including

1948 - heart disease. N.V. received the 2nd group of disability

1950-1951 - illustrations for the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Humiliated and Insulted" - accepted for publication.

1955 (opened 07.15.) - participation in the "5th exhibition works of artists books» Moscow Union of Artists (House of Artists. Kuznetsky Most, 20)

1956 - Died July 15, 1956 in Moscow. She was buried at the Pyatnitsky cemetery next to the grave of her aunt, in whose house N.V. lived in recent years.

EXHIBITIONS during lifetime:

1929 - participated in 2nd All-Union Exhibition OHS(Association of self-taught artists - see the Association of Artists of the Revolution. Art to the masses. M., 1929. P. 93). see catalog. page.93: 73. Mother of freaks. ink; 74. Witch burning. ink; 75. Execution of revolutionaries. ink; 76. Scene from the French Revolution. ink

1955 (opened 15.07.)- Participated in "5th exhibition works of artists of the book "Moscow Union of Soviet Artists (House of Artists. Kuznetsky Most, 20)

POSTMORE (arranged by the efforts of E.D. Tannenberg, who kept almost all the works of Nadezhda Vasilievna):

26.03. 1957- 04/06/1957 - Personal exhibition at the Central House of Writers

(Moscow, Vorovskogo street. See invitation card)

18.05.1959-2.06.1959 — Personal exhibition in the Central House of Art Workers (catalogue published)

January 23, 1961– open personal exhibition “Dostoevsky in illustrations by N.V. Vereshchagina. State Literary Museum-Apartment of F.M.Dostoevsky (Moscow). Messages from art critics - S.N. Druzhinina, N.N. Tretyakov

December 18, 1969 — Group exhibition from private collections: N.V. Vereshchagin, D.B. Daran, A.F. Sofronov. Moscow organization of the Union of Artists of the RSFSR - Club of Collectors of Fine Arts

From the memoirs of E.D. Tannenberg (undated):“Great importance for the pre-war fate of N.V. Vereshchagina as an artist had her acquaintance with M.K. Sokolov, a famous graphic artist and painter. Undoubtedly, Sokolov gave Nadezhda Vasilievna a lot in understanding the language of graphic art, its specifics, introduced her to the range of issues related to this difficult, subtle and high art. — AT YAHM F. 43.Op.1, D.52.L.8

List of museums where the works of N.V. Vereshchagina-Rozanova (see F. 43)

DRAWINGS N.V. VERESCHAGINA-ROZANOVA

N.V. Rozanov. Florence and Paul. ill. to the novel by C. Dickens "Dombey and Son". 1943

FLORENCE and PAUL. ill. to the novel by Ch. Dickens

"Dombey and Son". 1943

N.V. Vereshchagin-Rozanov. Katerina. ill. to the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". 1947

N.V. Vereshchagin-Rozanov. KATERINA.

ill. to the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" 1946-1954

N.V. Vereshchagin-Rozanov. ill. to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "White Nights". 1950

"White Nights" 1947-1948

N.V. Vereshchagin-Rozanov. ill. to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky. "White Nights"

N.V. Vereshchagin-Rozanov. ill. to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky"White Nights" 1947-1948

N.V. Vereshchagin. NET. ill. to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky. "Netochka Nezvanova". Chuvash Hood. Museum

N.V. Vereshchagin-Rozanov. NET.

ill. to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky. Rice. 1950-1955

N.V. ATEreshchagin-Rozanov. ill. to the novel

F.M. Dostoevsky "Humiliated and Insulted" 1950s

SERIES OF DRAWINGS N.V. VERESCHAGINA-ROZANOVA (1900-1956)

(compiled by N.P. Golenkevich. Yaroslavl. Art Museum)

Illustrations for the works of Ch. Dickens

"Dombey and Son". 1943 and Antiquities Shop 1940s

Illustrations for the play by A.N. Ostrovsky"Thunderstorm" 1946-1954

Illustrations for the novels by F.M. Dostoevsky

"White Nights" 1947-1948

"Netochka Nezvanova" 1950-1955

"Humiliated and Insulted" 1950s

Illustrations for G. H. Andersen"Snow Queen" Series 1950s

From the series "Oriental Legends".

Bible. Genesis and Ruth 1950s

Illustrations for the works of A.S. Pushkin

"Stone Guest" Beginning 1950s; "Feast during the plague" - 1951

Illustrations for the works of L.N. Tolstoy

"Anna Karenina, "Family Happiness" 1947; "Lucerne" 1952,

(This is the main list, but there is more to Blok, Fedin and other authors)

Note N.M. On the next page, as an application, information is given about the family in which Nadezhda Vasilievna and her sisters were born and raised. Their life was strongly influenced not only by their father, V. Rozanov, but also by all his entourage. And it was very, very diverse in religious and political views. These were the people of that famous pre-revolutionary Silver Age, in which laymen like me cannot understand. In search of information about two sisters, Tatyana and Nadezhda Rozanov, very interesting “Memories” were found on the Internet doctor M.M. Melentieva. They contain letters from Tatyana Vasilievna to M. Melentiev and him to her for 1943-1955. They give an idea both about the circle of people with whom the sisters were closely acquainted, and about the everyday situation in which their life passed. The next page contains excerpts from this book, the full text of which (700 pages) is easily found on the Internet.

MM. Melentiev, art. V. Svitalsky and T.V. Rozanova

In a letter to the Minister of Agriculture and State Property A. S. Ermolov, Nikolai Vasilievich Vereshchagin reported in 1898: “In order to explain why I took up dairy farming and, moreover, not a private business, but a public one, I ask permission to turn to the time when I had to start farming. A sailor by education, with all my desire I could not accustom myself to endure rolling and from the officer classes of the Naval Corps I moved to St. Petersburg University. Here, at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, I, by the way, attended lectures by Professor Sovetov and saw in his ardent sermon on grass sowing one of the best guarantees for providing our cattle breeding with fodder. Even then I imagined, as a resident of one of the northern provinces - Novgorod, that only increased concern for improving cattle breeding could support our economy. (I).*

Nikolai Vasilyevich was born on October 13 (October 25), 1839 in the village of Pertovka, Cherepovets district, into a noble family that owned estates in the Novgorod and Vologda provinces.

House in the village of Pertovka

He spent his childhood on the banks of the Sheksna River. At the age of 8, he was sent to the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps. From the officer classes of the corps he moved to St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Natural Sciences.

Nikolay Vasilievich Vereshchagin

“Before the appearance in 1864 of N.V. Vereshchagin in the field of Russian agriculture, there was almost no dairy farming and Russian dairy cattle breeding in Russia. In the early 60s, N.V. Vereshchagin first drew attention to cattle breeding and dairy farming, seeing in them the main basis of the Russian, and in particular, the northern economy. He understood that in return for the declining grain economy from year to year, an economy should be given that produces products that are more valuable on the domestic and world markets - milk, cheese, butter, meat, etc., and, having convinced himself of the correctness of this view, he with everything with the ardor of his soul and enthusiasm, he devoted himself to a cause that, as life showed, did not deceive him, ”said A. A. Kalantar, a student and colleague of N.V. Vereshchagin, in 1907. (VI, 175).

“When I consulted with my father,” Nikolai Vasilyevich wrote, “I heard such advice from him that for the success of the business, I should first have studied cheese making myself.” In the neighboring province of Vologda, just 120 versts from the Vereshchagin estate, there was a cheese factory. The Swiss who supported her at first agreed to teach the young man how to make cheese, and then refused, saying: "Teach you Russians how to make cheese, we Swiss will have nothing to do." I had to look for another place. In Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg there was a master cheese maker Lebedev, but his cheese came out unimportant, with many very small eyes: Lebedev himself complained that the Swiss taught him somehow, not wanting to reveal the secrets of production.

In 1865, on the advice of his younger brother, the artist V.V. Vereshchagin, Nikolai Vasilyevich went to Switzerland, because there in the mountains there were no secrets from the production of cheeses. Here, for the first time, he saw an artel cheese factory, where the peasants handed over milk and then divided among themselves the income received from the sale of cheese. This gave them the opportunity to better maintain their livestock, which made the cows larger and gave more milk. Nikolai Vasilyevich was so fascinated by the idea of ​​organizing the same cheese factories in his homeland that he no longer thinks about cheese production only on his estate, he is entirely at the mercy of projects: to start the production of high-quality dairy products.

Nikolai Vasilyevich stayed in Switzerland for six months. Upon his return to St. Petersburg, he learns that the Imperial Free Economic Society has capital donated by Yakovlev and Mordvinov (either breeders or landowners) to improve the economy in the Tver province, and part of this capital can be allocated for the development of dairy farming. Nikolai Vasilyevich understood that in the Vologda and Yaroslavl provinces there was more fertile ground for the implementation of his plans, but, once in the Tver province, he worked here until the end of his days.

“Nikolai Vasilievich settled in the Tver district, in the town of Aleksandrovka, and opened the first cheese factory in the village of Otrokovichi with little support from the Free Economic Society to purchase the necessary equipment. A small cheese factory and the charming treatment of the "cheese maker" himself and the young "cheese maker", the wife of Nikolai Vasilyevich, respected Tatyana Ivanovna, quickly won the sympathy of the peasants not only of these points, but also of more remote villages and villages. (VII, 272).

N. V. Vereshchagin with his wife Tatyana Ivanovna and son Kuzma

The first peasant artel cheese factory in the village of Otrokovichi was organized on March 19, 1866. In the same year, an artel-based cheese factory was opened in Vidogoshchi, seven versts from Otrokovichi, where Dutch and Swiss cheeses were produced. By 1870, 11 artel cheese factories, created by N.V. Vereshchagin, were already operating in the Tver province.

Vladimir Ivanovich Blandov and Grigory Alexandrovich Biryulev, Vereshchagin's colleagues in the fleet, provided great assistance to Vereshchagin in the creation of artel cheese factories. To study the case, he sends at his own expense the first to Holland, the second to Switzerland. Upon their return, the three of them travel around all the county zemstvo assemblies in the Yaroslavl province. Subsidies are being sought for the establishment of cheese factories in the Vologda and Novgorod provinces. In 1870, the first two artels were organized in the Yaroslavl province - in the villages of Palkino and Koprino, Rybinsk district. Within three years since 1872, 17 cheese-making artels were created in the Yaroslavl province. On the initiative of Nikolai Vasilievich, dairy production on an artel basis also began to develop in Siberia and the North Caucasus. In 1906, there were already 10 artel cheese factories operating in the mountains of the North Caucasus.

V. I. Blandov - colleague of N. V. Vereshchagin

In his letter to “His Imperial Majesty,” N.V. Vereshchagin stated: “Our Caucasus, in terms of its mountain pastures, abundance of water, and other conditions reminiscent of Switzerland, could, with great attention and assistance to the emerging Swiss cheese making, not only satisfy domestic demand , but, perhaps, to send a considerable amount of his cheese abroad. (II).

But what was easy and simple in the well-established conditions of Swiss cheese making turned out to be not so simple in the conditions of Russian rural life. As Vereshchagin writes: "Difficulties have opened up, one might say, along the entire line." Often, peasants brought milk in dirty dishes, and the technology for making Swiss cheese requires special cleanliness. Milk was brought not always of good quality - from sick cows, diluted with water, so chemical laboratories had to be arranged. Finally, it was necessary to think about the creation of a special school.

There was a lot of trouble with the delivery of cheese and butter by railroads. Products were transported in freight trains (stops on the way lasted several days) and often came to the market spoiled. To top off all these difficulties at Vereshchagin, many doubted whether it was possible with Russian cattle, which they called "Taskans" and "Unfortunate Ones", to think about dairy farming.

But among the progressive intelligentsia there were people who responded to the ideas of N.V. Vereshchagin. Among them was Professor of Chemistry D. I. Mendeleev. Dmitry Ivanovich, together with N.V. Vereshchagin, toured all the established cheese dairies, and in 1868 Mendeleev wrote a review about them to the Imperial Free Economic Society. He noted that in order to introduce an improved dairy economy in Russia, it is necessary to establish a school for 50 students somewhere on the Volga. Its annual budget will not exceed 25 thousand rubles.

D. I. Mendeleev and N. V. Vereshchagin in Edimonovo in 1869
Drawing by V. I. Blandov

For two years, N.V. Vereshchagin sought the creation in Russia of a school for the training of masters and specialists-organizers of the dairy industry. Finally, in 1871, with the permission of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, in the village of Edimonovo, Korchevsky district, Tver province, the first dairy school in Russia was opened. N.V. Vereshchagin was appointed its director.

People of any class were accepted into the Edimonovsky school. “The whole way of the school was expressed, as it were, in the form of a labor brotherhood, and Nikolai Vasilyevich himself was the first brother to everyone. At the hour of leisure, before the evening milking, the pupils went out onto the wide porch of their hostel, sat down and sang choral songs, the students joined them, and often Nikolai Vasilyevich himself, sometimes with his wife, sat down on the steps of the porch and sang along to the choir. Who does not remember this open, expressive, bold, attracting face of Nikolai Vasilyevich, meeting everyone with some friendly word ... ". (VII, 371).

Nikolai Vasilyevich was the true head of the school, he was the first to get out of bed, go to wake up the students who lodged in the village for morning milking, he was present at all work if possible and was the last to leave after evening work. And how many people stayed under the hospitable roof of Nikolai Vasilyevich and in two or three days of staying with him received a huge store of knowledge, which in the West requires a lot of effort, recommendations, patronage, etc. a workshop of dairy farm supplies and, most importantly, his activities at various exhibitions, where in his department there were mostly people crowding around, listening to his figurative heartfelt explanations.

NV Vereshchagin with his family. 1905

N.V. Vereshchagin is the creator of a special kind of butter with a pleasant nutty taste, made from boiled cream and called "Vologda butter". For the high quality of dairy products produced at artel peasant dairy factories, at the Tver agricultural exhibition in 1867 and at the manufactory exhibition in St. Petersburg in 1870, N.V. Vereshchagin was awarded two gold medals.

In an effort to quickly declassify the technology for the production of dairy and other products, N.V. Vereshchagin put the matter in such a way that the production facilities that existed at the school were staffed mainly by Russian masters. All this made the Edimon school very popular in the country.

The school lasted until 1898, by which time about 1200 dairy masters had graduated. Some of them became major specialists who played an important role in the development of domestic animal husbandry and dairy business: A. A. Kalantar, O. I. Ivashkevich, M. N. Okulich, A. A. Popov and others.

Nikolai Vasilievich understood that dairy production in Russia could develop successfully only if there were local, domestic personnel of medium and higher qualifications. Therefore, back in the 1990s, he put forward the idea of ​​creating special higher educational institutions for training highly qualified personnel for all branches of agriculture. The fact that in Vologda in 1911 the first institute in Russia in the field of dairy farming was opened is a considerable merit of N.V. Vereshchagin.

A colorful poster with portraits of prominent figures of the cooperative movement in Russia, released in 1921, spoke about the significance of the activities of N.V. Vereshchagin as a cooperator. The grandson of Nikolai Vasilyevich, Professor N.K. Vereshchagin, recalls this: “I remember well how my father and his acquaintances from Cherepovets looked at this poster. There were portraits (in ovals) of Chernyshevsky, Khipchuk, Vereshchagin. Under the grandfather's portrait was the inscription: "Father of Russian cooperation."

It would be a mistake to limit the merits of N. V. Vereshchagin only to the organization of artel cheese-making and butter-making and the creation of domestic cadres of cheese-makers and butter-makers. No less great are his merits in the selection of highly productive cows from Russian local cattle.

The results of almost forty years of activity of N.V. Vereshchagin are eloquently evidenced by the data cited by Avetis Airapetovich Kalantar in a speech at a meeting of the council of the Moscow Society of Agriculture on May 2, 1907, dedicated to the memory of N.V. Vereshchagin:

The export of butter in 1897 amounted to 529,000 poods to the amount of 5 million rubles (before that, there was almost no export);
- 1900 - 1189 thousand pounds in the amount of 13 million rubles;
- 1905 - exports increased to 2.5 million pounds in the amount of 30 million rubles;
- 1906 - 3 million pounds in the amount of 44 million rubles.

Along with social production and teaching activities, N.V. Vereshchagin was engaged in a great literary work. He wrote about 60 scientific and popular science works and articles on agricultural issues. Many of his works have not lost their deep meaning even now.

Professor of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy A. A. Kalantar wrote: “The services of N. V. Vereshchagin in the field of dairy farming and cattle breeding are great, he is the father and creator of our dairy business, and as long as this production exists, his name will be remembered with gratitude and respect."

In the city of Cherepovets, in the homeland of Nikolai Vasilyevich, in 1984, the memorial House-Museum of the Vereshchagins was opened, where part of the exposition is dedicated to this remarkable person.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Vereshchagin N. V. - Yermolov A. S. “His Excellency A. S. Yermolov - Minister of Agriculture and State Property. 1898, ChKM, f. nine.
II. Vereshchagin N. V. - "To His Imperial Majesty." 1898, ChKM, f. nine.
III., Baryshnikov P. A. N. V. Vereshchagin. ChKM, f. nine.
IV. Goncharov M. N. V. Vereshchagin and dairy business in Russia. From the history of the dairy industry. - Dairy industry, 1949, No. 2, p. 26-31.
V. Davidov R. B. Milk and dairy business. M., 1949, S. 4-6.
VI. Kalantar A. A. Nikolai Vasilyevich Vereshchagin. - Farmer, 1907, No. 5, p. 175-179.
VII. Kondratiev M. N. In memory of N. V. Vereshchagin. - Dairy industry, 1907, No. 1, p. 271-389.
VIII. Magakyan J.T. The first Russian cheese factories. - Science and Life, 1981, No. 7, p. 116-120.
IX. Storonkin A. V. Chronicle of the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev. L.: Nauka, 1984, p. 108-109.
X. Shubin L. E. N. V. Vereshchagin. - In the book. : Names of Vologda residents in science and technology. North-West book. publishing house, 1968, p. 151-153.

Rep. for the issue of E. A. Ignatov. Artist V. I. Novikov.
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Born on October 13 (October 25), 1839 in the village of Pertovka, Cherepovets district, Novgorod province, in the family of a landowner. At the age of 10, he was assigned to the Alexander Cadet Corps, and a year later he was transferred to the Petrovsky Naval Cadet Corps.

Being a naval officer, he graduated in 1864 from the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. By political convictions, he was a populist and decided to devote himself to improving the economic situation of the peasants through the rational organization of dairy cattle breeding and dairy business in peasant farms.

Leaving military service in 1865, N.V. Vereshchagin visited Switzerland, Germany, England, France, Holland, Denmark and Sweden in order to study the dairy business. Here, for the first time, he saw an artel cheese factory, where the peasants handed over milk and then divided among themselves the income received from the sale of cheese and butter.

Upon returning to Russia, N.V. Vereshchagin initiated the creation of peasant artels for processing milk into butter and cheese. On March 19, 1866, he opened the first artel cheese factory in Otrokovichi, Tver province. By 1870, there were already 11 artel cheese factories in the Tver province, created by N.V. Vereshchagin. Artel cheese making quickly spread to other places. Within a few years, dozens of cheese dairies were opened in Tver, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Vologda and other provinces.

Such an active development of the dairy business quickly revealed a lack of qualified personnel and in June 1871 in the village. Edimonovo, Korchevsky district, Tver province, with the direct participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich, the first school of dairy farming in Russia was opened. Under his leadership, the school has trained more than 1,000 people, masters of butter and cheese makers, for 30 years of existence.

For the first time in Russia, Vereshchagin organized workshops for the manufacture of dairy equipment and utensils from special iron, which, according to his order, was produced at the Ural metallurgical plants.

In 1890, at a meeting of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, N.V. Vereshchagin put forward the idea of ​​creating special higher educational institutions in Russia to train highly qualified personnel for all branches of agriculture. This idea was not realized during his lifetime. Only in 1911 Av. A. Kalantar - a student of N.V. Vereshchagin - achieved the opening of a dairy economic institute near Vologda in the village. Dairy.

Since 1866 N.V. Vereshchagin was a member of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture. In 1874 he was elected chairman of the Society's Cattle Breeding Committee. For useful activities in organizing a dairy farm on the basis of the artel of the peasants of the northern provinces of Russia, in 1869 he was awarded the gold medal of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, and later elected an honorary member of the society.

The scientist paid much attention to the issues of improving domestic breeds of dairy cattle. In 1883, at the Edimonovskaya school, N.V. Vereshchagin together with Av.A. Kalantar organized the first laboratory in Russia (the second in Europe) to study the composition of milk, which marked the beginning of a broad study of local cattle breeds. He proved that with proper care and feeding, local cattle are capable of producing exceptionally high milk productivity.

Vereshchagin systematically organized exhibitions of dairy farming in the northern provinces of Russia. The highest award at these exhibitions was the Vereshchagin Prize, which was awarded for achieving high milk productivity of domestic breeds of cattle.

N.V. Vereshchagin was the first in the world to use boiling cream and created on their basis a completely new, unknown before him abroad method for preparing butter, which has a pronounced taste of pasteurization (“nutty”). Due to a misunderstanding, Vologda oil was called Paris oil for many years. Interestingly, the Swedes, who learned about this oil in 1879 at the St. Petersburg exhibition, began to call it St. Petersburg. In the 1930s, this oil was renamed Vologda oil.

Before N.V. Vereshchagin butter was not exported. Russia sold ghee to Turkey and Egypt. However, there was a threat of closing the foreign market for Russian butter, which passed due to the export of Parisian butter. Through the efforts of N.V. Vereshchagin, the Russian export of butter in 1906 was brought to 3 million poods in the amount of 44 million rubles.

H. V. Vereshchagin wrote about 60 scientific and popular science works and articles on agricultural issues. Many of his works have not lost their significance even today.

March 13, 1907 N.V. Vereshchagin died in poverty, leaving his family no means of subsistence, as he mortgaged his estate.