Ending ing in English. Ending ing in English, rules of use and spelling

In English, word endings play a huge role, although there are not so many of them when compared with the same Russian language. They change depending on what time is used and what role this or that part of speech plays in the sentence. In this article, we will consider the rules for writing the ending -ing in English.

long time

First, let's figure out when to use the -ing ending in English? According to the rules of grammar, first of all, this ending is used to form long tenses that depict an action in progress. There are present, past and future long tenses. All of them are formed according to the same principle: the auxiliary verb to be in the required form, plus the semantic verb that ends in -ing. Examples:

• I am walking now. I am walking now. This continuous action is presented in the present tense.

• I was walking when she returned. When she came back, I was walking. And this long action is presented in the past tense.
• I will be walking tomorrow at six o'clock. I will be walking tomorrow at six o'clock. And finally, a long action in the future tense.

First Communion

Participle 1 has the properties of not only a verb, but also an adjective. According to the rules, the ending -ing in English is also written at the end of the first participle. It helps to describe an action that occurs simultaneously with another, expressed predicate. Examples:

Look at the woman reading this magazine. Look at the woman reading this magazine. The word "reading" (reading) appears in this sentence as a participle.

Attaching the ending -ing in English. Rules.

So, it is not enough just to add this ending at the end of the word. Some conditions must be met, for example, pay attention to which letter the word ends with.

If the word ends in -e, then according to the rules, the ending -ing in English replaces the last letter:

Bite - biting, close - closing .

If the word ends with the vowel combination -ie, then the ending is added as follows:

Lie turns into lying, and die, following the same principle, becomes dying. That is, -ie is replaced by y and an ending is added at the end of the word.

If the last letter is a consonant with the preceding stressed vowel, then the consonant is doubled:

If the word ends with l, then a variant spelling is possible. This is due to the peculiarities of British English and American.

These were the basic rules for using the -ing ending. They need to be learned and mastered, because in oral speech it is very often necessary to mention any long actions or use participles. It is necessary to use endings correctly, this is the key to correct speech and writing.

Words ending in -ing are constantly found not only in English, but also in Russian: diving, training, marketing and dozens of other borrowings, which are increasing every year. What is it? What words are attached to? In what cases is it used?

In this article I will talk about the use of this ending and the diverse life of -ing words in English.

Rules for adding the ending -ing in English

In English, you can often notice that a mysterious -ing appears at the end of a word. It can be part of various constructions, but they all have one thing in common: the ending -ing is attached only to words denoting action (run, jump, go, etc.).

In most cases, we just add -ing to the end of the word.

Play (play) + ing = playing.
Talk (talk) + ing = talking.

But there are a couple of exceptions to the rule.

1. If suddenly our action ends with -e, then -ing "eats" this -e.

Bite (bite) + ing = biting.

Hide (hide) + ing = hiding.

2. There are two -ie words where the next change occurs.

Lie (lie or lie) + ing = lying.

Die (to die) + ing = dying.

When does this happen, and most importantly, why? There are three main cases when we need -ing. Let's consider them in order.

3 uses of the -ing ending in English

So, we use this ending in the following cases:

1) -ing as part of continuous tenses

Among the English tenses there is a whole group of those that have the word Continuous (continued) in their name. They are called "continued" because they deal with a process, that is, long enough actions.

These are just the times that are formed with the help of be (to be) in different forms and actions on -ing.

Let's look at the most commonly used ones.

• Present Continuous(present continious).

Means an action that is happening right now, at the moment of speaking. To form it, use am/is/are + ___ing.

I am watching TV.
I I'm watching TV set.

Are you listening to me?
You me listening?

I told you in detail about Present Continuous.

• Past continuous(past continuous).

It means a long action that happened at a certain moment in the past. That is, we always specify when exactly: last night, at 10 am on Saturday, and so on. For this time, we need was/were + ___ing.

I was sleeping yesterday at 10 p.m.
I slept yesterday at 10 pm.

Today at breakfast we were talking about our upcoming trip.
Today at breakfast we spoke about our upcoming trip.

It is also used when we want to show that two actions in the past happened at the same time.

We were discussing John when he suddenly entered the room.
We discussed John when he suddenly entered the room.

I found this photo when I was sorting out my grandfather's papers.
I found this photo when took apart grandfather's papers.

While Tom was trying to sleep, his neighbors were listening to dance music.
Bye Tom was trying sleep, his neighbors listened to dance music.

I was having a shower when you were calling me. (That's why I didn't hear the call.)
I accepted shower, when you called to me. (That's why I didn't hear the call.)

• Future Continuous(future continued).

It means a long action that will take place at a certain point in the future. Just like with the past continuous, here you definitely need to specify the time: on Friday at 8, tomorrow at the same time, etc. We build it with will be + ___ing.

Tomorrow at 9 we'll be dancing in a club!
Tomorrow at 9 we will be dancing in the club!

I will be having lunch with Prime Minister at this time on Friday.
I will be having lunch with the Prime Minister at this time on Friday.

These are not all times of the Continuous group, but only the most common ones. They should be enough to give you an idea of ​​how -ing works in their composition.

2) -ing to form participles

What is a sacrament? Take, for example, the action "sleep". It can be changed in such a way that a practically sign will turn out: what? - sleeping. These are the words formed from actions, but answering the questions “What? Which? Which? What kind?" and there are sacraments.

In English, such things are formed with -ing. Please note that in Russian you can say “reading” (at the moment), or you can say “reading” (in the past). In English there is no such difference, you will understand the time from the whole sentence.

Also, the -ing "form is used after actions that denote perception with the help of the senses: see (see), hear (hear), feel (feel), smell (smell).

In English, shortened constructions can be made with these verbs, allowing you to shorten the sentence. Compare:

BUT) Fullphrase

She saw that a strange man was climbing into neighbors' window.
She saw that an unfamiliar man was climbing into the window of the neighbors.

B) Abbreviateddesign

She saw a strange man climbing into neighbors' window.
Literally: she saw an unfamiliar man climbing into the neighbors window.

I saw him entering the building.
I saw, How is he comes in into the building. (literally: I saw his coming into the building.)

I heard my neighbor singing.
I I heard like my neighbor sang. (literally: I I heard your neighbor singing.)

In Russian there are words like “reading, knowing, reasoning” - that is, an action that takes place against the background of some other action: while reading a book, he marked important places with a pencil; aware of the situation on the roads, she drove carefully.

In English, such actions, again, are transmitted using -ing.

Three young people walking by laughing and shouting.
Three young people passed by laughing and screaming.

Reading my grandfather's diary I wondered what kind of man he was.
Reading grandfather's diary I wondered what kind of person he was.

3) -ing when forming a gerund

We come to the worst - gerund. What is it? Essentially, this is when we use -ing to turn an action into an item: sing+ing = singing, watch+ing = (watching), etc.

Fashionable foreign words that came into the Russian language like diving (dive (dive) + ing) and coaching (coach (train) + ing) are formed just like that.

So, when is this gerund used?

• The main character in the sentence

The gerund can be the protagonist of a sentence! Sometimes in Russian we want to speak about some action. For example: smoking is harmful, eating vegetables is healthy, it was difficult to start a car in such a frost.

In English, all this can be said with the help of -ing "s.

Calling people in the middle of the night is impolite.
call people in the middle of the night are impolite. (Literally: " naming to people in the middle of the night is impolite.)

Convincing him to believe us was hard.
Convince It was hard for us to believe him. (Literally: " belief It was difficult for us to believe him.)

• Use after prepositions

The ing form is also required after small words like about, without, for, at, with, and so on.

What about going to the cinema together?
What about go to the movies together? (literally: what about « walking to the cinema together?)

He said this without thinking.
He said it not thinking. (literally: he said it without « thinking»)

Some words have their own little word that you just need to remember: good at (good at some activity), forgive for (forgive for something), etc.

He is very good at running.
He is very well succeed run. (Literally: he is very good in « running around»)

She forgave him for coming late.
She forgave him for being late. (literally: she forgave his behind « arrival late")

• Used after specific words

Finally, there are certain words (usually denoting action) that simply require -ing after them. There is no logic here, they need to be memorized when you learn the word itself. The list of such words, by the way, includes fairly common actions: enjoy ([ɪn "dʒɔɪ] / [inzh`oy] - enjoy) and suggest (/ [saj`est] - offer someone an idea to do something).

Sarah enjoys meeting new people.
Sarah enjoys meeting new people. (Literally: enjoys « meeting»)

Frank suggested having a break.
Frank proposed arrange break. (Literally: proposed « arrangement» break)

That's all. We have covered all the uses of the -ing form in English. Now let's put what we've learned into practice.

Reinforcement task

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Leave your answers in the comments.

1. He (ask) for (take) my pen.
2. (Smoke) is bad for your health.
3. I was (work) when you were (have) a rest.
4. We (sit) in the kitchen (discuss) the news.
5. I have been (study) English for many years.
6. He (suggest) (discuss) the problem together.
7. I (hear) John (talk) to our boss.
8. This (smile) girl on the photo is my sister.

English grammar is fraught with many interesting surprises. Well, where else can a word be found that is able to fulfill several morphological roles, without even changing a single letter? But in English there is a whole group of such unique words that can be different parts of speech. And the reason for this is the Ing form of the verb in English. Indeed, with the ending -ing, the verb can turn into, a noun and even an adjective. For us, such transformations are just a gift - you need to learn only one word, and several of its contexts will become clear at once. Let's just learn to distinguish between them.

Traditionally, verbs take the ending -ing in the tenses of the Continuous, Perfect Continuous groups. Actually, it is in this part of the word that the main meaning of these groups is hidden: to show the process of action, its duration, and not the fact of commission. Therefore, when translating such words into Russian, imperfective verbs are used. Such predicates are used in sentences of all times and are adjacent to constructions tobe, havebeen.

Group	The present	Past	Future
Continuous	We are playing chess now. We play now in chess.	We were playing chess in that moment. We were playing at that moment in chess.	We will be playing chess this time tomorrow. We are tomorrow at this time let's play play chess.
Perfect Continuous	It has been raining for a week already. Rain goes already a week.	It had been raining for a week already. Rainwalked alreadyweek.	Tomorrow it will have been raining for a week. Tomorrow will be a week goes rain.

Also, the ing form of the verb is found in English in sentences using the combination Future in Past, if the phrase has a continued form.

And the last case of using such an ending for a verb is found in a stable turnover to be going to (to plan, intend to do something). By the way, the first part of such a combination ( tobegoing) is translated by imperfective verbs, and the second is already perfect:

• I am going to read this book – I going to read this book.
• Are you going to tell him the truth? -You gonna tell him the truth?

Before forming a continuous tense, you need to memorize a few simple rules for composing such verbs. Their spelling contains the following grammatical features:

• Verbs with unreadable endings e they lose this letter, but leave it with the readable: Choos e – choosing, s ee – seeing.
• In words ending in ie, this ending changes to y:l ie–l y ing. If the end of the verb y, then it remains: fl y– fl y
• After stressed endings, consonants are doubled, and unstressed endings do not double: bese t – bese tt ing, drin k - drin k ing. If the word originally had two consonants, then they are preserved: befa ll – befa ll ing.

It remains to be added that when reading and pronouncing this ending, we pronounce the nasal, i.e. turns out that the sound g actually not heard.

Other parts of speech with ing ending

The ending ing in English can also refer to a noun, adjective, participle, and participle.

Noun

The verbal noun is closely related to continuous tense, since it expresses the result of an action that has taken place, for example: tobecooking- Cook, cooking- cooking. Often a noun is confused with a special grammatical category - a gerund, which has exactly the same ending. To distinguish between these parts of speech, you need to remember that:

• The gerund is used with the possessive case, but cannot have an article, a definition, a plural, or any numerals.
• The noun has the clauses listed above, but cannot govern the direct object, so the preposition of is used.

Excellent and semantic meaning of these designs. The gerund expresses processes, while the noun expresses the subject of studies.

Adjective

Adjectives with ing are also formed from the verb and mean signs / qualities of people or objects that can impress: to amaze, surprise, interest, i.e. evoke a certain response.

• It is amazing film!- This is amazing movie!
• Your matter is very interesting. – Yourcaseveryinteresting .

Do not confuse them with the adjectives –ed, as they describe the opposite case, i.e. reaction of perception, and do not refer to the object, but to the person on whom a certain action is rendered.

It is an interesting book. This is an interesting book.

I am interested in this book. I am interested in this book.

Communion and participle

Often such words are used in the participle form, and even the official name of ing-verbs: participleI or present participle, which is the third form of the verb. The participle can refer to the predicate, which we studied in the first section, and also act as a definition of a noun or create participial / adverbial phrases.

In addition, the English vocabulary has words that themselves contain an ending - ing: during, doping, casting, etc. Actually, all of them save the value of the duration of the action, the performance of the process.

This concludes the study of one of the most common endings. You will have to meet with him quite often, therefore, if you have not mastered the material well enough, then it is better to work it out again. Good luck in English!

ending ing very often used in English. Perhaps this is one of the most popular English affixes. But, nevertheless, most students, faced with the ending ing, feel confused in understanding and translating words with his participation. Today, we will talk about how to finally understand the intricacies of the ending ing and learn to understand, translate and use forms with its participation.

So, if you see a form with the ending ing, then it could be:

a) participle 1 (Participle 1)

Participle 1 is the first thing that should come to your mind when you encounter the ending ing. To translate participle 1 into Russian, you need to ask two questions - “what is he doing?” or “doing what?”

I want to speak to a student sitting over there. - I want to talk to a student sitting (sitting - what are you doing?) Over there.

If the question is “what is doing?” does not fit the meaning, then we ask the question “what are you doing?”, For example:

Mr Smith works hard having only five minutes for the rest. – Mr. Smith works hard, having only five minutes to rest.

b) gerund (Gerund)

The second thing you should think about when you encounter the ending ing is the gerund. A gerund is essentially a noun that names an action. For example: reading - reading, going - walking, typing - typing, etc.

I like reading English books very much. – I like reading English books very much.
I'm not good at swimming. - I'm not a good swimmer (lit.: I'm not very good at swimming).

c) a component of one of the long times

In English, there is a group of grammatical tenses, in the formation of which the ending ing is involved. These times are called Continuous, i.e. "long". Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they are formed with the help of certain auxiliary verbs and a semantic verb with the ending ing. For example, it is formed using the auxiliary verbs am, is, are and the ending ing, which is added to the main verb. For example:

He is sleeping now. - He is sleeping now.

If you assume that the ending ing encountered is a long tense component, then you should first of all pay attention to the other members of the sentence - among them there must be some kind of auxiliary verb. If you find this auxiliary verb, then your next task is to find out exactly what time you met. If you found the auxiliary verbs am, is, are, then you have Present Continuous, which must be translated by asking the questions “what do I do?”, “What do I do?”, “What do they do?” etc. If will and be were among the auxiliary verbs, then you met the time, and you need to ask questions “what will I do?”, “What will I do?” etc. If you see the verbs was, were, then you are dealing with, and you should translate the sentence by asking the questions “what did you do?”, “what did you do?”.

The ending ing can also be used in the formation of the Perfect Continuous tenses, but these tenses are extremely rare, so we will not consider them in this publication.

So, friends, in this short article we tried to systematize the information related to the ending ing and give you practical rules for translating forms with this ending. We hope that now the ending ing has ceased to be an incomprehensible stain for you in English grammar.

In this article, we will analyze one of the aspects of word formation in English, namely, words with the ending ing. Ing ending in English plays an important role in grammar. We will tell you when the ending ing is added, what it means, and also give specific examples.

The ending ing in English can have four parts of speech:

Verbal nouns
- Continuous tense verbs
- participles of the first type
-gerund

Let's examine each case in turn.

Ending ing of verbal nouns

As the name implies, we will talk about nouns formed from verbs. The Russian language also has such examples. Running (from the verb to run), reading (from the verb to read), singing (from the verb to sing).

Examples of verbal nouns ending in ing:

In a sentence, nouns formed from verbs act as subjects or objects.

Example sentences with verbal nouns:

My hobby is reading. Reading is my hobby.

Smoking is prohibited in our office. Our office is non-smoking.

Singing is interesting but difficult for me. Singing is interesting to me, but difficult.

She will never forget their first meeting. She will never forget their first meeting.

How is the ending ing attached?

Before moving on to the second use of ing in English, let's dwell on the rules for adding the ending ing to words.

The ending ing is added to both regular and irregular verbs, and is pronounced as a syllable in all cases.

1. If the verb ends in a silent vowel e, then this letter is removed.

For example:

write - writing (write - letter (writing process)

close - closing (close - closing)

smoke - smoking (smoking - smoking)

1. If the verb ends in a vowel y, then the ending ing is added after the y.

copy - copying (copy - copy)

study - studying (study - study)

buy - buying (buy - buying)

1. In cases where the verb ends in a closed syllable under stress, the final consonant is doubled.

spin - spinning (rotate - rotation)

plan - planning (plan - planning)

get - getting (get - getting)

If the stress is not on the preceding vowel, or if the vowel is long, then adding the ending ing does not double the consonants. For example: work - working (work - work), count - counting (count - account).

1. In British English, words ending in an l preceded by a short vowel double the l when the ending ing is added.

travel - travelling (travel - travel)

1. If the verb ends with the letter r in the stressed syllable, then the r is also doubled.

1. Words to be memorized:

lie - lying (lie - lies)
die - dying (dying - dying)
tie - tying (tying - tying)
age - aging (get old - aging)
ski - skiing (skiing - skiing)
see - seeing (see - seeing)
agree - agreeing (agree - agreeing)

In all other cases, the ending ing is added without changing the original word.

Verbs with an ending in the Continuous tenses

The Continuous tenses express the fact of some action, emphasizing the duration of the process, and not its result.

Proposals in a long time are formed according to the following scheme:

Subject + to be in the appropriate form and tense + predicate ending in ing + additions.

Present Continuous denotes an action that is happening in the present tense, at the moment of speech or at a specific time, and is formed as follows: subject + am, is, are + verb with ing + objects.

I am reading a book now. I'm reading a book now.

Children are playing piano every day from 2 till 3 o'clock. The children play the piano every day from 2 to 3 o'clock.

Past Continuous denotes an action that lasted for some time earlier and is completed by the time of speaking. Past Continuous formation scheme: subject + was, were + verb with ing + additions.

I was sleeping when you called me. I was sleeping when you called me.

They were playing tennis at this time yesterday. They were playing tennis at this time yesterday.

The Future Continuous is used when we talk about an action in the future tense that will take place at a certain time. Future Continuous education scheme: subject + will be + verb with ing + additions.

Next Saturday at this time I will be swimming in the ocean. At this time next Saturday I will be swimming in the ocean.

My mother will be cooking when I come home. My mom will be cooking when I get home.

Also, verbs with an ing ending are used in the tenses of the Perfect Continuous group. Consider the present, past and future tenses in Perfect Continuous.

The Present Perfect Continuous is used when an action started in the past but is still going on. The present perfect continuous tense is formed: subject + have/has + been + verb with ing + additions.

I have been doing this for three days. I've been doing this for 3 days now.

It has been snowing for a week. It's been snowing for a week now.

The Past Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action that has been going on and completed up to a certain point in the past. The past perfect continuous tense is formed: subject + had + been + verb with ing + additions.

Marry had been talking on the phone for an hour when her husband entered the room. Mary had been talking on the phone for an hour when her husband entered the room.

When I woke up my mother had been cooking breakfast for half an hour. When I woke up, my mother had already been preparing breakfast for half an hour.

Future Perfect Continuous is used to indicate an action that will take place and have some result at a certain point in the future.

The future perfect continuous tense is formed as follows:

subject + will + have been + verb with ing + additions.

My grandparents will have been living together for 60 years next year. Next year will be 60 years since my grandparents live together.

When you visit us in January, I and my brother will have been studying English for seven months. When you visit us in January, my brother and I will have been studying English for 7 months.

Ending ing for participles of the first type

The participle in English is the non-personal form of the verb. Participle I or participle of the first type is formed by adding the ending ing to the verb. In Russian, Participle I corresponds to participle or participle. In English, there are no gerunds as a separate part of a part of speech.

Participle I is used in the following cases:

1. To determine the action that occurs in parallel and simultaneously with the verb-predicate. In this case, the verb with the ing ending is translated as a gerund and answers the question "What are you doing?".

I often call my friends while walking in the park. Walking in the park, I often call my friends.

When reading a book he usually writes down interesting thoughts. When reading a book, he usually writes out interesting thoughts.

1. To describe a noun. In this case, Participle I is translated into Russian as a participle and answers the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

The boy standing in the gate is my brother. The boy standing at the gate is my brother.

I can't forget the girl sitting by the window during the concert. I can't forget the girl who was sitting by the window during the concert.

Gerund with the ending ing in English

Gerund is an impersonal form of the verb, which is formed by adding the ending ing to the verb, and combines the features of a verb and a noun. The gerund can be translated into Russian by various parts of speech. Accordingly, he can act as different members of the proposal.

I enjoy spending time with my family. I like spending time with my family.

She likes painting. She likes to draw.

Thank you for helping. Thanks for helping.

He left the room without shaking our hands. He left without shaking hands with us.

In English, a number of verbs require the use of a gerund after themselves. Here are the main ones:

Admit - to recognize
Avoid - avoid
Carry on - continue
Consider - consider, consider
Delay - postpone
Deny - to deny
Discuss - discuss
Enjoy - enjoy
escape
Finish - finish
Imagine - represent
Involve - involve
Look forward to - look forward to (something)
Postpone - Postpone
Resist - resist, resist
Suggest - suggest
understand - understand

Let's look at specific examples:

I avoid answering embarrassing questions. I avoid answering awkward questions.

He often delays doing homework. He often puts off doing his homework.

We enjoy playing basketball. We like to play basketball.

She postponed returning to Moscow. She postponed her return to Moscow.

He suggests writing them. He offers to write to them.

So, we have analyzed the rules for using the ending ing in English. Now you know in what cases it is used and how it is translated into Russian. In the following articles, we will take a closer look at each case separately. Good luck learning English!