Separation of clarifying members of the sentence examples. Sentences with clarifying isolated members

Clarifying proposals and explanatory sentences differ from each other.
Clarification is the transition from a broader to a narrower concept.
An explanation is a designation of the same concept in other words.

In general, they have the function of additional messages.

Specifying members of a sentence:

Separate clarifying members of a sentence are members of a sentence that explain the meanings of other members of a sentence.
Clarifying isolated sentences answer the questions:
how exactly? where exactly? Who exactly? when exactly? etc.

1. Clarifying circumstances of time and place are isolated.
(from there, everywhere, there, there, everywhere, then, then, and others)
Here's an example:
There, (where exactly?) on the outskirts, glowed a bright red streak of light;

2. Other circumstances may also be specified, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:
Here's an example:
She tossed her hair and coquettishly (how exactly?) almost defiantly stepped forward into the hall;

3. Coordinated definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc. can be clarified.
Here's an example:
One more (what exactly?) last tale - and my chronicle is over;

4. Clarifying inconsistent definitions are separated more often than agreed definitions:
Here's an example:
The ship sailed, moving all the time in a dark (what exactly?) almost ink-colored shadow cast by high coastal cliffs;

5. Words more precisely, or rather, otherwise, and so on, give the statement a clarifying character. The members of the sentence following them are not separated.
Here's an example:
Her kindness, or rather, his generosity, shocked me.
(the predicate in this sentence is consistent with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma);
More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of a similar content was published;

It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.
Clarifying members of a sentence are usually distinguished by commas or dashes (less often).

The dash is usually placed:
- under clarifying circumstances, when not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized,

Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and in the grass - birds sang, chirped (A.N. Tolstoy);
- when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example:
He got a job at the mine, part-time - after school (Baruzdin)
The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma will distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances: (for a mine, for a part-time job, after school). The dash, in turn, emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;
- when specifying the nominal part of the predicate
(The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep).

Explanatory members of the sentence:
Before the explanatory member of the sentence are the words: exactly, namely, that is, that is.
For example:
At that time, namely a year ago, I was still working with several companies.
In the absence of explanatory unions, that is, exactly, namely, and in the presence of an explanation, the selection usually occurs with a dash, and not a comma.
For example:
There was only one conversation - about politics;
His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
The setting of the colon is also found in the explanatory member of the sentence. It is often put in order to avoid two dashes.
For example:
Another option has been proposed: the use of certain types of marine plants - algae, rich in valuable substances.
Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):
It was Alexander Petrovich, or simply Sasha, who had come from St. Petersburg.
Attaching members of the proposal
The connecting members of the sentence convey explanations or comments, additional information that arose along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement.
The connecting members of the sentence can be separated by commas (more often), or a dash (less often).
The reflection of the light struck, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above (Turgenev);

Attaching members of the proposal may have the following special linking words: for example, moreover, and moreover, moreover, even, especially, especially, mainly, in particular, including, and, and in general, and only, etc.
For example:
At night, especially in the heat, the house was unbearable.
The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular to organizational specifics.
Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.
For example:
You have quite a bit of work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searching for new forms. - Among other telegrams will be his. And the most unusual.
A comma can separate the connecting construction from the preceding part of the sentence, if this construction is closely connected in meaning with the subsequent part of the sentence, from which it is not separated by a pause in pronunciation, for example:
It's too late now, and there's no need to return to this question.
A comma after the introductory word is not put if the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word (for example, in particular, etc.)
A comma before the union and is not put:
- if the union is used in a connecting sense.
So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost (Turgenev);
- in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb, take another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);
- combined no-no yes and:
... No, no, yes, and he will remember her (mother), write a letter (Gladkov)

Affiliating Members can be part of a sentence without the use of conjunctions, accompanied by a pause. In this case, the sentence is separated by a dash, comma, period or ellipsis.
For example:
At night I stand at the post, orderly. (,)
We went to the dacha - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains. (-)
I'm completely cold. My feet are cold. And the face (Yu. Kazakov). (.)
It's scary to admit it, but I want this person to know that it is like a song to me ... And it must be the last one (N. Pogodin). (…)

In a simple sentence, intonationally and in meaning, the members of the sentence with the meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Specifying members of a sentence

When clarified, they are distinguished clarifying and refined sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.

Separate (separated by a comma at the beginning and end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.

Clarifying members in relation to the specified ones serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the terms specified and specified are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will be held. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be denoted in a very generalized and indefinite way ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives the concretization:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:

ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost with a challenge looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was meticulous(how exactly? / to what extent?) to a pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) As different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).

If commas are placed between circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically distinguished, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the described moment.

Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

Children settled down in the clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadow between the bushes (the bushes are in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, 12th of April man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.

3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

One more ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, head(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can concretize the general meaning of pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this(what exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single, neither sledge, nor human, nor animal, trace was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (what exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) Separation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Usually, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered as homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on two sides, but on one - between the definitions.

With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.

irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Saveliev).

But if the definition attached by the subordinating union is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the character of a clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,(which one?) almost inky color, the shadow cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,(which one?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman entered(which one?) seventeen years old girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, greatcoat(Kataev).

5. The clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, rather, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( rather, rather, otherwise, rather in meaning, they are equivalent to the phrases “to be more precise”, “in other words”, etc.), they themselves are separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the closest preceding word to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published; It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.

In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:

It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:

a)"better", "more willing":

b)"better say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly paced up and down the dining room..., uttering some remark, or rather an exclamation, like "ah! hey! hm!(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) under clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in bushes and grass- birds chirped, chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example: He got a job at the mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here circumstance to the mine explained by the following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its refinement After school, separated by a dash. The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf .: to the mine, part-time, after school). A dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;

c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.

Differences between clarifying and explanatory members of the sentence lies in the fact that clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, the explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently clear and understandable:

Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:

She was raised no-old, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our leather horses that is, in a covered matting (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); third day, i.e. this week I say to the elder...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: the use of certain types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):

Note!

The union or can have a divisive meaning ("either this or that"). In this case, it connects homogeneous members, and a comma is not placed between them. If the union or can be replaced by the union that is, then it has an explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or a goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or a mezzanine. - Around the whole building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where, in bamboo chairs, the owners of the barracks lazily doze(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are in the nature of an explanation (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but after them a comma is usually not put, for example: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the old, burned-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will go to the store one of these days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and last part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

C) Attaching members of the proposal

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, clarifications or comments that have arisen along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting members of the sentence are separated by commas, less often by a dash:

Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of the sentence may have special linking words: even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(in the sense of "and moreover"), yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes and etc.:

Invisibly I became attached to a good family, even to the crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); Here you will have a bath, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat, ... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical subtleties(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in the district, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and corners of buildings, surprisingly stood out in relief against the swarthy-pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers possessed this ability for a beautiful oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.

The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) Punctuation should not be mixed with joining unions and connecting unions and, yes, linking homogeneous members of the sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the union, in the second, no sign is required before a non-repeating union.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (and- conjunction union). - The author submitted the article in a revised form and in a timely manner. (and- union connecting); The work could have been done long ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:

a) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.

So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

in) combined no-no yes and:

... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):

Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).

Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:

No, I am his[brownie] did not see yes, you can't see him (Turgenev); I was walking in some kind of intoxication, yes, and from what (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, And besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Separate turns with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution adjoin the clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions. Such turns consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except for, instead of, in addition to, beyond, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.

Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.

In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that the allocation of such revolutions is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to single out such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.

2) If the isolated member of the sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.

3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.

Wed: Except the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leonov) - an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurov, on the plain, a small village of Voevodino was stuck(M. Gorky) - inclusion (both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino were on the plain).

Usually turns are isolated regardless of shades of meaning. However, uncommon expressions with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:

We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).

Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).

If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.

He got into the car instead of the driver.

Lesson type: lesson of generalization and systematization.

Lesson type: combined (lecture with feedback, research type practical lesson).

Triune didactic goal:

Educational aspect: repeat the rules for separating secondary members of a sentence, deepen knowledge about separate definitions, clarifying members, explanatory and connecting constructions, develop the skills of analyzing punctuation marks with isolated members of a sentence.

Development aspect: to develop the improvement of linguistic flair, the ability to differentiate the types of isolated members of the sentence and punctuation marks with them, to form interest in educational research and educational and practical activities.

Educational aspect: maintain interest in learning the Russian language, mastering the topic through group work, fostering cooperation and striving for high quality work results.

Methods of work: reproductive, partially search, heuristic.

Forms of organization of educational activities: frontal, group, individual.

Providing a lesson: handouts (tests, tables, algorithms).

Material for dictionary and semantic work: isolation, defined word, agreed and inconsistent definition, separate applications, separate additions, isolated circumstances.

Literature:

Tutorials:

1. Vlasenkov A.I., Potemkina T.V., Russian language. Secondary vocational education. - M.: Bustard, 2007.

2. Goltsova N.G., Shamshin I.V. Russian language grade 10-11. - M .: "Russian word - RS" 2008.

3. E.S. Antonova, T.M. Voitelev. Russian language NSPO. -M.: Publishing Center "Academy". 2012.

Lesson stages

Structural elements of the lesson, teaching methods	Stage content	Time
1. Organizing moment Method: conversation	Checking the readiness of the audience for the lesson. Section 7 Syntax and Punctuation Theme of the Sentence with separate and clarifying members. Setting goals: the teacher acquaints students with the objectives of the lesson, explains that for effective work and achievement of the set goal, attention, composure is necessary, notebooks, pens, pencils, textbooks should be on the desktop Objectives: to repeat the rules for separating secondary members of a sentence, to deepen knowledge about separate definitions, clarifying members, explanatory and connecting constructions, to develop the skills of analyzing punctuation marks with isolated members of a sentence.	1 min.
2. Checking homework Method: frontal survey	Oral survey on vocabulary and semantic work. Checking the written exercise on the topic “Complicated sentence”.	5 minutes.
3. Calling “Basket” concepts Method: food for thought	The teacher focuses students' attention on the key concepts of the topic being studied, stimulates students to actively and creatively perceive the educational material. Terms are written down, then discussed in pairs, together with the teacher they come to the desired conclusion. In the process, students demonstrate primary knowledge on the topic being studied, a “Basket” of concepts is compiled.	10 minutes.
4. Realization of meaning Method: teacher and student lecture, self-study	There is direct contact with new information, the teacher recalls the rules for writing theses, maintains the inertia of movement created during the challenge stage. The topic of the lesson is written on the board and in notebooks. Textbook applied. Lecture plan: 1. The concept of isolated members of the proposal. 2. Types of isolated members of the proposal. 3. Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles. 4. Separation of clarifying members of the proposal, turns with the meaning of explanation and accession. 5. Rules for separating agreed and inconsistent definitions.	20 minutes.
5. Updating knowledge Method: explanation, group work, testing, independent work	The teacher offers to perform tasks of a generalizing nature, which help to systematize knowledge. Students analyze the proposed text, distinguishing between separate members of the sentence, answering the questions of the teacher. Working in groups with tables activates the creative and cognitive activity of students. The commented dictation and the practical task prepare for the control testing.	35 min.
Physical education minute		4 min.
6. Reflection Method: frontal survey on the application of new knowledge, individual work on cards, drawing up an algorithm	The teacher conducts a face-to-face survey. Work for a group, in which creative processing, interpretation takes place. During the survey, 4 students individually perform tasks on cards. Drawing up an algorithm introduces an integrating element.	10 minutes.
7. Summing up Method: story-information	The teacher sums up, formulates conclusions and grades for active work in the lesson, correct and complete answers to the question, draws attention to the fact that not all students are ready to correctly evaluate their work, consistently and clearly state their thoughts, recalls the need to correct the situation.	2 minutes.
8. Homework Method: explanation	The teacher comments on homework: Ex. 235. Make a summary on the topic "Introductory words and sentences." Prepare for the vocabulary dictation “Н and НН in adjectives and participles”.	3 min.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

1. Give definitions to key concepts: “Homogeneous members”, “Composing connection”, “Series of homogeneous members”, “Generalizing word”.

2. Exercise 372 (1).

III. Challenge the “Basket” of ideas.

Explain the meaning of the key concepts: “Separation”, “Turnover”, “Defined word”, “Separate definitions”, “Participial turnover”, “Separate applications”, “Separate circumstances”, “Gerential turnover”.

IV. Realization of meaning.

1. The word of the teacher.

A simple sentence can be complicated by separate members, which in oral speech are distinguished by intonation and meaning, and in writing by commas or dashes.

Separate members of the sentence contain an addition, explanation, clarification in relation to the word being defined, for example: Glass cups full of pure fire burned on the sides(K. Paustovsky) - a separate definition full of pure fire in speech it receives a special intonational design, contains an additional meaning in relation to the highlighted word, and is separated by commas in writing.

When isolating the secondary members of the proposal, the following should be taken into account:

What word (what part of speech) does the sentence member refer to.
How the isolated member of the sentence is expressed, whether it is common or not.
The position of a separate member relative to the word being defined (before or after it, separated or not from it by other members of the sentence).
The presence or absence of additional semantic shades (most often circumstantial).

Separate members of a sentence can be transformed into synonymous constructions - subordinate clauses, for example, compare: There reflected in the water familiar sky, forgotten for this evening people(K. Paustovsky). There the usual sky was reflected in the water, which was forgotten for this evening by people; By dawn, having burned down, the lamp went out(A. Green). - By dawn, when it burned out, the lamp went out.

Different secondary members of the sentence6 of the definition (agreed and inconsistent), applications, additions, circumstances, secondary members of the sentence, having a clarifying, explanatory, connecting meaning, can be isolated.

Separate nouns with prepositions instead of, except for, including, except for, in addition to, beyond, along with etc., conditionally called additions: I really liked the story except for some details (S.T. Aksakov); There is nothing outside the window except for lanterns (K. Paustovsky).

Separate additions contain an additional message to the main idea of the sentence and have the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, cf .: There are no special beauties and riches in the Meshchersky region, except for forests, meadows and clear air (K. Paustovsky). - In the Meshchersky region there are no special beauties and riches, but there are forests, meadows and clear air.

Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles.

The circumstances expressed by the adverbial turnover are always isolated, cf .: trembling leaves beat against each other, trying to break away and fly away (M. Prishvin). - Trying to break away and fly away fluttering leaves beat against each other.

Single gerunds are isolated if they retain the meaning of the verb, indicating the time, place, reason for the action. Such gerunds often come before the predicate: Horses, snoring, swept past the sentinel at the outskirts(K. Paustovsky); resting, I lay on the mound for a long time(I.A. Bunin).

A participial turnover or a single participle standing after a union (union word) is separated from it by a comma, cf .: People walked around the yard, but did not notice me and, talking loudly passed by(V. Garshin). - People walked around the yard, but did not notice me and passed by, talking loudly (such a turnover can be freely rearranged to another place); compare: Zvyagintsev had no doubt that, examining the territory of the plant, quickly navigate the situation and be able to help in the construction of defensive fortifications(A. Chakovsky). - Zvyagintsev had no doubt that he would quickly orient himself in the situation and be able to help in the construction of defensive fortifications, looking around the plant.

Two participles and participles connected by a non-repeating union and, commas are not separated, as homogeneous members connected by a single union and: The wind quickly drove the clouds, whistling and screeching (I.S. Turgenev); Taking off my wet jacket and hanging hunting armor on the wall, I started making fire(D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak).

Circumstances are necessarily isolated if they are expressed by nouns with prepositions in spite of, in spite of, For example: At the gates of houses despite the early morning crowded people(V. Garshin); Finally, our patience snapped, and, despite the bad weather we decided to go back to the sea(V. K. Arseniev).

Circumstances expressed by nouns with derivative prepositions are usually isolated. due to, in spite of, in contrast to, in view of, due to, in the absence of, likeand others: Contrary to expectations the owner met us, although not very kindly, but nevertheless ordered to feed us and allowed us to spend the night in his fanza(V. K. Arseniev); Unlike the crane, herons don't get used to humans(I. Sokolov-Mikitov).

Separation of clarifying members of the sentence, turns with the meaning of explanation or attachment.

Clarifying members of a sentence are words, phrases that explain other members of a sentence.

Most often, clarifying circumstances are the circumstances of the place, time, mode of action, etc., specifying the meaning of the word to which they refer: There, in the sky the summer sun was already shining, and there was still dusk on the earth(K. Paustovsky); The ants crawled out in a dense mass, one to one, sitting and waiting for something( M. Prishvin).

In the letter, clarifying members are separated (separated) by commas. In addition to circumstances, other members of the proposal may be specified: Only narrow three hundred fathoms, a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks(LN Tolstoy) - definition.

Clarifying members of a sentence with the meaning of an explanation can be joined by conjunctions that is, or(in meaning i.e.), namely: It goes without saying that in wet times one must already seek salvation under a tent, or in a booth as the Siberians say(A. Cherkasov); As soon as the snow melts and the rags begin to dry, that is last year's grass,"burns" or steppe fires begin(S.T. Aksakov).

Clarifying connecting constructions, including an additional message about the content of the statement, are attached with words even, especially, in particular, for example, in particular, especially, and in general. In a letter, they are distinguished by commas, less often by a dash: roof painting, especially with our drying oil and paint, considered to be very profitable(A.P. Chekhov); The fastest growing mushrooms such as birch trees and russula, reach full development in three days(S.T. Aksakov).

2. Student's speech “Separation of agreed definitions” (students write down abstracts)

1. An agreed definition is isolated if it refers to personal pronoun, regardless of the place in the sentence, cf .: She is, indignant, suddenly changed to me ... (M. Prishvin). - Outraged She suddenly changed towards me.

Common agreed-upon definitions are separated, expressed by participial turnover or adjectives with a dependent word after the word being defined: The mountains, covered with snow, turned white in the middle of the night (K. Paustovsky); The road entered a small forest, dead, cold from the moon and dew(I.A. Bunin).

2. Agreed definitions are always isolated if it comes after the defined a word preceded by one or more definitions: Black plentiful bunches, emitting a faint smell of strawberries, hung heavily between the dark greenery, somewhere gilded by the sun(I.A. Kuprin).

3. If the word being defined has no previous definition, then isolation depends on the meaning and intonation: Moon, bright and wet, flashed over the bare tops(I.A. Bunin); They ate fish fried and salted and drank water and honey, old, aged (P. Zagrebelny).

4. An agreed definition before the word being defined is isolated if has an additional adverbial value(reasons, concessions, etc.), cf.: Tired and chilled, all sluggishly dragged along the slippery and dirty road(V.V. Veresaev) - the meaning of the cause. – Being tired and chilled , everyone trudged sluggishly along the muddy and muddy road; Unnoticed by anyone quivering aspen can be beautiful and noticeable in autumn (S.T. Aksakov) - the meaning of concession.

5. An agreed definition is isolated if it separated from defined words by other members of the sentence: The locomotive shouted jubilantly, intoxicated by its own rush (K. Paustovsky).

If agreed definitions that depend on a personal pronoun are connected in meaning with both the subject and the predicate, then they are not isolated: They returned home satisfied and happy .

The agreed definition with a noun is not isolated if it is connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate: Foliage

Coming out from under your feet tight-fitting, gray(M. Prishvin).

Inconsistent definitions are isolated (highlighted, separated by commas) in the following cases:

If they refer to a proper name : Now Makarka, in his old clothes and with a stick in his hand, stood at the threshold and sang(I.A. Bunin).
If referring to a personal pronoun : With beaten feet I finally got to my hometown(K. Paustovsky).
If separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence: She is entered the door of the visiting room, under a thick veil, and became on the other side of a private double lattice(M. Prishvin).
If they are in a series of homogeneous members of the proposal with separate agreed definitions: Even chess, old, broken, scratched, with a spool of thread instead of a rook and a tin soldier instead of an elephant, evoked a warm feeling in me.(E. Ryss).
If expressed in turns with an adjective in the form of a comparative degree: Other room, almost double, called the hall(A.P. Chekhov).
If expressed by nouns with a preposition and refer to a common noun; at the same time, the independence of the meaning of this definition is emphasized: Among them, raising his eyebrows, walked Jewish grain merchant, in a bowler hat, in a coat with a hood (I. A. Bunin).

V. Actualization of knowledge. Development of skills and abilities

Explain punctuation marks in the text, determine what makes a simple sentence complicated in a complex one?

What members of the sentence are separate revolutions?

What is the function of participial phrases in the text? (Participles with dependent words convey the sign of an object as an action. Participle phrases give the text expressive brevity, since they have the “energy” of the verb and the pictorial power of the adjective. Therefore, participles and participial phrases are an expressive artistic means in the text.)

What is special about this passage? (There are many participial phrases in a small text. Participle phrases are usually used in book speech. Their advantage is brevity, conciseness. The participles and participles and participles are very expressive, so they are widely used in artistic speech.)

2. The work of students in groups “Who is faster?”: it is necessary to supplement the table with examples using explanatory dictionaries, examples from literary texts. (The task is carried out in writing with subsequent verification).

Separate members of the sentence	Separation conditions
Definitions	Separated: 1) Common definitions expressed by a participial phrase or adjectives with a dependent word (determinative phrases) after the word being defined. 2) A single definition, if it comes after the word being defined or if it is torn off in the text from the word being defined. 3) Common or single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial value. 4) Definitions related to the personal pronoun.
Applications	1) Common applications expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun are isolated. 2) A single application, standing after a common noun, if the noun being defined has an explanatory word with it. 3) An application referring to a proper name if it comes after the noun being defined. 4) The proper name of a person or the nickname of an animal acts as a separate application if it explains or clarifies a common noun. 5) Applications with a personal pronoun.
Circumstance	1) A participial turnover or a single participle. 2) Circumstances expressed by nouns in the form of an indirect case for semantic emphasis or for incidental explanation. Turnover with prepositional combinations in spite of, in view of, due to, depending on, in order to avoid, in spite of, in contrast, in contrast, in connection with, due to, due to, in case, for lack of, for absence, like, due to, on occasion, in presence, with condition according to and etc.
Addition	Nouns with prepositions except for, instead of, in addition to, over, except for, along with and etc.
Specifying members of a sentence	Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words: 1) Clarifying circumstances of the place. 2) Clarifying circumstances of time. 3) Clarifying circumstances of the course of action. 4) clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.
Explanatory constructions	Explanatory members of a sentence with a union or.
Connecting structures		Structures that join with words even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and then, moreover, and in general and etc.

3. Recording sentences under the dictation of the teacher. Commentary dictation.

The garden was completely silent. The frozen earth, covered with a fluffy soft layer, was completely wet, without giving off sounds: on the other hand, the air became especially sensitive, clearly and completely transferring to far distances the cry of a crow, and the blow of an ax, and the slight crackle of a broken branch. From time to time a strange sound was heard, as if from glass, passing to the highest notes and dying away, as if at a great distance. It was the boys who threw stones on the village pond, which was covered with a thin film of first ice in the morning.

In the estate the pond was also frozen over, but the river near the mill, heavy and dark, still oozed in its fluffy banks and rustled at the locks. Peter went to the dam and stopped, listening. The sound of the water was different - heavier and without a melody. It seemed to feel the cold of the dead surroundings in it ...

In Peter's soul, too, it was cold and gloomy. The dark feeling that even on that happy evening rose from the depths of the soul with some kind of fear, dissatisfaction and a question, now has grown and occupied the place in the soul that belonged to the sensations of joy and happiness. ( V. Korolenko.)

Show in the text you have written down the syntactic function of isolated minor terms.

4. Written assignment.

Rearrange the sentences so that non-separated definitions become separate. Compare both options, paying attention to intonation. Write sentences with punctuation marks.

1. A magnificent and bright sun rose over the sea. 2. An official who arrived from St. Petersburg by personal order demands you to him. 3. The boat, driven by a fair wind, easily glided through the water. 4. The sea and clean month illuminated our path. 5. A dense fog that suddenly covered the coast forced us to stand in the roadstead.

5. Control testing.

1. Determine if you need to put the missing punctuation marks in sentences with separate definitions:

a) a comma before and;

b) a comma after and;

c) signs are placed correctly.

1. Now, probably, the wind will blow, sharp, unpleasant and will tear this fog to shreds.

2. Now Anna saw in the corner a stove made of a large iron barrel and a large cast iron on the stove.

3. The yellow boards lay quietly on the water and, carried away by an imperceptible current, turned their ends towards the river.

4. I assumed that the matter would end with a little rain, and, lulled by this thought, I calmly fell asleep.

5. The plane began to smoke and, bent down by the beam, went to its west.

6. A rippling river beat with a booming wave, already covered with lard in the channels and seized by ice near the banks.

7. The poor guest, with a ragged coat and scratched to the point of blood, soon found a safe corner.

8. Eyes stuck together and half-closed, too, smiled.

9. The valley covered with herbs and the transparent river bathed in a whitish haze pierced by moonbeams.

10. A large yard, curly with burdock and strewn with yellow leaves, slightly silvered with autumn drizzle.

Answers: 1 - in; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - in; 7 - in; 8 - b; 9 - a; 10 - c.

2. Determine if there are punctuation errors in sentences with isolated circumstances: a) yes; b) no:

1. The Vasnetsovs lived without meeting anyone.

2. Half an hour later, Anna led them to a clearing.

3. Daring on the great, you inevitably risk your good name (Vauvenargues).

4. I tremble all the time at the thought that, wanting to express the truth, I write down only a sigh (Stendhal).

5. The teacher quickly and without waiting for an answer bombarded the students with questions.

6. In the distance, merging with the sky, ice piled up.

7. Grabbing the fishing rod, Pavka pulled it and breaking off the hooked line, jumped out onto the road.

8. In a quiet spring hour, it would be nice to stand in the awakened forest.

9. Despite repeated warnings from weather forecasters, the Pathfinders hit the road.

10. Mother, according to her old lady's habit, appeared at the station for a whole hour.

Answers: 1 - b; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - b; 5 - a; 6 - a; 7 - b; 8 - a; 9 - b; 10 - a.

3. In which option are the answers correctly indicated and all the commas are explained?

Nightingale (1) Scattering with a jubilant trill (2) sang (3) his spring song.

a) 2 - participial turnover is highlighted;

b) 1, 2 - participial turnover is distinguished;

c) 1, 2 - participle turnover is highlighted;

d) 1, 3 - the adverbial turnover is distinguished.

Answer: b).

4. In which answer option are all the commas correctly indicated and explained?

The evening sun (1) having bathed enough (2) in the clouds (3) will throw a few purple strokes into the sky.

a) 1 - participial turnover is highlighted;

b) 2 - participial turnover is distinguished;

c) 1, 3 - participial turnover is highlighted;

d) 1, 3 - the adverbial turnover is distinguished.

VI. Reflection

1. Questions.

Name the cases of mandatory separation of agreed definitions.

In what cases are gerunds and gerunds with dependent words separated?

What punctuation marks are used in clarifying connecting constructions?

What are the principles for differentiating separate members of a sentence?

2. Work on cards.

Read and underline the qualifying parts of the sentence.

1) The nightingales sang in the direction where the dawn is beyond the river, and on the mountain above me, and below, in the alder ravine, and I listened and chose in which direction the nightingales sang better.

2) Everything good, including a good story, comes not only from personal effort, no, it ripens itself, like an apple on the trunk of a human personality.

3) In order to be a real artist, one must overcome in oneself malicious envy for the best and replace it with admiration for the absolutely beautiful.

Why should I envy the best, if the best is a beacon in front of the absolutely beautiful, if I participate in it to some extent, even in the smallest, but: by the very fact that I admire, I participate.

Justify the communicative expediency of using clarifying isolated members of the sentence in the above passages.

3. Drawing up the algorithm “Separation of agreed definitions”.

VII. Summarizing. Evaluation.

VIII. Homework:

Make a summary of "Introductory words and sentences."

Prepare for the vocabulary dictation “Н and НН in adjectives and participles”.

Separate (highlighted by commas, less often by dashes) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of previous words (clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one). Most often, circumstances and definitions are clarified.

1. Clarifying circumstances of the place: There, below, skinny moss, gray shrub(P.); Below, in the shade, the Danube rustled (Tyutch.); Ilya Ilyich studied at Verkhlev, five versts from Oblomovka,at the local manager of the German Stolz(Gonch.); Directly opposite the cordon, on the other side, everything was empty (L.T.); In the suburbs, near the slaughterhouses, dogs howled (Ch.); Some away from the goose on the mattress, lay a white cat (Ch.); Up, over the tops of the oaks,where exactly the depth of the sky turned blue, clouds gathered(Boon.); Over the river in the rosy skythe evening star shone brightly(M. G.); In the Crimea, in Miskhor, I made an amazing discovery last summer(Cupr.); On the farm three miles from the village of Solomennaya,the scouts left their horses and went on foot(F.); Ten paces from the entrance to the tunnel, right next to the highway, there was a lonely house(BUT.); Near, in the direction of the village of Olginskaya,the usual sounds of gunfire(Prev.); On right, at the foot of the hills,spread out a large field(Chuck.); The road forks and you don't know where to go farther - straight or left.

Often places that clarify circumstances line up in a row, form a chain: Ahead, far away, on the other side of the misty sea,jutting wooded hills(L. T.); Around along the left bank, half a verst from the water, at a distance of seven or eight versts from one another,the villages are located(L. T.); All of a sudden at the bend of the river ahead, under the dark mountains, a light flashed (Kor.); Six steps from Chelkash, on the pavement, on the pavement,leaning back against the bedside table, sat a young guy(M. G.); In the wide valley to the right, to the very ridge,turned away and lost in the dull gray distance, one could see the forest(F.); Even here across the lake, per kilometer,along with hot air, there was a rumble and crackling(Guide.); Right, near the barn, right on the snow, undressed (Sh.).

Depending on the meaning, the same words may or may not be considered as a clarifying circumstance. Wed:

Ahead on the road crowded with people (i.e. in front of the road). - Ahead, on the road, people crowded (i.e., the road itself was in front);

far in the forest ax blows were heard(the listener is in the forest). Far away in the forest ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest);

Children settled downin the clearing between the bushes(the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). — The children sat in the meadow between the bushes (the bushes are located on the clearing itself). -

Clarifying circumstances include the names of districts, regions, etc., indicating the location of towns, villages, etc., as well as indications in addresses: In the village of Uvarovka,Petrovsky district, Kaluga region,a harvest festival took place; The village of Novye Gorki,Shchelkovsky district, Moscow region,located near Bolshevo station; Moscow, Plyushchikha street, 38, apt. 2.

But: School No. 4 of the Taldomsky district of the Moscow region - non-separated inconsistent definition.

Usually, the qualifying member of the sentence limits the scope of the concept expressed by the specified member of the sentence: under the railroad air roads, in the dust and dirt of pavements,silently children play(M. G.) - clarifying terms are arranged in descending gradation, i.e., the next one clarifies the meaning of the previous one. But there are cases when the clarifying term is wider in terms of the concept it expresses than the specified one: I was lying on the bed, in an unfamiliar mountainand felt great weakness(P.); I have heard these stories near Akkerman, in Bessarabia, on the seashore(M. G.).

2. Clarifying circumstances of time: I woke up late, at five o'clock in the afternoon(Ax.); We went and wandered for a long time, until evening (T.); At noon, in clear, sunny weather,nothing can be imagined sadder than this ruin(T.); It was deep autumn, on a cold and gloomy day(Dost.); One time before evening Nogay-coachman pointed with a whip from behind the clouds to the mountains(L. T.); Now, after floods, it was a river of six fathoms(Ch.); All night long, before the cock's dawn,meryl chapaev card(Furm.); Now, in late autumn, when I live in Moscow, the box stands there alone in empty, unheated rooms(Paust.); In summer, evening dawns, a steppe golden eagle flies to the top of the mound from the undercloud(Sh.).

If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between the circumstances: The meeting of the department will take placetomorrow at six o'clock in the evening(cf.: 3 tomorrow, at six o'clock in the evening,department meeting will take place).

3. Clarifying circumstances of the course of action: He shook his curls and self-confidently, almost defiantly, looked up at the sky(T.); And cared about his soul solidly, lordly, and did good deeds not just, but with importance(Ch.); He is naive, childish, wiped eyes with fingers(L. T.); Quietly, fearfully she told him something strange(M. G.); She is mischievous, girlish, looked up at him(Fed.); On the crooked haystack sad, orphan perched a crow(F.); The women made a noise all at once, with one voice without letting Davydov say a word(Sh.); The only way, among the grass, flowers,wheat, and our river Vorsha could begin(Sol.); He was carefully to a pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved (Ant.); Like this, it seems the issue is not resolved.

4. Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.: One more, last, a legend - and my chronicle is over(P.); Looked out somewhere women, mostly old ladies heads (T.); Them accompanied by a small plump little man with phlegmatic almost sleepy face (T.); Only narrow three hundred fathoms,a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks(L. T.); Pierre, already tucked into awkward made him narrow,noble uniform, was in the halls(L. T.); Having passed some empty, without inhabitants, village, the squadron again climbed the mountain(L. T.); Hook-nosed stonebreaker smoothed his mustache and beard white, in lime, hands (M. G.); Dark red rose in the distance, raw meat color factory building (M. G.); On the the platform of the class car came out a man in black - to the closed gate- gymnast (A. T.); A minute later, three fighters, one after the other, climbed into bluish, as if pearly air (Cat.); The guardsmen walked to their full height, in a wide chain, along motley - crimson, purple, green- clover field (Cat); High, on the mast, the lantern helped Gleb to see it gray, unshaven, with hollow cheeks, face (Leon.); She looked with fear at her grandfather's hands in brown clay color,senile freckles(Sh.); He saw on the white cap of the mound not far away red-yellow, with fiery ebb, fox (Sh.); The boat was moving, moving all the time in black almost ink color shadows (Sim.); Eyes are no longer blind white, with sunset reflectionssnow; In the distance, at the Nikolsky Gate, one could see high - pipe - sable boyar hat(A. T.); BUT they are so fresh clean, spotless,on the ground, so that's how they lay?(Fed.); A young girl, about seventeen years old, entered (Kupr.); On the neck tanned from a yellow tan were going thick, finger-like folds (Lid.); thick, guard cloth,the pants did not fit either the artisan or the farm laborer(Cat.); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy from all sides long, to toe, overcoat (Cat.); On the tiptoeed into the room, undressed, carefully hung festive, with stripes, bloomers (Sh.); From under the steep wolf warehouse,balding forehead, he glanced around the room(Sh.); In the neighboring, without doors, the stained bright rooms rumbled, approaching, footsteps(Pan.); It was a village outside the city on naked, without a tree, without a bush, low place (Pan.); He was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, plain, striped, shirt with elasticated sleeves(Sol.); There is a special technical order,pause; The passenger entered original, under crocodile skina suitcase; Each of these phenomena has their, unique to him, peculiarities; With her still not shinyYou should take care of your health more.

Clarifying definitions can concretize the general meaning of pronouns this, that, such, each, one(in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.: I wanted to distinguish myself before this,dear to me man (M. G.); Then Dasha was surprised by the “home-grown” of everything this, so notorious boldness (A. T.); These, not always firm and slender,lines of poetry were written by a hand as hard as steel(Sim.); Between them have long been established thosepurely formal,the relationship that is so common between two relatives(M. G.); Chichikov was a little puzzled such, partly sharp, definition (G.); To each, who has come and who has come,they had to find and indicate a place to stay for the night(Ch.); No one, neither sledge, nor human, nor animal,there was no trace(L. T.); Something happened so unusual in the worldthat everything experienced, familiar seemed to waver in its power over life(Fed.).

But if the attributive phrase after the demonstrative pronoun is closely adjacent to it and does not have the meaning of clarification, then. it is not separated by a comma from this pronoun: These newly builtthe houses are already full[cm. § eighteen ].

Clarifying definitions can be joined through subordinating unions: Irresistible, although quiet, the power drew me(T.); Actual, even if not brand newthe topic deserves attention; Sacrifice the past for one, albeit an expensive one, he did not dare to meet; It should be noted that this interesting, because it has not yet been developed by anyone,the topic was chosen by the young researcher.

But if the definition attached by the subordinating union is homogeneous in relation to the previous definition and does not have the character of a clarification (semantic and intonational), then a comma is not put after it: Placed before usdifficult but interesting task [see § 12, item 6] . The distinction between these cases depends on the will of the writer.

Notes: 1. Classical writers sometimes singled out with commas as a clarifying definition the participial turnover standing after the homogeneous definition-adjective. For example, I. S. Turgenev: He arranged a big, linen covered, bath; A hundred paces from the mill was little , open on all sides, canopy; From the special I didn't notice at first, the stables brought Peacock out. Nowadays, such punctuation is rare [cf. § ten ].

2. A clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, more precisely, otherwise, rather etc. However, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, rather, otherwise semantically equivalent to phrases to put it more precisely, to put it more precisely, to put it another way), are themselves separated by commas: His kindness, or rather , his generosity touched me- the predicate is agreed with the nearest preceding word, from which it cannot be separated by a comma; More recently, more specifically , in the last issue of the journal an article of similar content was published; arctic fox,otherwise polar fox, valued for its fur(here otherwise in the meaning of ‘that is’; but: The boy must be stopped in time, otherwise he will do this- here it acts differently in the function of an opposing union); It should be added quicker to clarify the data provided in the report.

A combination of words moreover can act as a clarifying: It would be stupid Furthermore , madness to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, Furthermore - admired him.

3. Clarification without introductory words is possible: The plants were saved - watered.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Specifying members of a sentence

When clarified, they are distinguished clarifying and refined sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.

Separate (separated by a comma at the beginning and end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:

ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) As different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).

Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, 12th of April man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.

3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

One more ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, head(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can concretize the general meaning of pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:

Note!

With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.

irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Saveliev).

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:

In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:

It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:

a)"better", "more willing":

b)"better say":

Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.

Thus, the explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently clear and understandable:

Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:

If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: the use of certain types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):

Note!

C) Attaching members of the proposal

Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Note!

1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.

The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:

a) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.

So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

in) combined no-no yes and:

... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):

Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).

Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.

Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.

In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.

2) If the isolated member of the sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.

3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:

We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).

Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).

If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.

He got into the car instead of the driver.