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Objective components of the conflict. Business Conflict Management: A Tutorial

Conflictology- a discipline that studies the patterns of origin, emergence, development, resolution and completion of conflicts of any level. conflictology phase participant behavior

The solution of a certain range of problems that caused the emergence of a conflict can help overcome the difficulties that have already been identified in connection with determining the essence of the conflict, the object and subject of conflictology.

There are two most common approaches to understanding conflict. With one of them, the conflict is defined as a clash of parties, opinions, forces, that is, very broadly. With this approach, conflicts are also possible in inanimate nature. The concepts of "conflict" and "contradiction" actually become comparable in volume. Another approach is to understand the conflict as a collision of oppositely directed goals, interests, positions, opinions or views of opponents or subjects of interaction. It is assumed here that the subject of conflict interaction can be either an individual person or people and groups of people.

Under social conflict is understood as the most acute way of development and completion of significant contradictions that arise in the process of social interaction, which consists in the opposition of the subjects of the conflict and is accompanied by their negative emotions in relation to each other. If the subjects of a social conflict oppose, but do not experience negative emotions (for example, in the process of discussion, combat sports), or, conversely, experience negative emotions, but do not show them outwardly, do not oppose each other, then such situations are pre-conflict situations. Counteraction of the subjects of the conflict can unfold in three areas: communication, behavior, activities. Counteraction consists in communication or actions with the aim of expressing disagreement with the opponent, blocking his activity or causing material (moral) damage to him.

Under intrapersonal conflict is understood as a pronounced negative experience caused by the protracted struggle of the structures of the inner world of the individual, reflecting conflicting connections with the social environment and delaying decision making. Any conflict is based on a contradiction that plays a system-forming role both for different types of conflict and for different levels of their study.

To date, conflict research is conducted within the framework of military sciences, art history, history, mathematics, pedagogy, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, sociobiology, sociology, philosophy, and some others (for example, psychiatry and economics). It should be borne in mind that people and governing bodies deal with holistic real conflicts, and not with their individual psychological, legal, philosophical, sociological and other aspects.

These considerations substantiate the need to single out an independent science - conflictology. The object of its comprehensive study is conflicts in general, and the subject is the general patterns of their occurrence, development and completion. Conflictology should be interested in two types of conflicts: with the participation of a person (intrapersonal and social) and animal conflicts. To the main types social conflicts include: interpersonal conflicts, "personality - group" conflicts, conflicts between small, medium and large social groups, international conflicts between individual states and their coalitions. The central object of conflictology is social conflicts, and their core is interpersonal. The study of interpersonal conflicts, less complex among other social conflicts, can reveal the main causes of conflict interaction. Social conflicts are closely related to intrapersonal conflicts. Therefore, understanding the motives of social conflicts will be difficult without studying the processes that occur in the psyche and precede the conflict behavior of a person. Each of the eleven particular conflictology sciences has its own subject in the object common to these sciences. This is that part, side, that level of the object that this science explores. However, conflictology itself is not able to describe and explain conflicts in their entirety.

Conflicts are an inexhaustible object of knowledge, about which absolutely everything cannot be known. Therefore, the subject of conflictology are those patterns, parties, characteristics of conflicts that science is able to explore at this stage of its development. The object of conflictology is a much more conservative formation in comparison with the subject. The object can change as a result of its own development, in addition, its boundaries can be refined in connection with a deeper penetration of science into the essence of the phenomena under study. The object of conflictology - social, intrapersonal and animal conflicts - is unlikely to undergo significant changes in the foreseeable future.

Conflict genesis is the process of the emergence and development of modern conflict forms of society that leave their mark, and often directly determine the direction and content of evolution as a whole. Conflict genesis is a continuous dialectical process of origin, development and modernization of the existing social reality through its core - conflict.

A conflict is a situation in which each side seeks to take a position that is incompatible and opposite to the interests of the other side. Conflict is a special interaction of individuals, groups, associations that occurs when their views, positions and interests are incompatible. Conflict has both destructive and constructive functions.

The conflicting parties can be social groups, groups of animals, individuals and individuals of animals, technical systems.

There are the following conflicts:

  • · Internal conflicts are the interaction of opposite sides within a given object, for example, within a given species of animal (intraspecific struggle). The process of development of an object is characterized not only by the development of internal conflicts, but also by its constant interaction with external conditions, with the environment.
  • · External conflicts are the interaction of opposites related to different objects, for example, between society and nature, organism and environment, etc.

Antagonistic conflicts are interactions between irreconcilably hostile social groups and forces. The term "antagonism" is common in biology and medicine: antagonism of poisons, drugs, microbes, antagonism of muscles, teeth, etc. Mathematicians consider antagonism as such a contrast of interests (meaning game theory), in which the gain of one side is equal to the loss of the other, that is, equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. In its purest form, antagonism rarely manifests itself - in a situation of market competition, war, revolution, sports, etc., modern conflictology identifies five strategies for behavior in a conflict situation:

  • Adaptation - one side agrees with the other in everything, but has its own opinion, which is afraid to express.
  • · Avoidance - avoiding a conflict situation.
  • Compromise is a joint decision that satisfies both parties.
  • Rivalry - active opposition to the other side.
  • · Collaboration -- an attempt to arrive at a joint solution.

Phases of conflict

  • 1. Definition, awareness by the participants of communication of the situation as a conflict
  • 2. Choosing a strategy of behavior in a conflict situation
  • 3. Choice of methods of action
  • 1. Participants in the conflict (opposing sides, opponents)- these are subjects (individuals, groups, organizations, states) directly involved in all phases of the conflict (conflict situation, incident), irreconcilably assessing the essence and course of the same events related to the activities of the other side.

In any social conflict, be it interpersonal or interstate conflict, the main actors are people. The degree of their participation in the conflict can be different: from direct opposition to indirect influence on the course of the conflict. Based on this, the following are distinguished: the main participants in the conflict (opponents); support groups; other participants.

main participants in the conflict. They are often referred to as parties or opposing forces. These are the subjects of the conflict that directly perform active (offensive or defensive) actions against each other. Some authors introduce such a concept as “opponent”, which in Latin means “objector, opponent in a dispute”.

Support groups. Almost always in any conflict there are forces behind the opponents, which can be represented by individuals, groups, etc. Either by active actions, or by their presence, silent support, they can radically influence the development of the conflict, its outcome. Even if we take into account that individual incidents during the course of the conflict can take place without witnesses, the outcome of the conflict is largely determined by their existence.

Other members. This group includes subjects that have an episodic impact on the course and results of the conflict. These are instigators and organizers, mediators (mediators, judges). Instigator is a person, organization or state that pushes another participant to a conflict. Organizer- a person or group planning a conflict, various ways of providing and protecting participants, etc.

Opponent- this is a participant in a conflict situation who has a point of view, views, beliefs, arguments that are opposite, different from the main, original or compared to yours.

This characteristic is often distinguished opponent , as its rank, which includes the following characteristics:

  • - the level of the opponent's ability to achieve his goals in the conflict;
  • - “strength”, expressed in the complexity and influence of its structure;
  • - physical, social, material and intellectual capabilities, knowledge, skills and abilities;
  • - social experience of conflict interaction;
  • - breadth of social connections;
  • - the extent of public and group support;
  • - the presence and magnitude of destructive potential - physical force, weapons, etc.

Strong Opponent - this is an opponent who has a higher level of knowledge, skills, abilities and personal qualities in comparison with other participants in the conflict situation.

Conflict person- this is a person who more often than others creates and involves others in conflict situations and conflicts.

All of the above participants in the conflict have certain motives for which they enter into a conflict. The motives of the parties include incentives to enter into a conflict associated with meeting the needs of the opponent, a set of external and internal conditions that cause the subject's conflict activity. In a conflict, it is often difficult to identify the motives of opponents, since in most cases they hide them, presenting openly a motivation that differs from the true motives.

Parties concerned - a key link in any conflict. When one of the parties leaves the conflict, it stops. If in an interpersonal conflict one of the participants is replaced by a new one, then the conflict changes, a new conflict begins. The party that started the conflict first is called the initiator of the conflict . However, in long protracted intergroup conflicts, it can be difficult to determine the initiator. Many of these conflicts have a long history, so it is difficult to name the step that caused the conflict.

2. The subject of the conflict- an objectively existing or conceivable (imaginary) problem that serves as a source of conflict between the parties; the main contradiction, because of which and for the sake of which the parties enter into confrontation.

As you know, the core of any conflict is a contradiction. The struggle going on in the conflict reflects the desire of the parties to resolve this contradiction, as a rule, in their favor. In the course of the conflict, depending on the severity of the contradiction, the struggle intensifies or weakens. However, the problem of conflict remains unchanged until the contradiction is resolved.

Participants in the conflict operate with such a concept as the subject of the conflict. In most cases, the essence of the contradiction in the conflict is not visible, does not lie on the surface. Stakeholders may perceive the conflict with varying degrees of accuracy in understanding the essence of the conflict situation, i.e. the degree of conformity of the image of the conflict situation with reality can be different. Based on this, four cases are distinguished.

Latent "conflict" - an objectively existing conflict situation, but not realized, not perceived by the participants. There is no conflict as a socio-psychological phenomenon.

Misunderstood conflict - an objectively existing conflict situation, perceived by the parties as a conflict, but with certain significant deviations from reality.

False Conflict - a conflict situation that is objectively absent, but, nevertheless, the attitude of the parties is mistakenly perceived by them as conflict.

Adequately perceived conflict - an objectively existing conflict situation and adequately perceived by the participants in terms of key characteristics.

Typically, a conflict situation is characterized by a significant degree of distortion and uncertainty. Therefore, it is precisely this “uncertainty” of the outcome that is a necessary condition for the emergence of a conflict, because only in this case, those participants who are doomed to defeat from the very beginning can enter into the conflict.

With neutral interaction, the situation of communication is perceived, as a rule, adequately. Of course, there is a certain distortion and loss of information both in the course of communication and as a result of the specifics of social perception. This is quite natural, since the information is not impersonal, but has a personal meaning. However, in a conflict situation, perception undergoes special changes - the degree of subjectivity of perception increases.

The degree of distortion of the conflict situation is not a constant value. These may be minor deviations, for example, in short-term conflicts. However, studies of cognitive processes in difficult situations of interaction show that distortions in the perception of the situation can reach significant proportions.

Let us consider what the distortion of the conflict situation consists in.

1. Distortion of the conflict situation as a whole.

In the conflict, the perception is distorted not only of individual elements of the conflict, but also of the conflict situation as a whole:

  • - the conflict situation is simplified, complex or unclear points are discarded, missed, not analyzed;
  • - there is a schematization of the conflict situation. Only some of the main connections and relationships are highlighted;
  • - the perspective of perception of a situation decreases. Preference is given to the principle of "here" and "now". Consequences are usually not calculated;
  • - the perception of the situation occurs in polar assessments - “white and black”. Halftones are rarely used;
  • - there is a filtering of information and interpretation in the direction that corresponds to prejudices.
  • 2. Distortion of perception of motives of behavior in conflict.

A. Own motivation. As a rule, socially approved motives are attributed to oneself (struggle for the restoration of justice, protection of honor and dignity, etc.). Own thoughts are evaluated as noble, goals - as lofty and therefore worthy of implementation. The subject of the conflict naturally comes to the conclusion that he is right.

B. Opponent's motives. They are rated as vile and base (the desire for careerism, enrichment, intrigue of a senior boss, flattery, etc.). If, however, the perceiver is forced, due to undoubted evidence, to fix positive motives, then errors arise in the assessment of motives. “Yes,” argues the participant in the conflict, “the opponent may be right in some way, but look how he acts!”. What follows is a detailed analysis of the aspirations of his opponent, which are contrary to generally accepted norms.

3. Distortion of perception of action, statements, deeds.

A. Own position. Usually, the normative validity of one's position, its expediency, is fixed. The target component is considered in line with “I am right, so I must win!”. The operational component can be perceived in the following ways:

  • - I do everything right;
  • - I am compelled to do so;
  • - it is impossible to do otherwise in this situation;
  • - it is his own fault that I have to act like this;
  • - everyone does it.

B. Position of the opponent. It is considered as erroneous, unproven, normatively unsupported. Therefore, the only possible goal of the opponent, which can be recognized and approved, is "he must concede, he must lose." The operational component is perceived in the following interpretations:

  • - these are vile deeds, these are blows below the belt;
  • - he does only what is to my detriment;
  • He does it on purpose.
Cheat sheet on conflictology Kuzmina Tatyana Vladimirovna

STATUS AND ROLE OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE CONFLICT

Participants in conflicts can be both individuals or groups (small, medium, large) of people, as well as individual social communities (ethnic, national, religious, political) or coalitions of communities (state, ethnic coalitions, etc.).

In a conflict, the subjects of the conflict may not participate in their usual role, but take a different position and status. The set of possible roles played by a person or a social group in society is very large, and the options for role positions in conflict relations are also diverse. For example, the president of a country can play his direct role in an internal political or interstate conflict, but in other contradictions he can play the role of an ordinary citizen of the country, neighbor, spouse, father, and other roles. In other words, each person has a certain role set, his change occurs daily, depending on the conditions in which he is. In the same way, in a conflict, roles can change or new ones appear. Positions taken in a conflict situation can also be different.

Types of possible positions of the participants in the conflict:

1) main participants (initiator/instigator and opponent);

2) supporting the main participants;

3) instigators;

4) organizers;

5) mediators (mediators, judges, experts).

Status the main participants is determined not only by his role in the conflict or the social position that he occupies in the society or system of interpersonal relations in which the conflict occurs. It is also characterized by a situation that is formed in the course of the development of the conflict, called rank. The level of rank depends on the capabilities that the participant in the conflict has (physical, material, social, intellectual, personal). The skills and experience of the subject of the conflict, the degree of well-established versatility of his social ties influence. The ranks of the opposing sides differ in the qualitative characteristics of personal potential and the likelihood of revealing the potential in conflict interaction.

The level of social, intellectual and physical forces consists not only of the strengths of the main participant, but also the capabilities of the participants that support the main subject of the conflict. This support turns out to be significant in quantitative and qualitative terms, it affects the entire course of the development of the contradiction and the way it is resolved. Support can be expressed both by the presence of real actors in the conflict, and public recognition of the advantages of one or another side of the disagreement (for example, through the media or behind the scenes).

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An important aspect of the structural analysis of social conflicts is the identification of "actors and performers" of conflict relations. According to Yu.G. Zaprudsky, along with the concept of "party to the conflict", such concepts as "participant", "subject", "intermediary" can also be included here. At the same time, participants and subjects of social conflicts should not be identified, as this can lead to confusion in understanding the roles played in the conflict. Thus, any group of persons that takes part in the conflict, but is not aware of it for the purposes of the conflict contradiction, can be a participant in an ethnic conflict. A participant can also be third parties who accidentally find themselves in a conflict zone and do not have their own interest. The subject of an ethnic conflict is an ethnic group capable of creating a conflict situation, i.e. firmly and relatively independently influence the course of the conflict in accordance with their interests, influence the behavior and position of other groups, and cause certain changes.

Such a specialist in the field of conflict theory as R. Dahrendorf refers to the subjects of conflicts three types of social groups:

Primary groups - direct participants in the conflict, who are in a state of subjectively incompatible goals;

Secondary groups - those who seek to be uninvolved directly in the conflict, but contribute to its incitement;

Tertiary groups are forces interested in resolving the conflict.

Conflictants can be distinguished by the following objective characteristics.

Roles- a certain ideal model, a set of rights and obligations. Roles differ in their involvement in the conflict, which can be:

direct and active, by which it is possible to identify the subjects (or opponents) of the conflict;

· indirect and auxiliary, by which it is possible to determine those who explicitly or implicitly support them - these are the participants in the conflict.

Participants in the conflict are divided into direct and indirect. Between the direct participants, the initiator (or instigator) of the conflict is singled out. Indirect participants in the conflict are characterized role behavior, i.e. indirect participants in the conflict can:

Provoke a conflict (instigator, provocateur), its goal is to provoke a conflict in order to achieve its own interests;

Help to reduce the severity or complete cessation of the conflict (mediator, mediator, judges);

support one or another side or both sides at the same time (accomplice, ally or support group);

plan and manage the course of the conflict (organizer);

be a victim of conflict.

Alan Touraine believes that the definition of social opponents and their value orientations is a key point in the analysis of the conflict. What is the problem here? In a real conflict, real opponents may not show their participation, but hide behind minor participants (substitution, disguise of the subject). In addition, the difficulty in identifying the participants and subjects of conflict interaction is associated with the dynamism of this process: at one stage, a person or group can act as the initiator of the conflict, and by the end move into the category of victims. Therefore, it makes sense to agree with the French researcher: this procedure is not as simple as it looks at first glance.



In addition to roles, subjects and participants in the conflict are characterized by rank, social status, and potential.

Rank- the position occupied by one of the parties in relation to the opposing side:

· opponent of the 1st rank - a person acting on his own behalf and pursuing his own interests;

Opponents of the 2nd rank - separate individuals pursuing group interests;

· Opponent of the 3rd rank - a structure consisting of groups directly interacting with each other;

· Opponents of the 4th rank - state structures acting on behalf of the law.

social status- the general position of an individual or group in society, associated with a certain set of rights or obligations.

Potential(strength) - the possibility and ability of the parties to the conflict to realize their goals in spite of the opposition of the opponent; the totality of potential and actual means and resources of the party to the conflict.

Alvin Toffler identifies, according to Western standards, the three most important sources of power: violence, wealth, and knowledge. Violence he considers low-quality force. It can be used both positively and negatively. It is much more flexible than coercion by force. Therefore, wealth is a power of average quality.

The power of excellence comes from the application of knowledge. At the same time, false and ambiguous facts, along with true facts, scientific laws, religious views, are weapons of the power game and act as forms of knowledge. Knowledge is the most democratic source of power.

Knowledge, violence and wealth, the relationship between them determine the power in society.

Political same vector resources follows from the interaction of the following factors.

1. The power factor. The stability and effectiveness of power structures and their legitimacy in the eyes of the population or individual social groups.

2. Human resource factor. The number of people who support, collaborate with, or provide special assistance to power structures, their number relative to the total population, and the form and sustainability of their organizations.

3. Knowledge and skill factor(technological equipment). The skills, knowledge and capabilities of these people, their ability to meet the needs of political structures.

4. Hidden Factors. The fundamental foundations of business culture and archetypes, psychological and ideological factors such as habits, attitudes towards obedience and subordination, the presence or absence of public trust, ideology, a sense of duty. According to M. Weber, discipline is the possibility that, due to habit, the team will receive quick and automatic execution in stereotyped forms from these groups or individuals.

5. Material resources and politics. Property, natural and financial resources, economic system, communication and transport system.

6. Sanctions. The nature and forces of coercion and punishment, which are at the disposal of power structures.

Strength is the capacity for effective action and reaction. But its power depends on the relationship with the other side, it is manifested in the interaction of social groups. In short, action and reaction are properties of force; they state power in action.

Any resource that acts as the basis of power is effective only if individuals confirm this resource, and the individual's resource only gives power when it has some weight in the context of the relationships where it is used (E. Toffler).

Usually, three categories of participants in the conflict are distinguished and considered depending on their inherent roles:

Participants: attacking and defending;

Conflict managers;

Neutral.

Each category combines, in turn, several groups. Thus, the category "managers of the conflict" includes groups: government officials, bureaucratic institutions, associations. A detailed typology of the participants in the conflict was proposed by A.A. Belov. He singled out and described 11 groups of participants in the conflict, depending on the degree of their involvement in the conflict and role participation in it.

1. Direct participants are those who converge in a direct confrontation for their interests. These are the participants themselves, their allies, assistants, who are sought both in the organization itself and outside it.

2. Manipulators - those who try to achieve their goals without taking an explicit part in the conflict, "by the hands of others", using them as puppets.

3. Instigators - those who benefit from the conflict, but not because their goals are achieved in it, but because “you can fish in troubled waters”, who benefit from the mutual weakening of the parties, whose services (products), in particular, will be be in high demand in a conflict environment who want to take a leading position due to the conflict.

4. "Sponsors". Their goals in the conflict are not directly achieved. The interests of "sponsors" are not related to the problem and the result. For the assistance provided in the conflict, they receive some kind of “interest” (this can be material benefits, benefits, a position, just gratitude, finally). This type of participants can also be called "usurers".

5. Arbitrators - those who can stop the conflict with their strong-willed decision, who manage the conflict - "arbitrators", leaders, authoritative people, professional arbitrators.

6. "Victims" - those who suffer from conflict actions without participating in them, who experience inconvenience from the conflict. Such subjects, although they do not pursue goals related to the content of the conflict, may be included in it for self-defense or revenge on offenders.

7. Mediators (mediators) - those who are directly involved in the conflict, but, while maintaining neutrality, do not pursue their goals, but try to soften the "friction" of the parties, facilitate their communication, and bring the parties to a compromise.

8. Spectators are those for whom conflict is entertainment. They may be interested in the course, observe, approve or condemn (both the conflict itself and the actions of the parties), but they do not take active actions.

9. "Public controllers" - monitor the course of the conflict so that the "rules of fair play" are observed. In general, they remain neutral, but can intervene if these rules are violated.

10. "Fans" - support groups for those in conflict. Provide the necessary emotional background, provide moral support. They do not pursue any interests (they can count on the gratitude of "their" participants). Actions are based on personal likes and relationships.

11. Observers - remain neutral, observe the course of the conflict in order to respond in time if the interests of the groups they represent are affected.

Justification of the definition of participants in conflict interaction, their role in the conflict, the degree of involvement in it allows you to establish a real "contribution" to the deployment of the conflict, the goals pursued by them in the conflict, the reasons and motives for entering it. Knowing these parameters makes it possible to concentrate efforts to resolve the conflict on its "core", and not disperse them, which, of course, increases the effectiveness of anti-conflict measures.

For example, according to sociological surveys conducted over the past ten years in organizations in the city of Belgorod, the conflict roles among their managers and employees were distributed as follows (in % of the number of respondents).

Table 1

Distribution of participants in conflict interaction

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1 ALL-RUSSIAN OLYMPIAD OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN SOCIAL SCIENCE account. SCHOOL STAGE Grade 9 Dear participant! When completing tasks, you have to perform certain work, which is best organized as follows: carefully read the task; if you are answering a theoretical question or solving a situational problem, consider and formulate a specific answer (the answer should be short, and its content should be entered in the space provided; write clearly and legibly). For each correct answer, you can get a number of points determined by the jury members, not higher than the specified maximum score. The sum of the points scored for all the solved questions is the result of your work. The maximum number of points is 125. Tasks are considered completed if you handed them over to the jury members on time. We wish you success! one

2 1. Choose several correct answers. Enter the answers in the table. The main types of economic relations include 1) labor 2) entrepreneurship 3) production 4) distribution 5) creativity 6) exchange 1.2. Which of the following is a sign of federation as a form of state-territorial structure? 1) there is a unicameral parliament in the state 2) the constituent entities have the status of a state entity 3) the presence of three independent branches of government 4) there is a two-level system of legislation in the state 5) the parts that form the state have full sovereignty 6) the right of regions to freely secede from the state entity 1.3. Commercial legal entities in the Russian Federation are: 1) political parties 2) public joint-stock companies 3) public legal entities 4) housing cooperatives 5) production cooperatives 6) unitary enterprises 1.4. The forms of rational cognition are 1) concept 2) perception 3) judgment 4) inference 5) sensation 6) representation Maximum for the task 8 points. 2

3 2. What do the following phenomena have in common? Give the most accurate answer. Support groups, mediators, instigators, accomplices, witnesses, parties. Maximum 2 points per task. 3. Give a brief justification for the series (which unites the listed elements) and indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis. Evolution, revolution, stagnation, progress, regression. Maximum 2 points per task. 4. Give a brief justification for the series (which unites the listed elements) and indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis. Abstraction, analysis, description, classification, modeling, synthesis. Maximum 2 points per task. 5. Give a brief justification for the series (which unites the listed elements) and indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis. Basques, Celts, Siberians, Scots, Eskimos. Maximum 2 points per task. 3

4 6. "Yes" or "no"? If you agree with the statement, write “yes”, if you disagree, write “no”. Enter your answers in the table Information about awards and incentives is entered in the work book, but disciplinary sanctions are not entered. Unlike training, work activity requires the obligatory presence of certain qualifications. The type of temperament is biologically set, but socializes in the course of a person’s life. inherent in any state Citizen N, who works in the summer as an animator at a tourist resort and lost his job with the beginning of autumn, is a cyclical unemployed In most modern states there is a free market economy unregulated by the state. Maximum for the task 6 points. 7. Solve the problem. The owner of the cinema wants to increase the proceeds from the sale of entrance tickets. To achieve the goal, he increased the price of tickets. Under what kind of demand would he achieve what he wanted? At what type of demand will its revenue decrease? Maximum 4 points per task. 4

5 8. Read the description of the situation and answer the questions. In 2015, citizen V., a well-known philologist, a few months before his death, completed the manuscript of a novel on the subject of ancient Greek mythology with significant inserts in ancient Greek, which he had dreamed of writing all his life. The novel was published during the author's lifetime in the amount of 100 copies, which the author sold at cost to his friends and members of the city club of fans of historical novels. Citizen V. died before he could register copyright and before he could make a will. Of the living relatives, only his 88-year-old mother remained. 1) The norms of which code govern the rights that citizen V. has acquired in relation to his novel? 2) In what year will the work of citizen V. become public domain? 3) How will copyright be affected by the fact that citizen V. died without having time to register copyright? 4) Will the mother of citizen V. be able to claim his inheritance? Provide an explanation for your answer. 5) What type of culture does the novel of citizen V. belong to? Name three signs by which this can be determined (be sure to illustrate each sign with an example from the text)

6 5. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in social science account. d. Maximum 13 points per task. 9. Match the examples with the activities they correspond to. EXAMPLE TYPE OF ACTIVITY A) issuance by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of an order to create manufactories B) publication by the Alfavit book publishing house of 5 million copies of various 1) material and production 2) socially transformative 3) predictive 4) value-oriented 5) cognitive publications for the past year C) reading by a social worker of an open lecture on a healthy lifestyle E) conducting sociological surveys among schoolchildren among their parents about the state of school education in Russia A B C D E Maximum 5 points for the task. 6

7 10. Establish a correspondence between enterprises and types of business to which they belong. ENTERPRISE A) IE Oleg Semyonovich Petrov, engaged in the transportation of people by fixed-route taxi B) Fresh patisson LLC, which buys vegetables from suburban farmers and sells them to the townspeople C) Piramida JSC, which provides real estate services D) Kopeechka PJSC, engaged in the purchase and the sale of shares and other securities of various companies E) JSC "Veselye Rebyata", accepting contributions from customers and concluding agreements with them that it will reimburse their damage in certain cases A B C D E TYPE OF BUSINESS 1) insurance 2) intermediary 3) commercial 4) financial 5) production The maximum for the task is 5 points. 11. Insert instead of gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words from the proposed list. Words are given in the list in the singular, adjectives in the masculine form. Pay attention: in the list of words there are those that should not occur in the text! Enter your answer in the table. There are several main theories that explain social development. Marxist theory (K. Marx, F. Engels, V. Lenin) divided the history of mankind into several stages (A), each of which consisted of (B) (productive forces and production relations) and (C) (socio-political and spiritual institutions). In the main formations were (D), the struggle between which moved human history forward. The reason for their occurrence was the appearance of (D), in which the main troubles of mankind were seen and which it was considered necessary to eliminate in order to create conditions for the formation of a society of justice. Unlike Marxism, which absolutized (E) the sphere of life of society, the civilizational approach proceeded from the paramount importance (G) of the sphere of life of society and, first of all, (H). On its basis, A. Toynbee and O. Spengler singled out local civilizations, 7

8 noting that there is no single history of mankind, but the history of individual civilizations. The technocratic approach prevailing today (D. Bell, E. Toffler, J. Galbraith, W. Rostow) identifies three major stages in the history of mankind based on the level of development (I), which determines the remaining components of the socio-political organization and spiritual development. In the 1970s, Western futurologists predicted the onset of (K) society and identified its main features. List of terms: 1. basis 2. activity 3. spiritual 4. castes 5. classes 6. communist 7. superstructure 8. public property 9. political 10. post-industrial 11. religion 12. estates 13. technology 14. formation 15. private property 16. economic A B C D E F G I J Maximum 10 points for the task. 12. Combine the following concepts into a classification scheme. Concepts: 1. misdemeanors, 2. crimes, 3. disciplinary, 4. criminal, 5. administrative, 6. offenses, 7. civil. Maximum 7 points per task. eight

9 13. Look at the picture. Indicate the social statuses of the depicted person reflected in it. List five statuses. Maximum 5 points per task. 14. Read the text carefully and answer the questions. Historical myth is a powerful propaganda weapon of modern and modern times Nowadays, myth-makers turn for support not to sacred texts or miracles, but to historical science. One thing is historical information in itself, another is their interpretation, value attitude. The most dangerous lie is the one that is 99% true. Myth differs from science not in that it does not rely on facts or invents them itself (this is just not necessary), but in the way it places accents, which it attaches the highest value to between a genuine Greek, Germanic or Indian myth and modern ideological myth such the same difference as between a real steak and a beef-flavoured vermicelli concentrate. Indeed, the ideological myth only uses some of the mechanisms of the subconscious, well visible in classical mythology, to set forth 9

10 with their help, a completely different content and offer it to completely different people who are already capable of other, higher types of thinking. Scientists propose to distinguish between "two meanings of the word myth": 1) the type of archaic worldview; 2) "honest delusion", when the reputation of the subject is taken for the subject itself. The first is typical for ancient cultures, the second for modern culture.” For our today's world, it is “myth-2” that retains formidable relevance, while “myth-1” is at best an ethnographic value. Any human community is impossible without common values, fixed by a single basic meaning, the meaning that culture offers to its bearers to justify their life and activities. This meaning is inexpressible to the end in words (since it concerns metaphysical things), therefore it does not lend itself to a completely logical explanation. Instead, it is only denoted by the main symbol of a given culture and is revealed (perhaps rather illustrated) in its main myth. Without this, culture cannot take shape as something whole and delimited from all other cultures. Rational consciousness is not enough for this: after all, the laws of physics are the same all over the world. And cultures are different, moreover, it is in their difference and diversity that the wealth of mankind and its chances of survival in the face of any dangers that the future may bring. Mosionzhnik L.A. "Technology of the historical myth" 1. A. What two types of worldview (two forms of comprehension of the world) does the author oppose? B. Based on social science knowledge, give two differences between them. 2. How many meanings of the word "myth" does the author give? Expand their content. 3. Based on the content of the text, name the type of culture that is characterized by modern myth. 4. What, according to the author, does modern myth play a social function? Expand the content of this function by citing the author's quote. 5. Suggest what kind of social danger a modern myth can carry

11 2. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in social science account. d Maximum for the task 18 points. 15. Read the sayings of famous people. In each case, several statements are devoted to one social science concept (in quotes, the concept itself is replaced by asterisks). In different statements, the form of the word denoting this concept, or part of speech, may change. Define the concepts, write the answer directly in the table. STATEMENTS 1) *** the state should be such as not to violate the *** citizen. (Stanislav Jerzy Lec) Write short and unclear. (Napoleon Bonaparte, addressing the compilers ***) You have seen *** countries of the world. They are funny, scandalous. Some people have written a book and are imposing it on society. And then they easily change it many times in accordance with the needs of the rulers. (Muammar al-gaddafi) CONCEPTS 11

12 2) *** a by-product of flourishing banks. (Edward Yokel) *** This is a legal procedure in which you put money in your trouser pocket and give the jacket to creditors. (Tristan Bernard) The poor will never become ***. (English proverb) 3) If something depended on ***, then we would not be allowed to participate in them. (Mark Twain) *** the sacred sacrament of democracy. (Theodor Hesberg) Only the ability *** constitutes the qualification of a citizen. (Immanuel Kant) 4) *** is never a reality, otherwise the whole world would become holy. (Oswald Spengler) Thought without *** thoughtlessness, *** without thought fanaticism. (Vasily Klyuchevsky) *** without politics is useless, politics without *** is inglorious. (Alexander Sumarokov) Maximum 8 points for the task. 16. Before you are the statements of famous domestic and foreign thinkers. Choose one of them that will become the topic of the essay. Your task is to formulate your own attitude to the problem raised in this statement, and substantiate it with the arguments that seem to you the most significant. Having chosen a topic, be sure to indicate from the position of which basic science (culturology, political science, sociology, philosophy, economics, jurisprudence) you will consider it. 1) “You can expand your knowledge only when you look directly into the eyes of your ignorance.” (K.D. Ushinsky) 2) “In which kingdom people are rich, then the kingdom is rich, and in which there are miserable people, then that kingdom cannot be considered rich.” (I.T. Pososhkov) 3) “Competition ensures the best quality of products and develops the worst qualities of people.” (D. Sarnoff) 4) "Politics are business decisions, not verbose speeches about decisions." (F. Burlatsky) 5) The noise of weapons drowns out the voice of laws. (Ch. Montesquieu) 12

13 Criteria for evaluating an essay-essay: If an essay-essay is not written in the context of basic science or basic science is not defined, then the maximum score that can be set for each evaluation criterion, The ability to highlight the problem posed by the author, the rationale for its significance for the social sciences and social practice. 2. The ability to formulate and justify one's own point of view when discussing a topic. 3. Level of argumentation: a) internal semantic unity, consistency of key theses and statements, consistency of judgments; b) reliance on scientific theories, knowledge of the concepts of the course; c) reliance on the facts of public life, personal social experience; d) examples from works of spiritual culture (literature, theater, cinema, painting, etc.). 4. The ability to formulate the main conclusions on the basis of the consideration of the topic. The maximum for the task is 28 points. The maximum for the work is 125 points. thirteen


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