Determinative meaning of the case. Instrumental case

Im.p., which is the main, dictionary form of the name, is called direct case. The rest of the cases are called indirect. Im.p. never used with a preposition, the prepositional case never appears without a preposition; the remaining cases are used both with and without prepositions. Each case has its own set of prepositions.

The same case, depending on the context and on the lexical meaning of the noun. can express different meanings. There are 4 main types of case values.

1) subjective - an indication of the manufacturer of the action or the carrier of the sign.

2) object - an indication of the object to which the action is directed.

3) circumstantial (adverbial) - an indication of time, place, reason, mode of action, purpose, measure and degree, etc.

4) definitive - an indication of the sign of the subject, including the predicative one.

Case forms of n. with subjective and objective meaning form the backbone of the syntactic structure of the sentence: Hunter had seen deer . If the case form of noun. has a circumstantial or definitive meaning, then it is used to spread, specify the syntactic structure: Early in the morning the hunter saw a rare deer beauty .

Almost every case is capable of expressing all 4 types of meanings:

Im.p. matters: 1) subjective: Teacher works; 2) object: House built by workers; 3) definitive: City- hero .

R.p. the verbal has the following meanings: 1) subjective: neighbors was not at home; 2) object: avoid friends ; 3) circumstantial: It happened on the third April .

R.p. applicative has the following meanings: 1) subjective: singing artist, run athlete ; 2) object: security nature ; 3) definitive: roof Houses, big man crazy .

D.p. verbal: 1) subjective: son was 20 years old; 2) object: believe friend, to help neighbor .

D.p. the nominal has only a definitive meaning: monument Pushkin .

V.p. matters: 1) subjective: sick shivering; 2) object: read book, sing song ; 3) circumstantial: travel all over Siberia .

etc. verbal: 1) subjective: cottage under construction workers ; 2) object: admire hero ; 3) circumstantial: drive forest ; 4) definitive: Gagarin was astronaut .

etc. nominal: 1) subjective: discovery of America Columbus ; 2) definitive: you are a Cossack soul.

P.p. the verbal has the following meanings: 1) objective: speak about science ; 2) circumstantial: rest on South ; 3) definitive: Ivanov was in assistants .

P.p. the adjective often has a definitive meaning: article about science, house in the village .

· Answered by: anonymous

Question: 12. Declension of nouns. Features in the formation of case forms of nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension. Declension of nouns with the first component gender... (pol-)

In modern Russian, there are three main types of declension of nouns.

To first declension include masculine nouns (except for a small number of nouns in -a, -i: grandfather, son, uncle, Vanya, For example: chair, horse, hero, garage, businessman, apprentice, house etc., and neuter nouns, for example: window, grief, spear, cloth and etc.

Co. second declension include all feminine, masculine and common nouns in -and I, For example: water, saklya, jet, young man, Borya, orphan and etc.

To third declension all feminine nouns refer to a soft consonant and to w, w, For example: tribute, pulp, wasteland, rye and etc.

In the first and second declensions, the declension is different for a hard stem and for a soft stem, in addition, in the first declension, the declension of masculine nouns and neuter nouns is distinguished.

Outside these three types of declensions are ten nouns in -me (name, banner, seed, crown and others) and the word way.

Substantiated (Latin substantivum - noun, see § 139) adjectives, i.e. adjectives that have completely or partially passed into the category of nouns retain the declension of adjective names ( hound, messenger, tailor, wounded etc.).

Within one type (or subtype) of declension, each case, as a rule, has one ending, common to all words included in this type. However, in some cases there are fluctuations in the use of certain case endings.

Nouns are inflected, i.e. change in cases. Case expresses the relation of nouns to other words in a phrase or sentence. There are six cases in Russian, each of which answers certain questions.

Nominative (I.) who? what?

Genitive (R.) whom? what?

Dative (D.) to whom? what?

Accusative (V.) whom? what?

Creative (T.) by whom? how?

Prepositional (P.) about whom? about what?

I.p. is independent in the sentence, it is called direct. I.p. form unit is recognized as initial for almost all nouns. The remaining cases are called indirect.

Each case expresses certain meanings that are indicated when considering one or another case used without a preposition. An exception is the prepositional case, which is not used without a preposition.

The case meaning is understood as the semantic relation of a given noun (or a word replacing it) to other words in a syntactic construction. The most common and most common case meanings are subjective, objective, attributive and adverbial.

Subjective meaning expresses the relation of a really acting object to a certain action, state or sign.

Objective meaning expresses the relation of an object to the action that is directed to this object, or to the state that extends to it.

The defining value is the relation of an object to another object, action or state, characterizing them to one degree or another.

The circumstantial value is the relation of an object to an action or state, characterizing them from the side of the circumstances under which the action is performed or the state takes place.

Each case expresses its own system of meanings, the main of which are presented in the table.

Case meanings

Meaning and functions	Usage examples
Nominative
Subject meaning when used as a subject	Blizzard lasted four days(V. Povolyaev)
Qualifying - when used in a nominal predicate	And that quarrel — This attack , fleeting mine impulse (V. Povolyaev)
Definitive - when used as an application	He himself made skis for his son and a weather vane airplane on the roof of the house(V. Astafiev)
Objective - in passive constructions	The case usually ended in tears., only after that the director calmed down(V. Rasputin)
Nominative - when used in the role: a) appeals b) submissions	Senior Lieutenant Burov , to me! (A. Kozhevnikov) BUT women something! Weavers! We won't quit, shout, let's feed... What's it like, a?(S. Nikitin)
Genitive
With verbs
Temporal value - indicates a date when used as an adverb of time	The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted December twelfth 1993
Objective - when used as a direct object after transitive verbs with negation not	The forests were exposed, dropping leaves in bright streams, veiled their mirrors, not to see there reflections its unpleasant nakedness(V. Astafiev)
Objective value - as an indirect object after the verbs of deprivation, fear, removal type deprive, afraid, escape Objective - in the role of an indirect object, when the action of the verb passes to the subject only partially. The subject of negation in words No, did not have, will not	But especially they believed in me, when it's related to bonds (V. Rasputin) Need to buy cement (all available). — Need to buy cement (part of what is available) He lives in a neighboring village, where No ten years. father No. And the mother, except him, three more(V. Shukshin)
With nouns
Defining value when specifying: a) belonging to any person or object b) acting person c) a sign, quality of an object; often combined with an adjective In these cases, nouns in R.p. are used as an inconsistent definition. They are often used in the disclosure of scientific concepts. Object - when specified a) on the object of action when used as a supplement; with the corresponding verbs, V.p. is used. b) the subject of measurement when used as an indirect complement	Web of clearings, roads and high-voltage lines wrinkled the face of the taiga (V. Astafiev) Artists performance everyone liked it Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to vote in local authorities Reaction oxidation , theory relativity , way calculations Everyone has the right to choose language communication Everyone has the right choose language communication A new price has been set for a ton of oil
With adjectives
The subject of comparison when used after the comparative degree of adjectives as an indirect object	So I felt bad, so bitter and disgusting! Worse any disease (V. Rasputin)
With numerals
Account subject:
a) after numerals 2-4 and numerals ending in 2-4, R.p. is used. unit	two cities, two villages, three villages, four streets, twenty four houses
6) after the numerals 5-20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 1000, a million, a billion, and also after the numerals ending in these numbers, R.p.pl.	five cities, twelve villages, twenty villages, one hundred and seven houses, one million one hundred thousand inhabitants
Dative
With verbs
	Egor Dremov showed this letter to me (Ivan Sukharev ) and, telling your story, wiped his eyes with his sleeve(A. N. Tolstoy)
Subjective - indicates a person experiencing something of a certain age, when used as an indirect object	Nastenka had just change the plates; By the end of the war her [girl ] was 20 years old(S. Antonov)
With nouns
Object value - indicates the destination of the action when used as an indirect object	Our research need scientific proof(V. Petrosyan); It was a clear encouragement. commander (B. Lavrenev)
Definitive - indicates the purpose of the subject when used as an inconsistent definition	In the center of the city was erected monument to heroes Great Patriotic War
With predicative adverbs
Subjective - indicates a person experiencing a condition	Him [Egor] was and well at the parent table it's a shame (A. N. Tolstoy)
Accusative
With verbs
Object meaning - indicates a direct object with transitive verbs as a direct object	The sailor clapped soldier on the shoulder, then he took out of his pocket a paper-wrapped seal and carefully breathed on her(V. Avdeev)
Notation of measure, time and space	Since then she ten years ran a collective farm(S. Antonov)
Instrumental case
With verbs
Determinative value when used as part of a predicate	The moon seemed to him [ant] huge by sea (V. Astafiev)
Circumstances:
a) location	Lusha walked through the forest expensive (S. Antonov)
	In the evenings passing drivers wandered through the huts — asked to spend the night(S. Antonov)
c) method and mode of action - when used as a circumstance of place, time and mode of action	Whitened with scales shingle roofs my old village(V. Belov)
Object values: a) an indication of the instrument of action	All summer we diligently watered their seeds of pure Angarsk some water (V. Rasputin)
b) an object of perception, passion, etc. - when used as indirect additions	All living things on earth and forests too live eternal anticipation spring and joy(V. Astafiev)
Subjective - when used as an indirect complement in passive constructions	There were no men left in the village at that time., and Lusha was chosen chairman; Everything is rearranged, confused, the table is covered with someone else's tablecloth (S. Antonov)
With nouns
The same meanings as with the corresponding verbs: place, time, mode of action, object of perception, subject	detour by field, work day and night, do-it-yourself construction, herbal treatment, passion for physics. Everyone has the right to use relatives language: possession, use and disposal earth and other natural resources carried out by their owners freely(Constitution of the Russian Federation)
Prepositional
Object values:
a) explanation when used with a preposition o/o as an indirect complement	Fresh, a January day filled with light awakened joyful thoughts about life (Yu. Nagibin)
b) an indication of a transport or tool when used as an indirect object with a preposition	On the same day, Fedor Bredikhin lorry , Fenya Guseva on ZIS... let's go for hay(I. Ukhanov). The singing teacher strummed on the frozen club piano introduction(S. Nikitin)
Note. In contrast to the direct object in V.p., which reveals the specific content of information ( remember the conversation, read a novel), parallel constructions with the preposition about+ P.p. name only the topic of any thought or speech process ( remember the conversation, read about the novel). The specific content of these processes is not disclosed.
Circumstances: a) an indication of the place of action when used with prepositions to her on the	AT semi-open doors stood a small figure in worn boots(Yu. Nagibin); The sun has peeped through and sparkles dazzlingly with millions of dewdrops on the grass , on the leaves and on the rooftops (V. Bogomolov)
b) an indication of the time (date without a date - month, year)	The current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted in one thousand nine hundred and ninety-three, in December

Thus, the most generalized case meanings are subjective, objective, attributive and adverbial. Within each of these meanings, there are more particular meanings that are associated with one or another case. For example, adverbial meaning may include an indication of a place, time, manner of action, etc.

Values	Questions	Examples
Tool, instrument of action	How?	The note was written in red pencil.
The active person in the passive turnover	By whom?	This work was written by our best student.
The nominal part of the predicate (predicate) after the verbs: to be, to become, to work, to appear, to seem, etc.	By whom? How? What?	Ivan the Terrible was a cruel man. Moscow is an ancient Russian city. This person seemed familiar to me.
Place	Where?	Tourists walked through the forest for a long time. The plane flew over the city. The car stopped under the bridge. There is a monument to Pushkin in front of the Russian Museum. The car was behind the house. The table is between the window and the bed.
Consistency of action	With whom?	Anton went to the gym with a friend.
Object characteristic	With what?	I love tea with milk.
Time	When?	We arrived in Moscow early in the morning. Before the exam, the teacher held consultations. We came to friends between five and six o'clock. At breakfast, friends discussed all the problems.
Target	What for?	Anton went to the store for bread.

WE READING

A) Read the text "First Smile" and say why it is called that.

FIRST SMILE

(BY E. PERMYAK)

In a country whose name no one remembers, there lived an amazing master who created vases. If, while making a vase, he was cheerful, then everyone who saw it had fun. And vice versa, if the master was sad, then his vase caused sadness and sadness.

When people looked at his vases, they had a variety of feelings: joy, laughter, courage, forgiveness ... But among his vases there was not the most important vase - the vase of Love, because love had not yet blossomed in the soul of the young master.

Another master lived in the same country. His daughter was so beautiful that even the stars knew about her. Her eyes were blue like the sea, her hair was golden like the sun, her speech flowed like a silver stream. But she never smiled.

The young master created a new vase - the Vase of Love, in which he sang the beauty of this girl. When the daughter of the old master looked at the vase of Love, her face became even more beautiful.

And one day she smiled at the young master. It was the girl's first smile. Sunny. Happy. Beautiful as a spring dawn. The smile of first love.

This first smile remained for life in the heart of the young master and made this heart even bigger and kinder.

People always gathered on the square near the vase of Love. They came from different cities and countries to look at her. They were craftsmen, hunters, peasants, but among them were kings who owned vast countries. When they looked at this vase, a fire of love arose in their hearts.

The old men advised the young master to break the vase of Love. They were afraid that the attention and wealth with which various people surrounded the girl would destroy her love for the young master. Old men knew that sometimes girls forget their first smile. But the young master did not believe the old men.

Many kings offered the girl a hand and a heart. They gave her jewelry. They showed her their palaces. She could become the queen of the steppes or the queen of the mountains.

Once the sea king gave a feast in honor of this girl. And during this feast, when the fish performed a dance of love, and the waves and wind created wonderful music, the beauty agreed to become the wife of the sea king. A storm arose on the sea, and a huge wave carried the girl into the depths of the sea.

And on the shore, all the people were waiting for the appearance of a new vase. Vases of Grief. Vases of Despair, Vases of Treason... Or maybe even vases of Death.

And in the morning a new beautiful vase appeared on the square. On it, the young master depicted the first smile of his beloved. People called this vase "First Smile".

Everyone smiled. All living things smiled. Only the sea king did not smile. The most beautiful of all women was his wife. He owned her voice, her breath, her eyes, her hands, he owned everything except her first smile. Because no one can ever give their first smile twice, just as no one can be born twice or die twice.

The sea king wanted to destroy the vase so that everyone would forget it. You can destroy the sea, but you can not change what has already happened, and the sea king died of grief.

And the vase smiled. People all over the earth knew about this vase. No one remembered what happened to the young master and his beloved. People forgot about the country where it all happened. Only one vase "First Smile" remained. True, she remained in a fairy tale, but the first smile will always remain the first smile.

b) Answer the questions.

Are there such girls, such young people and such situations in life? The young master, when his beloved became the wife of the sea king, created a new vase. And what would you do in his place? Do your people have similar tales?

c) Did you like this story? Is she beautiful? What linguistic means achieve this beauty? Find them in the text and use them to retell the text.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Aksenova M.P. Russian language in a new way. Part 3 / Ed. R.A. Kulkova. - St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2000. - 440 p.

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4. Large Russian-English Dictionary: with brief information on English grammar and orthoepy / O.S. Akhmanova, Z.S. Vygodskaya, T.P. Gorbunova and others. Under the general guidance of A.I. Smirnitsky. – 25th edition, stereotype. / Ed. O.S. Akhmanova. - M.: Russian language, 2002. - 768s.

5. Vagner V.N. Methods of teaching the Russian language to English and French speakers based on interlingual comparative analysis: Phonetics. Graphic arts. Word formation. Sentence structures, word order. Parts of speech: Textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty "Philology". – M.: humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2001. - 384p.

6. Issues of teaching Russian pronunciation. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1978. - 103 p.

7. Day after day. Russian language. Textbook for foreign students. P. "Panorama". - M .: ILBI, publishing house "Samara Printing House", 1995.

8. Day after day. Russian language. Textbook for foreign students. I. Express. - M .: ILBI, Prostrex, Samara Printing House Publishing House, 1994.

9. Tasks in the Russian language to control the starting knowledge of foreign students of the 1st year. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Sanitary and Hygienic Medical Institute, 1994. - 44p.

10. Kokorina S.I., Tvertinova M.T., Anpilogova B.G. Program in Russian as a foreign language. – M.: Ed. Department of the UC DO MGU, 1997. - 82p.

11. Kostina I.S. etc. Perspective. Phonetic course. Manual for foreign students of short-term Russian language courses. – 2nd edition, stereotype. - St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 1999. - 80s.

12. Brief Russian-English phrasebook. - M.: MPIO "Editor", 1990. - 32 p.

13. Lebedeva Yu.G. Sounds, accents, intonation. Tutorial. - M.: Russian language, 1975. - 295 p.

14. Maksimova A.L. Corrective course of Russian grammar (30 lessons). – 5th edition. - St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2005. - 176 p.

15. Malyshev G.G. Russian grammar in pictures for beginners. - St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 1993. - 301 p.

16. Miller L.V., Politova L.V., Rybakova I.Ya. Once upon a time... 28 Russian lessons for beginners. Workbook. – 2nd edition. - St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2000. - 88s.

17. Moskovkin L.V., Silvina L.V. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. Elementary course for foreign students. - St. Petersburg: SMIO Press, 2002. - 512 p.

18. Handbook of a foreign language teacher: Reference manual / E.A. Maslyko, P.K. Babinskaya, A.F. Budko, S.I. Petrov. – 6th edition. - M .: Higher school, 2000. - 522 p.

19. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language: Ok. 60,000 words and phraseological expressions. - 25th ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Onyx Publishing House LLC: Mir and Education Publishing House LLC, 2006. - 976s.

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LESSON 1.

Russian alphabet. Vowels and consonants. Syllables. The rhythm of the word. stress. Vowel reduction. Stunning voiced consonants. Hard and soft consonants…………………………………………………………………………………4

LESSON 2.

Intonation of declarative and interrogative sentences of the type « This is Anton”, “Who is this?”, “What is this?”, “And you?” . Personal pronouns. The gender of nouns. Compound sentences with conjunctions “and”, “a”…………………………………………………………………………………………..9

LESSON 3.

Constructions like "My name is Anton". Nominative and accusative cases of personal pronouns. Possessive pronouns. Plural of nouns and possessive pronouns………………………………………………………………………………..........17

LESSON 4.

Verbs I and II conjugation (infinitive, present tense, imperative). Subject and predicate. Accusative case of inanimate nouns and personal pronouns in the meaning of a direct object. Adverbs of manner of action…………………………………………………….29

LESSON 5.

Gender and number of adjectives (nominative case). Use of adjectives and corresponding adverbs of mode of action. Infinitive constructions with verbs love, want, be able. Pronouns his, this, this, this, these (that, that, that, those). Accusative case of adjectives and possessive pronouns……………………………….43

LESSON 6.

Accusative case of animate nouns. Accusative case of adjectives, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. Past tense of the verb. Adverbs of time………………………………..58

LESSON 7.

Adverbs of place. Prepositional case (object of place) of nouns (singular and plural), adjectives, possessive pronouns. The use of prepositions "in", "on". Past tense of verbs be able to be, to be, to be…………………………………………...68

LESSON 8.

The future compound tense of the verb. Accusative case to express time. Prepositional case in the meaning of an object of thought or speech. Prepositional case for expressing time………………………………...................................87

LESSON 9.

General idea of ​​the types of the verb. The use of imperfective and perfective forms of verbs. Infinitive constructions with words possible, necessary……………………………………………………………………..99

LESSON 10.

Using perfective verbs in the future tense. Future simple and future compound. Accusative case of nouns denoting the direction of movement. Verbs of motion go, go, go, go, go, go. Prepositional case of nouns with a preposition on the denoting means of transportation. Use of prepositions through, after. Verbs start / begin / begin; continue / continue / continue……………………………………..113

LESSON 11.

Group motion verbs go / walk with prefixes on- and at-. The genitive case of nouns, personal pronouns, adjectives in negative constructions, in constructions like “I have” and to indicate the place where the movement began. Genitive case with countable and uncountable nouns, with numerals…………………………………………………………………………………..132

LESSON 12.

Infinitive constructions with the word "should". Dative case of nouns in the meaning of the addressee of the action. Dative case of adjectives, pronouns. Dative case for age, in impersonal sentences, with a preposition on…………………………………...163

LESSON 13 with). Grammar constructions with verbs be, become, work…………………...181

LESSON 14.

Species-temporal forms of verbs. Declension of nouns and personal pronouns. Case values. Phrases with verbs…………………………………………………………………………………..194

LESSON 15.

Complex sentences. Moscow is capital of Russia. The city where I study………………………………………………………………………………….207

LESSON 16.

Prepositional case of adjectives, ordinal numbers, definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Direct and indirect speech. Reflexive pronoun “myself”……………………………..........216

LESSON 17 Verbs of motion with prefixes. Direct and indirect speech (a question without an interrogative word and an appropriate answer)………………………………………………………...227

LESSON 18.

Genitive case of ordinal, definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Brief passive participles. Compound sentences with conjunction to and verb to want in the main sentence………………………………………………………………...240

LESSON 19.

Dative case of ordinal, definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Dative case with the preposition "to", denoting the direction of movement. Direct and indirect speech (imperative sentences). Indefinite and negative pronouns………………………………………………………………………………… 245

LESSON 20.

Instrumental case of ordinal, definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The instrumental case of nouns denoting a place. Compound sentence with a conditional clause. Active and passive sentences. Instrumental case in passive sentences…………………………………………………………254

LESSON 21 Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Superlatives of adjectives with suffixes –aysh- and –eysh-…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………267

LESSON 22.

Real participles. Subjunctive mood of verbs. Passive participles. Verbs with the postfix –sya (main meanings)……………………………………………………………………………….......275

LESSON 23.

The formation of adverbs. Full and short form of adjectives. The use of the infinitive in constructions with short adjectives. Systematization of the meanings of cases…………………………...................................286

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………....296

LEARN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

PRACTICAL COURSE

The case category is a grammatical category of a noun, expressing the relation of the object designated by it to other objects, actions, signs. Due to the historical relationship of the Indo-European languages, the case system of the German language has a number of common features with the case system of other Indo-European languages, including the case system of the Russian language. But against the background of this commonality, their originality clearly stands out. This originality is manifested both in the number of cases and in the range of meanings of the use of each case.

A case is a form of a name that expresses its relation to other words in a sentence or phrase. For example: unlock the door with a key, a key from the door, a bunch of keys, get keys - four case forms from the word key express its different relations to the words unlock, from the door, bunch, get. These relations can be very diverse, and therefore the form of each case can have several meanings.

There are six cases in modern Russian, of which the nominative is called direct, and all the rest are indirect: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

According to V.V. Vinogradov, of the six cases in modern Russian, due to the richness of meanings (and partly by origin), the genitive and prepositional could be considered as a union of at least two cases in each of them.

In the modern genitive case, the qualitative-determinative (or proper - genitive) and the quantitative-separative (or deferred-achievative) are distinguished.

Proper-genitive unites the meanings of a qualitative definition: a girl of rare beauty, a man of great intelligence, a mahogany table; accessories: sister's book, father's house; subject: mother's gift, Pushkin's works; object: Mayakovsky's reading (when Mayakovsky's poems are read, but Mayakovsky's reading, that is, Mayakovsky's own reading of something, is a genitive subject). These meanings are also possible in the presence of prepositions, for example: he had a beautiful daughter, this book has a leather cover, the suitcase has a double bottom, etc.

Quantitative-separating is represented by the values ​​of quantity (mainly after numerals and verbs): five years, three kilos of peas, read books, say insolent things, drink some water; removal, deprivation: avoid danger, lose a place, beware of deception; achieving goals: to succeed, to ask for help. These meanings are expressed with the help of prepositions, more often from, from, to, about: leave the city, come from peasants, sew from the best material, from edge to edge, raincoat, hear from acquaintances, get to bed, book hunter . It is especially necessary to emphasize the expression of causal meanings in this case with prepositions: with joy, with fear, with grief, (to lose weight from grief). The formal distinction of the genitive quantitative-separative consists in a special ending -y for some masculine nouns, which usually does not happen in the use of proper-genitive, with the rarest exceptions.

The modern prepositional case is also divided by some scientists into two: explanatory - about bread, about the garden, about the forest (after verbs to speak, think, reason, and the like) and local (with prepositions in, on) - in the garden, in the forest, on floor, root. In the meaning of the local case, masculine nouns have a very common ending - y under stress.

The very name "prepositional" was introduced by M.V. Lomonosov, due to the exclusive use of this case only with prepositions, instead of the one adopted in the 17th century. the name "fabulous". For the Old Russian and Old Slavonic languages, this case is called "local" (according to one of the main meanings); it was originally used without a preposition, like all other oblique cases: Novgorod "b" meant "in Novgorod".

It should be noted that the idea of ​​a number of researchers about the division of the genitive and prepositional cases into two has a purely scientific significance.

You can dwell on the meanings of the instrumental case in more detail.

The instrumental verbal, that is, dependent on the verb, is in the sentence an addition or circumstance, less often a predicate, and can mean:

• 1) a tool or means: I write with a pen; the meaning of the instrumental in impersonal turns is also approaching here: the boat was torn off by the wind;
• 2) the protagonist with passive voice verbs: our scientists are developing important problems;
• 3) the object or area of ​​distribution of the action (creative content): study the Russian language, be interested in art, admire nature;
• 4) time, place and mode of action (creative with adverbial meaning): a) he works all day long, b) ride through the forest, c) speak in a whisper.

A special case of using the instrumental case is the so-called instrumental predicative, i.e., forming (with or without a copula) a compound predicate, for example: he became an experienced engineer; students will be teachers and scientists.

Close to this meaning is the meaning of the instrumental case, indicating the position, position, property of a person or object, the name of which is in the accusative case with transitive verbs to name, appoint, consider, recognize (whom? by whom?). When the active voice is replaced by the passive voice, such instrumental becomes the usual instrumental predicative: he was elected chairman - he was elected chairman, he is considered the leader - he is considered the leader, etc.

In addition to the instrumental verbal, there is a instrumental adjective, i.e. dependent on nouns (though close in basics to verbs: punch, cf. punch, ride step, cf. ride step) or from adjectives: known for his labors, strong in spirit, weak in eyes.

The basic meaning of the accusative and dative cases is the designation of an object; the accusative case is most often used after transitive verbs and denotes a direct object, in other words, it is a direct object (the student makes a report); the dative case denotes an indirect object - a person or object in favor of which the action is being performed or directed (the student was given a ticket to a rest home; help to the brother - following the model of the verb combination - the teacher helped the brother). There are other meanings of these two cases: for example, the accusative case can denote time and space (he worked for a whole week, ran a kilometer), and the dative case can mean a person experiencing some kind of state (he was happy).

Due to the abundance of meanings of indirect cases, some of their meanings are expressed not only by case endings, but also by the addition of prepositions. Genitive - with prepositions expressing spatial relationships (from home, to school, from the mountains, from cities) and target (for health, for success). Dative case - with prepositions expressing direction (to the father, along the roads). The accusative case is with prepositions expressing spatial relationships (to the street, to the house, knee-deep) and temporary (per year, per hour). Instrumental case - with prepositions expressing compatibility (with a friend) and spatial relationships (under water, behind vegetable gardens, between trees). The prepositional case is used in modern Russian only with prepositions (various meanings).