Communication between people plays the following role. What is the importance of communication in our life? The value of communication in human life

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Communication is a complex process of establishing contacts between individuals and entire groups. Without communication, human society simply will not exist. From the very appearance of the first man, it has become the cause and guarantee of the emergence of society and civilization. Modern people cannot do without communication in any area of their lives and activities, regardless of whether a person loves loneliness or company, whether he is an extrovert or an introvert. Let's try together to find the reasons for such a unique phenomenon as sociability, and answer the question of why a person needs communication.

The role of communication in human life

The answer to the question of why a person needs communication is brought to us by the history of primitive society. It was from communication, which was carried out by the first people through gestures, that human speech developed, concepts and designations of objects appeared, and later writing. It was thanks to communication that society, human society, appeared, and peculiar rules of communication between people were established.

Why is communication needed?

A person's need for communication is determined by his natural life and constant presence in society, whether it be a family, a team of employees, a school or student class. If a person were deprived of the opportunity to communicate from birth, he would never be able to grow up as a social person, civilized and culturally developed, would resemble a person only externally.

This is proved by numerous cases of the so-called "Mowgli people", deprived of human communication in early childhood or immediately at birth. All body systems developed in such individuals quite normally, but the psyche was very delayed in development, or even completely stopped due to lack of experience in communicating with people. It is for this reason that we understand why a person needs to communicate with other people. communication art attention empathy

The art of communicating with people

It would seem that if communication is quite natural for all people, then each of us should contact freely and be able to do it. However, some sometimes have a fear of communicating with people or, in other words, social phobia. This fear usually occurs during adolescence, the most difficult in a person's life. If the first conscious entry into society is negative, then in the future a person will have problems in communicating with people.

Communication skills are acquired with age, and the most important thing here is to master this art. The most ancient commandments of communication can help with this:

1. Communicate with a person, do it in the best way, in your opinion.

2. Show respect for the person you are talking to.

3. Trust whoever you communicate with.

With people we know, as a rule, we do not have any problems in communication, we know well how they react to certain words, remarks, news. But when talking with strangers, you should always do it on the positive side, not show any negativity, always be friendly. Speak with a smile, but try to keep your words and phrases appropriate. Look the person in the eye with a clear and friendly look, show sincere interest and attention to the interlocutor. If you can’t get over yourself and do all of the above for one reason or another, it’s better to just avoid communication with

******** The existence of many different definitions of the concept of "communication" is associated with different views of scientists on this problem. In a brief psychological dictionary, it is proposed to define communication as “a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing conflicts between people, which includes the exchange of information, the development of a unified strategy and interaction, the perception and understanding of another person.” A.A. Bodalev proposes to consider communication as "the interaction of people, the content of which is the exchange of information using various means of communication to establish relationships between people." A.A. Leontiev understands communication not as an interindividual, but as a social phenomenon”, the subject of which “should not be considered in isolation”. The point of view of A.A. Leontiev on “communication as a kind of activity” is supported by other authors, for example, V.N. Panferov.

Communication- communication between people, during which there is a psychological contact, manifested in the exchange of information, mutual influence, mutual experience, mutual understanding.

The problem of communication is also considered in the works of philosophers (B.D. Parygin, L.P. Buevoy, M.S. Kagan, V.S. Korobeinikov, etc.)

Based on this abundance of views on the problem of communication, it must be considered from the philosophical, sociological and psychological sides.

The philosophical approach is based on the fact that it is the social concept that justifies communication as a way to implement the internal evolution of the social structure of society, a group in the dialectical interaction of the individual and society.

With the psychological approach, communication is defined as a specific form of activity and as an independent process of interaction necessary for the implementation of other types of personality activity. Psychologists note the presence of the main need of the individual - in communication, as an important factor in the self-formation of the individual.

Communication is characterized by: content, functions and means.

The content of communication can be different:

transmission of information

perception of each other

mutual evaluation of each other by partners

Interaction of partners

interaction of partners

· activity management, etc.

Communication functions are allocated in accordance with the content of communication.

There are several classifications of communication functions. V. N. Panferov identifies six of them:

Communicative (implementation of the relationship of people at the level of individual, group and social interaction)

· informational(exchange of information between people)

· cognitive(comprehension of meanings based on representations of imagination and fantasy)

· emotive(manifestation of an individual's emotional connection with reality)

· conative(management and correction of mutual positions)

· creative(development of people and the formation of new relationships between them)

Other sources distinguish four main functions of communication:

instrumental (communication acts as a social mechanization of management and transmission of information necessary to perform a certain action)

· syndicated(communication is a means of bringing people together)

· self-expression(communication acts as a form of mutual understanding, psychological context)

· translational(transfer of specific methods of activity, assessments)

And additional:

· expressive(mutual understanding of experiences and emotional states)

· social control i (regulations of behavior and activities)

· socialization(formation of interaction skills in society in accordance with accepted norms and rules), etc.

Communication suffers if at least one of the listed functions is impaired or absent, therefore, when analyzing real communication processes, it is useful to first diagnose the representation of these functions, and then take measures to correct them.

Structure of communication

The concept of "communication" is complex, therefore it is necessary to designate its structure. In the psychological literature, when characterizing the structure of communication, they usually distinguish its three interconnected aspects: communicative, interactive and perceptual.

Communicative side

The communicative side of communication is the exchange of information between people. Understanding a person by a person is connected with the establishment and preservation of communication.

Sources of information in communication:

signals directly from another person;

signals from their own sexor-perceptual systems;

information about the results of activities;

information from internal experience;

information about the likely future.

Depending on the requirements of the moment, different sources of information and their different content come to the fore.

A person must be able to somehow distinguish “good” information from “bad” information. How does this happen? An interesting explanation was offered by psychologist B. F. Porshnev. He came to the conclusion that speech is a way of suggestion, or suggestion, but there is “there is also a counter psychological activity called counter-suggestion, counter-suggestion, which contains methods of protection against the action of speech.”

B. F. Porshnev singled out 3 types of countersuggestion: avoidance, authority and misunderstanding. Avoidance means avoiding contact with a partner (a person is inattentive, does not listen, does not look at the interlocutor, finds a reason to be distracted). Avoidance is manifested not only by avoiding communication with another person, but also by avoiding certain situations. For example, people who don't want to be influenced by their opinion or decision simply don't show up for meetings or appointments. The action of authority lies in the fact that, having divided all people into authoritative ones, a person trusts only the first and refuses to trust the second. You can find many reasons for assigning authority to a particular person (status, superiority in parameters, attractiveness in specific situations, etc.). The reasons are determined by their own history and core values. The effectiveness of communication will depend on the nature of the formation of ideas about the authority of the interlocutor. Sometimes dangerous information can also come from people we generally trust. In a quiet case, we can defend ourselves with a kind of misunderstanding of the message itself.

It is important for almost all people to be listened to and heard. For all who are interested in effective communication, it is important to be able to pursue psychological barriers, i.e. be able to control attention.

There is a whole group of techniques to attract attention:

reception" neutral phrase". At the beginning of communication, a phrase is pronounced that is not related to the main topic, but has meaning and value for all those present.

reception "z" attractions”- the speaker at first speaks very quietly, very incomprehensibly, unintelligibly, which makes others listen.

reception making eye contact- staring at a person, we attract his attention; by moving away from the gaze, we show that we do not want to communicate. But in communication it is important not only to attract attention, but also to support it.

The first group of techniques for maintaining attention is "isolation" techniques (isolate communication from external factors - noise, lighting, conversation, or be able to isolate itself from internal factors - instead of listening, pondering its remarks or simply waiting for the end of speech to enter into talking to yourself).

The second group of techniques is associated with “imposing a rhythm”. A person's attention is constantly fluctuating, therefore, by changing the characteristics of voice and speech, we do not allow the interlocutor to relax and miss the necessary information.

And, finally, the third group of maintenance techniques is accentuation techniques. You can pay attention to the necessary information using certain words (“please pay attention to ...”, “it is important to note that ...”, etc.) or by contrasting with the surrounding background.

Interactive side

For a correct understanding of the communication process, it is important to imagine the actions of your partner, which are carried out in certain situations. The second side of communication is interactive, which consists in organizing interaction between individuals, i.e. exchange not only knowledge, but also actions.

One of the possible ways of understanding the situation of communication is the perception of positions relative to each other. The approach to situation analysis depending on positions was developed by E. Bern in line with transactional analysis and his followers (T. Harris, M. James and D. Jonjeval, etc.). base states: child, adult or parent. The state of the child is the actualization of attitudes and behavior developed in childhood (emotionality, mobility, playfulness or depression, etc.). The state of an adult is turned to reality (mindfulness, maximum orientation towards a partner). A parent is such a state of the EGO, the feelings and attitudes of which relate to the role of a parent (criticality, condescension, arrogance, concern, etc.). The success of communication depends on whether the ego states of the communicants correspond to each other. Thus, such pairs of ego-states as “child-child”, “adult-adult”, “parent-child” are favorable for communication. For success in communication, all other combinations of ego-states must be reduced to the above.

Perceptual side

The third important aspect of communication is perceptual. It means the process of perception of each other by partners in communication and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis. From the point of view of perception, it is important to correctly form the first impression. Psychologists have discovered that the image of another person can be built according to different typical schemes. The scheme of perception is often used according to the type of reassessment of the qualities of people. When meeting with a person who surpasses us in an important partner, we evaluate him more positively. And if we are dealing with a person whom we surpass, then we underestimate him. At the same time, it should be known that superiority is fixed in one parameter, and underestimation occurs in several parameters. This error in perception has its name, the superiority factor.

An equally important parameter in the perception of another person is whether we like this person outwardly or not. If we like a person outwardly, then we tend to consider him more intelligent, interesting, etc. This error in perception is associated with an overestimation or underestimation of a person’s properties and is called attraction factor.

The next diagram is related to the so-called "attitude towards us" factor. Those people who treat us well seem to us better than those who treat us badly.

When forming first impressions, these perceptual patterns of people are called the halo effect. halo effect It manifests itself in the fact that during the formation of the first impression, a general positive impression of a person leads to a reassessment of an unknown person. It follows that our first impression is always wrong. But it's not. Special studies show that an adult with communication experience is able to accurately determine the characteristics of a partner, this accuracy occurs only in neutral situations. In real life, there is always a certain percentage of errors.

With long-term communication, the results of the first impression continue to act. In constant communication, a deeper and more objective understanding of the partner becomes important. It is known that the ability to adequately perceive other individuals varies from person to person. Why? Some believe that it depends on life experience (but there are young people who can see in a partner and understand what is happening to him, etc.)

Psychological studies show that the entire appearance (a person's face, his gestures, facial expressions, gaits, manner of standing, sitting) carries information about his emotional states, about his attitude towards others, about his attitude towards himself.

In order to understand a partner in communication, not only knowledge and experience are needed - you need a focus on him (the desire to understand what he thinks about, why he is going through, etc.) The mechanism of this type of perception of another is empathy. It is based on the ability to put oneself in the place of another, to feel his condition and position, and to take all this into account in one's behavior.

It is important in communication to take into account the ways and mechanisms of building interaction. How does a person explain the behavior of other people in practice? A whole trend has emerged in psychology: the study of the processes and results of causal attribution (attribution of causes) of behavior. When does causal attribution occur? When difficulties arise in joint activities. For example, an employee is having a job. And it can interpret the reason for being late in different ways - this is due to attribution (you can see the reason for being late in the circumstances, i.e. motivate by external attribution; you can look for the reason in yourself, i.e. motivate by internal attribution). Important in understanding the essence of communication is the question of the means and mechanisms of influence of participants in communication on each other.

Means of communication

Language is the main means of communication. "Language is a system of signs that serves as a means of human communication." A sign is any material object (object, phenomenon, event). The total content that is embedded in a sign is called its meaning. Assimilation of the meanings of signs, ways of organizing them to convey a message, people learn to speak a particular language.

All signs are divided as follows:

intentional - specially produced to convey information

· non-intentional-- unintentionally giving out this information.

Signs of emotions can act as non-intentional signs (trembling hands give out excitement), pronunciation features, accent can become an indicator of the place of origin, the social environment of a person. These signs speak about the person himself, so it is important to learn how to notice them and correctly decipher them.

The main mechanisms of knowing another person in the process of communication are: identification, empathy and reflection.

Identification means the simple fact that one of the ways to understand another person is to become like him. In a situation of interaction, people often use this technique, when an assumption about the internal state of a partner is based on an attempt to put oneself in his place.

empathy is the ability to comprehend the emotional state of another person. A person can identify himself with a communication partner, accept. The process of understanding each other is complicated by the phenomenon of reflection. This is not just knowing or understanding a partner, but knowing how a partner understands me, a kind of process of mirror relationships with each other.

Communication includes certain ways of influencing partners on each other. These include: infection, suggestion, persuasion and imitation.

Infection is an unconscious susceptibility to certain mental states. It manifests itself through the transmission of a certain emotional state (for example, “sickness” in stadiums during sports)

Suggestion- this is a purposeful unreasoned impact of one person on another. Suggestion is an emotional-volitional influence. Suggestion depends on age, on fatigue. The decisive condition for effective suggestion is the authority of the suggester.

Belief- a reasoned impact on the consciousness of the individual.

Imitation- with it, the behavioral features of another person are reproduced, i.e. we are talking about the assimilation of the proposed patterns of behavior.

Types and levels of communication

In the scientific literature, the following types of communication are distinguished:

· “ Mask contact”- formal communication, when there is no desire to understand the interlocutor, the usual masks are used (politeness, modesty, indifference, etc., a set of facial expressions, gestures that allow you to hide true emotions, attitude towards the interlocutor).

· Primitive communication- when they evaluate another person as a necessary or interfering object. If a person is needed, then they actively come into contact with him, if he interferes, they push him away. When they get what they want, they lose further interest in the interlocutor and do not hide it.

· Formally Role-playing communication is such communication when both the content and the means of communication are regulated. Instead of knowing the partner's personality, they manage with knowledge of his social role.

· Business conversation takes into account the characteristics of the personality of the partner, his character, age, but the interests of the case are more significant.

· Spiritual, interpersonal communication is possible when each participant has the image of the interlocutor, knows his personal characteristics, can anticipate his reactions, takes into account the interests and beliefs of the partner.

· manipulative communication is aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor, using different techniques (flattery, deceit, demonstration of kindness, etc.) depending on the characteristics of the interlocutor's personality.

· Secular fellowship- it is characterized by non-objectivity (people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases). This communication is closed, since the point of view of people on a particular issue does not matter and does not determine the nature of communications.

Entering into communication, a person enters into an infinite number of relationships, i.e. communication takes place at different levels.

There are several points of view on the existence of levels of communication.

American psychologist E.T. Shostrom believes that there are two main levels and two types of communication - manipulation and actualization. Manipulation is an attitude and treatment of people as things. Actualization is the recognition of the independence of the other and his right to be different; it is natural; fullness of personal, emotional life at the moment.

Soviet researcher V.N. Sagatovsky defines four levels of communication:

level of manipulation.

· Level " reflexive game” means that the interlocutors, in general, recognize that each of them has their own goals and plans for relationships, but strive to “beat” the partner in communication and show the failure of his plans.

· Level of legal communication. Here the main thing is the coordination of behavior on the basis of norms and rules that must be fulfilled by partners.

· Level of moral communication. At this level, interaction occurs on the basis of the unity of internal, spiritual principles. The American psychologist E.Bern believes that there are six main ways to communicate “zero communication” - withdrawal into oneself: for example, a silent line at the doctor's office, passengers on the subway. No one speaks during such communication, but everyone looks at each other (cute - unattractive, who it is, etc.)

rituals- these are the norms of communication formed by society (greet, thank, say goodbye, etc.)

Work Everyone knows what fruitful working communication is.

Entertainment- in this version of communication there is also a lot of formalization. Everyone knows what tone is adopted for meetings with loved ones, which one is for communication in an unfamiliar company.

Games- this is a repetitive communication on two levels, when a person depicts one thing, in fact he means something completely different, for example, a conversation between a doctor and a patient.

Proximity This is the highest level of communication. A person turns to another "with all the powers of the soul." E. Bern believes that intimacy can be one-sided (“blindness of feelings”). Thus, a modern person striving to learn to understand himself and others must know what communication is, its structure (device), in order to take into account the difference in levels, mismatch of positions in communication and be able to reorient in the course of interaction, “hear” the other, find with him " mutual language".

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The role of communication in human life

People cannot be alone. It is so established by nature that every person needs communication. Someone just needs to speak out, while someone cannot do without dialogue. The answer to the question of why communication is necessary for a person will be given by the history of primitive society.

At first, people "talked" with the help of gestures and facial expressions. They denoted danger, joy, discontent, objects of hunting. Gradually, people began to communicate through speech, which became much more interesting and exciting.

Already after people learned to express their opinion, to talk, rules began to appear. Thanks to them more cultured and developed. Today, only communication helps a person improve every day.

Now people can listen and transmit information, understand a comrade, colleague, friends and perceive everything that others say. Now you know why communication is necessary for a person and what is his role. In the article, we will consider other aspects of speech that people need.

What is communication for?

A person may be an extrovert or an introvert, but he needs society on a daily basis. It can be a team, friends or relatives. Only through communication does each person become a social person.

From birth, parents give the baby communication. If you don’t talk to children, don’t teach them, the baby will never be able to grow up as a full-fledged person.

Such people are mentally lagging behind in development, and they cannot become full-fledged, cultured and developed personalities. There are many cases when parents did not pay due attention to their children. Then such unpleasant incidents turned out.

The art of communicating with people

Dialogue is the natural environment of man. However, each person must be able to communicate with others correctly. We are taught to communicate first by parents, then by teachers, comrades and other environment. It is very important to master the art of communication from an early age.

When talking to a person, always make eye contact. Then the contact between the interlocutors will come much faster.

Try to feel the person so as not to offend him. If you know the weaknesses of your counterpart, never talk about them.

Treat your interlocutor with confidence. If you do not trust him, then is there a need to build a dialogue with him? Of course, we are not talking about relatives and people close to you. After all, you already know how to communicate with them. But as for an unfamiliar and stranger, here you need to show only positive. Avoid bad emotions and be as friendly as possible.

What do we receive from others?

Of course, we can already understand why a person needs communication. However, this cannot always be explained. Communication is necessary for people not only as a need. There are other positives as well. For example, we can acquire many skills and abilities with the help of others.

People exchange information, experience, knowledge - and all this is called communication. The main thing is to correctly build a dialogue with the interlocutor. When people exchange experience or information, they penetrate deeper into the essence, become more intelligent, conscious, cultural.

Very often, interesting ideas, thoughts come only when there is a dialogue between people. Any good advice often helps a person. Psychologists know exactly why a person needs communication. They argue that there is no complete personality without dialogue. That is, in order for a person to be able to correctly express his thoughts, he needs to communicate as often as possible.

Communication rules

In principle, we have already figured out why a person needs communication. We have already briefly described this. However, as mentioned above, there are certain things that you need to adhere to in order to become a cultured and intelligent person.

Always try to smile and support the topic of the interlocutor during the dialogue. If you don't understand something, never hesitate to ask. Remember, do not be ashamed to ask, because it is about your development.

Never raise your voice. The intonation should be pleasant for the interlocutor, without rudeness and falseness in the voice. Try to communicate culturally even with friends. Address them by name. When communicating, you don’t need to remember his last name or tease him, as in childhood, because this can be very unpleasant and even insulting for a person.

Politeness is a very important factor in communication. Bad words never adorned a person. Therefore, speak not only calmly, in a friendly tone, but also politely. Your friend or acquaintance will enjoy spending time with you.

The most important rule is not to interrupt the interlocutor. Listen more and talk less. Especially if your interlocutor wants to talk.

Fear of communication

Many people have social phobia. That is, they do not quite understand why communication is necessary for a person, and they are afraid to enter into a conversation. Such an attitude can only be in insecure people.

Fear of communication must be overcome from an early age. So that the child is not closed, teach the child to express his opinion. Even if you don't like it. After all, only through dialogues, communication, children learn to be confident and

Discomfort of communication

Sometimes people don't want to talk to this or that person. Why is this happening? Psychologists say that there is such a thing as communication discomfort. This is when the interlocutor puts pressure on you psychologically. It seems imperceptible, but you feel a strong discomfort when communicating. In this case, try to avoid such people so as not to receive negativity from them.

Every person needs only positive emotions. That is why psychologists advise to communicate only with people with whom you not only have common topics for conversation, but at the same time you still get positive emotions, joy and friendliness.

Conclusion

In the article, we figured out that Communication is a very important aspect in people's lives. Therefore, if you want to be alone, do not abuse it. Try to go out as often as possible, to friends or just to the store. After all, you can talk with the seller and learn a lot of interesting things for yourself.

Now you know why a person needs communication. If you listen to the advice and recommendations of psychologists, you will not have problems building a dialogue and choosing an interlocutor.

Communication ennobles and uplifts,
in society, a person involuntarily, without any pretense
keeps himself otherwise than alone.
Ludwig Feuerbach

Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, which consists in the exchange of information, as well as in the perception and understanding of each other by partners. The subjects of communication are living beings, people. In principle, communication is characteristic of any living beings, but only at the human level does the process of communication become conscious, connected by verbal and non-verbal acts.

Communication is of great importance in the formation of the human psyche, its development and the formation of reasonable, cultural behavior. Through communication with psychologically developed people, thanks to the wide opportunities for learning, a person acquires all his higher cognitive abilities and qualities. Through active communication with developed personalities, he himself turns into a personality. If from birth a person was deprived of the opportunity to communicate with people, he would never become a civilized, culturally and morally developed citizen, he would be doomed to remain a semi-animal until the end of his life, only outwardly, anatomically and physiologically resembling a person. This is evidenced by numerous; the facts described in the literature and showing that, being deprived of communication with their own kind, the human individual, even if he, as an organism, is completely preserved, nevertheless remains a biological being in his mental development. As an example, we can cite the conditions of people who are occasionally found among animals and who for a long period, especially in childhood, lived in isolation from civilized people or, already as adults, as a result of an accident, found themselves alone, isolated for a long time from their own kind. (for example, after a shipwreck).

Of particular importance for the mental development of the child is his communication with adults in the early stages of development. At this time, he acquires all his human, mental and behavioral qualities almost exclusively through communication, since until the beginning of schooling, and even more definitely before the onset of adolescence, he is deprived of the ability to self-educate and self-educate. The mental development of a child begins with communication. This is the first type of social activity that arises in ontogenesis and thanks to which the infant receives the information necessary for his individual development.

Not a single person can do without communication with other people, which is provided to him by family, friends, colleagues at work. To make communication more effective, speech was created, without which no social activity can do, which helps in many existing professions, for example, lawyers, teachers, politicians, journalists and so on.

Any conversation is the interaction of two people: the listener and the speaker. However, the peculiarity of proper communication lies in the fact that roles are constantly changing in a conversation, and a successful conversation is based on the fact that two people need common topics and knowledge of the language.

The human personality develops during communication, education, upbringing. According to experts, communication is as necessary for a person as air.

In the process of communication, a person's personality is formed. Not all people are equally educated, so more educated and erudite people influence their interlocutors, help them become more developed and civilized. Another thing is if the person listening is not receptive to these arguments. Human personality is formed not only in the process of communication with people. There are examples when children were brought up by wolves or monkeys. Such people live according to the laws of animals - the strongest survive. Their perception of information from the outside is greatly distorted, everything that does not concern the issues of survival passes by from consciousness. It is very difficult, almost impossible for them to adapt to human society.

Since communication is an integral part of people's lives, it undoubtedly has a huge impact on the perception of life. In addition, there are many ways to influence a person, for example, hypnosis, blackmail, suggestion. Communication with your own kind is a necessity. Through communication, people gain knowledge. Even just reading a book, people communicate with its author through the printed word, they learn what the writer wanted to say. In addition, in order to receive some knowledge, a person needs to share it. Again, this can only happen through communication, be it the written word or the spoken word. If an individual does not receive the dose of communication he needs, then this leads to a deterioration in his mental state, he is deprived of the necessary dose of information, becomes isolated in himself. It is not uncommon for lonely people to suffer from a mental disorder of a split personality, as if 2, and sometimes more consciousnesses of a person lived in one body. Precisely because any socially adapted person must express his thoughts and feelings to someone, there are various ways of communication. The most common - verbal - communication with the help of words. It is everyday communication, which is the most important in human life. But there is also festive communication, when people communicate with each other only a few times a year at various celebrations. In addition, the monologue is the essence of another way of communication. Any printed word can be attributed to communication with the help of a monologue.

To adapt in society, you need to be able not only to talk about yourself, but also to listen to others. Your circle of acquaintances will change over time depending on how emotionally mature you are.

What is communication? This is a joint activity of people, the result of human actions. Throughout life, we meet new people, establish new connections. Also, communication can be considered as a goal, a result, that is, getting pleasure and information from communication. Although you can communicate simply to “kill” time and not get any benefit.

We share our joys and sorrows with people close to us, they support us, console us, and can give practical advice. Thus, without communication, without society, a person would simply turn into an animal, since the grain of spirituality and morality would not be laid in him.

There are many interpretations of "communication":

Kind of activity
. information receipt form
. a special form of human activity
. the process of forming interpersonal relationships
. exchange of joys, feelings, experiences
. any joint activity of people
. satisfying a need for another person

Almost any form of human activity is associated with communication (school, work, play, entertainment). Even communication with oneself presupposes the presence of an imaginary partner, there is a dialogue, a script and arguments for an internal conversation. Spiritually developed people always have a deep inner life.

When meeting new people, we always evaluate their character, preferences, thus forming our attitude towards them. You can become friends, or you can hate each other for the rest of your life.

Communication plays a huge role in human life, the development of our psyche and our abilities is very dependent on society. However, there is a theory that a person by himself, and society is just an episode of his life, and he is not so dependent on society.

But in fact, society helps to reveal our character traits. It gives us the norms of morality and morality, traditions, values, it helps a person to realize himself, find friends, love, allows a person to be what he wants to be.

Literature:
1. Kuzin F. Culture of business communication. - M., 2004. - 320s.
2. Sidorov P. I., Putin M. E., Konopleva I. A. Business communication. - M., 2012. - 384 p.
3. Stolyarenko L. D. Psychology of business communication and management. - Rostov-on-Don, 2001. - S.190-196.
4. Shelamova G. M. Business culture and psychology of communication. - M., 2004. - 160s.

Communication and its functions. The famous French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupery in his book "The Little Prince" noted that "the only real luxury is the luxury of human communication."

Every day, each of us communicates with relatives, friends, a fairly large number of people. Communication- this is a process of interaction between people, during which they exchange information, reveal their attitude towards each other.

The primary function of communication is to contribute to the formation and development of a person as a person. A child born into the world does not yet know how to speak, but he already knows how to convey his experiences to his parents. With the help of adults, he learns to express his feelings, desires, thoughts. In the future, he learns to read, write, behave correctly, communicating with other people. In the joint activities of people (playing, educational, industrial, scientific, etc.), communication is a necessary means of achieving the intended result. This is another function of communication, which is called pragmatic (from Latin pragma - action, deed).

Communication for any person is associated with evaluating other people and establishing some kind of relationship with them - either positive or negative. In various situations, such opposite feelings arise between people, such as sympathy or antipathy, love or hatred, respect or contempt, etc. You probably know examples of how a classmate was on duty in the classroom instead of a sick friend; and someone else may have refused to defend the honor of the class in sports competitions.

Communication, permeated with good feelings, is the source of a person's spiritual growth. In the course of communication with a person, it is important to show him various signs of attention, address him by name, and in other ways confirm a respectful attitude towards him. This allows a person to assert himself in his own eyes, strengthen his self-confidence. Thus, the confirmation function inherent in communication is successfully performed.

Types and forms of communication. Each of us lives among people and acquires a lot of valuable things from them, learns to work and build meaningful leisure. There are different types of communication. Each of them has its own characteristics and rules.

Scheme "Types of communication"

interpersonal communication involves direct contacts of people in small groups. Many direct contacts of strangers (for example, in a crowd), as well as communication through radio, television, newspapers, magazines, electronic media, are called mass communication.

Allocate also informal(for example, chatting with friends) and role-playing communication. In the course of role-playing communication, a person acts as a carrier of a certain role (student - teacher, buyer - seller, son - father, etc.) and acts as prescribed by his role.

Communication can also be personal and business. In personal communication, informal information is exchanged. It shows the emotional relationship of people to each other. Business communication is characterized by the fulfillment of joint duties. For example, students under the guidance of a teacher work together in a lesson.

Direct communication is called contacts between people in transport, on the streets, in shops, etc. The number of such contacts is constantly increasing as social ties between people develop. Nowadays, however, direct communication is often replaced mediated carried out by telephone, audio and video equipment, the Internet.

There are also different forms of communication.

Scheme " Forms of communication»

imperative(from lat. imprativus - imperative) communication is an authoritarian, directive form of influence on a person. At the same time, the goal is to achieve control over his behavior, coercion to certain actions or decisions. The use of such communication is justified, for example, in statutory relations between military personnel or when working in emergency situations. In imperative communication, orders, instructions, instructions, demands, and even threats are used. However, the directive form is unacceptable in relations between friends, between husband and wife, between teacher and student.

At manipulative(from lat.manipulus - a handful) communication influence on a person is carried out covertly in order to achieve their intentions. Such communication is often used in the field of advertising and propaganda. It sometimes occurs in everyday life. Remember how schoolchildren refer to good grades when addressing parents with various requests. The manipulator is often characterized by deceit, primitive feelings, cynicism and distrust of others, so here there is a threat to close, trusting relationships.

Imperative and manipulative forms of communication are essentially varieties monologue communication. A person who considers the other only as an object of influence to achieve his own goals does not see him as a true interlocutor. The opinion of another person does not interest him, because he seeks to impose his position.

Significantly more opportunities for establishing mutual understanding and mutual enrichment of individuals contain dialogic communication that is equal, humanistic, trusting.

The basic rules of dialogical communication are as follows:

– Perception of a communication partner as an equal, having the right to his own opinion and decision.

– Trust and respect for the intentions of the partner.

- Accounting in communication of feelings, desires, physical condition of other people.

– Discussion of common problems.

- Addressing the interlocutor on your own behalf, without reference to opinions and authorities, expressing your true feelings and desires.

According to statistics, by the age of thirty, each of the people has a circle of acquaintances of several hundred, and sometimes thousands of people. A person becomes a particle of a vast ocean of communication. What happens in his life affects other people, and what happens in the lives of others affects him.

Means of communication. Any communication between people is carried out through two main channels of information transfer: speech (verbal) and non-verbal (non-verbal).

You already know how important competent and correct oral and written speech is for fruitful interaction with other people. In communication, an important role is played not only by the accuracy of the use of words, the correct construction of a phrase and pronunciation, but also by the pace of speech, rhythm, and timbre. Usually the most attractive is a smooth, measured manner of speech.

The famous character in the works of A. Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes, noticed that the people with whom we communicate give us much more information about themselves than is contained in their speeches or our prior knowledge of them. Non-verbal means of communication are our gestures, posture, gait, facial expressions, eye contact. Even the distance at which the interlocutors are in relation to each other is important. Take, for example, the position of the hands during a conversation. Open palms are a characteristic sign of sincerity and frankness. If a person does not understand you, then he accompanies the opening of the hands with a shrug of the shoulders. A light touch of the tip of the nose is a sign of doubt.

Gestures are largely due to national traditions and social differences. In different nations, the same movement can denote different feelings. If you suddenly show your tongue in a conversation, it is clear to everyone that you are teasing. And in ancient China, this gesture was understood as a threat. For the Mayan people, this would be a sign of wisdom. Your smile or frowning, tense face, gestures, movements can tell people much more than your words.

Some conclusions:

1. Communication is the interaction of people with the aim of transmitting information to each other, achieving an understanding of another person, expressing one's attitude towards him.

2. There are the following types of communication: interpersonal - mass, role-playing - informal, personal - business.

3. The main forms of communication are monologic and dialogic.

4. Humanistic communication allows to achieve deep mutual understanding, self-disclosure of people, creates conditions for their mutual development.

5. Communication between people is carried out using verbal and non-verbal means, which are largely due to national traditions and social differences.

Questions and tasks

1. Remember the words of Antoine de Saint-Exupery about the luxury of human communication. In your opinion, what meaning did the writer put into these words?

2. What role does communication play in the development of a child's personality?

3. W. James noted that for a person "there is no more monstrous punishment than to be left to oneself in society and remain completely unnoticed." Comment on these words of a famous psychologist. Justify your answer.

4. L.S. Vygotsky noted that a person retains the function of communication even when alone with himself. How could you substantiate and illustrate this point of view of the famous Soviet psychologist?

5. What types of communication do you consider the most important? Why?

6. What are the similarities and differences between imperative and manipulative forms of communication? In what areas of human interaction is it appropriate to use them?

7. How do you understand the meaning of the basic rules of humanistic communication?

8. Compare the statements: “We speak with a voice, we talk with our whole body” and “A gesture is not a movement of the body, but a movement of the soul.” Justify your position.

9. Select illustrations that characterize different forms of communication.

Subject: “The concept of communication. The place and role of communication in human life.

Introduction.
The concept of communication.
Place and role of communication in life.

Communication techniques.
Forms of communication.
pedagogical communication.

"The only real luxury is the luxury of human interaction."

Antoine de Saint-Exepuri

I would like to start my essay with the concept of the subject under study:

Psychology \u003d psyche (psyushe) + logas \u003d soul + meaningful word \u003d

meaningful word about the soul.

Word they call a language unit that serves to name concepts, objects, persons, actions, states, signs, connections, relationships, assessments, as well as oral speech.

Speech in turn, one of the types of human communicative activity, communication , mediatedlanguage.

It is quite possible to say that every individual in the animal kingdom knows the language of its species from birth. Knowledge of the language is formed by a person during his lifetime, in the course of his communication with other people.

The need for communication is a purely human need, which is built on the fundamental foundations of people's desire for community and cooperation. The motives serving it can be mutually exclusive and complementary - from egoistically manipulative to altruistically disinterested. By establishing relationships with others, a person may strive to rule, dominate, impress, maintain the image of a friendly and benevolent person, etc.

Most likely, for the first time elements of human speech appeared in the course of joint labor activities. It can be assumed that the first words indicated certain actions, tools, objects; these were also "orders" addressed to a joint action partner. But very soon the language outgrew such “indicative” and “organizing” functions. After all, every word not only denotes, but also generalizes. Thus, the results of knowledge that people shared with each other began to be fixed in the word. This is how communication came about.

COMMUNICATION - the process of exchange between people with certain results of their mental and spiritual activity: learned information, thoughts, judgments, assessments, feelings, experiences and attitudes ...

(Krysko V.G. Ethnopsychological dictionary - M., 1999.- 343 p.)

COMMUNICATION - a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people (interpersonal communication) and groups (intergroup communication), generated by the needs of joint activities and including at least three different processes: communication (information exchange), interaction (action exchange) and social perception ( perception and understanding of the partner). Without communication, human activity is impossible. The psychological specificity of communication processes, considered from the point of view of the relationship between the individual and society, is studied in framework communication psychology; the use of communication in activities is studiedsociology.

(Wikipedia.)

I will dwell in more detail on interpersonal communication.

The subject area of the theory of interpersonal communication is given by both quantitative and qualitative parameters. An interaction between people can be characterized as interpersonal if it meets the following criteria: it is an interaction between a small number of people; this is a direct interaction: its participants are in spatial proximity, have the opportunity to see, hear, touch each other, it is easy to provide feedback; this is the so-called personality-oriented communication, that is, it is assumed that each of its participants recognizes the indispensability, uniqueness of his partner, takes into account the peculiarities of his emotional state, self-esteem, personal characteristics.
Taking into account both ordinary ideas and judgments of specialists, the subject area of interpersonal communication includes:

a) mental processes and states that ensure the transaction (interpersonal perception, needs and motivations, emotions and feelings, self-esteem, psychological defenses, etc.);

b) communication practices that mediate interaction between people (speech, non-verbal messages);

c) norms and rules that make joint activities possible, often unconscious, developed within a certain socio-cultural group. The real process of communication is a functional unity of all the listed elements. At the same time, for analytical purposes, such a selection of relatively independent blocks turns out to be appropriate.

The theory of interpersonal communication is fundamentally a sphere of interdisciplinary knowledge. Psychological, information-communicative and socio-normative processes that make up the subject area of the theory of interpersonal communication are studied by various disciplines of humanitarian knowledge: personality psychology and social psychology, linguistics (especially psycho- and sociolinguistics), sociology (primarily such areas of microsociology as symbolic interactionism and dramatic sociology).
All known theoretical directions within which socio-psychological research is carried out - behaviorism, cognitivism, psychoanalysis, role theory, humanistic psychology - have contributed to the development of problems of interpersonal communication.

The development of personality in childhood occurs under the influence of various social institutions: family, school, out-of-school institutions, as well as under the influence of the media and live, direct communication of the child with other people.In communication first through direct imitation, and then, through verbal instructions, the basic life experience of the child is acquired. The people with whom he communicates are the bearers of this experience for the child, and in no other way than communicating with them, this experience can be acquired. The intensity of communication, the diversity of its content, goals and means are the most important factors determining the development of children.

All social institutions act on the development of the individual not directly, but through small groups, of which the child is a member, through communication with people who surround the child in these groups. These are family members, classmates, housemates, individuals with whom the child comes into contact.

This development can proceed normally only with sufficiently favorable relationships in which a system of mutual support, trust, openness is created and operates, a sincere desire of people communicating with each other to selflessly help each other, to contribute to the development of each other as individuals is revealed. With bad relationships, on the contrary, obstacles arise in the way of a person’s personal improvement, as people stop trusting each other, manifest themselves towards each other mainly from the negative side, and do not show a desire to help each other.

In communication, more or less stable ideas of the child about himself arise. They act as a direct reflection in his mind of what the people around him think of him. Communication plays a very significant role in the formation and development of self-consciousness, and the correct image of the "I" develops in a child only when the people around him are sincerely interested in this.

Adults communicate with the child always - when they teach and accustom, when they feed and walk, punish and play. The results of upbringing, and of course the general well-being of the child, and of the adults themselves, depend on how communication takes place. Therefore, it is very importantfriendly communication atmosphere.

Such an atmosphere depends not only on the character of the adult and not only on the behavior of the child. It is created by mastering and using communication skills.

In psychology, a wonderful way was found to help the interlocutor in cases where it is difficult for him to cope with the situation, survive a failure, express feelings or thoughts that are not yet completely clear. It's called technologyActive listening.

With active listening, the task is to understand the speaker, and let him know about it. The word “understand” refers not only to the content of the words, but also to the emotional experience.

It has been found that the following technique helps to solve both problems (understand and let know):

You repeat what the interlocutor said, and at the same time name his feeling or state.

If the answer is accurate, then the interlocutor feels as if joining his experience, "sharing" his feelings. And this feeling is very important for everyone: what happens is what the wise proverb says: “Shared grief is halved, and shared joy is doubled.”

Reproducing what the interlocutor said, you can repeat a single word or phrase, or use a paraphrase; if a person spoke for a long time, then you can make a summary.

Along with active listening, the so-calledpassive listening. This is also a form of active attention to the problem of the interlocutor, only with a small number of words. It can be separate words, interjections, head nods, an attentive look.

The Active Listening technique also includes a number of other rules and recommendations.

Very important after the answer keep a pause. It is needed in order to give the interlocutor space and time to think and, perhaps, say more. It also makes it possible to focus on the interlocutor, moving away from their own thoughts, assessments and feelings. This ability to step back from oneself and switch to the internal process of the interlocutor is one of the main and difficult conditions for active listening. When it is done, rappor arises between the interlocutors. This foreign word means especially confidential contact.
Another important detail concerns intonation. You need to repeat what has been said in the affirmative, not the interrogative form.
To maintain contact, it is also useful to adapt to the interlocutor. non-verbally , that is, repeat his posture, facial expressions, gestures, intonation, volume and pace of voice, eye and head movements. It is important that the eyes of the interlocutors are at the same level.

Don't start listen if you don't have time. The interlocutor may feel disappointment and even resentment and will be right.
Don't ask.Direct questions and especially questions are undesirable. The interlocutor may feel that the questioner is satisfying his curiosity.
Don't give advice.Tips are the first thing that comes to mind when you want to help. Moreover, a person in trouble often asks himself: “Tell me what to do?”. Life shows that advice doesn't really work.

The “not” considered are not limited to the “pitfalls” that stand in the way of the practical mastery of active listening. There are many more, and they include familiar phrases with which they respond to a complaint, trouble or experience of another.

Orders, commands. (It is clear that sympathy is far from here!)
Warnings, threats. (There is no understanding and no desire to understand. In the first place - the goal is to “put things in order”, and for this to intimidate.)
Morals, morals, sermons. (In response - a silent experience.)
Criticism, reprimands, accusations. (Another click on egotism!)
Calling, ridicule. (You can’t stick labels, but it’s better to joke warmer.)
guesses, interpretations. (These phrases contain detached judgment and an invasion of personal space. People do not like to be calculated.)
Sympathy in words, persuasion, exhortation. (Instead of sharing the experience of the interlocutor, the "sympathetic" belittles or devalues his feelings. This is unfair and insulting.

The influence of the right skills or techniques of communication on the condition of a person and his relationship with others, including his own child, is a reala discovery that has been experienced and continues to be experienced by everyone who believed in these techniques and began to master them.

The process of the child's own personal development under the influence of relationships with other people can be represented as follows. In the types of activities accessible to the child (taking into account his age), appropriate forms of communication are formed in which the child learns the rules and norms of human relations, develops needs, forms interests and motives, which, becoming the motivating basis of the personality, lead to a further expansion of the sphere of communication and, consequently, to the emergence of new opportunities for personal development. The child's entry into a new system of activity and communication, his inclusion in the orbit of interpersonal contacts of new people, the appeal to new sources of information actually means a transition to the next, higher stage of development.

A.N. Leontiev believes that the development of a child's personality finds its expression in a change in the hierarchy of motives for activity. Former motives lose their motivating power, new ones are born, leading to a rethinking of relationships with people and one's own behavior. Those activities and forms of communication that previously played a leading role are now relegated to the background. Interests and goals change, in general the meaning of life for the child, a new stage of his personal development begins. The transformation of communication, the complication and enrichment of its forms open up new opportunities for the child for personal growth. Initially, these opportunities are formed within the leading activities, and for preschool children - in various kinds of games. At an older age, learning and work are added to the game.

D.B. Elkonin singled out four levels of development of children's games related to education. The first level is the child's play actions that reproduce the behavior of adults and are aimed at another person, i.e. games that involve the simplest form of human communication (“feeding” the doll, “educating” the doll, putting it to sleep, etc.). The second level is play actions that consistently restore the system of adult activity from beginning to end (“cooking” food, laying it out, feeding it, cleaning dishes, etc.). The third level is associated with the allocation in the game of a certain role of an adult and its performance. In the content of the role relationship between people, living forms of human communication. The role determines the logic and nature of the actions performed by the child. These actions themselves are subject to certain rules, the observance of which is controlled by children. The fourth level is the ability to flexibly change the tactics of behavior and move from one role to another within the framework of the development of the plot of the same game, controlling not only one’s own, but also someone else’s role-playing behavior, playing a holistic role-playing performance in the game.

Communication as a means of developing a personality begins to take shape especially strongly in a child from the third level of development of the game. But this is still only the assimilation of forms of role-playing behavior, without which real business and interpersonal communication between adults is impossible. At the fourth level of development of the game, role-play communication is improved, creating conditions for a more versatile personal development of the child.

Communication that develops in educational activities depends on the form of its organization. Such communication is most active in the conditions of group forms of organization of educational activities. Discussions, disputes, seminars, other forms of organization of educational work contribute to the development of the individual. In a form accessible to students, they can be implemented in almost all classes of the school, from elementary to graduation.

Work opens up even greater opportunities for the development of a child's personality. Many of its forms have a collective character and again include moments of communication. Such work is easy to organize in the family and school.

Relations between people, in this case - children and adults, do not always run smoothly, contain many contradictions, external and internal conflicts, resolving which a person moves forward in his development. The assimilation and implementation of adequate forms of role-playing behavior, occurring in the game, in work and in collective types of educational activities, contributes to overcoming contradictions in the system of interpersonal relations. The very contradictions in relationships with people do not automatically become the engines of personal development; only having generated problems of an internal nature in him, forcing the child to change his attitudes and views, external contradictions turn into an internal source of activity aimed at the formation of new useful personal qualities.

If only external contradictions are resolved, but not internal ones, then the life of the individual is split into two that create the appearance of external well-being and internal conflict. Such a child, while maintaining normal external relations with people, left alone, closes on his internal problems. He has discrepancies between how he seems to the people around him (outwardly prosperous) and what he really is (internally conflicted). As a result, there may be a delay in personal development. When internal conflicts are removed, while external ones are preserved, this creates a situation of alienation of a person due to his inability to communicate with people, although he himself can be quite a good person. As a result, the individual is deprived of the opportunity to receive information useful for his personal growth from other people.

In order to avoid problems in personal development, a teacher is called, because. it is an adult, professionally trained person who is able to notice “something wrong” in time and influence the development of the child through pedagogical communication.

Pedagogical communication- a set of means and methods that ensure the implementation of the goals and objectives of education and training and determine the nature of the interaction between the teacher and children.

For a teacher in communication, professional qualities are very important, such as:

Interest in children and working with them; the need and ability to communicate, sociability.
Ability of emotional empathy and understanding of children.
Flexibility, operational and creative thinking, providing the ability to quickly and correctly navigate in changing communication conditions.
Ability to perceive and maintain feedback in communication.
The ability to manage yourself.
Ability for spontaneity (unpreparedness) of communication.
The ability to predict possible pedagogical situations, the consequences of their influences.
Good verbal abilities: culture, development of speech, rich vocabulary, correct selection of language means.
Possession of the art of pedagogical experiences, which represent a fusion of life, natural experiences of the teacher and pedagogically expedient experiences that can influence children in the required direction.
The ability for pedagogical improvisation, the ability to apply the whole variety of means of influence (persuasion, suggestion, infection, the use of various methods of influence).

If from birth a person was deprived of the opportunity to communicate with people, he would never become a civilized, culturally and morally developed citizen, he would be doomed to remain a semi-animal until the end of his life, only outwardly, anatomically and physiologically resembling a person.

Used Books:

Nemov R.S. Psychology: Proc. for stud. higher ped. textbook institutions: In 3 books. - 4th ed. - M.: Humanit. ed. Center VLADOS, 2003. - Book 2: Psychology of education. - 608 p.

Introduction to general psychology: a course of lectures / Yu. Gippenreiter. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 352 p.

Pedagogical psychology in schemes, tables and reference notes: textbook. allowance for universities / O.V. Nesterov. - 2nd ed. - M .: Iris-press, 2008. - 112 p. - (Higher education).

Gippenreiter, Yu.B.

Communicate with the child. Two books in one / Yu.B. Gippenreiter; artistic G.A. Karaseva, E.M. Belousova, M.E. Fedorovskaya and others. - M.: Astrel, 2012. - 528 p.: ill.

Kunitsina, V.N. Interpersonal communication: Proc. for universities / V.N. Kunitsina, N.V. Kazarinova, V.M. Poland; Ch. ed. E. Stroganova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002.

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