Official abbreviations for academic degrees. Obtaining the title of Candidate of Sciences V

PhD - who is it? A scientist or just an ordinary university teacher? Today this category attracts attention. First, it is prestigious to be them. Secondly, it is not easy to become one. Third, it's very interesting. What and how to do to become one.

About the etymology of the word

Candidate in literal translation from Latin means a person who applies for any position or responsible post. As a matter of fact, a candidate of sciences is also in some way a contender. He declares himself by writing a scientific work and publicly defending it in an appropriate institution.

The scientific degree of a candidate of sciences characterizes its owner from the standpoint of his qualifications. It is a confirmation of the status and certain achievements in any branch of science.

A bit about the history of the origin of the degree

Its source is the German system, which was used both in the territory of pre-revolutionary Russia and in the Soviet Union.

In Russian universities, a degree was begun to be awarded in 1819 on the basis of a unified system of approved rules. In the period up to 1917, there were two degrees: master (licentiate) and doctor of science. In those days, it was called "dignity."

From 1934 to the present day, academic degrees have been awarded in Russia and in a number of post-socialist countries.

Formal aspects

Here it should be said that obtaining such a degree as a candidate of sciences is a rather complicated process both in terms of completing a thesis, defending it, and in terms of the correct design of the study, the defense and confirmation procedures.

According to the norm of the law regulating this area, the candidate of sciences is the so-called first academic degree. What does it mean? Considering that today there are two degrees: a candidate and a doctor, this is the first step that allows you to get a scientific qualification and continue working in this area.

According to the norms of Russian legislation, the degree is awarded by a collegial body - the dissertation council. However, this is not enough. It is necessary that it be approved by the relevant state body - HAC (Higher Attestation Commission).

After that, the former graduate student receives a confirmation, and a little later a PhD diploma.

What does a degree

The opportunities that the PhD degree opens up after defending and receiving the corresponding document are mainly related to the field of science and education:

he can teach at the university. To be precise, the degree gives the right to lecture students;
after working for some time, you can get the appropriate academic title - associate professor, which can only be awarded to candidates;
if there is a desire to continue scientific activity, then you can enter a doctoral program and conduct further research.

You also need to know the rights of a PhD.

The opportunity to take part in the competition as an applicant for the position of associate professor or head of the laboratory. If it is carried out at a research institute, then - a senior researcher.
A document confirming the degree of a candidate is a fairly good reason that allows its owner not only to work on a doctoral dissertation, but also to submit it for defense. Here you should remember about the correspondence of specialties. A doctoral thesis can be defended on the basis of a Ph.D. if it is in the same branch of science.
The PhD diploma entitles its holder to receive the corresponding Ph.D. degree, which is used in a number of European countries and the United States.

Obtaining an academic title

In addition to the academic degree, Russia uses another criterion for differentiating workers in the scientific and educational fields. This is the title of Candidate of Sciences - Associate Professor, which, unfortunately, is not automatically awarded. The norms of the regulation governing the conferment of academic titles establish a number of requirements.

The degree of candidate of sciences and the term of work in the position of associate professor for at least 2 years. In this case, the load should be no less than a quarter (0.25) of the rate.
There should be publications: educational or methodical manuals, other scientific works. It also takes into account the professional level, which is assessed by the commission that attended the open session.
The experience of scientific or teaching work must be at least five years. Three years it is necessary to carry out pedagogical activity on the relevant subject of the specialty.
The total number of publications must be at least 20, including patents. Over the past three years, an applicant for the position of associate professor must publish at least two textbooks and three works in the specialty indicated in the dissertation.

In addition to meeting the above requirements, the future associate professor must submit a number of documents to the academic council of the university:

statement;
characteristic signed by the head of the department;
a list of their scientific works, certified by signatures and seals;
an extract from the minutes of the meeting of the department at which the recommendation was made;
copies of diplomas of education, candidate of sciences;
extracts from the work book, certificates of work experience, personal sheet with a photograph.

There may also be other documents that the Secretary of the Academic Council may require.

How to become a PhD?

This process is quite complicated and requires considerable efforts and costs from the applicant.

First of all, you need to decide for yourself in which area you plan to work. At the same time, research should be carried out in the field corresponding to basic education. Otherwise, if the work was done in a related or related field, an additional specialty exam may be required.
Search for a supervisor. It should be noted that this is in some way a guarantee of successful protection. The leader must have a PhD or PhD degree. Here it is desirable to find out whether he had graduate students and whether they defended themselves.
Postgraduate admission. This step may be absent if the work is carried out on the basis of the competition at any department or institute.
Writing a dissertation is a creative process. It may take a long time. Postgraduate studies last 3-4 years, but, unfortunately, the period of study in it may not coincide with work on a dissertation. Therefore, sometimes its writing is delayed.
At the end of graduate school, candidate exams are taken. Some of them can be passed earlier, for example, the candidate minimum in philosophy and a foreign language. The last exams in the specialty.
At the end of the creative search, the work, previously checked by the supervisor, is submitted for consideration by experts who are appointed by the dissertation council.
After correcting errors and responding to comments, you can begin to prepare for the defense. An abstract is written, opponents are selected, as well as specialists who can give feedback on the dissertation.
The defense takes place in the dissertation council. He, after listening to the report of the graduate student, answers to questions and comments of opponents, makes his verdict on awarding the degree of candidate of any science in the relevant specialty (there are 23 of them).
A notification comes from the VAK that the work has been reviewed and a decision has been made to approve it.

Instruction

In order to obtain a candidate of science degree, the applicant must prepare a qualifying scientific work in the chosen specialty (thesis) and defend it in a special attestation body - the Dissertation Council. Then, at the request of this council, the degree is awarded by the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC). The entire procedure for preparing and defending a Ph.D. thesis is strictly formalized and must comply with a certain algorithm.

Before starting to write a dissertation research, the applicant must decide on the form of his activity. Currently, there are several ways to obtain a Ph.D. degree: (full-time and part-time), applicant and.

Postgraduate study is a continuation of the educational process after receiving a university degree. For admission to postgraduate studies, both full-time and part-time, an applicant must submit an application to the university department and pass entrance exams in the chosen specialty, philosophy and foreign language. Education in full-time postgraduate studies lasts 3 years, in correspondence 5 years. During this period, the graduate student attends classes in a foreign language and philosophy in order to prepare for the candidate's examinations, the so-called candidate's minimum, and seminars in the main specialty.

At the same time, a young specialist, under the guidance of a supervisor, must choose a topic for a dissertation research and start working on it. The graduate student must submit the completed manuscript version of the dissertation to the department by the time of graduation from graduate school. This form of training is most suitable for young university graduates who do not yet have serious professional experience and need guidance and assistance from senior colleagues.

The PhD is a freer form of preparation for a degree. It does not imply a permanent presence at a university or educational institution. The applicant is attached to a specialized department in his specialty. The academic council of the university approves the chosen topic of the dissertation work and the supervisor. The applicant independently prepares for the candidate's examinations and writing a dissertation. The applicant does not imply strict restrictions on the preparation time - the terms for passing exams and submitting a dissertation research are chosen by the applicant himself.

Regardless of the chosen form of training (postgraduate study or fellowship), the applicant for a Ph.D. degree must publish a number of articles on the subject under study or one monograph in scientific journals before defending a dissertation. Moreover, only those articles that are published in the list of publications approved by the Higher Attestation Commission are taken into account. The list of scientific papers is attached to the set of documents required for consideration of the dissertation by the Dissertation Council.

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - a prestigious academic degree, quoted within the educational systems of the countries of the former CIS. To obtain this title, you must conduct an independent dissertation research and successfully defend your Ph.D. thesis before the Qualification Council.

In general, the requirements for postgraduate students seeking a degree in pedagogy are the same as for applicants for the title of candidate in other branches of science. The difference is only in the disciplines that need to be studied. The requirements of the Higher Attestation Commission and the legislative system of the Russian Federation for the level of training of graduate students and for university educational programs are the same for all areas of science.

The title "PhD in Pedagogy" is abbreviated as "Ph.D. ped. sciences". In English, this degree in this branch of science is translated as follows: Candidate of Pedagogic Sciences. Although, in reality, in Europe and the United States, the gradation of academic titles looks different and there are no analogues to scientific degrees in the Soviet format.

universities

In the Russian Federation today there are many universities of pedagogical direction. At the same time, even in educational institutions of a different orientation or a multi-vector profile, you can get a pedagogical education and defend a Ph.D. thesis by studying at the Faculty of Education (if any) or at the Department of Pedagogy, which may be part of the structure of the Faculty of Philology or the Faculty of Psychology, for example .

At the moment, the top three pedagogical universities in the Russian Federation are:

MSGU (Moscow). This Pedagogical University is Russia's largest center for training highly qualified personnel for the education system of the Russian Federation. There are 18 faculties in the structure of the Moscow State Pedagogical University, where more than 14,000 students annually study at the full-time and part-time departments. Graduates of this university become heads of universities, kindergartens, technical schools, schools of all levels, heads of bodies of the Ministry of Education, as well as teachers of absolutely any subject. This educational institution has already presented hundreds of professional methodologists, sociologists, child psychologists and specialists in other pedagogical areas to world science. Postgraduate students of the Moscow State Pedagogical University thoroughly study one foreign language, participate in scientific conferences, take full courses in philosophy and history of science, study general scientific disciplines, monographs, articles in foreign languages, and scientific periodicals. In addition to special Scholarships of the Government of the Russian Federation and the President, graduate students of this university can apply for Scholarships to them. K.D. Ushinsky, them. A.F. Losev, them. P.S. Novikov and Scholarships of the Academic Council of the Moscow State Pedagogical University;
RGPU them. A.I. Herzen (St. Petersburg). This university in its current form appeared in 1991. In fact, this is a re-certified Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. Today RSPU is one of the largest universities in the Russian Federation. In its structure there are institutes of natural sciences, pre-university retraining and advanced training, as well as research institutes of continuous pedagogical education and several administrative centers of a pedagogical profile. 20 faculties, consisting, in total, of exactly one hundred departments. In addition, the structure of this university includes 27 (of which 13 - for the award of a candidate's degree) dissertation councils in 59 specializations. Research conducted at this university contributed to the development of such scientific areas and schools: deaf pedagogy, ethnocultural studies, the psychology of human capabilities, Russian philosophical thought, museum pedagogy, applied linguistics, the history of Orthodoxy, problems of foreign policy and US history, and many others.
TSPU (Tomsk). The structure of this university consists of 12 faculties, the Institute of Applied Informatics and the educational center "Faculty of Additional Professions", an extensive scientific library and a museum complex. The degree of candidate of sciences at TSPU is received in 12 areas of training. In pedagogical sciences, these are such specializations: the history of education and pedagogy, general pedagogy, the methodology and theory of vocational education, the methodology and theory of physical education, the theory and methodology of education and training. In addition, similar specializations may be different in the types of disciplines in which the future teacher-candidate of sciences will teach.

Order of assignment

In Russia, the degree of candidate of sciences is awarded by the dissertation council based on the results of defending a candidate's dissertation. Then the Higher Attestation Commission of Russia makes a decision on issuing a candidate of science diploma.

Scientific branches

Depending on the specialty in which the Ph.D. thesis is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the following academic degrees:

Candidate of Architectural Sciences (C.A.)
Candidate of Biological Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Military Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Geographical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Art History (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Historical Sciences (Ph.D.)
PhD in Cultural Studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (PhD)
PhD in Political Science (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Psychological Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Sociological Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Technical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Philological Sciences (PhD in Philology)
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (PhD in Philosophy)
Candidate of Chemical Sciences (PhD)
PhD in Economics (PhD)
PhD in Law (PhD)

Previously, there was also a PhD in Naval Sciences. For some time (around the 1940s), the degree of Candidate of Art History was called Candidate of Art History.

Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded a degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of a particular dissertation. For example, in the specialty 02.00.04 (physical chemistry) can be awarded the degree of candidate of physical and mathematical or technical, or chemical sciences. At the same time, however, the principle "one dissertation - one branch of science" is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a particular dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded, depending on the industry.

Notes

Sources

Regulatory documents on the website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

Qualifications in education and science
University graduates	Bachelor Specialist Master License
Degrees	PhD Doctor of Science Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Academic titles	Associate Professor
Academic titles	Corresponding Member Academician

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See what the "Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences" is in other dictionaries:

Candidate of Science Diploma Candidate of Science degree of the first stage (up to Doctor of Science) in the USSR, the Russian Federation and a number of CIS countries. In Russian universities, a candidate's degree is one of the sufficient conditions for participating in a competition for a position ... ... Wikipedia

Word " chair", often used in Russian translations to mean "department", has no such meaning, but means a managerial ("head") or professorial position at the university.

Here is the Macmillan dictionary definition: "CHAIR - the position or job of being a professor in a university - He held the Chair of Botany at Cambridge for 30 years" - Which can be translated: "He was the chief botanist at Cambridge for 30 years ").

Another example where it says that "chair" is a title ("title"): "University Research Chairs: The University of Waterloo owes much of its reputation and stature to the quality of its professors and their scholarly accomplishments. University of Waterloo recognizes exceptional achievement and pre-eminence in a particular field of knowledge through the designation "University Research Chair" - a title which may be held for up to seven years, with the possibility of a re-nomination. title will receive either a teaching reduction of one course per year or an annual stipend of $10,000, which will be allocated to the Department/School if teaching reduction is chosen. other major research chair is awarded."

The following example shows that the position of "Department Chair" roughly corresponds to the position of the head of the department: "What a Department Chair Can-and Can" t-Do: The responsibilities and limits of power for heads of college departments vary greatly. Every department at a college has one: a chair who, typically, is a faculty member in that department, assigned by the dean to manage the department."

The duties of the "Department Chair" (head of department) are described on the website of the University of Wisconsin: "Department Chair Role and Responsibilities: The chair is responsible for facilitating the operation of a department, the fundamental academic unit within the university. Description of the chair" s roles and responsibilities must be understood in the overall context of responsibility and accountability. ... The chair facilitates the management of the department. To carry out this responsibility, the chair oversees, directly or indirectly, the daily progress towards achieving teaching, research, and service goals as set out in the department's plan. With the Chair's leadership and facilitation, faculty members provide students the educational opportunity necessary to be prepared for meaningful personal and professional lives. To this end, the chair plays an important role in providing the dean/provost, through the budget and planning process, with class schedules, program plans and estimates of resources needed to carry out department functions."

Thus, all the above examples prove that "chair" in the context of higher education refers to the position or title of a person and cannot be translated into Russian as a "department".