Education in the Russian Federation refers. Levels of education in Russia

The concept of "education system"

Regardless of the level of economic development, religious views, political structure, in each state the priority task is to create conditions for the harmonious and comprehensive development of its citizens. Responsibility for the implementation of this task rests with the education system existing in this particular state.

Most often, the education system is understood as a social institution specially developed by society, which is characterized by an organized system of connections and social norms that correspond to this particular society, its needs and requirements that it imposes on a socialized person. But in order to understand more deeply what the education system is, you first need to analyze each component of this complex and capacious concept.

We should start with what is understood in pedagogical science as education. In the narrow sense of the word, education is a process of learning, learning and enlightenment. In a broader sense, education is seen as a special sphere of social life, which creates both external and internal conditions necessary for the harmonious development of the individual in the process of assimilation of cultural values, norms, behaviors, etc. also education, self-education, development and socialization. Thus, we can say that education is a multi-level space, which is designed to create conditions for the development and self-development of the individual.

Analyzing the concept of "education", it is worth referring to the definition that was adopted at the twentieth session of the General Conference of UNESCO: "education is the process and result of improving the abilities and behavior of the individual, as a result of which it reaches social maturity and individual growth." In addition, education should also be understood as the formation of a person's spiritual image, which occurs under the influence of moral and spiritual values that are accepted and are reference in this particular society. It is also a process of education, self-education and polishing of a personality, in which it is important not so much the amount of knowledge, skills, abilities received and assimilated by a person, but their skillful combination with personal qualities and the ability to independently manage their knowledge, directing their activities to constant self-development and self-improvement.

As for the system, it is a set of certain elements or components that are in certain relationships and connections with each other, as a result of which a certain integrity, unity is formed. That is why, considering education from the standpoint of the social system, the following definition is most often given: “a network of educational institutions of the country, namely preschool educational institutions, primary and secondary, secondary specialized, higher and postgraduate institutions, as well as extracurricular ones”. Most often, the education system is understood as a model that combines institutional structures (preschool institutions, schools, universities, colleges, etc.), the main purpose of which is to create optimal conditions for teaching students and their learning, as an active activity of subjects of educational and upbringing process.

Definition

So, the education system is a country-wide structure of educational institutions. This system includes nurseries, kindergartens, primary and general educational institutions, specialized and vocational schools, colleges and technical schools, out-of-school institutions, higher educational institutions. Often, the education system also includes various adult education institutions (postgraduate education, adult education) and cultural institutions.

The basis of the education system is:

preschool education (nurseries, kindergartens);
primary (or elementary) education, the duration of which in different countries varies from 5 to 9 years (in our country, this stage corresponds to a nine-year basic school);
secondary education, which is provided by schools with 4-6 years of study;
higher education (universities, institutes, academies, higher technical schools, some colleges, etc.), the term of study in which is 4-6 years, sometimes - 7 years.

Features of the educational system

The education system occupies a central place in the pedagogical process, because it not only provides the transfer of formal knowledge about the surrounding reality and the laws, rules and patterns existing in the surrounding world, but also has a significant impact on the development and formation of a person's personality. That is why the main education system is the regulation and direction of communication, activity and interaction of all subjects of the educational process to promote such personal qualities and properties that are necessary for the self-realization of each person at this particular stage of the cultural and historical development of the state and society as a whole.

Any education system, regardless of when it existed and in which country, has undergone some transformations. But the development of the education system is always, including our country, influenced by certain factors, namely:

the existing level of development of social production and the improvement of its scientific and technical foundations, which leads to an increase in the requirements for the training (both general and specialized) of future specialists and the corresponding level of development (material and technical base, pedagogical experience, etc.) institutions of the country. So, in countries where the level of economic and technical development is higher, respectively, and the network of specialized educational institutions is larger, and new, improved types of educational institutions are emerging;
state policy in the field of education, which has a direct impact on the development of all types of educational institutions in the country and on the features of their functioning, as well as the interests of various classes;
historical experience, national and ethnic characteristics, which are reflected in the field of public education;
pedagogical factors, among which it is worth highlighting the early education of children, for which preschool educational institutions were created (initially, this was necessary to free women from the hassle of caring for their children during working hours, so that they could take an active part in socially useful work); vocational training to prepare young people for their future careers.

Each education system has a structure in which 3 large sections can be distinguished (see diagram 1).

Scheme 1. Sections in the structure of the education system

The structural components of the education system presented in the diagram are the main ones, but if special, professional and additional education is not taken into account, then the integrity of lifelong education would be destroyed. That is why the structure of education also includes out-of-school educational institutions and postgraduate education.

It should also be noted that the education system is designed to create optimal conditions for preparing young people for work, adequate perception of the surrounding reality, society and the internal life of the state, which is why the education system also includes:

educational organizations;
state educational standards and plans that coordinate the activities of educational institutions;
governing bodies.

As for the existing education management systems, today there are three of them: centralized, decentralized and mixed. These education management systems are described in more detail in Table 1.

Table 1

The structure of the educational system in Russia

The modern system of education in Russia is represented by a set of interacting components, among which are:

successive educational programs (of various levels, types and directions);
federal state standards and requirements;
a network of educational institutions that implement the specified standards, requirements and programs, as well as scientific organizations;
persons engaged in pedagogical activities, parents, students, legal representatives of minors, etc.;
organizations that provide educational activities;
organizations exercising control over the implementation of state standards, requirements, plans and assessing the quality of education;
bodies that exercise management in the field of education, as well as institutions and organizations that are subordinate to them (advisory bodies, advisory, etc.);
an association of legal entities, as well as public and state-public associations that carry out activities in the field of education.

Today, the Russian education system is rightfully considered one of the best in the world (it is included in the leading group of world educational systems and has not left the world top 10 over the past two decades). It should be noted that if earlier the educational system of Russia consisted only of educational institutions of the state type, today it also includes private and corporate institutions.

The education system of Russia is represented by general, vocational, additional and professional education, which provides the possibility of realizing the right of a person to receive education throughout his life, that is, to continuous education. More detailed information on the types and levels of education in Russia is presented in Table 2.

table 2

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to children of preschool age and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational institutions begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student's personality, the development of interest in learning and the student's creative abilities, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only a basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education of at least higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Levels of vocational education

Types of education in Russia. The new law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

Education in Russia plays a decisive role in the process of personality formation. Its main goal is to educate and educate the younger generation, to acquire knowledge, skills, competencies and the necessary experience. Various types of education in Russia are aimed at the professional, moral, intellectual and physical development of children, adolescents, boys and girls. Let's consider this in more detail.

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

According to this document, the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected system. Such content implies the presence of certain levels. In the law they are called "types of education in Russia."

Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.

According to the law, two major levels are distinguished.

The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.

The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist's and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.

Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.

About the system of preschool education in Russia

This level is for children up to seven years of age. The basic goal is the overall development, education and upbringing of preschoolers. In addition, it implies the exercise of control and care for them. In Russia, these functions are performed by specialized institutions of preschool education.

These are nurseries, kindergartens, early development centers or homes.

About the system of secondary education in the Russian Federation

As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:

Primary lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
Basic education lasts from the fifth to the ninth grades. It assumes that the development of the child should be carried out in the main scientific areas. As a result, secondary schools must prepare teenagers for the GIA in certain subjects.

These levels of education at school are compulsory for children in accordance with their age. After the ninth grade, the child has the right to leave school and study further, choosing special secondary schools. In this case, it is on the guardians or parents that the law places the entire responsibility for ensuring that the process of obtaining knowledge is continued, and not interrupted.

Complete education means that the student is in the tenth to eleventh grades for two years. The main purpose of this stage is to prepare graduates for the Unified State Examination and further education at the university. Reality shows that during this period they often resort to the services of tutors, since one school is not enough.

More about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

Secondary vocational schools are divided into colleges and technical schools (state and non-state). They train students in selected specialties for two or three, and sometimes four years. In most of the descents, a teenager can enter after the ninth grade. Medical colleges are an exception. They are accepted in the presence of a complete general education.

You can enter any higher educational institution in Russia under the bachelor's program only after the eleventh grade. In the future, if desired, the student will continue his studies in the magistracy.

Some universities currently offer a specialist degree rather than a bachelor's degree. However, in accordance with the Bologna system, higher professional education in this system will not exist in the near future.

The next step is the training of highly qualified personnel. These are graduate school (or adjuncture) and residency. In addition, specialists with higher professional education can complete an internship assistant program. We are talking about the training of pedagogical and creative figures of the highest qualification.

This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Distance education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.

In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:

The first is based on interactive television. When it is implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this species is underdeveloped and very expensive. However, it is necessary when unique techniques, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area are demonstrated.
The second type of distance learning is based on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global), which have various didactic capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, videoconferencing, e-mail, etc.). This is a common and inexpensive form of distance learning.
The third combines the CD (basic electronic textbook) and the global network. Due to the great didactic possibilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. The CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, the presence of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.

The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" highlights the creation of favorable conditions for the education of persons with disabilities as one of the priority tasks. And this is reflected not only in the form, but also in the content.

In the law, this system was named "inclusive education". Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, the existence of equal treatment for everyone and the availability of education.

Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions in Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and provide professional training for people with disabilities. For its implementation it is necessary to perform certain tasks:

technically equip educational institutions;
develop special training courses for teachers;
create methodological developments for other students aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in educational institutions.

This work has just been developed. Within the next few years, the goal set and the assigned tasks should be fully implemented.

At the moment, the types of education in Russia are clearly identified, the functions and content of each level are disclosed. However, despite this, the reconstruction and reform of the entire education system continues.

The concept and level of education in the Russian Federation

Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the education system of the Russian Federation as bachelor's and master's programs were introduced.

In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels of education similar to those of European countries allow free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

Education: concept, purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

Education of worthy members of society.
Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values that have developed in this society.
Ensuring qualified training of young professionals.
Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.

An educated person is one who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
Non-state.
Additional education.

Principles of the education system

The priority of universal human values.
The basis is cultural and national principles.
Scientific.
Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
humanistic character.
Focus on environmental protection.
Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and direction of education is:

General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

Preschool.
Initial.
Main.
The average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a PhD degree. Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. A degree is awarded upon completion of training, defending a dissertation and passing final exams.

According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they make it possible to continue their education abroad.

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. Passage of intermediate and final state attestation is envisaged.

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.

The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.

Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
The low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

Low wages for education workers.
Lack of highly qualified personnel.
Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
Strengthening the orientation of national education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
Promotion of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

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The education system exists to realize the human right to education. Each person has a need for education, information, training. The activities of the education system are aimed at meeting this need. The composition of the education system of the Russian Federation is defined in Article 8 of the Law "On Education" (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Structural elements of the Russian education system

Strengthening the role of knowledge and information, their gradual transformation into fixed assets fundamentally change the role of educational institutions in the structure of social life in the modern world. In recent years, the ideas and concepts of the information society have moved from the sphere of socio-economic, socio-philosophical and sociological research into the sphere of national and international projects for the formation of the information society. In each of them the central place is occupied by the development of the sphere of education. The prospects for social development in the modern world fundamentally depend on the structure of the education system, educational institutions, their ability to meet the needs of the individual and society in high-quality educational services.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" by the concept of "education system" combines the following objects: a set of interacting educational programs and educational standards, a network of institutions and organizations implementing them, as well as their management bodies. Thus, education system- this is a controlled network filled with meaningful (educational) activities, the educational process, regulated by programs, carriers of the content of education, organization, motivation of teachers and participants in the process, their interaction; the result of the interaction of individual parts of the infrastructure and the achievement of the goals of education.

The network of educational institutions is a set of diverse and interconnected forms, types and types of educational institutions that carry out educational activities based on educational programs and standards to meet the diverse needs of people and society as a whole in education. The network of educational institutions is an important characteristic of the education system. Its main properties include: the composition of educational institutions, their functional purpose, the way institutions are interconnected into a single whole.

The network of educational institutions of the Russian Federation is large-scale and qualitatively diverse. In the 2000/2004 academic year, 140.4 thousand educational institutions functioned in it, in which more than 5.7 million people worked and 33 million people studied. Thus, almost 39 million people currently work and study in educational institutions, which is more than a quarter of the entire population of Russia.

Separate areas of educational activity, depending on the age of consumers of educational services and the level of education provided, are an integral part of the structure of educational institutions, forming sectors, or subsystems, of education according to age and level verticals: for example, the sector of general secondary education, higher education, preschool education, additional education , primary vocational education. At the same time, lifelong education presupposes the interaction of a number of sectors, the existence of a system-forming factor that determines the existence of a single structure of such institutions. The problem of forming an integral structure of educational institutions in Russia is due to the need to preserve the main parameters and continuity in the educational process - from kindergarten to postgraduate retraining. Such interaction and continuity is an extremely complex task, and its solution depends on the joint efforts of governments at all levels.

Until the 90s. 20th century the structure of educational institutions developed in accordance with the goals and objectives of the planning and administrative system. So, in school education there were no socially active subjects of the humanitarian cycle, a foreign language was given in very limited "portions", computer science was taught at an extremely low quality level, sometimes even without the use of technology, while in schools in developed countries three blocks of subject areas were taught: communicative (mother tongue, foreign languages, informatics); natural science (mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, etc.); social and humanitarian (economics, law, political science, sociology, history, social anthropology). The third subject block of knowledge was practically absent in the Soviet school, only recently it began to be introduced step by step into the Russian school (social science, fundamentals of economic knowledge). On the whole, in terms of its content, Russian education has inherited complete desocialization from Soviet education; it does not study the forms of human interaction (an individual, a group of individuals, separate communities, strata, society as a whole, the world community).

An educational institution carries out the educational process, i.e. works on one or more educational programs, provides maintenance and education of students and pupils.

Educational institutions in their organizational and legal forms can be state, municipal, non-state (private, public and religious associations). The state status of an educational institution (type, type and category of an educational institution, determined in accordance with the level and direction of the educational programs it implements) is established upon its state accreditation.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation classifies educational institutions as non-profit organizations, therefore their names should contain an indication of the nature of educational activities.

Depending on the implemented educational program, the following types of educational institutions are created:

– preschool;

– general education, which includes three stages: primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education;

– primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate professional education;

– additional adult education;

– additional education for children;

– special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities;

– for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

– other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Species names institutions are determined in accordance with the levels of educational programs being implemented and areas of activity. So, preschool educational institution– type of educational institution working on educational programs of preschool education of various kinds. It provides education, training, supervision, care and rehabilitation of children aged from 2 months to 7 years. In accordance with this, preschool educational institutions are divided into the following types: kindergarten; a kindergarten of a general developmental type with the priority implementation of one or more areas of development of pupils (intellectual, artistic, aesthetic, physical); a compensatory type kindergarten with the priority implementation of a qualified correction of deviations in the physical and psychological development of pupils; kindergarten supervision and rehabilitation with priority implementation of sanitary-hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures; a kindergarten of a combined type (a composition of a combined kindergarten may include general developmental, compensatory and recreational groups in various combinations); child development center - a kindergarten with the implementation of physical and mental development, correction and rehabilitation of all pupils.

General educational institutions – institutions that carry out the educational process, i.e. implementing one or more educational programs and providing the maintenance and education of students and pupils. The following types of institutions are being created: primary general education school; basic comprehensive school; secondary school; secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects (a specific subject may be indicated: a foreign language, chemistry, a physical and mathematical or humanitarian profile); lyceum; gymnasium; evening (shift) general education school; education Center; open (shift) general education school; cadet school.

General education boarding schools– institutions created to assist the family in raising children, shaping their skills for independent living, social protection and the comprehensive development of children's creative abilities. Such institutions mainly accept children in need of state support, including children from large and low-income families, children of single mothers who are under guardianship. This type of institution includes: a boarding school for primary education; boarding school of secondary (complete) general education; boarding school of secondary (complete) general education with in-depth study of individual subjects; boarding school; boarding school; sanatorium-forest school; sanatorium boarding school.

The main tasks of educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care, – this is the creation of favorable conditions, close to home, contributing to the mental, emotional and physical development of pupils; ensuring their medical-psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation; protection of the rights and interests of pupils. Based on the individual characteristics of children (age, diagnosis of the disease), the following types of institutions can operate in the education system: orphanage (for children of early, preschool, school age, mixed); orphanage-school; boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care; sanatorium orphanage; a special (correctional) orphanage for orphans and children left without parental care with developmental disabilities; a special (correctional) boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care with developmental disabilities. In institutions of this type, the maintenance and education of pupils is carried out on the basis of full state support.

The nomenclature of educational institutions in Russia also includes such a type of institutions as special educational institution for children and adolescents with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior. The types of such institutions also depend on the age and health status of pupils: a special general education school; a special (correctional) general education school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities; a special vocational school; special (correctional) vocational school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities.

The training of qualified specialists with secondary vocational education is carried out by educational institutions of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institutions). These include: technical schools (colleges, schools); colleges; technical schools-enterprises. A distinctive feature of the college is that it provides an increased (compared to the technical school) level of students' qualifications. The technical school-enterprise conducts educational and professional training of students.

The third stage of professionalization - higher vocational education - provides training and retraining of specialists of the appropriate level and satisfies the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general and secondary vocational education, which are carried out through training in higher educational institutions.

Institutions of higher professional education provide the needs of the individual in acquiring higher education and qualifications in the chosen field of professional activity. This type of institution is divided into: university- a higher educational institution whose activities are aimed at the development of education, science and culture by conducting fundamental scientific research and training at all levels of higher, postgraduate and additional education in a wide range of natural sciences, humanitarian and other areas of science, technology and culture; academy; institute. academy, in contrast to the university, it trains highly qualified specialists and retrains leading specialists in a particular industry (mainly one of the areas of science, technology, culture). Institute is an independent institution of higher education or a structural subdivision of a university (academy), working on professional educational programs in a number of areas of science, technology and culture. At the same time, the structure of education is changing, attempts are being made to move away from the traditional 5-year course of study, dividing it into two stages - undergraduate and graduate.

The main form of training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel is postgraduate study on the basis of higher professional education. Persons who have received higher education are given the opportunity to receive postgraduate professional education to improve the level of education, scientific, pedagogical qualifications and obtain an academic degree. Postgraduate professional education can be obtained in postgraduate, residency, adjuncture programs created at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions.

Adult education has become an important direction in the work of educational institutions and will obviously develop into an independent service sector, which has its own organizational, theoretical, scientific and methodological features. In most developed countries, adult education functions as a special and rather independent structure. In recent years, distance education institutions have played an important role in adult education abroad. In Russia, for the time being, various educational institutions are engaged in the education and retraining of the adult population: evening schools, vocational schools, vocational training courses, correspondence and evening secondary specialized educational institutions; correspondence, evening and day universities; faculties and refresher courses.

Institutions of additional education for adults include, first of all, institutions of additional professional education - advanced training. The functional purpose of this type of institution is to increase the level of professional knowledge of specialists, improve their business qualities and prepare them to perform new labor functions. Based on the implemented educational programs (advanced training, internships, professional retraining), various types of institutions are being created: academies; sectoral, intersectoral and regional institutions for advanced training, institutions for improvement; advanced training courses (schools, centers); employment training centers.

The main purpose institutions of additional education for children - development of personal motivation, mainly at the age of 6 to 18 years, to knowledge and creativity, organization of meaningful leisure for children. The list of types of institutions belonging to this type is so large that they should be classified into enlarged groups: palaces, houses and centers of children's and youth creativity; stations for young technicians, tourists, naturalists; centers of additional education for children of traditional culture, folk crafts; schools for various types of arts; sports schools, including the Olympic reserve; clubs for young sailors, border guards, paratroopers, etc. In the 2003/2004 academic year, there were 8.7 thousand institutions of additional education for children in Russia, where 9 million children studied and 203.6 thousand adults worked.

In addition to educational institutions, the education system also includes a wide network of institutions that provide the educational process, the so-called other institutions. First of all, these are scientific and methodological centers, medical, psychological and pedagogical services, film and video libraries, centralized accounting departments, technical supervision services for the overhaul and construction of educational facilities, services for the maintenance of buildings.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Levels of vocational education