Description of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl: the history of creation. Geography of the Vladimir region

VLADIMIR REGION, subject of the Russian Federation. It is located in the central part of the European territory of the Russian Federation. Included in the Central Federal District. The area is 29 thousand km 2. The population is 1487.2 thousand people (2005; 1211 thousand people in 1926; 1405 thousand people in 1959; 1654 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of Vladimir. Administrative-territorial division: 16 districts, 23 cities, 21 urban-type settlements.

Government departments. The system of public authorities is determined by the Charter (Basic Law) of the Vladimir Region (2001). State power is exercised by the Legislative Assembly of the region, the administration, and other bodies of state power formed in accordance with the Charter of the region. The Legislative Assembly is the highest legislative (representative) body of state power in the region. Consists of 38 deputies elected for 4 years. A deputy can work on a professional permanent basis (the number of deputies working on a professional permanent basis is established by the Legislative Assembly, but not more than 10 people). The Administration of the Vladimir Region is the highest executive body of state power in the region. It is headed by the governor (head of administration) - the highest official of the region, empowered by the Legislative Assembly of the region on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

Nature. Relief. The Vladimir Region is located in the central part of the East European Plain. In general terms, the relief is represented by a slightly hilly plain, inclined from the northwest to the southeast. The most elevated extreme north-west of the Vladimir region is confined to the north-eastern tip of the Klin-Dmitrov ridge (271 m - the highest point of the region). In the northwestern part of the Vladimir region, within the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, a moraine-erosion hilly relief is developed. To the southeast, in the interfluve of the Kirzhach and the Nerl, the upland is replaced by the undulating plain of the Vladimir Opol'e (up to 238 m high), a strongly dissected ravine-beam network. In the southern part of the region there is a flat, in some places slightly hilly, swampy Meshcherskaya lowland. The eastern part of the territory of the Vladimir region is an outwash flat-wavy low-lying plain up to 184 m high, the relief of which is complicated by karst funnels and hollows. In the north of the region, between the Nerl and Klyazma rivers, and in the extreme northeast, in the Lukh river basin, there are slightly hilly and flat water-glacial and alluvial, heavily swampy lowlands.

Geological structure and minerals. The Vladimir region is part of the eastern part of the Moscow syneclise of the Russian plate of the ancient East European platform. In the eastern part of the region, the Oka-Tsninsky swell extends submeridionally, manifested in the Carboniferous deposits of the platform cover (represented mainly by carbonate rocks). Quaternary glacial, water-glacial, eolian-deluvial, lacustrine-river and bog deposits are widespread on the territory of the Vladimir region, overlying the older Carboniferous, Permian and Cretaceous deposits of the platform cover. Deposits of natural building materials (limestone, quartz sand, various clays, etc.) are known; brown iron deposits. The Vladimir region has significant reserves of peat and sapropel.

Climate. Natural conditions are favorable for the life of the population. The climate is temperate continental with warm summers, moderately cold winters, and well-defined transitional seasons. Average January temperatures range from -11°С in the northwest of the Vladimir region to -12°С in the southeast; in July - from 17.5 to 18.5°С. Precipitation per year from 550 to 600 mm; maximum precipitation occurs in summer. In winter, a stable snow cover forms. The duration of the growing season is 160-180 days.

Inland waters. Most of the territory of the Vladimir region belongs to the basin of the Klyazma River, the main left tributary of the Oka. The most numerous and abundant are the left tributaries of the Klyazma, including the Kirzhach, Peksha, and Koloksha, which flow entirely within the region. The largest right tributary of the Klyazma in the Vladimir region is the Sudogda. The Oka River flows along the southeastern border of the region, navigable throughout its entire length within the Vladimir region (157 km). The rivers have a flat course; wide valleys and winding channels; The water regime of the rivers is characterized by high spring floods, low summer-autumn low water with individual floods during heavy rains, and stable winter low water. There are many lakes, mainly of glacial (mainly in the Meshcherskaya lowland) and floodplain (in the Oka and Klyazma valleys) origin, in the east of the region there are karst lakes.

Soils, flora and fauna. On the territory of the Vladimir region, soddy-podzolic soils of predominantly sandy and sandy composition predominate; within the Meshchera lowland and other low plains and lowlands, bog-podzolic and bog peat soils are common. On the plains of the Vladimir Opol'e, the most fertile light gray and gray forest soils within the Vladimir region were formed on mantle loams. Alluvial soddy soils are developed in the Oka and Klyazma valleys.

The Vladimir region is located in the zone of mixed forests; Forests occupy over 55% of the territory. Pine forests predominate - about 52% of forests, small-leaved forests (birch and aspen forests) occupy about 35%, spruce forests, characteristic mainly of the northwestern part, - 9%. In the floodplains of the rivers there are alder forests. Oak and linden forests were cut down in the 19th century and are represented by separate groves and copses. Lowland swamps are widespread in the southern part of the region, and floodplain meadows are found in river valleys. The old-developed landscapes of the Vladimirsky Opolye have long been famous for their garden plantations: in the 17th century, the famous winter-hardy variety of Vladimir cherry was bred, since the 19th century, Nevezhinskaya mountain ash has been known.

Elk, wolf, raccoon dog, fox, lynx, white hare, etc. have been preserved in the forests of the Vladimir region; from birds - black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse, woodcock, etc. In the middle of the 20th century, some previously exterminated species of mammals were reacclimatized on the territory of the region, including wild boar, marten, beaver. There are about 40 species of fish in rivers and lakes, including pike, perch, zander, bream, burbot.

Protected natural areas, occupying 6.2% of the territory of the Vladimir region, are represented by the Meshchera National Park, two federal nature reserves - complex and zoological (Muromsky and Klyazminsky), 31 regional nature reserves, 163 natural monuments, including botanical, hydrological and complex.

A fairly favorable ecological situation has developed in the region, in some areas it is moderately acute due to air and surface water pollution. Air emissions of pollutants from stationary sources, mainly from industrial enterprises in Vladimir and Murom, amount to 33 thousand tons (2003). Water intake 324 million m 3 /year; the discharge of polluted wastewater is 184.8 million m 3 /year (2002), the largest volume of discharges enters the waters of the Klyazma and its tributaries - the Sherna and Peksha. Landscapes are significantly disturbed in the areas of peat extraction, areas of limestone mining, etc.

N. N. Kalutskova.

Population. Most of the population of the Vladimir region are Russians (94.7% - 2002, census). From other groups - Ukrainians (1.1%), Tatars (0.6%), Belarusians (0.4%), Armenians (0.3%).

A high natural population decline is characteristic (2004): the death rate (20.2 per 1,000 inhabitants) is more than twice the birth rate (9.4 per 1,000 inhabitants); infant mortality 10.0 per 1000 live births. The migration decline in the population is insignificant (2 people per 10,000 inhabitants). The share of women is 55%. The age structure of the region's population differs from the average Russian low share of persons younger than working age (14.9%) and increased - older than working age (23.9%). The average life expectancy is 62.9 years (men - 55.6, women - 71.4). The Vladimir region belongs to the densely populated regions of Russia: the average population density (51.3 people / km 2) exceeds the national average by 6 times. The Kameshkovsky, Murom and Suzdal regions are the most densely populated. Urban population 78.5% (2005; 56.7% in 1959; 79.2% in 1989). Large cities (thousand people, 2005): Vladimir - 310.5, Kovrov - 152.8, Murom - 123.6, Gus-Khrustalny - 64.9, Alexandrov - 64.0.

D. A. Pulyaeva.

Religion. According to the results of a sociological survey (2004), residents of the region identified their religious affiliation as follows: 51% - Orthodox; 18.4% are generally Christians (of which only 3.1% are Catholics; 0.6% are Protestants); 1.7% - Muslims; 0.3% - Jews; 0.1% - Buddhists; 15.1% do not identify themselves with any religious group; 8.9% profess "individual religious views"; 1.1% associate their religious identification with new religious teachings and alternative cults.

The following are registered in the Vladimir region: 261 parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, in which 348 clergy serve (united into 14 deanery districts of the Vladimir and Suzdal diocese, established in 1214); 17 parishes of the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church; 5 parishes of the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church; 1 parish of the Roman Catholic Church; 10 congregations of Evangelical Christian Baptists; 10 Evangelical Pentecostal Christian Communities; 9 communities of Seventh-day Adventists; 6 communities of evangelical Christians; 2 congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses; 1 parish of the Evangelical Lutheran Church; 1 parish of the Armenian Apostolic Church; 1 community of the Society for Krishna Consciousness (Vaisnavas); 1 Muslim community; 1 Jewish community (2005).

On the territory of the Vladimir region there are 25 monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (2005), including the oldest in North-Eastern Russia: Murom in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord (founded before 1096), Bogolyubsky in honor of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos (1155), Vladimir in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God (1191), Vladimir Knyaginin in honor of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos (1200), Euphrosyne of Suzdal in honor of the Position of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos (1207), Suzdal in the name of St. Basil the Great (known since the 13th century).

Historical essay. The oldest monuments of the Vladimir region belong to the Upper Paleolithic (about 30-25 thousand years ago), the Sungir site has gained worldwide fame. The Mesolithic is represented by the Butovo culture, the Neolithic by the Upper Volga culture, the Ryazan culture, the Lyalovo culture, the Balakhna culture, the end of the Neolithic and the Eneolithic by the Volosovo culture. In the Bronze Age, the Fatyanovo culture, the Pozdnyakovskaya culture, and the Abashevskaya culture existed on the territory of the Vladimir region. By the end of the Bronze Age there are monuments with early reticulated ceramics. In the early Iron Age, most of the Vladimir region was occupied by the Dyakovo culture, and the Oka basin was occupied by the Gorodets culture. A number of researchers associate antiquities of the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD with the Volga-Finnish tribes - Muroma, Merei, Meshchera.

Since the 10th century, the Slavic colonization of the region began, the cities of Suzdal, Murom arose, the territory of the modern Vladimir region became part of the Old Russian state, the Rostov-Suzdal principality, and then the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. At the beginning of the 12th century, Vladimir arose, probably Yaropolch Zalessky, in the middle of the 12th century, in connection with the activities of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky, - Yuryev-Polsky, Gorokhovets, Starodub (now the village of Klyazmensky Gorodok), Mstislavl (the village of Gorodishche Yuryev- Polsky district), the princely residences of Kideksha, Bogolyubovo. According to archaeological data, other ancient Russian fortified settlements (not mentioned in the annals), mounds are known.

In the era of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and after the loss by Vladimir in the middle - 2nd half of the 14th century of the role of the all-Russian political center, a number of cities in the Vladimir region lost their significance, many turned into villages (a boyar estate of the 15th century near the village of Sima, Yuryev-Polsky district, was studied archaeologically ). However, the most important cities retained their status in the later period. In the 1510s, extensive construction work was carried out in the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda (now the city of Aleksandrov) - the residence of the Grand Dukes of Moscow. In 1564-81 Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda was the de facto capital of the Russian state. In 1608, during the intervention of the Commonwealth of the early 17th century, the detachments of A. Lisovsky ruined and captured Suzdal, which they controlled until 1610, later Vladimir and its environs. In 1634, Suzdal was raided by the Crimean Tatars. After the provincial reform of 1708, the main territory of the modern Vladimir region became part of the Moscow province. A small part of the region was part of the Kazan (1708-14, 1717-19) and Nizhny Novgorod (1714-17) provinces. When the provinces were divided into provinces in 1719, the entire territory of the modern Vladimir region became part of the Moscow province, within which the Vladimir, Yuryev-Polish and Suzdal provinces were formed, part of the modern Vladimir region became part of the Pereslavl-Zalessky province. Since the 18th century, the active development of industry in the region began, primarily glass, calico and linen. In 1731, a glass factory was opened in the village of Nikolsky in the Vladimir district, at the same time a linen manufactory was founded in the village of Luknovo, Yaropolchsky palace volost, in 1747 - a glass factory in the Vladimir district, in 1749 - a canvas and linen manufactory in the village of Vyazniki. The Gus Crystal Factory, founded in 1756 by A. V. Maltsov (see Maltsov’s article) in the Shivorovo tract on the Gus River (now in the city of Gus-Khrustalny), remains the most famous enterprise to this day. In 1778-1929, the territory of the modern Vladimir region was part of the Vladimir province. The region was practically unaffected by the Civil War of 1917-22, which had a positive effect on its economic situation. In 1918, part of the territory of the Vladimir province became part of the newly formed Ivanovo-Voznesensk province. In 1927, the Lakinskaya spinning mill was launched - the first in the USSR for 100,000 spindles. In 1929-44, after the liquidation of the Vladimir province, the territory of the modern Vladimir region was part of the Ivanovo industrial (since 1936 - Ivanovo) region, Nizhny Novgorod (in 1929-36 - Nizhny Novgorod region; since 1936 - Gorky) region, Central industrial (since 1929 - Moscow) areas. During industrialization, new large enterprises were built - the Dzerzhinsky technical glass plant in the city of Gus-Khrustalny (1929; the first mechanized glass plant in the USSR), the Vladimir Chemical Plant (1931), the Avtopribor plant (1932; the first such enterprise in the USSR), Aleksandrovsky radio factory (1932).

The Vladimir region within its present borders was established on 14.8.1944, included parts of the territories of the Ivanovo region (with the cities of Alexandrov, Vladimir, Vyazniki, Gorokhovets, Gus-Khrustalny, Karabanovo, Kovrov, Kolchugino, Strunino, Sudogda, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky), Gorky region ( with the city of Mur) and the Moscow region (with the city of Pokrov). In 1945, the first stage of the Vladimir Tractor Plant was put into operation. In the 1950s-70s, a number of large industrial enterprises were built and reconstructed in the Vladimir region. A. E. Leontiev.

economy. The Vladimir Region is part of the Central Economic Region. The country's economy is distinguished by the production of AC motors (36.7% of the Russian Federation, 2004), linen single-thread yarn (23.8%), televisions (22.7%), tractors (14.2%), window glass (12 .6%), fabrics (5.9%) and shoes (5.3%). The region has the only research and testing base for laser technology in the Russian Federation - the Raduga State Laser Center (Raduzhny city).

In the structure of GRP (%, 2003): the share of industry 35.7, agriculture 9.9, trade and commercial activities for the sale of goods and services 9.4, transport 8.0, construction 4.6, communications 2.0, others industries - 30.4. Correlation of enterprises by forms of ownership (by number of organizations, %, 2005): private 74.7, state and municipal 14.2, public and religious organizations 7.2, other forms of ownership 4.0.

The economically active population is 806 thousand people (2004), 88% are employed in the economy. Sectoral structure of employment (%): industry 34.0, trade and public catering 15.5, education 7.8, agriculture 6.8, healthcare 5.8, construction 5.5, housing and communal services 5.3, transport 5.1. The unemployment rate of 9.1% is higher than the national average. Cash income per capita 4.9 thousand rubles per month (55% of the average for the Russian Federation, March 2006); about 30% of the population have incomes below the subsistence level.

Industry. The volume of industrial production is 77.2 billion rubles (2004). In the structure of industrial production (%), mechanical engineering and metalworking are in the lead - 42.6; share of the food industry 15.5, electric power industry 11.8, glass and porcelain-faience industry 7.3, chemical and petrochemical industry 6.7, light industry 4.1, building materials industry 3.0, non-ferrous metallurgy 2.9, timber, woodworking and pulp paper 2.5.

The natural resource potential of the region is small. Building materials (clays, sands, sand and gravel materials, carbonate rocks), peat, and sapropel are of local importance.

The Vladimir region is one of the energy-deficient regions: up to 60% of the electricity consumed comes from other regions of the Russian Federation. The largest enterprise in the electric power industry is Vladimirenergo, the main producer is Vladimirskaya CHPP.

Non-ferrous metallurgy of the region is represented by the Kolchugtsvetmet enterprise (production and processing of non-ferrous metals from alloys based on copper and nickel, including supplies of blanks - copper rod - for the Kolchuginsky plant "Electrocable"). Mechanical engineering and metalworking specialize in the production of electrical, transport, agricultural and road construction equipment (table 1). The largest enterprises: "Vladimir Motor and Tractor Plant", the plant of the Turkish company "Vestel" (the city of Alexandrov; assembly of TV sets, etc.), "Vladimir Electric Motor Plant" (AC motors, cranes, etc.), the excavator plant "Kovrovets", "Muromteplovoz ". Automotive industry enterprises produce components for lighting products, electrical equipment and devices for domestic vehicles: Avtopribor in Vladimir, Avtosvet in Kirzhach, Stavrovsky Plant of Automotive Equipment (including wheelchairs for the disabled; over 36% of Russian production) etc. Until the early 1990s, the share of defense industry products (artillery weapons and rocketry, radar stations, etc.) was high in the structure of mechanical engineering. The nature of the production activities of enterprises has changed significantly in the process of conversion: the plant named after V. A. Degtyarev (Kovrov) also produces metal-cutting machines, motorcycles, sewing machines, etc., Tochmash (Vladimir) - precision mechanics devices, Murommashzavod - loaders - excavators, "Oka-Kholod" - refrigeration equipment, household appliances, etc., "Kovrovsky Electromechanical Plant" - hydraulic equipment.

The main products of the chemical industry are fertilizers, plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, etc. Leading enterprises: Vladimir Chemical Plant, Sudogodsk Fiberglass, Film Materials Plant (Vladimir). The glass industry is traditionally developed. One of the oldest and largest enterprises in the industry is the Gusev Crystal Plant (founded in 1756, the city of Gus-Crystal); other large enterprises are Symbol (Kurlovo; window glass), Krasnoye Ekho (Krasnoye Ekho village; glass containers), RASKO (Aponino village; glass containers), etc. The textile industry dominates in light industry. The Vladimir region is one of the main Russian producers of linen, cotton and silk fabrics. The production of garments and footwear has been developed. Leading enterprises: Gorodischenskaya Finishing Factory (Gorodishchi village; dressings), KaTeMa (Aleksandrov; fabrics, bed linen, etc.), Struninskaya Manufactory (Strunino city; fabrics, clothing), Gus-Khrustalny Textile Plant ”, “Lakinskaya Manufactory” (fabrics), Melenkovsky and Vyaznikovsky flax mills, “Sudar” (Kovrov; men's clothing), “Kolchuginsky garment factory”, “Slavyanka” (Vladimir; professional clothes), “Vladimir knitwear”, etc.

The largest food industry enterprises: the Pokrov chocolate factory (one of the leading Russian manufacturers), Gorohovets Pishchevik (bakery products, etc.), Vladalko, Aleksandrovsky, Muromsky distilleries, etc. A wide range and high tinctures and balms of the experimental fruit and nursery farm for sea buckthorn (Gus-Khrustalny district) are distinguished by their quality. Artistic crafts are developed: embroidery, jewelry, lacquer miniatures (the village of Mstera).

The main industrial centers are the cities of Vladimir, Murom, Kovrov, Aleksandrov, Kolchugino.

Agriculture. The volume of agricultural production is 12.5 billion rubles (2004).

Agriculture is predominantly suburban. In value terms, crop production dominates (about 63%). Agricultural development of the territory is low: the area of ​​agricultural land is 911.5 thousand hectares (31.4% of the area of ​​the region), of which about 66% is arable land. They grow fodder (62.5% of the sown area), cereals (24.9%, rye, oats, wheat) crops, potatoes and vegetables (12.3%), industrial crops (0.2%) (Table 2). Horticulture (mainly the cultivation of cucumbers in the Suzdal region) and horticulture are well developed.

Animal husbandry is of an intensive-extensive type, mainly with stall keeping of livestock. The main industries are dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming and horse breeding (tables 3, 4).

Most of the agricultural land (87.2%) belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations; in the personal use of citizens - 7.1%, the share of peasant (farm) enterprises accounts for 2% of agricultural land. Almost all grain (98.8%) and about 3/4 of livestock and poultry for slaughter, milk and eggs are produced by agricultural organizations; households are leading in the production of potatoes (85.7%) and vegetables (90.9%).

Transport. The length of railways is 928 km. The main railway lines: Moscow - Vladimir - Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow - Murom - Kazan, Moscow - Alexandrov - Yaroslavl. The length of paved roads is 5556 km. The highway Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Kazan passes through the region. Airport in Vladimir (passenger flights have been canceled since 1995; specializes in fire fighting). Navigation on the rivers Oka and Klyazma. River ports: Vyazniki, Murom. Large pipelines run through the territory of the Vladimir region: the Surgut - Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi oil pipeline; gas pipeline Urengoy - Surgut - Chelyabinsk - Kazan - Nizhny Novgorod - Vladimir - Moscow, etc.

D. A. Pulyaeva.

healthcare. There are 16.4 thousand hospital beds in the Vladimir region (105 beds per 10 thousand inhabitants); 4.8 thousand doctors work (1 doctor per 328 inhabitants), 14.0 thousand paramedical personnel (2003). The main causes of death are diseases of the circulatory organs (about 62.1%), injuries, poisoning and accidents (12.5%), and malignant neoplasms (10.9%).

A. N. Prokinova.

Education. cultural institutions. More than 51 thousand children are brought up in 598 pre-school institutions of the region, about 164 thousand students study in 576 secondary schools (2005). There are 91 institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, 26 universities (including branches and representative offices), including state ones: Vladimir University (traces its history from the Vladimir Evening Polytechnic Institute, established in 1963; the name and status have changed several times; since 1996, the modern name) , Vladimir Pedagogical University (since 1919), Kovrov Technological Academy (1996). Scientific research and development is carried out by 39 organizations and enterprises, including the All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Protection (Vladimir), the Research Institute of Glass (the city of Gus-Khrustalny). 4 regional libraries (2005). 14 museums, including the historical, architectural and art museum-reserves - Vladimir-Suzdal (1854; modern name since 1958) and "Alexandrovskaya Sloboda"; Murom Historical and Art Museum (1918), Mstyora Art Museum (1919), Yuryev-Polsky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum (founded in 1920 as a local history museum), House-Museum of N. E. Zhukovsky (1937; village of Orekhovo, Sobinsky District), Alexander Literary and Art Museum of Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaeva (1990), Crystal Museum (Gus-Khrustalny), Museum of the Rooster (1997; city of Petushki), etc.

Mass media. The main publications (2006) are the newspapers "Vladimirskiye Vedomosti", "Molva", "Appeal", "Pulse of the province". Television companies - GTRK "Vladimir", "TV-Center - Vladimir", "TV-6 - Vladimir". Radio stations - "Public Russian Radio - Vladimir", "Vladimir News Service".

Architecture and fine arts. In the 12th - 1st half of the 13th century, the Vladimir-Suzdal art school developed on the territory of the Vladimir region. The oldest architectural monuments - the Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha (1152, murals of the 1180s), the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165), fragments of the princely residence in Bogolyubovo, etc. - were built from local white stone, with the participation of foreign, obviously, German masters. Richly carved decorations distinguish the Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir, the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in Suzdal (1222-25; fragments of painting 1233, 1635-36; the unique Golden Gates - 1158-64) and St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky. Stone construction, interrupted by the Tatar-Mongol invasion, was revived at the end of the 15-16th century: the royal residence was erected in the Alexander Sloboda (see Alexandrov), large monastic complexes were formed in Suzdal (Savior Evfimiev and Pokrovsky monasteries), Kirzhach (Annunciation monastery), Murom (Spassky Monastery). In the 17th century, a lot of construction was carried out in monasteries: Mikhailo-Arkhangelsky in Yuryev-Polsky, Nikolsky and Sretensky in Gorokhovets, Trinity in Murom. The murals of the Trinity Cathedral and the Church of the Intercession of the Alexander Sloboda (16th century), as well as the murals of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery (1689, artists G. Nikitin and S. Savin) have been partially preserved. In the 17th century, a number of regional art schools were formed, primarily Suzdal, whose monuments include churches: Lazarevskaya (1667), Smolenskaya (1707), Voskresenskaya (1720 or 1732), the Ascension Church of the Alexander Monastery (1695), etc. Among the works in Baroque style - the Kazan Church in Smolyevo (1737), Pokrovsky in Omoforovo (1769) and in Kliny (1777), Andreevsky in Andreevsky (1778-79). The main monuments of classicism are the churches: St. in Potakino (1824), the bell tower of the Rizopolozhensky Monastery in Suzdal (1813-19).

In Gorokhovets there are rare monuments of civil architecture - the merchants' chambers of the late 17th - early 18th centuries. A number of estate ensembles of the Baroque era (Andreevskoye, 1760-70s) and classicism (Omoforovo and Ratislovo, both - the last quarter of the 18th century) have been preserved, as well as estates of the late 19th century with a predominance of neo-Gothic forms - Fedorovskoye, Mikhailovskaya (architect E. A. Sabaneev), Muromtsevo (architect P. S. Boitsov). Among the buildings in the neo-Byzantine and neo-Russian styles, churches stand out - St. (1866), the Vvedensko-Ostrovsky Monastery (1894), the Cathedral of the Smolenskaya Zosimov Pustyn Monastery (the last quarter of the 19th century). The combination of Art Nouveau and Neo-Russian style is typical for the railway station in Murom (1912, architect A.V. Shchusev), Prishletsov's house in Gorokhovets (early 20th century), etc. In the forms of constructivism, the House of Culture of the Krasny Profintern factory in Karabanovo was built (1928) , the Palace of Culture in Kovrov (the turn of the 1920s and 30s), the Red Proletarian textile mill in Vyazniki. After the Great Patriotic War, extensive scientific and restoration work was carried out (architect A.V. Stoletov and others). Since the 1970s, cultural facilities have been built (the building of the Drama Theater in Vladimir, 1970, architect G. P. Gorlyshkov, etc.) and tourism (a large tourist center complex was created in Suzdal, 1976; architects M. A. Orlov, Yu V. Raninsky, V. I. Kosarzhevsky, sculptor Yu. V. Alexandrov and others). Many cities of the Vladimir region have preserved their historical buildings of the 18th - early 20th centuries; in some, fragments of the old Russian planning are preserved (in Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Murom, Gorokhovets). The white-stone architectural monuments of the Vladimir region are included in the World Heritage List.

Traditional crafts: Mstyora miniature and embroidery in Mstyora (Honored Artist T.M. Shulpina, craftswomen A.I. Kislina, N.M. Kotkova; lace - V.N. Kolchugina. Among the artists - I. S. Kulikov, K. N. Britov, V. G. Kokurin, V. Ya. Yukin, N. M. Baranov (painting); V. A. Basmanov, V. S. Volkov, P. G. Dik, B. F. Frantsuzov (graphics); I. A. Chernoglazov, V. A. Shanin (sculpture).

Music. Musical culture is based on song and instrumental folklore of the Central Russian tradition; at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, ensembles of horn players became widely known in Russia and abroad (see the article Vladimirsky horn). Folklore was recorded by G. O. Dyutsh, S. M. Lyapunov, I. V. Nekrasov, E. E. Lineva, B. F. Smirnov, B. I. Rabinovich, and others. I. Taneev.

In 1944, the Regional Philharmonic Society (until 1968 a concert and variety bureau) was founded in Vladimir, it included: the Rus vocal and choreographic ensemble, the Russian Chamber Orchestra, the Chamber String Orchestra, and the Amadeus vocal ensemble. The Center for Choral Music of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (1992) functions in Vladimir, it includes: Vladimir Chamber Choir, Vladimir Governor's Symphony Orchestra, Boys' Choir, City Girls' Choir. Among the professional musicians of the region is the choir conductor E. M. Markin. Held: the Festival of Russian Choral Music named after S. I. Taneyev (since 1981), the international festival "Jazz Province", the All-Russian Competition of Russian Romance Performers.

V. S. Zinnatullina.

Theatre. The first serf theaters appeared in the Vladimir province at the end of the 18th century (the village of Andreevskoye, the estate of Count A. R. Vorontsov). In 1848, the first stationary theater was opened in Vladimir in a specially constructed building under the direction of entrepreneur B. Solovyov. In 1851, a new theater building was built at the Golden Gate (architect Ya. M. Nikiforov). In 1887, the Society of Lovers of Musical and Dramatic Art was organized. Since 1905, various entreprises have performed on the stage of the People's House. In 1918, the People's House was transferred to the Association of Dramatic Artists, in 1922 it was renamed the Vladimir State Drama Theater (since 1934 named after A. V. Lunacharsky). In 2003, the City Theater Complex was formed on the basis of the theatre. Also in the Vladimir region work: in Vladimir - the Puppet Theater (1969), in Aleksandrov - the Municipal Drama Theater (1993).

Lit .: Stoletov A.V. Architectural monuments of the Vladimir region. Vladimir, 1958; Voronin N. N. Architecture of North-Eastern Russia XII-XV centuries. M., 1961-1962. T. 1-2; he is. Vladimir. Bogolyubovo. Suzdal. Yuriev-Polsky. M., 1983; On the land of Vladimir. Guide. 2nd ed. Yaroslavl, 1970; Vladimirskaya Land: Geographic Dictionary. Vladimir, 1991; Archaeological map of Russia. Vladimir region. M., 1995; Monuments of history and culture of the Vladimir region. Vladimir, 1996; Karlovich I. A., Levitskaya A. I., Karlovich I. E. Geography of the Vladimir Region: Nature. Vladimir, 1999; Vladimir land. M., 2002. T. 1-2; Vladimir Encyclopedia. Vladimir, 2002; Code of architectural monuments and monumental art of Russia. M., 2004.T. 5: Vladimir region. Part 1

1. The Vladimir Region, as a subject of the Russian Federation, is included in the Central Federal District. It has a strategic position on the map of Russia, adjacent to Moscow (in the west and southwest), Nizhny Novgorod (in the east), Yaroslavl, Ivanovo (in the north) and Ryazan (in the south) regions. This ensures the tourist and investment attractiveness of the region.

The Vladimir region has a developed transport infrastructure, which contributes to the development of external relations. An extensive network of railways in the region connects Vladimir with Moscow and other regions: Moscow-Vladimir-Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow-Alexandrov-Yaroslavl, Moscow-Murom-Kazan-Yekaterinburg. Federal highways Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod-Kazan (M-7 "Volga" highway) and Moscow-Yaroslavl pass through the territory of the region. Automotive region code - 33.

2. The territory of the Vladimir region - 29,000 sq. km. The population of the region is about 1.4 million people, and more than 3 million people annually visit the Vladimir region as tourists. Over the past three years, more than 8 million tourists have visited the region.

3. The Vladimir Region is located in the central part of the East European Plain, in the south of the Volga-Oka interfluve. The relief of the region connects both hilly areas (Gorokhovetsky spur), and flat areas (Vladimir-Suzdalskoye, Yuryevo Opole) and lowlands (Meshcherskaya lowland) territories. Due to the sharp slopes of the hills, the region has recreational resources for the development of winter sports. The climate is temperate continental, with warm summers (average air temperature in July +19˚), moderately cold winters with stable snow cover (average temperature in January -12˚), pronounced transitional seasons.

4. The oldest traces of human presence on the territory of the Vladimir region date back to the Upper Paleolithic (about 25 thousand years BC), as evidenced by the found sites of Sungir (near Bogolyubov), Rusanikha (within the boundaries of modern Vladimir), Karacharovskaya (near Murom ). In the Neolithic era, tribes belonging to the Volosovo archaeological culture lived here, in the Bronze Age - tribes of cattle breeders of the Fatyanovo culture.

Archaeological excavations indicate that the territory of the region was inhabited by tribes of Finno-Ugric origin - Meshchera, Muroma, Merya. From the 10th century Slavic colonization of these lands began, the cities of Murom, Suzdal, Vladimir arose.

5. The territory of the modern Vladimir region in the X century. was part of Kievan Rus, in the XI century. - part of the Rostov-Suzdal principality. In the second half of the XII - the first half of the XIV centuries. it formed the core of Vladimir-Suzdal, and then - the Grand Vladimir Principality, which was the largest political, economic and cultural center of Russia.

Eight outstanding white-stone monuments of the Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the XII-XIII centuries, which have survived to this day, were included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List in 1992: Golden Gates, Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals in Vladimir, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, part of the stair tower and the passage (gallery) of the former palace of Andrey Bogolyubsky in Bogolyubov-grad, the Church of Boris and Gleb in Kideksha, the Nativity Cathedral and the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal.

With the development of the Moscow principality under Ivan Kalita, the role of Vladimir as a capital city ceased. However, the political and cultural traditions of the Grand Vladimir Principality were adopted by Moscow during the period of the creation of the Russian centralized state. The process of joining the Vladimir lands to Moscow actually ended in the 16th century. under Ivan the Terrible. In 1565 Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda became the center of the Oprichnina and the de facto residence of Ivan IV the Terrible until 1581.

6. The Vladimir province existed for almost 140 years (1796-1929), with the center in Vladimir (in 1778-1796 there was an independent Vladimir governorship). Then, for 15 years, the Vladimir region was part of the Ivanovo industrial region (until August 1944).

Therefore, despite the antiquity of Vladimir, Suzdal, Murom and other cities, the Vladimir region within its current borders is relatively young: in 2014, the region turned 70 years old.

7. Vladimir region today is one of the most economically developed regions of the Central Federal District. In the industrial structure of the region, the largest weight (up to 40%) is occupied by mechanical engineering and instrumentation (production of small arms and missile weapons, equipment for the nuclear industry, light armored railway equipment, radio communication equipment and systems, excavators, motorcycles, household appliances, electric motors, precision engineering products and etc.), as well as metalworking (rolled metal, pipes for defense orders, utensils and jewelry production).

The glass industry is developing rapidly: the Vladimir region accounts for over 46% of the Russian production of high-quality tableware, 25% of window glass, and 21% of glass containers. Modern composite and fiberglass materials, polyurethane foams, polyester fiber are produced at the enterprises of the chemical industry using unique technologies.

The Vladimir Region is one of the leading Russian centers of the pharmaceutical industry, where genetically engineered drugs are produced for the diagnosis and treatment of serious and socially dangerous diseases (CJSC Generium), environmentally friendly veterinary medicines (Federal Center for Animal Health "ARRIAH") .

Almost a third of Russian chocolate is produced in the Vladimir region (Mon'delis Rus, Pokrov).

The Vladimir State Factory Stable and the Yuryev-Polsky Stud Farm preserve the golden fund of the famous horse breed "Vladimir Heavy Truck".

In the Vladimir region, world-famous art crafts are developing, such as Mstyora lacquer miniature, Mstyora embroidery, crystal making, etc.

8. A dynamically developing sector of the economy of the Vladimir region is tourism (7% of the region's GRP). The region entered the top five most visited tourist regions in Russia: the tourist flow increased in 2016 by 21% compared to the previous year and amounted to almost 4 million people.

In 2016, the first tourist product in Russia, the Gastronomic Map of the Vladimir Region, appeared in the region, which included branded catering and agrotourism facilities, which are a model of quality and hospitality.

The President of the Russian Federation V. Putin signed decrees on the celebration of the anniversaries of two ancient cities of the Vladimir region: in 2018 - the 850th anniversary of Gorokhovets, in 2024 - the 1000th anniversary of Suzdal.

In the 9th - 12th centuries, the colonization of North-Eastern Russia took place - the settlement of the Finno-Ugric lands between the Oka and the Volga by the Slavic people. Subsequently, one of the most influential principalities of Specific Russia, the Vladimir-Suzdal lands (12th - 15th centuries), was formed on this territory.

The independent development of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality began in 1154, when he became the great prince of Kyiv. He made Suzdal the capital of the principality.

Even before the formation of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, a dark spot in the history of the Suzdal land was the uprising of the Magi in 1024. Then, as the chronicle reports, due to the drought, a terrible crop failure occurred, which provoked the Magi (priests). They began to kill the "older child". Then he was forced to go to Suzdal to settle the situation.

1157 - the beginning of the reign of the son of Prince Dolgoruky -. Prince Andrei moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir. He strengthened his power, extended it to other lands. Prince Bogolyubsky actively rebuilt and elevated his principality, he wanted it to become the religious center of all Russia.

From 1176 to 1212 the reign of brother Andrei - who had a large number of heirs. Under him, the principality reached power. After his death, the principality was divided into numerous heirs, which contributed to the conquest and establishment of power over the lands of Specific Russia.

Under princes Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod 3, architecture was at a high level. Temples were actively built, which were supposed to glorify the principality. The architecture of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality had its own distinctive features. They even formed their own school, which used a new material - high quality white stone - limestone (displacing the use of bricks).

Bright representatives of the mastery of the architects of Vladimir - princely lands are the Assumption Cathedral, the Dmitrievsky Cathedral and the palace of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky.

The development of the architectural school was interrupted by the Mongol-Tatar invasion of North-Eastern Russia. Subsequently, part of the traditions of the principality could not be fully revived.

The geographical position of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was favorable for agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting and fishing.

The occupations of the population of large cities of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality included handicrafts, trade, construction, and the development of art.

The culture of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality is represented by numerous paintings, literary monuments and jewelry art, developed to a high level. This development of culture is associated with the development of the natural resources of the territories of the principality and the policy of new social forces ("young squad").

By the 14th century the independence of the specific principalities is increasing, some themselves claim the title of "Great" (Ryazan, Tver, Moscow, etc.). At the same time, the supreme power remains with the Grand Duke of Vladimir. He is perceived as the owner of the land, suzerain (a type of vassal feudal ruler, in whose subordination other smaller feudal lords) of the state territory. Legislative, executive, judicial, military and ecclesiastical power belongs to Prince Vladimirsky.

The features of the political and economic development of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality include:

• Slower folding of feudal relations than in the Kyiv land. (By the time of the collapse of Ancient Russia, a strong boyars did not have time to form here, except for the city of Rostov);
• The rapid growth of new cities (Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Moscow and others), successfully competing with the old ones (Rostov and Suzdal) and serving as a pillar of princely power. Moscow subsequently made the lands of North-Eastern Russia the basis of a single centralized state;
• The main source of income is dues from the population (including for numerous buildings);
• The military organization of the land consisted of a princely squad and a feudal militia;
• Relations between peasants and feudal lords were based on norms. It was used in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality longer than in the rest;
• The higher clergy played an important role in the life of the state.

From the side of foreign policy, there were 3 main directions carried out by the princes of North-Eastern Russia:

• Volga Bulgaria;
• Novgorod;
• Kyiv.

The temple in the Vladimir region, located one and a half kilometers from the village of Bogolyubovo, is an outstanding monument of Russian architecture of the Vladimir-Suzdal school. It could have disappeared from the face of the earth, but it has survived to this day and is considered one of the most magnificent churches in Russia. Experts call it the greatest masterpiece of world art, the "white swan" of Russian architecture. By the perfection of forms, this church is compared with the most famous ancient temples.

The history of the creation of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (photo)

On August 1, 1164, during a campaign against the Volga Bulgars, rays of fiery light suddenly began to emanate from the icons of the Savior, Our Lady of Vladimir and the Cross in the Russian army. According to legend, in honor of this event, Prince Vladimir Andrei Bogolyubsky decided to build a temple. According to another version, the reason for the construction was the death of the son of Prince Andrei Izyaslav during a campaign against the Volga Bulgaria.

The temple was dedicated to the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, which at that time was quite unusual for Russia. It was supposed to indicate the special patronage of the Mother of God to the Vladimir land.

built a temple Andrey Bogolyubsky, not far from his residence in the village of Bogolyubovo, at the confluence of the Nerl and Klyazma rivers. The church seems to float above the calm surface of the water. To prevent flooding during a flood, an artificial hill was built from clay and cobblestone. Every spring the river overflowed its banks, but the water never came up to the walls. And this is the main mystery of the Intercession on the Nerl. The place on which the temple was built was very convenient. At that time, the mouth of the Nerl was a kind of river gate on the trade route along the Klyazma and the Oka to the Volga itself.

The Feast of the Intercession was established personally by the Prince of Vladimir without the consent of the Metropolitan of Kyiv and the Patriarch of Constantinople, which at that time was unheard of impudence. Not a single Christian church in Russia knew this holiday at that time. But apparently, this step was thought out. Andrei Bogolyubsky hatched grandiose plans to make Vladimir the new capital of Russia, equivalent to Kyiv.

Photos of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl: description

The proportions of the church are unusually elegant. The temple is elegant, light, bright. The architects tried to convey the aspiration upward to God. This was done using some tricks during construction. For example, the middle apse is slightly raised above the rest. A lot of vertical straight lines and a barely noticeable inclination, a high drum with narrowed windows enhance the feeling of upward aspiration.

And this grace of lines appeared due to the fact that the cathedral took all the best from Byzantine and Western architecture. This is evidenced by the amazing sculptures on the walls. Similar bas-reliefs can be found on Western European Romanesque churches:

• singing King David;
• lions;
• pigeons;
• griffins;
• female masks.

For the construction of the building, as it is written in the chronicle, "God brought the craftsmen of all the earth." Even the German king Frederick Barbarossa sent his best architects to help. The church was built in just one year and decorated with white stone carvings. One can imagine in what unity this masterpiece was created.

There are legends about the strength of the walls. They say the material was brought from the Volga region. After the victory of Bogolyubsky over the Bulgars, they were obliged to supply white stone here. According to another version, limestone was mined in the village of Myachkovo near Moscow. To make the stone smooth, the workers applied 1,000 blows of chisels on each side.

What has come down to us is amazing and beautiful. The bad thing is that not everything came. According to the reconstructions of the Soviet archaeologist Nikolai Voronin, made on the basis of the excavations, the current church is the heart of the whole ensemble. Along the perimeter of its walls, there was a stone gallery, which, together with the surrounding landscape, made the structure even more directed upwards.

This is the highest work of Russian medieval architecture, unsurpassed in beauty and preciousness.

Paradoxically, it was not the atheistic Soviet regime or wars that did the most damage. At the end of the 18th century, due to the low profitability of the church, the abbot of the Bogolyubsky monastery, to which it was assigned, wanted to dismantle it for building materials. And in 1877, the church began to be repaired, so much so that all the paintings and frescoes suffered - they were knocked down. Outside, the temple was upholstered with iron screeds, and in some places the white stone bas-reliefs were replaced with plaster ones.

In Soviet times, the architectural monument was taken under state protection. Closed, preserved and forgotten. The resurrection of the temple began in 1992, when it was again transferred to the open Bogolyubov monastery. And then inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. I would like to believe that nothing threatens this miracle of white stone architecture now.

The village of Bogolyubovo is located in the Suzdal region, 13 kilometers from the city of Vladimir from where buses No. 18 and No. 152 go.

Worship is performed infrequently. Mostly on church holidays:

• Nativity;
• Epiphany;
• Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem;
• Day of the Holy Trinity;
• Transfiguration.