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NEW. Dan Holme, Nelson Rest, Daniel Rest. Active Directory setup. Windows Server 2008. 2011. 959 pp. djvu. 47.1 MB.
This is a detailed guide to deploying and configuring Active Directory on Windows Server 2008, Microsoft's latest operating system. The book provides step-by-step instructions for configuring Active Directory Domain Services, Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services, Active Directory Certificate Services, Active Directory Federation Services (Active Directory Federation Services) and Active Directory Rights Management Services in a forest or domain. It also describes managing domain configuration using Group Policy, planning, configuring, and maintaining Active Directory data replication within and between sites, and implementing new features in Windows Server 2008.
The book is intended for information technology professionals, system administrators, and anyone who wants to learn how to maintain Active Directory Domain Services in Windows Server 2008.
This training course will also help you prepare for exam 70-640 in the Microsoft Certification Program on your own.
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Microsoft. Welcome to Windows 7. 2010. 140 pp. PDF. 61.3 MB.
This guide is the most comprehensive official Windows 7 manual we've ever seen, and what's most interesting is that the 140-page manual contains almost no computer jargon, which cannot but please IT beginners. The guide has three main sections. The introductory section tells the history of the creation of the OS, which editions of Windows 7 exist, and what's new compared to its predecessors. The second section of the guide tells you how to use the features of Windows 7 to perform everyday tasks. The last, third section is intended for IT professionals. In this section, we are talking about providing control over the OS, its security, as well as other similar things. The book also contains a description of the Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack. IN RUSSIAN.
It is worth noting that the Microsoft website has a manual in English, and for Russian-speaking users who do not speak English well, it will be a little difficult to read this book, even though it is written in a fairly simple language to understand. But, not everything is as bad as it might seem at first glance! This book was distributed in printed version at the event “Microsoft University Spring 2010” in Kyiv. But the provided 200 printed copies of the book “left” instantly.
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Nizaury. Useful tips for Windows 7. 2009. CHM archive 2.3 Mb.
This is a collection of tips that contains useful information for easily resolving errors and issues that arise when working with Windows 7. Sometimes it is very necessary to find a solution to a problem. You find it and use it, and then a friend asks you for advice on the same issue. In order not to store in memory a large number of answers to different questions, in order not to remember a large number of solutions to a problem that has arisen, use this collection. It contains information about the most common solutions in the most common situations.
Add. information:
Instructions for using this guide:
1) When you click on the name of the council in the general list, you will be redirected to a separate page of this council.
2) When you click on the name of the council in the table of contents, you will be redirected to a separate page of this council.
3) When you click on the name of the advice in a separate page, you will be redirected to the general page of tips.
4) When you click on the "Show / hide" button, the text of the advice will open immediately in the general list.
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Author unknown. 24 tips on how to speed up Windows XP. doc in 1.0 Mb archive.
The purpose of the tips described below is to rid the installed Windows XP Pro Russian of embellishments that are completely unnecessary for the home user and speed up the system as a whole. These 24 tips are just some of the things you can do to optimize and speed up Windows XP. I remind you that by changing various options and parameters without understanding what and how they can affect, it is very easy to spoil everything. Therefore, first of all, you need to take care of your security, since Windows XP has all the backup tools for this: Backup, System Restore, ASR.
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Author-collective. Reference books for windows XP. chm. 5.3 MB.
Reference books for windows XP. The archive contains the following directories: 1. Windows XP Registry.
2. Directory of Windows XP. 3. Directory of command line parameters. 4. BIOS Setup Reference.
5. Guide to the automatic installation of WindowsXP. 6. Directory of windows programs.
7. Directory of services in Windows XP.
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Beluntsov. User's tutorial. linux. 2003 514 pp. PDF. 23.2 MB.
Quickly install and start working on Linux right away. Customize the appearance of your desktop to your liking. Type, compose and print texts. View, create and scan images, edit photos and drawings. Work with spreadsheets, charts and other office applications. Listen to music, watch movies and use gaming features. Work with e-mail, WWW and other Internet services. If necessary, run programs created for other operating systems (DOS, Windows, etc.)
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Veltner T. Exploring Windows Vista. Microsoft official course. 2008 336 pp. djvu. 22.6 MB.
This book is ideal for users who are migrating from one operating system to another, as it highlights the many changes that have been made to Windows Vista over previous versions. This is truly a guide to the new operating system, from which you will learn how to take full advantage of Windows Vista. Tobias Veltner has made a name for himself by writing over 40 books on the subject of computing. He is a regular contributor to various computer magazines and works as a senior consulting developer for Microsoft and other firms.
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A. Gorbachev, D. Kotleev. Microsoft Windows for executives is 10 times faster. 2007 104 pp. PDF. 7.9 MB.
The book is intended for managers of any level, since every manager uses e-mail, the Internet, Word and Excel in his work and, as a rule, works in a Windows environment. In this regard, there is a paradox: it is required to own software packages daily, but there is no time for mastering.
It is no secret for a professional that one problem can be solved in many ways. But only one of them is the most economical in terms of resources: time and “body movements”, this is the path you can choose on your own in this book.
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Gladky A.A. Windows XP registry. 2005 year. 272 pp. PDF. 38.0 Mb.
The Windows registry is an important part of the operating system, which largely determines how it works. Having studied the raw material fitted in this Veda, you will learn how to safely and usefully edit the registry according to your own judgment, and also master the numerous techniques for optimizing the adjustments of the operating system contained in it.
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Smooth. Comp. Win XP Pro: installation, configuration, reinstallation. 2006. 250 pp. PDF. 19 MB. Contents: Installing Win XP, reinstalling Win XP, System setup, OS recovery, Utilities for configuring Win XP, Useful tips. Clear and detailed book. Everything is illustrated in the pictures. I consider the book useful, although I have reinstalled the OS more than once.
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Gornakov S. G. Self-instruction manual for working on a PDA, communicator, smartphone running Windows Mobile. 2007 336 pages PDF 18.2 Mb.
With this book, you will go from beginner to guru, knowing all the intricacies of working with mobile devices running Windows Mobile. Study in detail the configuration, optimization and Russification of the system, get acquainted with the operation of SMS and MMS services, e-mail, the Internet, office programs, anti-virus software, archivers, file managers, the system registry and a large number of different programs recommended for use. The book will be useful for both beginners and experienced users.
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Gordeev. Operating Systems. 2007 Textbook for high schools. 2nd ed.10.4 Mb. 415 pp. PDF.
The textbook outlines the basic concepts of operating systems, the principles of their construction and operation. In addition to considering such obligatory topics as task and resource management in operating systems, the organization of parallel interacting calculations and related problems, information is provided on the features of the architectures of modern operating systems used on personal computers. Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of preparation of bachelors and masters "Informatics and Computer Engineering"
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Guk M.Yu. IBM PC hardware. Encyclopedia. 2006 1072 pp. djvu. 15.1 MB.
On the pages of the third edition you will find a systematic description of the "iron" part of the family of the most common personal computers. The book provides in-depth knowledge of both individual electronic subsystems (memory, processors, disks, etc.), and their connection into a single whole - a personal computer with all its advantages and disadvantages. The description of the signals in the book is illustrated with timing diagrams and diagrams of typical connections of various devices. Information on installing and configuring hardware is given, and practical issues of diagnostics, as well as electrical safety problems, are not left aside. For unprepared readers, the introduction provides the basics of computer technology and some other information necessary for understanding the material, which allows us to recommend the book to the widest range of readers. Compared to the previous edition, which was a great success with readers, the book has added a number of new information and reflects all the innovations that have appeared recently: new processors, including 64-bit extensions; new types of memory; new buses (PCI-x, PCI Express, Hyper Transport); Serial ATA and SCSI detailed description of FireWire. In addition, the detected errors and some structural flaws were corrected, and "white spots" were eliminated.
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Dontsov D.A. Learning Windows Vista. 2008 144 pp. PDF. 4.8 MB.
The basics of working in Windows Vista are simply and accessible, taking into account all the features of the new version of the operating system. Particular attention is paid to solving typical tasks and setting up Windows.
The book is primarily aimed at people who are just starting to learn computer skills. However, it will also be useful for those who own Windows and are going to switch to a new version of the operating system.
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Evseev, Simonovich. Windows XP. A complete guide in questions and answers. 500 pages 2003 PDF v Zip archive, size 18.1 Mb.
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Y. Zozulya. BIOS at 100%. year 2009. 336 pp. djvu. 35.9 MB.
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Y. Zozulya. Windows 7. 472 pp. PDF. 15.2 MB.
The new Windows 7 operating system can rightly be called the most anticipated software product of the early 21st century. This book contains a detailed description of Windows 7: from installing the system to its administration and maintenance. The publication will help you get the most complete answers to questions that arise when switching to a new version of the operating system, get acquainted with all the innovations and additional features of the "seven" that make everyday "communication" with it as simple and effective as possible.
This book is worth reading if only to see all the great benefits of this latest operating system behind the updated and glamorous interface of Windows 7.
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An illustrated guide to troubleshooting home PC failures and problems. html help in the archive 1.4 Mb.
Content:
Chapter 1. What to do if the computer is not working properly?
Chapter 2. BIOS diagnostic messages.
Chapter 3. Diagnostic messages of the operating system.
Chapter 4. Diagnostic programs.
Chapter 5. You bought a computer.
Chapter 6. Powering the computer and its components.
Chapter 7
Chapter 8. Installing the operating system.
Chapter 9. Setting up the operating system.
Chapter 10. Installing programs and games.
Chapter 11. Setting up programs and games.
Chapter 12. Uninstalling programs and games.
Chapter 13. Working with files and directories.
Chapter 14. Working with office programs.
Chapter 15. Multimedia functions of the computer.
Chapter 16. Working on the Internet.
Chapter 17. Work in a local network. Chapter 18. Computer viruses.
Chapter 19
Chapter 20. Connecting new devices.
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D. Kolisnichenko. Secrets of the Windows XP/Vista Registry. year 2009. 300 pages djvu. 3.3 MB.
The book describes in detail the principles of operation and parameters of the basic input / output system (BIOS). Techniques for configuring, fine-tuning, diagnostics and overclocking a computer by changing BIOS settings are considered. The publication contains many practical tips for improving system performance and troubleshooting.
The book is intended for users with an average level of training who are interested in optimizing and fine-tuning computer hardware.
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A. Klimov. Collection - Windows Reference. year 2009. 6 chm files in 9.1 Mb archive.
* Windows Registry Guide * Windows Programs and Files Directory * Windows People's Tips Guide * PC Hardware People's Tips * Internet People's Tips * MS Office People's Tips.
A guide to the Windows registry, with the help of which you will learn how to "edit" the values of parameters in the registry with your own hands, and "tips" are given for using parameters for a variety of settings..
There are many programs that allow you to change various system settings or individual programs by changing some values in the registry. Moreover, the volume of these programs is measured in megabytes. But why litter your computer with these programs? You can achieve the same effect yourself by manually changing the desired values. If you want to be the owner of your car, then this guide is for you..
The Windows Programs and Files Reference provides additional information about programs, files, folders, file extensions, and more.
Directory "People's advice.Windows". The purpose of the handbook is to systematize all the advice encountered and sent to me, as well as from other sources. People's councils. PC hardware. In the guide you will find tips on how to set up a computer.
People's Councils.Internet. The guide contains tips and useful information related to Internet technologies.
People's Councils. MS Office. In the guide you will find tips for working with the Microsoft Office suite (Word, Excel, Outlook, etc.).
PS: Parameters are added to the reference, descriptions of new programs for Windows 7, and two new references for PowerShell and the command line have been added.
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DOS commands. This book contains a complete list of DOS commands with detailed descriptions and usage examples. May be useful when writing *.bat and *.cmd files and for those who like to work in DOS file managers. Page 90 *.doc. File format: *.7z. 93.8 Kb.
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Windows command line. CHM help. 413 Kb.
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Kolmogorov. Tweaking Windows XP. 2006 285 pages PDF, 42.1 Mb.
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Kurt Simmons. Windows XP headache. Quick solution of standard (and not only) problems. 2004 djvu. 10.3 MB.
The book describes in detail how to set up numerous features of the Windows XP operating system, as well as utilities and standard programs. Detailed explanations are given on how to troubleshoot the most common problems, as well as tips and tricks to avoid "headaches" when working with this popular operating system. The names of all parameters, commands, windows and programs are given in two languages, which makes the book useful for owners of both Russian and original versions of Windows XP.
The book is addressed primarily to entry-level and intermediate Windows users; for advanced users, it may be useful as a reference.
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Lebedev A.N. Windows 7 and Office 2010. Computer for beginners. I have to go to work tomorrow! 2010 256 pp. PDF. 8.7 MB.
The book is intended for novice users who need to learn how to work on a computer in the shortest possible time. At an accessible level for beginners, basic information about the PC device, methods of storing, processing and transferring data is given.
Visually, using step-by-step instructions, the basics of working in the most modern operating system of Microsoft - Windows 7 are explained. The book also provides enough information to get started with the Microsoft Office 2010 office suite. In addition, the tutorial provides the necessary minimum information for successfully protect your personal computer from threats from software viruses and spyware.
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Livingston, Thurrott. Secrets of Windows Vista. Quick solution of standard (and not only) problems. 2007 650 pp. PDF. 19.4 MB. In English.
The book of world-famous authors is dedicated to one of the latest and most powerful versions of operating systems of the Microsoft Windows family - Vista. Far from repeating the documentation for Vista, it offers in the form of "secrets" information that is either hard to find in the documentation or not there at all.
Some of the topics covered in this book are pre-installation and installation of Vista, a new user interface, new security features, working with digital photos, audio clips, and video files, using Vista on mobile devices, accessing the Web and e-mail, and much more. The book "Microsoft Windows Vista Secrets" is designed for users of various skill levels.
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R. Morimoto, M. Noel, O. Drauby, R. Mistry. Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2. Complete guide. 2011. 1457 pp. djvu. 34.7 MB.
This book is a comprehensive and highly authored tutorial on planning, designing, prototyping, implementing, migrating, administering, and supporting systems based on Windows Server 2008 R2.
Rand Morimoto (Microsoft MVP) and his colleagues offer information technology professionals a systematic introduction to the new version of the Windows Server 2008 R2 server operating system. The book identifies the most important enhancements to R2 and details the steps for installing and configuring the OS. A comprehensive description of all aspects of Windows Server 2008 R2 is provided, including Active Directory, network services, security, migrating to Windows Server 2008 R2 from Windows Server 2003/2008, administration, fault tolerance, optimization, troubleshooting, key application services, and more.
The authors are very precise in highlighting the major improvements in Windows Server 2008 R2 and offer a detailed description of all the innovations in Windows Server 2008 R2, from Hyper-V virtualization to DirectAccess and improvements to Failover Clustering. Based on hundreds of implementations, each chapter offers numerous helpful tips and tricks to help you get the most out of your business with Windows Server 2008 R2.
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Microsoft Windows 2003 Server in original. Installation and configuration of the system. Hardware support. Loading the operating system. File systems, disks and volumes. System configuration and embedded applications. Server resource management. System controls. Monitoring and optimization tools. Working with disk resources. Print Services. Server administration. Typical administrative tasks. Managing Windows systems in a corporate environment. Network resources. Basic network concepts and concepts in Windows Server 2003. DHCP, DNS and WINS servers. Communication Services. Routing. Internet Services. Additional network services. Domains and Active Directory. Basic concepts of Active Directory. Designing domains and deploying Active Directory. Domain administration. Using group policies. System and data protection. Windows Server 2003 Security Tools. System Restore. Working with the system registry. System messages and debugger.
Size: 18.6 Mb. html help.
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Description of Windows XP services. Zip, 65 Kb.
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V. G. Olifer, N. A. Olifer. network operating systems. 2002 djvu. 7.6 MB.
This book is not about a particular system, or even a particular type of operating system. It examines the fundamental concepts and principles of construction that are valid for most operating systems known today. First of all, this book is recommended to students and graduate students of various specialties in the direction of "Informatics and Computer Engineering" as a textbook for the courses "Operating Systems" and "Organization of Computing Processes". In addition, it can be useful to specialists: programmers, network administrators and communication equipment professionals. And finally, the book may be of interest to anyone who deals with computers and wants to learn more about how modern operating systems work.
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Popov A.V. Windows Script Host for Windows 2000/XP. 2004 628 pp. fb2. 2.8 MB.
The book describes the Windows Script Host (WSH) version 5.6, which is one of the standard components of Windows XP and can also be installed on earlier versions of Windows. VBScript and JScript scripts are provided to illustrate the use of standard WSH 5.6 objects, including creating child processes from scripts and running scripts on remote computers. More complex examples include scripts that work with databases, manage Microsoft Office applications, organize a graphical user interface, use WMI (Windows Management Instrumentation) and ADSI (Active Directory Service Interface) technologies to solve administrative tasks. The issues of practical work with XML-files and creation of COM-objects are covered. Particular attention is paid to security issues when working with scripts, specific examples of security policy settings are given.
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E. Rathbon. Windows XP for dummies. 2003 304 pp. PDF. 12.7 MB.
Written by renowned author Andy Rathbon, this book will help you take the first steps in mastering a new operating system. From the material of the book you will learn what Windows XP is and what it can do. Here you will find descriptions of Windows XP components, including Windows Media Player, Internet Explorer 6.0, Outlook Express 6.0, New Connection Wizard, and others.
The book is intended for users with different levels of experience. Easy and accessible style of presentation will help even beginners quickly master Windows XP.
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I. Remneva. How to tame a computer in a few hours. Guide for women. year 2009. 352 pp. PDF. 8.4 MB.
This book will prove to you that the complexity and inaccessibility of the computer is a myth invented by men. All the necessary information that allows you to work on a computer is presented here simply and clearly.
This book is written by a woman - for women. You'll start with the basics and end up with advanced programs that allow you to make presentations, set budgets, edit photos, navigate the world of the Internet, and even (think scary!) fix minor problems with your computer.
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Guide to Windows Vista. Detailed description from the manufacturer. PDF. Volume 13.Mb.
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Guide to working with Windows Mobile 6. 2007. 24 pages PDF, 1.6 Mb.
Microsoft has published a reference guide for using the Windows Mobile 6 operating system. This rather long document (PDF file, 11.5 MB, 61 pages) contains a complete description of the features of the latest version of the mobile operating system from Microsoft. With the first devices based on the new operating system expected to hit the market in the near future, as well as updates for existing PDAs and smartphones running Windows Mobile 5.0, this guide may prove useful. You can get, for example, information about platforms (Classic, Standard, Professional) and their features, Windows Live services, Microsoft Office Mobile applications, synchronization with a computer, data protection, and much more. Language: English. 61 pp. PDF. Size: 8.7 Mb.
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Rizzo D. WINDOWS XP SETUP. This book is intended for those who are starting to work with a personal computer on which the Windows XP operating system is installed.
With the help of the book, you will learn how to confidently navigate Windows XP and customize the system according to your taste and needs: using personal photos, change the appearance of the desktop and folder shortcuts; add and remove menu items; change toolbar and taskbar. You'll learn how to connect to the Internet, add your own account to Outlook, adjust mouse speed, and more.
Illustrations and step-by-step instructions will greatly facilitate your assimilation of the proposed material.
2006 144 pages PDF, 14.3 Mb.
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A guide to the system registry and Windows XP settings. HTML help. 370 Kb.
Registry Reference - one of the main components of the operating system that stores all the information necessary to configure and operate the Windows XP system. The registry architecture, structure and data types are described. Discusses methods for backing up and restoring the registry. Methods for setting up the system and network, especially for connecting and configuring hardware are considered. Recommendations are given to prevent system crashes and solve various problems by editing the registry. Particular attention is paid to the security and protection of the registry. The ability to use additional utilities to edit it.
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Kurt Simmons. Windows XP headache. Quick solution of standard (and not only) problems. 2004 383 pp. djvu. 10.3 MB.
The book describes in detail how to set up numerous features of the Windows XP operating system, as well as utilities and standard programs. Detailed explanations are given on how to troubleshoot the most common problems, as well as tips and tricks to avoid headaches when working with this popular operating system. The names of all parameters, commands, windows and programs are given in two languages, which makes the book useful for owners of both Russian and original versions of Windows XP.
The book is addressed primarily to entry-level and intermediate Windows users; for advanced users, it may be useful as a reference.
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C. Stephenson. Secrets of Windows XP. 500 best tricks and tips. year 2009. 273 pp. pdf. 11.3 MB.
If you decide to improve the efficiency of your computer, you cannot do without the advice of a specialist. Kleber Stephenson, President of U.S. Diginet - Interactive Communications, an Internet solutions provider, has specialized for many years in the implementation of computer business systems based on Microsoft technologies in the Windows operating system.
In this book, he offers readers about 500 tips for optimizing the experience in Windows XP. Attention is paid, in particular, to customizing the user interface, working with the registry, using e-mail and programs Media Player (Player), Internet Explorer, MovieMaker 2 (Working with video), and troubleshooting.
The book is written in an engaging style with humor. You will not only learn useful programs, but also enjoy reading.
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Ed Tittel, James Michael Stewart. Windows Server 2003 for Dummies. 2004 368 pp. pdf. 13.8 MB.
This book is about one of the most promising operating systems - Windows Server 2003 and - more broadly - building networks in this environment. It covers all aspects of computer network management, provides basic knowledge of network terminology, including both hardware and software. You'll walk through a detailed walkthrough of installing and configuring a Windows Server 2003 networking environment. The book is a wonderful combination of tutorial and reference, and can be read from start to finish or opened anywhere to get the information you need. To read the book does not require special training, it is written in simple language, understandable to the uninitiated; those who aspire to a deeper study of the subject will also find many interesting technical details in it. The book will become an indispensable tool for those who seek to independently master the complex world of network technologies using the example of the most modern network operating system - Windows Server 2003.
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S.S. Toporkov. Windows XP for advanced users. 2005 year. 160 pp. PDF. 1.6 MB.
. The book contains the necessary minimum that every user must know in order to be considered advanced. It includes tips that you can use to solve many problems that arise in everyday work in the Windows XP operating system. Its installation, data recovery are also considered, work with the registry is described manually and using the Reg Organizer registry manager.
The book will be extremely useful to all users who have already mastered the work on the computer, but want to deepen and expand their knowledge and skills to maximize the use of Windows XP.
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E. Tanenbaum. Modern operating systems. 2nd ed. 2002 1040 pp. divu. 9.8 MB.
A book by one of the best experts in the field. The book contains many details that are not found in any other book.
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A. Traskovsky. Failures and malfunctions of the home PC. Tutorial. 2004 372 pp. PDF. 24.0 MB.
The book covers a wide range of issues related to the elimination of failures and malfunctions that occur in the computer. It tells how to quickly eliminate any failure and whether it is possible to avoid failures at all, how to reinstall the operating system on your own, how to properly get rid of the action of a computer virus and correct the harm caused by it. The book also introduces the reader to the design of the computer and explains how to connect new equipment to it and how to set up existing equipment for optimal operation. "Decoding" of almost any BIOS or operating system diagnostic messages and ways to customize programs "for yourself" are given.
The second edition covers the new version of the Windows Vista operating system, new types of Internet connections, many new programs for setting up your PC, updated methods for determining failures and problems, and a number of other materials.
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William R. Stanek. Microsoft Windows command line. Administrator's Handbook. This book is a concise but comprehensive guide to the shell and basic command line tools of two operating systems - Microsoft Windows XP Professional and Microsoft Windows Server 2003. It covers all the basic issues related to performing common administrative tasks from the command line, including configuring Windows services and managing local and remote systems, automating the monitoring of various system parameters, analyzing and monitoring processes, managing disks and file systems, creating basic and dynamic disks, as well as RAID arrays, configuring the Active Directory directory service, administering TCP / IP networks and many other pressing issues.
The book is intended for system administrators and technical support specialists for Microsoft Windows XP Professional and Microsoft Windows Server 2003, as well as users who want to learn in detail the command shell and Windows command line tools. The publication consists of 15 chapters, an appendix and a subject index.
2004 480 pp. PDF. 12.6 MB.
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Fominov, editor. BIOS Setup Reference. 190 pp. PDF. 1.1 Mb.
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A. Fedorchuk, A. Thorn. FreeBSD. Installation, configuration, use. 2003 638 pp. djvu. 7.9 MB.
This e-book describes the FreeBSD operating system, which is currently the most mature and technologically advanced among the family of open and free Unix-like systems. It has gained wide popularity in the field of Internet and intranet technologies, network and communication services. However, FreeBSD is no less suitable for use as a general-purpose desktop system, due to its stability and security, a wide range of applications of various nature. It is this, less covered feature of the FreeBSD system that the author has attempted to expose in this book. In addition, links to additional sources of information are provided after each chapter.
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Kholmogorov. Tweaking Windows XP. 2006 288 pp. DjVu. 5.9 MB.
In this book you will find information about practical methods for increasing the speed and performance of Microsoft Windows XP Professional, about ways to reduce the disk space occupied by Windows, detailed information on managing hardware and software resources of the system, working with the registry and system services. The methods of emergency recovery of Windows XP in the event of unforeseen failures, as well as the prevention of the latter, are described.
The publication is intended primarily for "advanced" users of Windows XP Professional and system administrators of workstations running this operating system.
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S.A. Yaremchuk. Linux Mint at 100%. 2011. 242 pp. djvu. 10.6 MB.
This book will allow you to master 100% Linux Mint - the most popular distribution of the GNU / Linux operating system. "From freedom came elegance" is the motto of this distribution, which is compatible with the original Ubuntu and at the same time freed from many of its shortcomings and shortcomings, and also equipped with an original interface and a set of native applications, such as mintInstall, mintUpdate, mintMenu, etc. This guide is intended primarily for readers who do not have experience with this operating system. However, the extensive reference material and professional advice contained in the book will also be useful to experienced users of the Linux OS. Many topics and issues covered in the publication will also be of interest to users of distributions related to Linux Mint, in particular Linux Ubuntu, Debian GNU/Linux.
With "Linux Mint 100%" you will easily master the most elegant operating system of our time.
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Windows Vista and Windows XP on the same computer. 2007 24 pages PDF, 1.6 Mb. The book describes how to put 2 systems on one hard drive: Vista and XP.
Task 1: Install Windows Vista along with Windows XP on the same hard drive. Vista is already installed.
Task 2: Install Windows Vista along with Windows XP on the same hard drive. XP is already installed.
The book will be useful for those who wish to have Vista and XP operating systems on their computer at the same time.
Andrey Robachevsky
UNIX operating system
Acknowledgment
While working on the book, I thought over the content of this pleasant section many times, each time adding to it new and new names of people, without whose help this book would hardly have seen the light of day.
First of all, this is the merit of the director of the publishing house "BHV-St. Petersburg" Vadim Sergeev and my colleague, an employee of the Vuztelecomcenter and the author of the wonderful reference book "Internet Yellow Pages. Russian Resources" Alexei Sigalov. It was they who convinced me that such a book would be useful and inspired me to take up the pen.
I am grateful to the leaders of the Vuztelekomtsentr, Vladimir Vasiliev and Sergey Khoruzhnikov, for their help and attention to the work on the book. Their support and tolerant attitude towards the fulfillment of my main duties as the development director of the Vuztelecomcenter made it possible to complete this work.
Without the help of Kirill Shchukin, the book was in danger of seeing the light of day without illustrations, which would hardly have made it any clearer. His patience and professionalism made it possible to turn vague sketches into full-fledged schemes, from which the book greatly benefited.
I have repeatedly turned to UNIX experts for advice and, above all, to my colleague Konstantin Fedorov. His valuable comments and suggestions helped me bring the book to its present form.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the specialists of OLLY, and in particular to its technical director Vitaly Kuzmichev, whose advice and consultations have had a beneficial effect on the content of this book.
I would also like to express my deep gratitude to the reviewers of this book - Head. Department of "Computer Engineering" of the St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor D.V. Puzankov and head. Department of "Information and Control Systems" of the St. Petersburg State Technical University, Ph.D. Professor I.G. Chernorutsky for helpful remarks.
I would also like to thank Rev. editorial staff of the publishing house "BHV-Sankt-Peterburg" Elizaveta Karonik, who was the first to read the manuscript and gave a positive verdict, for the credit of trust and coordination of work on the creation of the book. I would like to express my gratitude to Tatyana Temkina for her excellent work in editing the book. It happened that individual pages of the manuscript contained less essential material than editorial corrections, which I usually always agreed with.
I cannot but express my gratitude to my work colleagues Vladimir Parfyonov, Yuri Gugel, Yuri Kirchin, Nina Rubina, whose friendly support was so helpful.
And, of course, I would like to thank my wife and daughter for their patience and faith in the successful completion of this work. I must also apologize to them for the fact that this work has taken from me a significant part of the time that is rightfully theirs.
About the UNIX Operating System book
Dedicated to my loved ones
Appointment of the book
This book is not a replacement for reference books and various manuals on the UNIX operating system. Moreover, the information presented in the book is sometimes difficult to find in the documentation that comes with the operating system. These publications are full of practical recommendations, scrupulous descriptions of the settings of various subsystems, formats for calling commands, etc. At the same time, questions such as the internal architecture of individual system components, their interaction and principles of operation often remain behind the scenes. Without knowledge of this "anatomy", work in the operating system turns into the use of memorized commands, and inevitable errors lead to inexplicable consequences. On the other hand, UNIX administration, configuration of specific subsystems, and commands used have received much less attention in this book. The purpose of this book is to present the basic organization of the UNIX operating system. It should be borne in mind that the name UNIX denotes a significant family of operating systems, each of which has its own name and features inherent only to it. This book attempts to isolate the common elements that make up the "genotype" of UNIX, namely the basic user and programming interfaces, the purpose of the main components, their architecture and interaction, and on the basis of this to present the system as a whole. At the same time, where relevant, references to a specific version of UNIX are provided. The following operating systems were used to illustrate certain points: Solaris 2.5 from Sun Microsystems, SCO ODT 5.0 from Santa Cruz Operation, BSDi/386 from Berkeley Software Design.
The birth of this book was preceded by more than three years of lecturing on the UNIX system to third-year students at the St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics (Technical University), as well as an introductory course for UNIX users and administrators in various organizations. Most of the material of these courses is reflected in the book.
The book may be useful in preparing a number of lecture programs on the UNIX operating system and the basics of organizing operating systems in general. The material in Chapter 1 is a good basis for an introductory UNIX course. It introduces the basic concepts and organization of the operating system as a whole. This chapter also provides basic information about the user interface and the shell programming language.
Chapter 2 material can be used in programming courses. A detailed discussion of the main system calls and library functions gives a fairly complete picture of the programming interface of this operating system. The examples given illustrate the issues discussed and can be reflected in the laboratory practice.
The book can also be used as a textbook for senior students in the specialties "Informatics and Computer Engineering", "Applied Mathematics and Informatics" (in the preparation of bachelors) and in the specialty "Computers, Systems and Networks Complexes" (in the preparation of engineers). may be useful in the preparation of masters and graduate students, as well as all students specializing in computer technology. The book is also a good reference for system programmers and UNIX administrators. I hope that a closer look at the internal organization of the system will help them solve their tasks more effectively and open up new horizons for experiments.
Finally, the book may be of interest to a wide range of users who want to learn more about this operating system.
Who is this book for?
It makes no sense to understand the operating system without working with it. First of all, knowledge of the operating system, its organization and structure is necessary for the administrator, i.e. the person responsible for its maintenance and configuration. The tasks of an administrator are numerous - from user registration to network configuration, from creating system backups to performance tuning. Without understanding the fundamental structure of the operating system, the solution of all these tasks turns into memorizing commands and menu items, and emergency situations cause panic.
Knowledge of the operating system is essential for a software developer. The performance of your program depends on how efficiently the resources of the operating system are used. Without understanding the principles of operation, it is easy to get confused in the intricacies of system calls and library functions. If you are working with the kernel of the system - for example, developing a device driver - without knowledge of the system, you will not move a single step.
Finally, if you are just a user, then the knowledge of the operating system is limited to those tasks that you need to solve in the process of work. Most likely, these are several commands, and if you are working with a graphical shell, then you will not need this either. But is it so pleasant to work with a black box?
Accepted designations
System calls, library functions, shell commands are italicized in the text, such as open(2) , cat(1) or printf(3S) . The section of the electronic manual man(1) is indicated in brackets (see appendix A for a description of the manual).
Data structures, variables and internal functions of kernel subsystems, program source code, and command-line examples are printed in fixed-width font. For example, d_open(), sleep() or an example program:
In the command line examples, user input is shown in fixed-width bold font, for example:
$ passwd
Enter old password:
File names are in bold, for example /etc/passwd or
Keyboard keys are shown in italics and enclosed in angle brackets, for example< Del >or< Ctrl >+< C >(in the latter case, the keyboard shortcut is shown).
OS / 2, VMS, VAX, Win32, UNIX - the reader of "Introduction to Operating Systems" by DV Irtegov will get acquainted with these operating systems. OS architecture, memory allocation, file systems, security, and more are covered in this tutorial.
The modern user, of course, is familiar with the operating systems of the Win32 family, but is unlikely to know about the existence of this family itself, he may have heard of something called Linux, but it interferes with all UNIX-like operating systems “in a heap”, without doing anything between them difference, hardly remembers such a system as OS / 2 and certainly does not know that it is she who owes the existence of the current branch of the MS Windows family. About the same extremely specific for banks and defense structures OS, like VMS, he certainly does not have the slightest idea. The Introduction to Operating Systems tutorial fills this gap in the reader's education by talking about the architecture of all these operating systems, their file systems, hardware and event handling, multitasking and transaction processing, operating system security systems, and other topics that are absolutely necessary for future specialists in the field of computer technology.
Today it is difficult to imagine a modern person who does not own a computer. And to work effectively with this technique, the user needs to understand the various file formats of Microsoft Windows. The most popular text, image and sound formats include TeX, PDF, TIFF, HTML, GIF, AVI, MPEG, JPEG, CGML, MIME, QuickTime, PNDZIP, VRML, XXE, UUE, WAVE, etc.
The book tells how files that have been compressed by various archivers are correctly decompressed, how to correctly encode and decode data. Having studied the guide "Microsoft Windows XP File Formats" (by Boris Leontiev), the reader will learn to identify the "traces" of those utilities that affected the files that got into his computer.
A distinctive feature of this textbook is a well-constructed combination of the theoretical foundations of building an operating system with examples implemented in practice. The third edition of this tutorial covers memory management algorithms in detail. The basics of message passing, interprocessor interaction are described in more detail, each of the processes is described in detail. Such concepts as semaphores, monitors, device drivers are considered. Attention is paid to the implementation of the input-output of information, the development of file systems, ensuring the protection and security of data.
Textbook E. Tanenbaum, A. Woodhull “Operating systems. Development and Implementation” is additionally equipped with a CD containing the source code of a working UNIX-compatible MINIX OS. This makes it possible to examine in detail in practice the features of the operation of each of its components and the operating system as a whole.
The publication, intended for those interested in modern software development and the development of Microsoft products, talks about applications on the 2003 platform. The information was collected by Yu. Kuptsevich "first hand" - "Programmer's Almanac" was created on the basis of magazines authored by the developers themselves and testers of the applications under discussion .
This textbook is already in its second edition and is officially recommended by the Russian Ministry of Education as a textbook. It consistently talks about the structure of UNIX systems - their architecture, interfaces, subroutines, interaction with hardware and networking. The book "The UNIX Operating System" by Robachevsky and Nemnyugin has been updated in accordance with the requirements of the time and will be useful to professional programmers and system administrators.
The publication is devoted to the basic mechanisms of the Windows operating system. The book covers all stages of performing operations, starting with accessing a processor register and ending with displaying a graphical interface message on the screen. Much attention is paid to the transitions of the system from one mode to another, the reasons for the appearance of "blue screens of death", the features of the NTFS file system. Russinovich's book "Microsoft Windows Internals: Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, Windows 2000. Master Class" is a collection of information that is most useful for system administrators of large organizations and employees of service centers.
This textbook was created by teachers of the St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation based on the materials of the course of the same name. The book is distinguished by volume and versatility - it includes consideration of issues from the simplest, in particular, from the basic concepts of system programming, to quite complex ones. For example, to the features of the microarchitecture of x86 processors. Compliance with the state standard makes it possible to use Gordeev and Molchanov's "System Software" as a guide for preparing for knowledge tests. However, the main value of the book lies in its usefulness in the practical activities of a system administrator or programmer.
The book describes the features and vulnerabilities of the Windows 2000 system, which are little known and rarely used. It consists of several large chapters designed to improve the skills of professionals, and appendices with lists of Kernel Debugger commands, kernel API functions, and elements of OS routines. In Undocumented Features of Windows 2000, Sven Schreiber talks about working with the Native API, using the Windows 2000 debugging mechanisms and exploring its memory, accessing the system kernel from user mode, developing kernel mode drivers, and much more. So the book will be useful for professionals who want to create the most effective applications and who are ready to understand the works of Microsoft at an extremely deep level.
Written by a professional developer, the Windows Embedded reference and tutorial will be useful not only for beginners, but also for professional programmers, as it contains a wide range of practical information - from "newbie tips" to the author's professional secrets.
Microsoft Windows Embedded 2009 is the most stable and widespread of all embedded Windows systems today, based on Windows XP. For all its similarities with XP, it nevertheless differs enough from its progenitor that the study of programming for it requires a separate study. Stanislav Pavlov's book "Fundamentals of Windows Embedded Standard 2009" covers not only the technical issues facing a Windows Embedded software developer, but also other practical information, which the author of the textbook writes about based on personal professional experience.
The manual will be useful both for novice developers - subject to the consistent development of the material chapter by chapter, and for professional programmers who will find a lot of useful reference information here. Experienced developers will also benefit from the author's professional advice, which is also supported by "live" practical examples.
Devoted more to the concept of operating systems as such than to any particular operating system, this textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students studying computer science rather than programming per se.
Approved by the Ministry of Education, this book is intended for students majoring in Computer Science and Computer Engineering as a textbook in the subject of "Operating Systems" and graduate students involved in the theoretical side of computer science in its original sense, that is, "the science of information processing." Here you will not find information about assembling the system kernel for a specific processor, setting up video card modes or optimizing the file system, managing user and group roles - unlike many workshops and reference books dedicated to Windows or Unix, this tutorial is considered from a purely theoretical point of view on the concept of operating systems as such. The fundamental principles of OS construction discussed in this book are valid for almost all operating systems that exist today.
For practicing IT specialists, the textbook "Network Operating Systems" by Natalia and Victor Olifer can also be useful as a source of "academic" knowledge when interviewing in companies where they primarily focus on the academic nature of formal education, rather than on the practical skills of applicants.
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1Introduction to operating systems
1.1 Purpose and functions of operating systems
A computer operating system is a set of interconnected programs that acts as an interface between applications and users on the one hand, and computer hardware on the other. The operating system performs two groups of functions:
Provides the user or programmer with an extended virtual machine instead of real computer hardware;
Increases the efficiency of using a computer by rationally managing its resources in accordance with some criterion.
The user, as a rule, is not interested in the details of the computer hardware, he sees it as a set of applications that can be written in one of the programming languages. The operating system provides the programmer with a number of features that programs can use through special instructions called system calls. Therefore, a software application includes many system calls needed, for example, to work with files. The operating system hides hardware details from the programmer and provides a convenient interface for executing the operating environment system.
At the same time, the operating system acts as a resource manager. According to this approach, the operating system's job is to provide an organized and controlled allocation of processors, memory, and I/O devices to various programs. The operation of the operating system has the following features:
The functions of the operating system work in the same way as the rest of the software - they are implemented as separate programs or a set of programs, running processes;
The operating system must transfer control to other processes and wait for the processor to give it time again to perform its duties.
Resource management includes the following common, resource-independent tasks:
Resource planning - that is, determining which process, when and in what quantity (if the resource can be allocated in parts) should allocate this resource;
Satisfaction of requests for resources;
Tracking the state and accounting for the use of the resource - that is, maintaining operational information about whether the resource is busy or free and what share of the resource has already been allocated;
Resolving conflicts between processes.
Resource management includes their multiplexing (distribution) in two ways: in time and in space. When a resource is spread out over time, different users and programs take turns using it. First one of them gets access to the use of a resource, then another, and so on. For example, several programs want to access the CPU. In this situation, the operating system first allows access to the processor to one program, then, after it has worked for a sufficient time, to another program, then the next, and, finally, again the first. Determining how long the resource will be used in time, who will be next and for how long the resource is provided to him is the task of the operating system. Another kind of distribution is spatial multiplexing. Instead of working in turn, each client receives a portion of the resource. Typically, RAM is shared among multiple running programs so that they can all be in memory at the same time (for example, using the CPU in turn). Assuming that there is enough memory to hold several programs, it is more efficient to have several programs in memory than to allocate all the memory to one program, especially if it only needs a small portion of the available memory. Of course, this raises problems of fair distribution, memory protection, and so on, and there is an operating system to deal with such issues.
1.2 History of operating systems
Usually, the history of the development of operating systems is associated with the history of the development of computers. The first idea for a computer was proposed by the English mathematician Charles Babbage in the mid-nineteenth century. He developed the so-called mechanical "analytical engine", which, however, did not work properly. The following are the generations of computers and their relationship to operating systems.
First generation 1945-1955
Computers consisted of vacuum tubes and patch panels. The highest achievement is the production of punched cards. Made from thin cardboard, a punched card represents information by the presence or absence of holes at certain positions on the card. The operating system is missing.
Second generation 1955-1965
The basis of computers are transistors and batch processing systems. They were characterized by decks of punched cards and devices for recording magnetic tapes. We mainly programmed in Fortran and Assembler languages for the Fortran Monitor System (FMS) and IBSYS operating systems.
Third generation 1965-1980
The period is characterized by the appearance of integrated circuits, as well as multitasking or, as it is called differently, multiprogramming. IBM produces various series of machines, starting with the IBM/360. For them, the OS/360 operating system was written, which was about 1000 times larger than the second-generation FMS. At this stage, an industrial implementation of multitasking appears - a method of organizing a computing process, in which several programs were simultaneously in the computer's memory, alternately executing on the same processor.
Other notable operating systems of this period are CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System) and MULTICS (Multiplex Information and Computing Service), which was designed to allow hundreds of users to access a single machine at once. Further development of this system grew into UNIX.
Fourth generation 1980-now
This period is associated with the advent of large integrated circuits. In 1974, Intel released the first universal 8-bit Intel 8080 processor. In the early 80s, IBM developed the IBM PC, a personal computer. At the same time, the first version of MS-DOS appeared. All operating systems developed up to this point supported only text mode of communication with the user.
The first attempt at a user-friendly graphical interface was implemented on the Apple Macintosh. Influenced by her success, Microsoft releases a graphical shell for MS-DOS - Windows. And since 1995, Windows 95 was released, which became an autonomous system. Later, on the basis of Windows 95 and other Windows NT systems, the currently existing operating systems were developed - Windows 2000, XP, Vista and others.
1.3 Classification of operating systems
There are a lot of operating systems and not everyone knows them. Next, 7 types of different operating systems are considered in order from large to small.
Mainframe operating systems
Mainframe is a high-performance general-purpose computer with a significant amount of RAM and external memory, designed to perform intensive computing work. These are usually room-sized computers and are found in large corporations. Typically, mainframes contain thousands of disks and terabytes of RAM.
Mainframe operating systems are primarily focused on handling many simultaneous jobs, most of which require huge amounts of I/O. The system must respond to thousands of requests per second. An example is OS/390, which evolved from the 3rd generation OS/360 operating system.
Server operating systems
These operating systems run on servers that are personal computers, workstations, or even mainframes. Servers provide the ability to work with printing devices, files, or the Internet. These operating systems include Unix, Linux, Windows 2003 Server, etc.
Multiprocessor operating systems
These systems are used on computers with multiple central processors. They require special operating systems, but are usually modifications of server operating systems.
Operating systems for personal computers
The main criterion of these systems is a convenient interface for a single user. The most famous systems: Windows 98, 2000, XP, Vista series; Macintosh, Linux.
Real time operating systems
The main parameter of these systems is time. In industrial process control systems, it is necessary to clearly synchronize the operating time of the conveyor, various industrial robots. This is a hard real time system. There are also flexible real-time systems - it allows for missed deadlines for the operation, for example, multimedia systems. Real-time operating systems include VxWorks and QNX.
Embedded operating systems
These include PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) operating systems. In addition, embedded systems run on cars, televisions, mobile phones. These operating systems usually have all the characteristics of real-time operating systems with limited memory, power, and so on. Examples of systems are PalmOS, Windows CE.
Operating systems for smart cards
A smart card is a credit card-sized device containing a central processing unit. Such systems are subject to severe power and memory limitations. Some manage only one transaction - an electronic payment, for example. Selected smart cards include support for the Java Virtual Machine.
1.4 Overview of computer hardware
The operating system is closely related to the hardware of the computer on which it is supposed to run. The hardware affects the operating system instruction set and the management of its resources. Conceptually, a simple computer can be represented as a model shown in Figure 1. This structure was used on the first models of the IBM PC.
Figure 1 - Some components of a personal computer
In the figure, the central processor, memory, input-output devices are connected by a system bus, through which they exchange information.
CPU
The “brain” of a computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It fetches instructions from memory and executes them. The usual processor cycle looks like this: the first instruction is read from memory, decoded to determine its type and operands, executes the instruction, then reads, decodes subsequent instructions. This is how programs are executed.
Each processor has a set of instructions that it can execute. Since accessing memory to receive instructions or a set of data takes much longer than executing these instructions, all processors contain internal registers to store variables and intermediate results. Therefore, an instruction set typically contains instructions for loading a word from memory into a register and storing a word from a register into memory. In addition to the basic registers used to store variables, most processors have several special registers used to store variables, as well as special registers that are visible to programmers.
In processor time multiplexing, the operating system stops a running program to start another one. Each time such an interrupt occurs, the operating system must save all the processor registers so that later, when the interrupted program continues its work, they can be restored.
To increase CPU speed, their developers abandoned the simple model, when only one instruction can be read, decoded, and executed in one clock cycle. Modern processors have the ability to execute multiple instructions at the same time.
Most CPUs have two modes of operation: kernel mode and user mode. When the processor is running in kernel mode, it can execute all the instructions in the instruction set and use all the hardware's capabilities. The operating system runs in kernel mode, giving access to all hardware. In contrast, users work in user mode, which allows a subset of programs to run and makes only a subset of the hardware available.
Memory
The second main component of any computer is memory. Ideally, the memory should be as fast as possible (faster than the processing of a single instruction so that the processor does not slow down access to memory that is large enough and extremely cheap). To date, there are no technologies that meet all these requirements. Therefore, there is another approach.
The memory system is constructed as a hierarchy of layers, which are illustrated in Figure 2. As you move down the hierarchy, two parameters increase from top to bottom: access time, memory size.
The top layer consists of the CPU's internal registers, so there is no delay when accessing them. Internal registers store less than 1Kb of information. Programs can manipulate registers without hardware intervention. Access to registers is the fastest - a few nanoseconds.
The next layer is the cache memory, which is mostly controlled by the hardware. The most frequently used areas of the cache are stored in a high-speed cache located inside the CPU. When a program needs to read a word from memory, the cache chip determines whether the desired line is in the cache; if it is, then the cache is effectively accessed. Cache memory is limited in size due to its high cost. Modern machines have two or three levels of cache, each slower and larger than the last. Cache sizes range from tens of kilobytes to several megabytes. Access time is somewhat longer than for registers.
Figure 2 - Hierarchical structure of memory
This is followed by RAM (RAM - Random Acces Memory or random access memory) - the main working area of \u200b\u200bthe machine's storage device. All CPU requests that cannot be fulfilled by the cache go to RAM for processing. Volumes from hundreds of megabytes to several gigabytes. The access time is tens of nanoseconds.
Next comes the magnetic disk. Disk memory is two orders of magnitude cheaper than RAM per bit and two orders of magnitude larger. The disk has one problem - random access to data on it takes about three orders of magnitude longer. The reason for the low speed of hard disk drives (HDDs) is that the drive is a mechanical structure. It consists of one or more metal plates rotating at certain speeds, such as 7200 rpm. Disk volumes are now growing rapidly, with hundreds of gigabytes of disks on sale for most users. Access time is at least 10 µs.
Tape is often used to back up HDDs or store very large datasets. Now, of course, it is rare where you can find the use of magnetic tapes, but still they have not yet fallen into disuse. The level of magnetic tape also includes CDs, DVDs and flash memory. Access time is measured in seconds.
In addition to the types described, computers have a small amount of permanent random-access memory. Unlike RAM, it does not lose its contents when the power is turned off. It is called ROM or ROM. The ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process and its contents cannot be changed afterwards. This memory is quite fast and cheap. The computer boot programs used at startup are in ROM. In addition, some I/O cards contain ROM to control low-level devices. A form of memory called CMOS is volatile. CMOS is used to store the current date, time, and configuration settings such as which hard drive to boot from. This memory draws power from the installed battery.
I/O devices
The operating system interacts with I/O devices as if they were resources. I/O devices usually consist of a controller and the device itself.
Controller - a set of chips on a board inserted into a slot, a physical control device. It accepts operating system commands (for example, instructions to read data from a device) and executes them. The actual control of the device is very complex and requires a high level of detail. Therefore, the function of the controller is to provide a simple interface to the operating system.
The next part is the device itself. Devices have fairly simple interfaces, because their capabilities are small and they need to be brought to a single standard. A single standard is needed, for example, so that each IDE disk controller (Integrated Drive Electronics) can control any IDE disk. The IDE interface is standard for drives on Pentium-based computers and other computers as well. Since the real interface of the device is hidden by the controller, the operating system sees only the interface of the controller, which can be very different from the interface of the device itself.
Since all types of controllers are different, they require different software. The program that communicates with the controller is the device driver. Each controller manufacturer must provide drivers for supported operating systems. To use a driver, it must be installed in the operating system so that it can run in kernel mode. There are three ways to install a driver into the kernel:
Relink the kernel with the new driver and then reboot the operating system (this is how many Unix operating systems work);
Create an entry in the file included in the operating system, saying that a driver is required and then reboot the system; during the initial boot, the operating system itself finds the necessary drivers and loads them (this is how Windows works);
The operating system can accept new drivers without interruption and install them quickly without the need for a reboot. This method is becoming more and more common. Devices such as USB, IEEE 1394 buses always need dynamically loaded drivers.
Data input/output can be done in three different ways.
In the simplest way, the user program issues a system request, which the kernel translates into a procedure call corresponding to the driver, then the driver starts the I/O process. At this time, it performs a short program cycle, constantly polling the device with which it works. When the I/O operations complete, the driver puts the data where it is needed and returns to its original state. The operating system then returns control to the program that made the call. This method is waiting for readiness (active waiting). It has one disadvantage: the processor must poll the device until it is finished.
The driver starts the device and asks it to issue interrupts when I/O is complete; after that, the driver returns control to the operating system, and it begins to perform other tasks. When the controller detects the end of the data transfer, it generates an interrupt about the completion of the operation. The I/O process that uses interrupts has four steps (Figure 3). In the first step, the driver sends a command to the controller, writing information to the device registers. The controller then starts the device. When the controller finishes reading or writing the number of bytes it was told to transfer, it sends a signal to the interrupt controller chip using the specified bus wires. This is step two. In the third step, if the interrupt controller is ready to handle interrupts, then it sends a signal to a certain CPU pin, informing it in this way. In the fourth step, the interrupt controller inserts the device number on the bus so that the CPU can know which device has completed.
The third method of input-output information is to use a special DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller. DMA manages the flow of bits between RAM and some controllers without intervention from the CPU. The processor accesses the DMA chip, tells it the number of bytes to transfer, as well as the device and memory address, and the direction of data transfer. Upon completion, the DMA initiates an interrupt, which is handled in the usual way.
Figure 3 - Actions taken when starting an I / O device and receiving an interrupt
Tires
Due to the increase in the speed of the processor and memory, additional buses were added to the system both to speed up the communication of I / O devices, and to transfer data between the processor and memory. Figure 4 shows a diagram of the computing system of the first Pentiums.
This system has 8 buses (cache bus, local bus, memory bus, PCI, SCSI, USB, IDE, ISA), each with its own data transfer rate and its own functions. The operating system must have information about all of these buses in order to manage the computer.
The central processor transmits data via the local bus to the PCI bridge chip, which in turn accesses the memory via a dedicated bus. The Pentium I system has a first level (L1) cache built into the processor and a much larger second level (L2) cache connected to the processor by a separate cache bus. The IDE bus is used to connect peripheral devices to the system (CD-ROM, hard drive).
Figure 4 - The structure of the Pentium system
The USB (Universal Serial Bus) bus is designed to connect additional input/output devices to the computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, printer, flash memory, etc. Over time, new faster tires appear and are added.
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