Linguistic and non-linguistic communication. The language of communication

Do we know our native language? Of course, everyone will answer in the affirmative, because language is our main means of communication! But it turns out that grammar is only a component of the language, and the essence is not only in it. The bottom line is that language, as a means of communication, is the main component of speech.

Language is a historically formed system of meaningful forms, with its help people can turn their thoughts into a kind of public property and even into the spiritual wealth of society.

We all think we can communicate, but more often than not, ours is just a banal exchange of information. However, everyone knows that the concept of "communication" can be much broader, deeper. This becomes clear when looking into the past. Educated people, since the sixteenth century, have communicated at a level that we simply cannot communicate at. Language served as a means of communication, but not only - it was a means of knowledge, a real art. Now we console ourselves, justifying ourselves with a lack of time, and continue to communicate, alas, at a rather low, limited level.

The nature of language as a means of communication

Such a means of communication as language was formed historically, as human society and its needs developed. The nature of the language is symbolic, which means that every word that is a sign has a clear connection with objects and phenomena of the outside world. For each word, as a sign, historically, for several millennia, a certain meaning was assigned, understandable only to that group of people who know and use this language.

The nature of language stands out in its dual function: it is both an instrument of thought and a way of communication for people. Language also keeps the spiritual values of society, works as a mechanism of social, cultural heredity.

With the development of technical and social progress, mankind slowly but surely expanded the range of its needs, because of this, the language also improved and developed, its vocabulary increased, its grammatical essence became more perfect. All this today allows society to transmit not only absolutely any information, but also many details of the information object, any of its shades.

Language is a means of communication and knowledge, but not only. It is also a means of accumulating and transferring social experience. Thanks to communication using language, the reflection of reality in the minds of one person is supplemented by what was in the minds of other people, because of this process, opportunities for information exchange grow.

Language and other means of communication

Communication with words (verbal)- the main, most perfect form of communication. The level of language proficiency, culture and richness of speech determine the possibilities of communication, its effectiveness. But, in addition to language, there are other means of communication, these are: gestures, pauses, intonations, manners and even the appearance of a person. Communication, being a live communication of subjects, quite naturally shows the emotions of those who communicate, while it creates a non-verbal aspect of the exchange of information, information.

Non-verbal communication is a special language of feelings, a product of the development of people. She has the property significantly enhance the meaningful effect of verbal communication. Sometimes, under certain circumstances, non-verbal communication can replace verbal communication. For example, silence can sometimes be more eloquent than words, and glances can convey more feelings than sentences.

And the means of communication can be musical sounds, deeds and actions, images, drawings, drawings, symbols, signs and even mathematical formulas! The sign language of the deaf and dumb is also a means of communication. The main thing that people should remember when using means of communication is that it is important to maintain clarity of thought, and then the language of communication will always be clear.

Language is the most important means of human communication. It is necessary for the existence and development of society. Language and society are closely related to each other. Just as there can be no language outside of society, so society cannot exist without language. Their influence on each other is mutual.

Speaking about the social conditionality of language development, we note that it should not be understood as a direct reflection in the language of all social events or as the presence of social causes for each fact of language change. Social factors do not affect the language in a straight line: they can speed up or slow down the pace of language evolution, contribute to the restructuring of individual components of the language system. Vivid examples of the influence of society on the language are: the social stratification of the language (literary language, territorial dialects, professional and social-group jargons, etc.); the presence of social components in the structure of language units, etc.

In addition to the influence of society on the language, which does not depend on the will of individuals, a conscious, purposeful influence of the state (and society as a whole) on the development and functioning of the language is also possible - the so-called language policy. It includes the creation of normative dictionaries and reference books by linguists, the promotion of language knowledge and culture of speech in the media, etc.

The influence of language on society has been studied much less. However, the very fact of such an influence is obvious, since the language has an organizing function in relation to society, being the basis of mutual understanding, social peace and development.

Russian language is a complex, multifaceted and changing phenomenon. This is due to the fact that the people who use it as a means of communication are heterogeneous. "Diversity", the heterogeneity of native speakers depends on the vast territory of our country, divided into regions, territories, republics. In each administrative unit there are large and small cities, villages, villages, farms, which are very distant from each other. This is what determines the presence of dialects, folk dialects. They exist only in oral form, serve only as a means of everyday communication, have their own set of phonetic, grammatical vocabulary. For example, in the Don dialect G becomes aspirated before a vowel. However, the Russian language has a nationwide basis: no matter with whom and in what territory its speakers communicate, they understand each other, since dialects (as professional and social-group jargons) are part of the national language, the highest form of which remains the literary language.

Language is a historically established system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means that allows people to express their thoughts (orally and in writing), to communicate. This system includes various levels, which have their elementary units. So, the main element of the phonetic level is the sound, phoneme, the lexical level is the word and its meaning, the morphemic level is the part of the word (root, suffix, etc.), the morphological level is the forms and classes of words, the syntactic level is the phrase and sentence. These levels are studied in the relevant sections of linguistics: phonetics, lexicology, word formation (morphemic), morphology and syntax. The language system in grammars and dictionaries is described. All levels of the language are sequentially interconnected: sentences are built from words, words - from morphemes, morphemes - from sounds. Thus, all elements of the linguistic structure form a unity: each higher level consists of at least one lower level (union and consists of one sound, a sentence can consist of one word). Changes that occur at the lower levels are gradually reflected in the higher ones. For example, speeding up the pace of speech leads to indistinct pronunciation, so the speaker, wanting to be understood, narrows the vocabulary used, simplifies syntactic constructions (for example, when communicating with children). Or often a borrowed word becomes "Russified". It undergoes changes at all language levels, in use it is likened to Russian words: in pronunciation, declension, conjugation, plural formation, etc.

language they name a certain code, a system of signs and rules for their use. So, a letter means a sound, a word means a concrete or abstract phenomenon, a punctuation mark means a pause or a question, for example. The sign nature of the language allows it to serve as a reliable means of storing and transmitting information.

A sign is a substitute for an object (concept) for the purposes of communication; a sign allows the speaker to evoke an image of an object or concept in the mind of the interlocutor.

Sign has the following properties:

1) it is aimed at meaning;

2) the sign must be material, accessible to perception;

5) a sign is always a member of the system, and its content largely depends on the place of this sign in the system.

Language does not create things and concepts, it only reflects them, fixes them with the help of words. Words are the most numerous and main characters in the language. Since the meanings of words are associated with concepts, a certain mental content is fixed in the language, which turns into a hidden (internal) part of the meaning of words, which speakers do not pay attention to due to the automatism of using the language. Language could not serve as a means of communication if the meaning of each word in each case of its use became a matter of dispute.

Meaning is the content of a linguistic sign, which is formed as a result of the reflection of extralinguistic reality in the minds of people.

The words of the human language are signs of objects and concepts. Distinguish subject and conceptual meaning of words:

subject the meaning consists in the correlation of the word with the object, in the designation of the object;

conceptual value serves to express a concept that reflects an object, to specify a class of objects denoted by a sign.

The meaning of the language unit in the language system virtually, i.e. determined by what the unit can stand for. In a particular utterance, the meaning of the language unit becomes relevant, since the unit is related to a specific object, to what it really means in the statement.

The language mark may be code sign and text sign:

code signs exist in the form of a system of units opposed in the language, connected by a relation of significance, which determines the content of signs specific to each language;

text signs exist as a formally and semantically connected sequence of units.

Understanding the sign properties of the language is necessary in order to better understand the structure of the language and the rules for its use.

THEME I

THE ESSENCE OF LANGUAGE: ITS PUBLIC FUNCTIONS AND ITS INTERNAL STRUCTURE

1. Linguistic and non-linguistic communication

2. Language features

3. Language and speech

4. The relationship of language and thinking.

5. Language and society

6. Stylistic features of the language

Communication linguistic and non-linguistic

In animals, communication is based mainly on innate, inherited (to a lesser extent, on developed in these individuals) reactions to certain stimuli.

Human communication is carried out mainly with the help of sound language (as well as with the help of writing and in other - derivatives in relation to the language - forms. Non-verbal (non-linguistic) forms also play a significant role in human communication, in their origins common to humans and animals.

Linguistic communication, according to I.P. Pavlov, is “the second signal system of reality”, built on top of the first one, common to humans and animals. Language communication is always based on the assimilation (spontaneous or conscious) of a given language by the participants in communication, not on innate, but on acquired knowledge. The content of the information transmitted by the language is limitless, as human knowledge itself is limitless.

Linguistic communication acts as a qualitatively special exchange of information - not just the communication of some facts or the transmission of emotions associated with them, but also the exchange of thoughts about these facts.

It has a different character non-verbal communication people, represented primarily by involuntary manifestations of emotions in the form of laughter, crying, some body movements, and then - already a conscious imitation of such manifestations and conditional or have become largely conditional (and different for different peoples) facial expressions and gestures. This also includes phenomena that are realized in the process of speech, but due to the physical or emotional state of the speaker and, as a rule, independent of his will, as a rule, changes in the timbre of the voice, tempo and fluency of speech, trembling in the voice.

Writing in its origins is the second form of language, a special kind of linguistic communication that overcomes space and time. Specific "buds" of the language (and writing) are also artificial communication systems built by man, used in certain areas of life and production activities - various kinds of signaling (road, railway, etc.), special codes and ciphers, hereinafter - symbolic " languages” of science (systems of symbols used to record chemical reactions, mathematical operations, etc.), “programming languages” (systems of signs used to enter and process information in electronic computers). The use of all these special systems presupposes the preliminary assimilation of the "rules of the game" by the participants in communication, and this assimilation occurs on the basis of linguistic communication. This also includes "manual tongues" for the deaf and dumb. Although the plan of expression in these "languages" is built from the movements of the hands, fingers, facial muscles, in essence it is only a "translation into another matter" of units of sound (and written) language.

Art occupies a special place in a number of forms of human communication.

Communication in the broad sense of the word exists not only in human society, but also in the animal world, and today we must also take into account the communication of a person with a machine. In all cases, communication is the transmission of some information, intentionally or involuntarily sent by the sender and perceived by the recipient. Analyzing the facts or processes of communication, one should distinguish between two planes in it: an expression, more precisely, a method, or a form of expression (for example, the movement of the tip of a cat’s tail) and the content of the transmitted information behind this expression (the excitation of the animal). In animals, communication is based mainly on innate, inherited (to a lesser extent on developed in these individuals) reactions to certain stimuli. Each time communication occurs, it depends on the presence of the stimulus in that particular situation. So, an animal that has noticed an impending danger screams and thereby warns the whole herd about the danger. But this cry is due not to a conscious intention to convey the relevant information, but to an involuntary reaction to the animal's feeling of fear. And another animal, having heard this cry, seems to be “infected” with the same feeling and begins to behave in a certain way.

The behavior of both the sender and the recipient of information does not go beyond the scope of the “first signaling system”, using the terminology of the great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov (1849-1936), i.e.

E. systems of unconditioned and related conditioned reflexes - the "responses" of the animal to stimuli coming from outside. Human communication is a phenomenon that is profoundly different from what we observe in the animal world, qualitatively more complex. Human communication is carried out mainly with the help of spoken language (as well as with the help of writing and in other forms derived from language, see § 6). At the same time, non-verbal (non-linguistic) forms also play a significant role in human communication; their origins are common in humans and animals.

According to I. P. Pavlov, linguistic communication constitutes the “second signal system of Reality”, built on top of the first one, which is common between humans and animals.

Language communication is always based on the assimilation (spontaneous or conscious) of a given language by the participants in communication, not on innate, but on acquired knowledge. With rare exceptions, linguistic communication is intentional, conscious, and, what is very important, is carried out not only as a direct reaction to a directly present stimulus.

This means that, using the language, you can abstract from the situation, talk about what is not present at the moment, about the past and the future, generalize and make assumptions, i.e., you can think, you can refer to an imaginary interlocutor, etc.

E. The content of information transmitted by language is, in principle, unlimited, as human knowledge itself is unlimited. Linguistic communication acts as a qualitatively special exchange of information - not just the communication of some facts or the transmission of emotions associated with them, but also the exchange of thoughts about these facts. Non-verbal communication of people is of a different nature, represented primarily by involuntary manifestations of emotions in the form of laughter, crying, some body movements, and then by a conscious imitation of such manifestations and conditional or have become largely conditional (and different for different peoples) facial expressions and gestures. This also includes phenomena that are realized in the process of speech, but due to the physical or emotional state of the speaker and, as a rule, independent of his will, as a rule, changes in the timbre of the voice, tempo and fluency of speech, trembling in the voice.

Non-linguistic forms of communication are genetically older than spoken language, and in a child they also appear at an earlier age than language use. Mimicry and gesture are sometimes brighter and, so to speak, more reliable than a word, they can express a feeling or a volitional impulse, but they in themselves are not capable of expressing an idea, at least more or less complex, distinct and logically dissected (we are now digressing from special “manual tongues” for the deaf and dumb, about which see § 6). When using sound language, facial expressions and gestures play an auxiliary role, accompanying and complementing oral speech in a peculiar way.

Writing in its origins, as we shall see (§ 267 et seq.), was not associated with the fixation of linguistic statements, but in the further history of society it becomes a second form of language, a special kind of linguistic communication that overcomes space and time. Specific “buddings” of language (and writing) are also man-made artificial communication systems used in certain areas of life and production activities - various kinds of signaling (road, railway, etc.), special codes and ciphers, hereinafter symbolic “ languages” of science (systems of symbols used to record chemical reactions, mathematical operations, etc.), “programming languages” (systems of signs used to enter and process information in electronic computers).

The use of all these special systems presupposes the preliminary assimilation of the “rules of the game” by the participants in communication, and this assimilation occurs on the basis of linguistic communication. This also includes “manual tongues” for the deaf and dumb.

Although the plan of expression in these "languages" is built from the movements of the hands, fingers, facial muscles, in essence it is only a "translation into another matter" of units of sound (and written) language. Art occupies a special place in a number of forms of human communication.

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Communication linguistic and non-linguistic

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1.Language

Language- main object of studylinguistics. By language, first of all, they mean the natural human language (in opposition toartificial languagesand the language of animals), the emergence and existence of which is inextricably linked with the emergence and existence of a person - homo sapiens (cf. Glottogenesis).

The term "language" has at least two interrelated meanings: 1) language in general, language as a certain class of sign systems; 2) a specific, so-called ethnic, or "idio-ethnic" language - some really existing sign system, used in some society, in some time and in some space. Language in the first sense is an abstract representation of a single human language, a mediumuniversal properties of all specific languages. Concrete languages are many-numbered implementations of the properties of the language in general.

2.Communication

Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, which consists in the exchange of information, as well as in the perception and understanding of each other by partners. The subjects of communication are living beings, people. In principle, communication is characteristic of any living beings, but only at the human level does the process of communication become conscious, connected by verbal and non-verbal acts. The person who transmits information is called the communicator, and the person who receives it is called the recipient.

In communication, a number of aspects can be distinguished: content, purpose and means. Let's consider them in more detail.

The purpose of communication - answers the question "For the sake of what does a creature enter into an act of communication?". The same principle applies here as was already mentioned in the paragraph on the content of communication. In animals, the goals of communication usually do not go beyond the biological needs that are relevant to them. For a person, these goals can be very, very diverse and represent a means of satisfying social, cultural, creative, cognitive, aesthetic and many other needs.

Means of communication - ways of encoding, transmitting, processing and decoding information that is transmitted in the process of communication from one being to another. Encoding information is a way of transmitting it. Information between people can be transmitted using the senses, speech and other sign systems, writing, technical means of recording and storing information.

3.Human communication

Human communication is a phenomenon profoundly different from what we observe in the animal world, qualitatively more complex.

In the modern world, people cannot do without communication, a person spends most of his time in society: at work, in the office, in the family, with friends. And for effective and rich communication there is speech. Any public activity is not complete without it, and there are also many professions where communication skills are needed: teachers, lawyers, journalists and politicians, etc.

There are two people involved in a conversation: the one who listens and the one who speaks. Moreover, the peculiarity of communication is such that people constantly change roles for a more effective conversation. A successful conversation always requires a topic and knowledge of the language.

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Communication is an integral part of human life. The influence of public opinion on us proves this. There are also many ways to influence people on each other, for example, hypnosis, blackmail, fashion, suggestion.
communication is a need, it is the goal of relationships with other people.
communication is a source of knowledge and understanding of others.

4. Language communication

Language plays an important role in communication. verbal communication is one of the most important activities.

You can talk about language activity, language communication or language communication, contrasting this form non-verbal communications, carried out by such means as gestures, facial expressions, postures, phonation (i.e. those phenomena of sound production that do not fit into the inventory of intonation units and voice qualities conventionalized in a given language).

Language communication follows the same pattern as any other form of activity. A specialist in linguistic pragmatism also talks about a linguistic action, its subject (or subjects) and object, goal and result, means and methods, setting (conditions, context), rules and conventions, success or failure, etc. And since messages are exchanged as structures of meaning in linguistic communication, questions arise about how different types of meanings function, which of them are relatively constant, and which ones arise precisely in specific acts of communication, are generated by contexts.

The products and at the same time the objects of linguistic communication as carriers of information, meanings are statements and contained in them messages.

There are two forms of language communication. The primary form is speech communication. In this case, sound (acoustic) signs are used to encode messages, and they are transmitted over an auditory-vocal communication channel.

Another form, following V.V. Bogdanov, can be called textual communication. Messages in this case are encoded by means of graphic characters that are transmitted over a visual-optical communication channel. Text is mainly communication using a fax and especially on the Internet (for example, in correspondence by e-mail). True, it must be noted that voice communication is already possible today ( voice mail ). In text communication, such a form as the transmission using mobile phones of the so-called SMS.

The subjects of verbal communication are the speaker (G) and the listener (S). The subjects of text communication are the writer and the reader. You can use more general notation: sender - recipient, producer - recipient. Sometimes the possible presence of unauthorized persons to whom the transmitted information is not intended is taken into account. Therefore, they talk about the addressee in order to distinguish him from an outside listener or reader.

Units of speech communication by no means elementary. They include three simultaneous acts:

(a) the act of speaking (speech act in the narrow sense, utterance as a process; English. utterance, speech act, German. Au? erung, Sprechakt; fr. e nonciation ; in the theory of speech acts, they are precisely the objects of analysis);

(b) the act of hearing, the auditory act;

(c) as well as the act of feedback sometimes produced by the listener, confirming the presence of attention and interest ( yeah, mmm, well and well, non-verbal signs).

AT dialogic communication, where there is a change of communicative roles (eng. turn taking, germ. Sprecherwechsel ) and there is an exchange of speech contributions ( speech moves) communicants, as the minimum holistic education is pair of adjacent moves(English) adjacency pair, German Paarsequenz ) such as a greeting - an act of greeting, a question - an answer, an invitation - accepting an invitation or refusing to accept it, a rebuke - an apology or justification, etc.

Dialogue is the main, primary form of linguistic communication. One of his moves can be non-linguistic and even non-sign (for example, the response move in the request-fulfillment pair is the silent transmission of the requested, for example, a book).

It seems to be enough to get by with the term dialog. I am not inclined to use the term polylogue. First, in the word dialog component dia- does not mean 'two' or 'double'. Rather, the reciprocity of actions is emphasized, the exchange of acts of speaking (dialegomai ‘I talk, talk, talk’; dialogoV ‘talk, conversation’). Secondly, the participation in the dialogue of more than two subjects of speaking implies, under normal conditions, the division of this communicative event into a number of successive fragments, in each of which one of the subjects acts as a speaker, and all the others as an aggregate addressee.

In essence, a single speech action is a statement that implies the presence of either its own consequent (any, not only the linguistic response of the communication partner), or its antecedent (which motivates it to any action of another partner).

The speech action is isolated in the "interests of the purity of the study." In real communication, a single utterance, if observed, is combined with a zero speech antecedent and a zero speech consequent. The role of “pretext” and “posttext” is performed in this case by non-verbal communicative acts or even by purely practical actions performed by communication partners.

All this is a form of verbal communication.

Verbal communication is communication with words, speech, the process of exchanging information and emotional interaction between people or groups using speech means. Verbal communication is different fromnon-verbal communication, where the main thing is conveyed not by speech, but by intonations, glances, facial expressions and other means of expressing relationships and emotions.

It is widely believed thatVerbal communication is much less important than non-verbal communication.that the bulk of information between people is transmitted through intonations, facial expressions, postures and gestures - but this is not entirely true. This is true enough for interpersonal andaffiliative communicationwhen people get to know each other and quarrel, when they share their feelings and express them, when they have fun in communication, when they arrange chatter in communication. But in business communication, the situation is changing, and if the order of the head is primarily content, and not intonation, this is WHAT is said, and not HOW.

The most important requirement for verbal communication is the clarity of content, the presentation of thoughts in such a way that you can be understood. It must be admitted that this is not always easy: few people know how to express their thoughts clearly and clearly, immediately formulating the main thing that he (or she) wants to say. And at the same time, when one person speaks vaguely, the other (in the usual way) listens to him inattentively, distracted, thinking about his own or understanding him through the prism of his emotions and prejudices ...

5.Non-linguistic communication

At written communication the message is written in words or symbols. Before you write a note to a patient, carefully ask him if he can read it. In this communication, use the following techniques:

Write legibly, choose the correct size of letters;
. draw if the patient cannot read;
. choose simple understandable words;
. be careful;
. check if the memo contains all the necessary information;
. sign the message so that the patient understands who wrote it.

Non-linguistic forms of communication are genetically older than spoken language, and in a child they also appear at an earlier age than language use. Facial expressions and gestures are sometimes brighter and, so to speak, more reliable than words, they can express a feeling or volitional impulse, but they themselves are not capable of expressing an idea, at least more or less complex, distinct and logical. When using sound language, facial expressions and gestures play an auxiliary role, accompanying and complementing oral speech in a peculiar way.

non-linguistic communication - facial expressions, gestures and movements intended for perception by the recipient. Non-linguistic communication is communication in sign language, using facial expressions.

It also includes non-verbal communication of people, represented primarily by involuntary manifestations of emotions in the form of laughter, crying, some body movements (and then - already a conscious imitation of such manifestations, facial expressions and gestures.) This also includes phenomena that are realized in the process of speech, but due to The physical or emotional state of the speaker and his will, as a rule, do not depend on - changes in the timbre of the voice, tempo and fluency of speech, trembling in the voice.

To communicate effectively, you need to have a good understanding of the two components of non-linguistic communication: the transmission and receipt of information. When you look at people, you pay attention to faces and gestures. The information you get from doing this helps you understand the language message.

You should be careful about the information you send. Sometimes you have to hide your feelings. For example, if you are caring for a patient suffering from trophic ulcers that are ugly and foul-smelling, you must keep a calm expression on your face so that the patient is not afraid of his appearance and does not feel depressed.

Watch your facial expressions and gestures to convey the correct message to the recipient. For example, if you are satisfied with something, make sure that your expression, body position, and words reflect your joy.

Aspects of non-linguistic communication

1. Appearance. Neat clothes, shoes, clean, combed hair, well-groomed hands convey the message to the patient that you care about yourself and you care about the opinions of others.

2. Facial expression. A smile can be a sign of greeting or approval. Frowning eyebrows can mean irritation or displeasure. A look can express understanding or embarrassment.

3. Touch. A caring touch of the hand, a friendly pat on the back, or a hug most often make the other person feel important or emphasize your word. Sometimes, because of the feelings experienced, you feel angry, tense or impatient and you want to grab, hit, shake the person, but you should not do this anyway.

4. Body positions and movements. The way patients move or sit tells you how they feel physically and emotionally.

REFERENCES

Scientific and editorial board of the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" .Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences "Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary” Editor-in-Chief . N. Yartseva.Moscow "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1990

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