Education in the Russian Federation preschool vocational additional. Types of education in Russia

Article 10. Structure of the education system

1. The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;

2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;

3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

2. Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, which ensure the possibility of exercising the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to the levels of education.

ConsultantPlus: note.

On the correspondence of educational and educational qualification levels in the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol, see Art. 2 of the Federal Law of 05.05.2014 N 84-FZ.

4. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

6. Additional education includes such subspecies as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

7. The education system creates conditions for continuous education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the opportunity for the simultaneous development of several educational programs, as well as taking into account existing education, qualifications, and practical experience in obtaining education.

The education system in the Russian Federation is a set of interacting structures, which include:

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: CONCEPT AND ELEMENTS

The definition of the concept of the education system is given in Art. 8 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education". It is a set of interacting subsystems and elements:

1) state educational standards of various levels and directions and successive educational programs;

2) networks of educational institutions implementing them; 3)

bodies exercising management in the field of education, and institutions and organizations subordinate to them; 4)

associations of legal entities, public and state-public associations carrying out activities in the field of education.

The system-forming factor in this case is the goal, which is to ensure the human right to education. The system under consideration is a certain integrity, orderliness and interconnection of various parts of the structure of such a complex phenomenon as education. If education is understood as a process of education and training in the interests of a person, society and the state, then the education system in its most general form can be represented as an ordered set of relations between the subjects of the educational process. The main subject of the educational process is the student. It is no coincidence that in the definition of education given in the preamble of this law of the Russian Federation, human interests are put in the first place. All these elements of the education system are designed to ensure their implementation.

There are three subsystems in the education system: -

functional; -

organizational and managerial.

The content subsystem reflects the essence of education, as well as the specific content of education at a particular level. It largely determines the nature of the relationship between the other subsystems and elements of the education system. The elements of this subsystem are state educational standards and educational programs. The functional subsystem covers educational institutions of various types and types that implement educational programs and directly ensure the rights and interests of students. The third subsystem includes educational authorities and institutions and organizations subordinate to them, as well as associations of legal entities, public and state-public educational associations. Obviously, in the context of this legal norm, we mean not educational, but other institutions that are under the jurisdiction of educational authorities (specialists use the term “subordinate educational infrastructure” to designate them). These can be scientific and research institutes, printing companies, publishing centers, wholesale depots, etc. They play a rather important role in the education system, organizationally ensuring its effective functioning.

The inclusion in the education system of various types of associations that operate in this area reflects the state-public nature of education management, the development of democratic institutions and principles of interaction between the state, municipalities, public associations and other structures in the field of education in order to most effectively implement the right of the individual to development through raising the educational level.

2. Forms, types, levels of education (Articles 10 and 17)

2. The concept of "education".

The term "education" can be considered in different meanings. Education is one of the most important areas of public life. Education is a branch of the social sphere and a branch of the economy. They often talk about education as a qualification requirement when filling certain positions, when concluding an employment contract.

Education is understood as a purposeful process of upbringing and education in the interests of a person, society, state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels (educational qualifications) established by the state.

Thus, education is a process that meets the following criteria:

1) purposefulness;

2) organization and manageability;

3) completeness and compliance with quality requirements.

3. Levels of education.

In educational legislation, the concept of "level" is used to characterize educational programs (Article 9 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"), educational qualifications (Article 27). In Art. 46 provides that the contract for the provision of paid educational services should, among other conditions, also determine the level of education.

The educational level (educational qualification) is the minimum required volume of the content of education, determined by the state educational standard, and the permissible limit of the lower level of mastering this volume of content.

The Russian Federation has six educational levels (educational qualifications):

1. basic general education;

2. secondary (complete) general education;

3. initial vocational education;

4. secondary vocational education;

5. higher professional education;

6. postgraduate professional education (clause 5, article 27 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education").

7. additional education.

The achievement of one or another educational qualification is necessarily confirmed by the relevant documents. Mastering a certain educational level is a prerequisite for continuing education in a state and municipal educational institution of a subsequent educational level. The presence of professional educational qualifications is a condition for admission to certain types of activities, to occupy certain positions.

It can be concluded that the level of education is determined by the level of the implemented educational program. General educational programs are implemented at such levels of education as preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general, and professional educational programs - at the levels of primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate education. Additional educational programs (Article 26 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") are carried out within each level of professional education.

Preschool education (Article 18 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") pursues the goals of educating young children, protecting and strengthening their health, developing the individual abilities of children and preparing them for schooling.

General education includes three stages corresponding to the levels of educational programs: primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) education. The tasks of primary general education are the upbringing and development of students, teaching them to read, write, count, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, as well as the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle. Primary general education is the basis for obtaining basic general education, which should create conditions for the upbringing, formation and formation of the personality of the student, for the development of his inclinations, interests and abilities for social self-determination. It is the basis for obtaining secondary (complete) general education, as well as for primary and secondary vocational education. Secondary (complete) general education should develop in students an interest in knowing the world around them, their creative abilities, and form the skills of independent learning activities based on the differentiation of learning. At this stage of education, additional subjects are introduced at the choice of the student himself in order to realize his interests, abilities and opportunities. Thus, the primary professional orientation of schoolchildren is carried out.

Primary vocational education (Article 22 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") provides training for skilled workers (workers and employees) in all major areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic or complete general education.

Secondary vocational education (Article 23 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") is aimed at training mid-level specialists, meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. The basis for obtaining it can be basic or complete general and primary vocational education. Secondary vocational education can be carried out at two educational levels - basic and advanced. The basic one is implemented according to the main professional educational program that provides training for mid-level specialists, which should include general humanitarian, socio-economic, mathematical, general natural sciences, general professional and special disciplines, as well as industrial (professional) practice.

The term of study on the basis of basic general education is at least three years. An increased level of secondary vocational education ensures the training of mid-level specialists with an advanced level of qualification. The main professional educational program at this level consists of two components: a training program for a mid-level specialist in the relevant specialty and an additional training program that provides in-depth and (or) extended theoretical and (or) practical training in individual academic disciplines (cycles of disciplines). The term of study in this case is at least four years. In the document on education, a record is made of the passage of in-depth training in the specialty.

Higher professional education (Article 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") is aimed at training and retraining specialists of the appropriate level. It can be obtained on the basis of secondary (complete) education or secondary vocational education.

The main educational programs of higher education can be implemented continuously and in stages.

The following levels of higher education have been established:

Incomplete higher education;

Undergraduate;

Training of graduates;

Master's degree.

The minimum terms of study at these levels are two, four years, five and six years, respectively. The first level is an incomplete higher education, which must be carried out as part of the main educational program. Completion of this part of the program allows you to continue higher education or, at the request of the student, to receive a diploma of incomplete higher education without final certification. The second level provides for the training of specialists with a bachelor's degree. It ends with a final certification and the issuance of an appropriate diploma. The third level of higher education can be carried out according to educational programs of two types. The first of them consists of a bachelor's degree program in a specific area and specialized research or scientific and pedagogical training of at least two years and ends with a final certification, which includes a final work (master's thesis), with the qualification "master", certified diploma. The second version of the educational program involves preparation and state final certification with the qualification of a specialist (engineer, teacher, lawyer, etc.), which is also confirmed by a diploma.

Postgraduate professional education (Article 25 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") provides an increase in the level of education, as well as scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher education. It can be obtained in postgraduate, postgraduate and doctoral studies, created in educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific organizations. It can also be conditionally divided into two stages: preparation and defense of dissertations for the degree of candidate of science and doctor of science in the specialty.

Vocational training should be distinguished from vocational education (Article 21 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”), which has the goal of accelerating the acquisition of the skills necessary for the student to perform a certain job. It is not accompanied by an increase in the educational level of the student and can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education and other educational institutions: in interschool educational complexes, training and production workshops, training areas (workshops), as well as in educational departments of organizations that have the appropriate licenses, and in the order of individual training from specialists who have passed attestation and have the appropriate licenses.

Additional education forms a special subsystem, but it is not included in the structure of education levels, since it is designed to provide additional educational needs of citizens, society and the state.

4. Forms of education.

Defining education as a purposeful process of training and education in the interests of a citizen, society and the state, it is necessary to take into account that it can be obtained in various forms that best meet the needs and capabilities of the subjects of the educational process, primarily the student. The form of education in the most general sense can be defined as a way of organizing the educational process. The classification of forms of education is carried out on several grounds. First of all, depending on the method of participation of an educational institution in the organization of the educational process, education is distinguished in an educational institution and outside it.

In an educational institution, training can be organized in full-time, part-time (evening), part-time forms. The differences between them are mainly in the volume of the classroom load, more precisely, in the ratio between the classroom load and the student's independent work. For example, if in full-time education, classroom work should account for at least 50 percent of the total volume of hours allotted for mastering the educational program, then for full-time students - 20, and for part-time students - 10 percent. This also determines other features of the organization of the educational process in different forms of education (in particular, determining the number of consultations, methodological support, etc.).

In recent years, in connection with the development of information technologies (computerization, Internet resources, etc.), distance learning technologies are becoming more widespread. Educational technologies implemented mainly with the use of information and telecommunication technologies with indirect (at a distance) or incompletely mediated interaction between the student and the teacher are called remote (Article 32 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"). It provides access to education for those citizens who, for some reason, do not have the opportunity to receive education in traditional forms (those living in remote areas, suffering from certain diseases, etc.). Distance educational technologies can be used in all forms of education. The procedure for using distance learning technologies was approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2005 No. 137. Along with traditional information resources, specialized textbooks with multimedia support, educational videos, audio recordings, etc. are used to support the distance learning process. Current control and intermediate certification can be carried out by traditional methods or using electronic means that provide personal identification (digital electronic signature). Mandatory final certification is carried out in the form of a traditional exam or thesis defense. The students go through the production practice as usual, while the training can be organized using remote technologies. The ratio of the volume of educational, laboratory and practical classes conducted using distance technologies or through direct interaction between a teacher and a student is determined by the educational institution.

Outside the educational institution, family education, self-education and external studies are organized. In the form of family education, only general education programs can be mastered. This form of education is relevant for certain categories of students who may experience difficulties in mastering educational programs under normal conditions. It is also possible to receive the help of teachers working on a contractual basis or parents. In any case, the student passes the intermediate and state final certification in an educational institution.

In order to organize family education, the parents (other legal representatives) of the student conclude an appropriate agreement with the general education institution, which may provide guidance on the development of the general education program by the teachers of the institution, the conduct of individual lessons in all or several subjects by the teachers of this institution or their independent development. According to the contract, the educational institution provides the student with free textbooks and other necessary literature for the period of study, provides him with methodological and advisory assistance, provides the opportunity to perform practical and laboratory work on the available equipment and carries out intermediate (quarterly or trimester, annual) and state certification. The work of teachers, whom an educational institution engages to work with a student under this form, is paid on an hourly basis based on the teacher's tariff rate. The procedure for accounting for the classes conducted is determined by the educational institution itself.

Parents together with the educational institution are fully responsible for the development of the educational program by the student. Parents should be paid additional funds in the amount of the cost of education of each student at the appropriate stage of education in a state or municipal institution. The specific amount is determined based on local funding standards. Payments are made in accordance with the agreement from the savings fund of the educational institution. Additional expenses of parents for the organization of family education,

exceeding the established standards are covered by them at their own expense. Parents have the right to terminate the contract at any stage of education and transfer the child to another form of development of the educational program. An educational institution also has the right to terminate the contract if the student fails at the end of two or more quarters in two or more subjects, as well as in case of failure at the end of the year in one or more subjects. At the same time, re-mastering the program in this form is not allowed.

Self-education is an independent development of the educational program by the student. It acquires legal significance only in combination with an externality. External study refers to the certification of persons who independently master the educational program. External study is allowed both in the system of general and in the system of vocational education. The regulation on receiving general education in the form of an external study was approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2000 No. 1884. Any student has the right to choose an external study as a form of education. To apply for an external study, you must submit an application to the head of the educational institution no later than three months before the certification and submit the available certificates of intermediate certification or a document on education. The external student is provided with the necessary consultations on academic subjects (including pre-examination) in the amount of at least two hours, literature from the library fund of the institution, the opportunity to use subject rooms for laboratory and practical work. External students pass an intermediate certification in the manner determined by the institution. If they passed the certification for the full course of the transfer class, they are transferred to the next class, and at the end of a certain stage of education they are allowed to the final certification.

According to a similar scheme (albeit with some peculiarities), professional educational programs are implemented in the form of an external student. For example, the Regulation on external studies in state, municipal higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of October 14, 1997 No. 2033, provides the right to receive higher education in this form to persons with secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education. Admission and enrollment in universities are carried out in a general manner. In addition to a student card and a record book, an external student is issued an attestation plan. It is provided free of charge with exemplary programs of academic disciplines, assignments for control and term papers, and other educational and methodological materials. The current certification of external students includes taking exams and tests in the disciplines provided for by the main educational program in the chosen field of study or specialty; reviewing control and term papers, reports on production and undergraduate practice; acceptance of laboratory, control, term papers and practice reports. The examinations are administered by a commission of three full-time professors or associate professors, appointed by order of the dean of the faculty. The passing of the exam is recorded by the members of the commission. Written responses and other written material accompanying the oral response shall be attached to the protocol. Other types of current certification are carried out orally. The assessment is set in a special attestation sheet, which is signed by the members of the commission and endorsed by the head of the department. Positive assessments are then put down by the chairman of the commission in the record book. The final certification of external students is carried out in accordance with the generally established procedure and provides for the passing of state exams and the defense of a graduation project (work). Certification can be carried out both in one and in several universities.

In the system of vocational education, the right of students to choose individual forms of education may be limited, taking into account the specifics of training in certain specialties. For example, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 22, 1997 No. 463 approved the List of specialties, the receipt of which in part-time (evening) form and in the form of external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 22, 1997 No. 1473 approved the List of areas of training and specialties for which it is not allowed to receive higher professional education in correspondence form and in the form of external studies. In particular, such lists include some specialties in the field of healthcare, transport operation, construction and architecture, etc.

Educational legislation allows a combination of various forms of education. At the same time, for all its forms, within the framework of a specific basic educational program, there is a single state educational standard.

5. Conclusion.

Thus, education as a system can be considered in three dimensions, which are:

– social scale of consideration, i.e. e. education in the world, country, society, region and organization, state, public and private education, secular and clerical education, etc.;

- the level of education (preschool, school, secondary vocational, higher vocational with different levels, institutions for advanced training, postgraduate, doctoral studies);

- profile of education: general, special, professional, additional.

Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of RF were introduced as

In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, provide an opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

Education of worthy members of society.
Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values that have developed in this society.
Ensuring qualified training of young professionals.
Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.

Criteria of education

An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.

Education system

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
Non-state.
Additional education.

Principles of the education system

The priority of universal human values.
The basis is cultural and national principles.
Scientific.
Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
humanistic character.
Focus on environmental protection.
Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

Types of education

According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and direction of education is:

General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.

Levels of education

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

Preschool.
Initial.
Main.
The average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a scientific degree Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. The degree is awarded upon completion of training, dissertation defense and final exams.

According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they make it possible to continue their education abroad.

Forms of education

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to pass the intermediate and final

Subsystems of education

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.

The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.

Quality of higher education

Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
The low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

Low wages for education workers.
Lack of highly qualified personnel.
Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
Low education in RF.
Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
Strengthening the orientation of national education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
Promotion of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;
2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;
3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;
4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;
5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

Continuous replenishment, refinement of knowledge, acquisition and understanding of new information, development of new skills and abilities become the most important prerequisites for increasing the intellectual level of a person, his standard of living, an urgent need for any specialist. The education system includes a number of levels, which are discrete in nature, but due to continuity, its continuity is ensured.

Continuity allows a person to smoothly move from one stage of development to the next, from one to the next, higher level of education.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of various types and types:

· preschool;
general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);
· initial vocational education;
secondary vocational education;
higher professional education;
postgraduate professional education;
additional education for adults;
additional education for children;
For orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);
special (correctional) (for students, pupils with developmental disabilities);
other institutions that carry out the educational process.

Preschool education(nursery, kindergarten). It is optional and usually covers children from 1 year old to 6-7 years old.

Comprehensive school. Education from 7 to 18 years. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for teaching children with developmental disabilities.

· Elementary education(grades 1-4) is usually part of secondary education, except in small villages and outlying areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, most children enter school at the age of 6 or 7 years.
· Basic general education (grades 5 - 9). At the age of 10, children finish primary school, move to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enter, for example, a technical school.
· Complete general education (grades 10 - 11). After studying for another two years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the guys take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Professional education. Vocational education is represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

· Initial vocational education. Such education can be obtained in vocational lyceums or other institutions of primary vocational education after graduating from the 9th or 11th grade.
· Secondary vocational education. The institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.
· Higher professional education.

Higher education is represented by universities, academies and higher institutions. According to the federal law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ “On higher and postgraduate professional education”, the following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a diploma specialist(term of study - 5 years), or degree bachelor(4 years) or master's(6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the period of study is at least 2 years.

Postgraduate education system: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Educational institutions can be paid and free, commercial and non-commercial. They can conclude agreements among themselves, unite into educational complexes (kindergarten - elementary school, lyceum-college-university) and educational and scientific production associations (associations) with the participation of scientific, industrial and other institutions and organizations. Education can be received with or without interruption from work, in the form of family (home) education, as well as external studies.

preschool education in Russia is designed to ensure the intellectual, personal and physical development of a child from one year to 7 years, strengthening his mental health, developing individual abilities and the necessary correction of developmental deficiencies.

Preschool education is carried out:

In institutions of preschool education
In institutions of general education (pre-school)
in institutions of additional education for children (centers and associations of early child development)
at home in the family.

The regulatory and legal activities of preschool educational institutions of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Model Regulations on a preschool educational institution. The system of preschool education, its educational institutions are designed to meet the needs of the population, families with children of preschool age, in educational services. This is emphasized in the Concept of preschool education, proclaimed in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" and the Model Regulations on a preschool educational institution. Preschool educational institutions are singled out as an independent type of educational institutions and the possibility of their species diversity is determined. The educational program of preschool education is singled out as an independent educational program from general education programs. At the same time, the educational programs of preschool and primary general education are successive. Preschool institutions in Russia are characterized by multifunctionality, heterogeneity, freedom in choosing the priority direction of the educational process, the use of educational programs.

Since the beginning of 2005, for the first time in 85 years of its existence as state institutions, Russian kindergartens have lost funding from the federal budget. Their content is now entirely entrusted to local authorities. Municipalities have limited room to maneuver between budget deficits and parents' ability to pay.

From January 1, 2007, as part of measures to improve the demographic situation, parents whose children attend state and municipal kindergartens began to receive such compensation. Compensations in state and municipal institutions are calculated as follows: 20% of the maintenance fee for the first child, 50% for the second child and 70% for the third and subsequent children. The amount of compensation is determined on the basis of the amount actually paid by the parents for the maintenance of the child in these institutions.

Economic difficulties in the country have caused a number of negative processes in the functioning of the system of preschool educational institutions. In Russia, now more than a third of young families with a child are not provided with preschool institutions. Parents are entrusted with the functions of the first teachers and the duty to lay the foundations for the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child's personality in early childhood.

It is impossible not to point out such a problem as the low wages of preschool education workers, which in turn becomes an obstacle to attracting young specialists to this area.

Comprehensive secondary school - educational institution, which aims to give students a systematic knowledge of the basics of science, as well as the relevant skills that are necessary for further professional training and higher education. Educational institutions providing general secondary education include general education schools, lyceums and gymnasiums, where education lasts 11 years. Usually they enter a general educational institution at the age of 6 or 7; graduate at 17 or 18.

The academic year begins on September 1 and ends at the end of May or June. There are two main ways of dividing the academic year.

division by four quarters. Between each quarter there are holidays (“summer”, “autumn”, “winter” and “spring”).
division by three trimester. The trimesters are divided into 5 blocks with weekly holidays between them and with summer holidays between the III and I trimesters.

At the end of each quarter or trimester, a final grade is given for all subjects studied, and at the end of each year, an annual grade. With unsatisfactory annual grades, the student may be left for the second year.

At the end of the last grade, as well as at the end of the 9th grade, students take exams in some subjects. Based on the results of these examinations and annual grades, grades are given in the matriculation certificate. In those subjects for which there are no exams, an annual grade is put in the certificate.

Most schools have a 6-day working week (day off - Sunday), 4-7 lessons daily. With this system, lessons are 45 minutes long. It is also possible to study 5 days a week, but with more lessons (up to 9), or with more shorter lessons (35-40 minutes each). Lessons are separated by breaks of 10-20 minutes each. In addition to teaching in the classroom, students do homework (for younger students, homework may not be at the discretion of the teacher).

Compulsory education up to grade 9, education in grades 10 and 11 is optional for all children. After the 9th grade, a graduate receives a certificate of basic secondary education and can continue his studies at a vocational school (vocational school, professional lyceums), where, among other things, it is also possible to complete a complete secondary education program, or at a specialized secondary (technical school, college, a number of schools: medical, pedagogical), where he can receive a secondary specialized education and qualifications, as a rule, a technician or a junior engineer, or even immediately start working. After the end of the 11th grade, the student receives a certificate of complete secondary education - a certificate of complete general education. For admission to a higher educational institution, a complete secondary education is usually required: a high school certificate, or a document on the completion of a secondary vocational school, or a technical school diploma, as well as the result of the Unified State Examination (USE).

Since 2009, the Unified State Examination has acquired the status of mandatory and is the only form of state (final) certification of school graduates.

In the system of general education, there may also be specialized secondary schools or separate classes (pre-profile and profile): with in-depth study of a number of subjects - a foreign language, physical and mathematical, chemical, engineering, biological, etc. They differ from ordinary ones with an additional teaching load in subjects specializations. Recently, a network of full-day schools has been developing, where children not only receive a general education, but a large amount of extracurricular work is carried out with them, circles, sections and other associations of additional education for children operate. The school has the right to provide additional educational services to the student only in the event that an Agreement for the provision of additional educational services is concluded with his parents (legal representatives), from the moment such an agreement is concluded and for the period of its validity. Additional educational services are provided in excess and cannot be provided in return or as part of the main activity.

In addition to general education schools in Russia, there are institutions of additional education for children - musical, artistic, sports, etc., which do not solve the problems of general education, but are focused on the development of children's creative potential, their choice of life self-determination, profession.

professional education implements professional educational programs for primary, secondary and higher professional education:

· initial vocational education aims to train skilled workers in all major areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic general education. For individual professions, it can be based on secondary (complete) general education. Can be obtained in vocational and other schools;
· secondary vocational education (SVE) - aims to train mid-level specialists, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

The following types of secondary specialized educational institutions are established:

a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training;
b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

In other words, a technical school and a college teach in specialties in which secondary vocational education can be obtained in 3 years (in some specialties - in 2 years). At the same time, the college also requires training in advanced training programs (4 years).

· higher professional education - aims to train and retrain specialists of the appropriate level, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general, secondary vocational education.

In the Russian Federation, there are three types of higher education institutions where you can get higher education: institute, academy and university.

The Academy is distinguished by a narrower range of specialties, as a rule, they are for one branch of the economy. For example, the academy of railway transport, agricultural academy, mining academy, economic academy, etc.

The university covers a wide range of specialties from different fields. For example, a technical university or a classical university.

Either of these two statuses can be assigned to an educational institution only if it conducts extensive and recognized at a certain level of scientific research.

For the status of "institute", it is enough for an educational institution to conduct training in at least one specialty and conduct scientific activities at its own discretion. However, despite these differences, Russian legislation does not provide for any benefits or restrictions for graduates of accredited institutes, academies or universities.

A license gives an educational institution the right to conduct educational activities. A license is a state document that allows a university (or its branch) to train specialists in the field of higher professional education. The license is issued by the Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science. Both non-state and state universities are required to have a license. This document is issued for 5 years. After the expiration of the license, the activity of the university is illegal. The university or branch license must have applications. The annexes to the license indicate all the specialties in which the university or branch has the right to train specialists. If the specialty for which the admission of students is announced is not in the application, then teaching students in this specialty is illegal.

In the Russian Federation, there are various forms of ownership of educational institutions: state (including municipal and subjects of the federation) and non-state (whose founders are legal entities or individuals). All accredited educational institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, have equal rights to issue state-recognized diplomas and deferment from conscription for military service.

Postgraduate professional education provides citizens with the opportunity to improve the level of education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher professional education.

To obtain it, the following institutes have been created at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions:

postgraduate studies;
doctoral studies;
residency;

is a set of training programs and state standards that are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that do not depend on each other. An institution of each level has its own forms of organization and bodies of legal subordination that control it.

Education in Russia

At all times, special attention has been paid to education in our country. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. So, in Soviet times, the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated at the state level. However, the reassessment of values, today, has led to the democratization, humanization and individualization in the education system. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become commonplace for modern participants in the educational process. There is variability in educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the supervisory authority.

However, despite all the innovations, the modern Russian education system remains federal and centralized. The levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.

Types and levels of Russian education

Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational education. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the development of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state as a whole, and the individual in particular.

Levels of education:

general education;
professional;
higher.

General education

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive every level of general education free of charge in all state institutions. The levels of general education are:

preschool;
school.

School education, in turn, is divided into:

initial;
main;
the average.

Each of the steps prepares for the development of the educational program of the next level.

The very first step in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students for the development of the school curriculum, and also provides initial knowledge about hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend a preschool institution, at the next stage - school, experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in the development of educational material.

All subsequent levels of education, as well as the preschool stage, pursue a single goal - to prepare for the development of the next stage of education.

At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and the state language, as well as the formation of inclinations for certain types of activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently cognize the world around.

Professional education

The levels of vocational education are as follows:

initial
the average;
higher.

The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can get various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there, both after the 9th grade, and after graduating from the 11th.

The next step is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type, one can master the basic level of the future profession, while the second type involves a more in-depth study. You can also enter there, both after the 9th grade and after the 11th. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific stage. If you already have an initial vocational education, you will be offered an accelerated program.

And finally, higher education trains highly qualified specialists in various fields. This level of education has its sublevels.

Higher education. Levels

So, the levels of higher education are:

undergraduate;
specialty
magistracy.

It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own terms of study. It should be taken into account that the bachelor's degree is the initial level, which is mandatory for obtaining the rest.

Specialists with the highest qualifications in various professions are trained in such educational institutions as universities, institutes, academies.

This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms of education. You can study:

in person, attending all classes and taking sessions;
in absentia, independently studying the course material and taking sessions;
part-time, when training can be conducted on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study on the job);
as an external student, here you can finish your studies when you see fit (it assumes the issuance of a state diploma, however, it will be marked that you graduated from an educational institution as an external student).

Conclusion

Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level by normative documents of various nature and content.

It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows you to master various professions. In the process of learning, a personality is formed, which improves with each overcome educational level.

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to children of preschool age and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational institutions begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student's personality, the development of interest in learning and the student's creative abilities, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only a basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education of at least higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistantship-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.