The main components of the meaning of the word. Modern Russian

Denotative, significative, emotional-stylistic and structural components of the word. Motivation as a possible component of the meaning of a word.

In the language, the word is included in 4 main types of relations:

attitude to objects and phenomena of the external world

relation to the concept

attitude to the feelings and desires of a person

relation to other words of the language

In accordance with this, there are several types of lexical meaning of the word:

denotative meaning- characterizes the correlation of the word with the designated object (situation), i.e. the relation of a phonetic word to a specific designated object, the subject of speech (table, forest).

Nominative and informative components of meaning, abstracted from stylistic (emotional, evaluative, expressive) and other components.

significative value- the relation of a word to a concept, a generalized mental representation of a class of objects (table: a kind of furniture on which objects are placed or placed); essential for lexicologists.

- Determines the meaning, the relation of the word to the concept, i.e. mental representation of classes.

Reveals the essential features of this word that distinguish it from other objects of the same class.

Example: consider the word table already given above

Detonat - designation of a class of specific serial items - "type of furniture"

Significat - represents its properties: "(in the form of furniture) in the form of a wide horizontal board on legs, supports"

These two components are never opposed, but closely interact.

emotional-stylistic (pragmatic) meaning- associated with emotionally expressive and evaluative reflection of objects and phenomena of the outside world (positive or negative assessment).

Expresses the attitude of the speakers to the object

Not only the communicative function is performed (the aspect of understanding the word and awareness of its meaning), but also the evaluative function (the emotional side)

Example: there is nothing in common between the words swallow and gold in terms of detonative and significative aspects, but in the stylistic aspect (in the figurative meaning of each of these words) they are close synonyms.

structural significance- correlative meaning, indicates the relation of the word to other words of the language with which it can enter into syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations:

syntagmatic structural meaning

Characterizes the linear relationship of words, i.e. the ability to enter into semantic relationships with other lexical units: drink - coffee, tea

Combine language units in their simultaneous sequence. Words are built on such relations as a set of morphemes and syllables, phrases and analytical names, sentences (as a set of sentence members) and complex sentences. When using a language, syntagmatic relations allow the simultaneous use of two or more units of the language.

paradigmatic structural significance

Characterizes the vertical relationship of words included in a certain class

They unite language units into groups, categories, categories. Paradigmatic relations are based, for example, on the consonant system, the declension system, the synonymic series. When using the language, paradigmatic relations allow you to select the desired unit, as well as form forms and words by analogy.

The difference between syntagmatics and paradigmatics by example:

Word to the Road (win. P., Sing. h.)

All sorts of combinations with verbs, adjectives, etc.:

I see a road, they cross a road, they build a road, a wide road, etc.

Those. these combinations reveal the formal and semantic connections of words.

Syntagm. Relationships: road, dear, roads, etc. (using case changes of the word)

Paragmatic Relationships: path, path, path - words close in meaning that form a synonymous group, which is built just on paragmatic. Relationships of lexical meanings.

Vocabulary. Ticket number 4.

Semantic transformations are the most numerous and most diverse. The interlingual lexico-semantic asymmetry that determines these transformations leads to the fact that the translated text never happens and cannot be semantically identical to the original message. The question arises: what should be the semantic correspondence of the translated text to the original text in order to consider these texts equivalent? In order to try to resolve this issue, one should turn to the semantic model of translation, more precisely, to its variety, which is built on component analysis. The method of component analysis, used for the first time in the 50s. XX century, is based on the hypothesis that the meaning of each language unit consists of semantic components - family The semes that make up the meaning of individual lexical units can be subdivided into archisemes, differential semes, and potential semes (virtuems) 1 . Archisemes reflect those features of the content of concepts that are characteristic of a number of concepts that are combined into classes. Yes, concepts to speak, to pronounce, to grumble, to squeak, to shout, to exclaim, to shout will be united by the archiseme human sound production;to bark, to meow, to crow, to crow and others - archiseme animal sound production. AT at the same time, all together they will be united by the archiseme sound production. The semantic hierarchy turns out to be extremely important for translation. It underlies translation operations based on the transition from more specific concepts to more general ones, and vice versa.

Differential semes concentrate in themselves those features of the content of a concept that distinguish it from others. Together, they form the core of the meaning of words. So, the Russian verb form crawled in addition to the archiseme of motion, referring it to other verbs of motion, it will contain the semes of the beginning (movement), mode of action (crouching with the body to the surface), masculine and singular of the subject of the action, past tense, characteristics of the action (slowly). In the general structure of the elementary meanings of this form, we can find signs inherent in the verb crawl in his name

1 See: Gak V. G. Comparative lexicology. M., 1977. S. 14-15. 398

form - infinitive and, accordingly, in any other (1 - movement, 2 - crouching with the body to the surface, 3 - slowly), in the corresponding prefixed form - crawled (the beginning of the action), in the corresponding personal form (1 - masculine and 2 - the singular number of the subject of the action) in the corresponding aspectual-temporal form (the action has already begun, i.e. its beginning has happened). Among the differential semes inherent in the verb crawl in all forms, the seme stands out slowly. This seme belongs to the category of secondary, or potential, as it reflects a secondary sign of action. As noted by V.G. So, potential semes play an important role in speech: the appearance of figurative meanings in words is associated with them. Accordingly, a variety of paths are built on them, including interlingual, translation.

The concept of the seme made it possible at one time to build a semantic model of translation, which clearly shows that in translation it can hardly be repeated, the semantic structure of the signs of the original speech work is cloned.

This diagram shows how the meaning of a certain unit of orientation (EO), perceived by the translator's consciousness (PZ - translating link), is split into elementary meanings, among which the most significant ones are selected ( b, d) which must be kept. At the same time, naturally, some

1 Gak V.G. Decree. op. S. 15.

cops of meaning fall out (a, c, e). After that, a translation unit (TU) is selected in the target language, which has these meaning units (b, d). Of course, in most cases it can also have other elementary meanings, which, willy-nilly, are added to the general system of meanings of the message, which sometimes leads to distortions and in all cases gives a not quite symmetrical picture of the situation described in the original in translation.

The question arises: how many elementary meanings must be retained in order for the translation of a given unit to be considered equivalent?

J. Catford, who analyzed the contextual relations of linguistic units, i.e. connection of grammatical or lexical units with linguistically relevant elements in situations. where these units are used, as, for example, in texts, uses the concept of contextual meaning in his theory of translation 1 . A contextual meaning is a set of situational elements that are relevant to a given linguistic form. The combination of situational elements varies from language to language and is very rarely the same in any pair of languages. Catford gives an example of the following situation: a girl enters and says: / have arrived. Translated into Russian, this statement will most likely take the form: I came. If we compare the sets of elements of situations reflected in the original and translated statements, we can see not only their asymmetry, but also the number of matching and different elements:

The English utterance contains a set of four elements of meaning, reflecting four features of the situation, and the Russian equivalent contains six. The total sum of the sense elements is seven. The scheme clearly shows that only three of the seven elements of meaning coincide, i.e. slightly less than half.

1 See: Catford J.K. Linguistic theory of translation // Questions of the theory of translation in foreign linguistics. M., 1978. S. 106 et seq.

To make sure that in order to achieve equivalence in translation it is enough to convey only half of the set of elementary meanings, we will conduct the same experiment on the material of another pair of languages, namely Russian and French. Let's take a small statement from Bulgakov's Heart of a Dog and its translation: The dog crawled like a snake on its belly- Le chien s "approche, rampant sur le ventre comme un serpent.

The seme analysis of the utterance shows that the original message contains a set of 15 semes, and the translated one contains 17. is exactly half. The greatest difference is noted in the group denoting movement, where only three out of 12 semes coincide. If we exclude the singular seme of the subject performing the action, which duplicates the seme, then

held in a name consistent with the verb, then there are only two coinciding semes. Russian verb crawled contains the semes of both the actual movement, and the stages of movement (the beginning), and the method of movement, and the speed of movement. French verb s "approcher conveys only motion and approximation values. In addition, as you can see, the French translation uses a modulation technique: the situation is presented, as it were, from the opposite side. In the Russian phrase, the dog starts moving from somewhere, while in the French it approaches someone.

The category of the genus of the subject of motion is neutralized (dog- le chien) due to the fact that the sex differences of animals are not always updated in speech. In this situation, the category of gender in both Russian and French is of little significance. In the text, this category is quite clearly expressed by the form of the subject, agreed with the verb. Therefore, its duplication by the form of the verb can be considered as redundant. Of course, in both Russian and French, in some cases, verb forms duplicate the gender category expressed by the subject or restored from the context. In Russian and French, such duplication is noted, in particular, in the singular forms of verbs that agree with the subject. The forms of French verbs do not duplicate the category of gender in the conjugation forms, these meanings are conveyed by separate forms. In a French statement, the meaning of movement and its stage is conveyed by the verb, and the meaning of the mode of movement is conveyed by the participial form of another verb ramper, defining the state of the subject, in which the seme of movement is also duplicated.

The conducted experiment clearly shows that in order to achieve the equivalence of the translated text to the original text, it is sufficient to convey only half of the total set of elementary meanings. This proves the relativity of the very category of translation equivalence and determines the threshold beyond which one or another unit of orientation, as a unit of meaning of the source text, cannot turn into a unit of translation, i.e. be considered equivalently translated. In addition, this experiment, which can be continued on the material of other pairs of languages and statements of different length, shows that in translation there is an increase in the set of elementary meanings rather than their reduction. In Catford's example, the Russian translation, having lost one element from the original set (connection with the present), introduced three new ones (woman, on foot, completeness). In our example, where a Russian statement is compared with a French one, the translation turned out to be

such elements of meaning as the past tense (the action began before the moment of speech), the beginning of the action, the manner of the action (slowly).

On average, a translation achieves the preservation of half of the total seme composition of the system of meanings contained in one or another unit of meaning, but in some cases this number can be much less. This happens primarily if the translator uses adaptation - a technique that changes the very objective situation. It is natural to assume that if in translation one objective situation is replaced by another, then the seme composition of units describing these objective situations will be completely different.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the figurative system of A. Blok's play "The King on the Square". Parallels between the central images of the drama are considered. In addition, the genre definition of the work is explained: its lyrical and dramatic elements proper.

Perhaps that is why the desire to more or less strictly determine meanings is so strong among literary critics.<...>Lenchik) can be divided not in the literal sense of the word, rather, outlining the parallels of interactions<...>The jester, "the hanger-on of the stage and the representative of common sense", is the main character of the prologue.<...>The jester defends "common sense", because he himself is a necessary element of it.<...>But the Poet for the one who personifies "common sense" is just a "fool in love" to whom "

Psychology of subjective semantics

M.: PROMEDIA

The appendix contains text components of the methods and results, tables and figures. " MAIN CONTENT<...>of the world of A.N. Leontiev: the "meaning" defined by us is one of the forms of existence of "personal meaning<...>In the sixth chapter, situations are considered in which new meanings can be generated in the genesis of meanings in<...>Here, particular meanings of the object are singled out, the reformation of which into the full meaning of the object occurs in<...>and a number of other experimental results related to the proof of the primacy of the emotional component

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Theoretical Foundations of the Philological Analysis of a Literary Text in the National Pedagogical University

The dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences is a study of the form and content of an artistic test, the principles of philological analysis of a literary text, methods and levels of philological analysis of a literary text and philological analysis of a literary text as an academic discipline

The global context constitutes the core component of the reader's "aplerceptive mass".<...>The general figurativeness of a word in a literary text is manifested in the reassessment of speech and all its components in<...>do not teach meaning is brought up.<...>the model corresponds to the method of philological commenting, the nuclear component is the method of immanent<...>Text as a Whole and Components of a Text” / Vinogradov Readings. XI. M .: Nauka, 1982c "3-18.

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Bulletin of socio-political sciences. Issue. 4: Collection of scientific papers Collection of scientific papers

The collection reflects the most pressing methodological problems of teaching a number of general professional and special disciplines, the application of a rating system for assessing students' knowledge, and the introduction of active forms of training for specialists.

physical culture and sports is presented in higher educational institutions as an academic discipline and an important component<...>At the same time, the indispensable secularism of the historical component of any professional training is not only desirable<...>This kind of research has become an essential component of political science as a whole; the third concerns methods<...>In its original sense, the word "metaphor" (Gr.<...>If this does not happen, then the meaning of teaching philosophy is lost.

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#12(220) Gennady Bogdanov Seven Steps to Dance Improvisation Skills [I Enter the World of Art, 2015]

Repertory and Methodological Library, published monthly since 1997. It includes literature on the aesthetic education of children and youth: educational programs on theatrical art, methodological manuals for leaders of children's theater groups, plays, scripts for holidays, children's folklore. THE MAGAZINE HAS NOT BEEN PUBLICATED FROM 2017!!!

not a dogma [ 11 ] Let's define the “seed” [ 15 ] The “seed” must sprout [ 17 ] “Knee” as an expressive component<...>Dance improvisation in a certain sense can be considered a creative task.<...>The musicality of the dancer consists of three interrelated components.<...>The first component contributes to the correct coordination of dance actions with the musical tempo and rhythm.<...>The third component of musicality equips you with the ability to carefully listen to intonation content.

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Poetics of short prose by Vsevolod Ivanov: psychological aspect

Kalmyk State University

The monograph is devoted to one of the debatable and little-studied phenomena of Russian literature of the 20th century - the psychological aspect of the poetics of the story on the example of the prose of Vsevolod Vyacheslavovich Ivanov (1895-1963) in a comparative and comparative way, against the broad literary background of the first half of the last century. - Elista, 2006. - 330 p.

there can only be an opposite meaning, not the absence of meaning, but precisely the opposite meaning.<...>"there is no sense except in the aspirations of the author, only as an unreliable delayed ™ sense"<...>In a number of stories ("Fats", "Retirement", "Death of Sapieha"), deniya funyu includes an erotic component of conscious<...>and having the subtitle "Podmoskov, eskuyu t and h %, yes with re 0rG I I am enriched with a fantastic component<...>logical scholarship, from random details (up to the hero), reducing it to the most simple and "eternal" components

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M. Bakhtin's solution

The book contains an analysis of the main philosophical, methodological, literary and aesthetic ideas that form the core of the scientific heritage of Mikhail Bakhtin, a well-known Russian philologist and thinker of the 20th century. The author explores the connection of M. Bakhtin's discoveries with the phenomenological and neo-Kantian traditions, analyzes the key concepts of Bakhtin's heritage: dialogism, monologism, polyphony, carnivalization, polyphony, ambivalence, official and comic culture, chronotope, one's own and another's word. Particular attention is paid to the problems of metalinguistics and speech activity. At the same time, A. Pankov draws attention to the paradoxes and dilemmas that arise in the concept of M. Bakhtin in connection with the latter's appeal to issues requiring a systematic approach. In this regard, little-known concepts of Russian methodologists who actively worked in the field of the General Theory of Activity in the 50-80s (works by G.P. Shchedrovitsky and others) are used to interpret the theoretical material. A significant place is given to Bakhtin's understanding of genres, "poetic language", and the history of the novel. The book talks about the artistic worldview as a subject of literary research and the role of literary criticism in the processes of reproduction of literary activity. Particular attention is paid to the category of "reflection" and "reflexive" motives in the work of M. Bakhtin. The originality of Bakhtin's view of medieval culture and Dostoevsky's work is revealed.

Each of these components has its own relatively independent "movement" and is associated with other components.<...>, decomposing them into components ?<...>, and only then constructions of meanings are created that decompose the structure of meaning into components and elements<...>We get the opportunity to say that meanings and meanings are different components of the sign, giving it together<...>components of meanings, giving them a second and special existence - allows us to consider and interpret

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Technology of bibliographic folding of artistic information [monograph]

SSAU publishing house

Technology of bibliographic curtailment of artistic information. Programs used: Adobe Acrobat. Proceedings of SSAU employees (electronic version)

Selected for the purpose of realizing the author's intent, these components are structured in such a way that adequate<...>components, but as if built on top of them, uniting them into a hierarchical whole.<...>The process of decoding the meanings of the source and their encoding are two interrelated components<...>Bibliographic metatext does not contain emotional-evaluative and expressive components.<...>So, the methodological component is an integral part of the bibliographer's professional culture.

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Creativity of Gennady Aigi: literary and artistic tradition and neo-avant-garde

Chuvash State Institute for the Humanities

The collection includes materials of the international scientific-practical conference dedicated to the LXXV anniversary of the birth of the People's Poet of Chuvashia Gennady Aigi, held on September 17-18, 2009 in Cheboksary.

The single meaning of the poem is in an energetic prayerful affirmation that there is a higher meaning.<...>In the requiems for Aigi, the meditative, prophetic component of the funeral poetic<...>The second component is a passive beginning, this is the state of nature after a snowfall, when it is in silence.<...>So, for example, the title-fusion "Day-World" in the text "splits" into two components: Day - expanding<...>Like Aigi, Pospelov uses the technique of repeating the categorical component of adhesions with the application, as

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No. 8 [New Literature in the Social and Human Sciences. Literary criticism: Bibliography. op., 2012]

Night motif and its symbolic meaning in the sonnets of W. Shakespeare and in the poetry of Antar ibn Shaddad.<...>The semantics of "foolishness" as a component of the archetypal meaning of the character (Based on the material of the novel by F.M.<...>The Phenomenon of the Artistic Incarnation of Meaning: Based on A.P.<...>The role of metaphors with the EYE component in M.A.<...>English literary criticism in search of the "hidden meaning" of Andrey Platonov's prose // Vestn.

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J. Dewey - an outstanding teacher of the XX century studies. allowance

The textbook provides a holistic description of the educational activities of foreign teacher John Dewey. The structure of the manual allows students to get acquainted with his creative heritage.

The whole point of education, J.<...>The goals of reflection: to remember, identify, understand the main components and meaning of the activity and find problems<...>As a subject of research, two components of pedagogical abilities are distinguished: reflective<...>Communicative and reflective components and their correlation in the structure of pedagogical abilities /<...>Shatsky emphasized that the violation of the connection between the components of personality education leads to one-sided

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No. 3 [Posev, 1981]

Socio-political magazine. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The motto of the magazine is "God is not in power, but in truth" (Alexander Nevsky). The periodicity of the journal has changed. Initially published as a weekly publication, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (number 1128) the magazine became a monthly one.

relations with Japan, which were so mutually beneficial during the period 1907-1917, is a necessary component<...>zu, then another farmer produces food for her, and not even all the food, but only one of its components<...>In this sense, one can speak of solidarity both as an ethical requirement and as a task.<...>You can call them, as we did at the beginning of the report, and simply based on common sense.<...>Its individual components are scattered throughout the various essays of the book, but appear coherently and succinctly in interviews.

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Hermeneutics of dramaturgy A.P. Chekhov monograph

M.: FLINTA

The book of Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor I.V. Dmitrevskaya is devoted to a practically unexplored problem, a hermeneutic analysis of A.P. Chekhov. Considering the situation of misunderstanding as the main internal cause of the existential content of Chekhov's plays, the author, using the method of systemic hermeneutics, reveals the sequence of meanings hidden inside Chekhov's texts and aimed at resolving existential situations or identifying the conditions under which they remain insoluble. Thus, the internal logic of the plot is revealed, the movement of the psychological world of the characters from misunderstanding to understanding. The book reveals other aspects of A.P. Chekhov - phenomenological, existential, symbolic, social, etc.

What is the meaning of being?<...>meaning .<...>system-forming relation (structure) and system-forming property (concept). In a literary text, these components<...>There is a systemic interconnection of components: moral law - concept, maxim of will - structure, act<...>In the first case, the conceptual and structural component of the text system is the author's, in the second, the author's concept

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History and theory of Russian culture

The anthology includes sources on the history and theory of culture, on the basis of which students will be able to master the most complex topics of the courses "Theory and History of National Culture", "History of National Art", included in the OPD block of the specialty Museology. The reader can serve as an additional aid for independent work of students studying in the specialties of History, Social and Cultural Service and Tourism, studying the courses "History of World Culture", "World Culture and Art".

But it is sad to think that the one who so vividly and strongly understood the meaning of the state, who completely enslaved him<...>In this sense, every work of art is symbolic. [...]<...>And if for the time being the dirty marks of your "common sense" and "good taste" remain in our lines,<...>In the West - in the sense of geographical outlines - the richest development of coasts, the thinning of the continent<...>Evil must be traced to its roots; you have to literally eradicate it. [...]

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The meaning of the literary text. Verbal image as an actualizer of meaning on the example of R. Musil's novels "The Confusion of the Pupil of Törless" and "A Man Without Qualities"

", i.e. components of the general meaning: 1) complementarity (meanings complement the content, developing, enriching<...>The movement from the theme to the idea of the text is the process of interaction between the various components of this system, as single-level<...>whole, the interpreter can separate out those implications that are typical and appropriate components<...>Semantic Component in the Interpretation of a Fiction Text // Studies in Fiction Text<...>Understanding the original text as a component of the work of a fiction translator.

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No. 4 [Ecumene. Regional studies, 2010]

Scientific and theoretical journal OYCUMENA regional studies. The subject of the journal is related to the general assessment of the current state of socio-humanitarian research in the Far East

technocratic principles in all regions, especially in small towns and villages, has led to the fact that the "component<...>by the Chinese population of the country of their Chinese names and culture, the proclamation of the cultures of hill tribes as a component<...>can play a role in creating a theory and methodology for the study of other phenomena and their constituent components<...>Intermediate values are determined by categorical principal component analysis. 2 The exception is<...>) or one of the optimal scaling methods (categorical principal component method ) – depending on

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Ways of modernization of research and educational activities in the field of culture and art: materials of the 4th international scientific and practical. conference (Krasnodar, April 5, 2014). - Krasnodar, 2014. - 336 pp. - (Social and humanitarian bulletin)

Reports are presented on the problems of organizing educational activities in the conditions of innovative development. The main directions of development of scientific research in the field of education, culture, and art are noted.

In this sense, facilitation acts as a pedagogical strategy.<...>Education is meaningless without the cultivation of the senses.<...>It can perform functions in society without being a document in the full sense of the word.<...>of this or that concept, the exchange of meanings.<...>Need-motivational component.

Preview: Ways to modernize research and educational activities in the field of culture and art materials of the 4th international scientific and practical. conference (Krasnodar, April 5, 2014).- Krasnodar, 2014.- 336s.-(Social and Humanitarian Bulletin).pdf (2.5 Mb)

No. 12 [Political Linguistics, 2004]

The journal aims to promote the exchange of the latest information in the field of political linguistics, as well as in the field of the relationship between language, culture and society. It includes five main sections - "Theory of Political Linguistics", "Political Communication", "Language - Politics - Culture", "Linguistic Expertise: Language and Law" and "From the History of Political Linguistics". It is intended for philologists, political scientists, sociologists and all those who are interested in the problems of political communication.

Since the discussion of historians about the meaning of the revolution essentially boils down to a discussion about the meaning<...>In this sense, this concept acquires a metaphorical meaning.<...>As one of the components of the metaphor of the mechanism of A.P.<...>In this sense, the symbolic component also becomes significant in the case of "live broadcast" and in the oral political<...>If the first component of the magnet is nominative and therefore indisputably terminological, then the other components are

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Literary eras and literary movements

FGBOU VPO "SHGPU"

These educational materials examine the general patterns of the historical development of fiction from antiquity to the twentieth century inclusive, characterize the main literary eras, trends, currents, schools, which allows us to see the historical and literary process in its continuity. Teaching materials are intended for students of philological and humanitarian faculties of pedagogical universities, and may also be useful to language teachers and students of senior secondary schools.

All these are songs in the truest sense of the word.<...>There is no point in looking for more psychological content in them.<...>meaning .<...>a person with his environment, and the concept of the latter includes both spiritual and material components<...>It made sense only as a part of the whole, which he constantly felt.

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No. 4 [Veterinary. Abstract journal, 2001]

Since 1996, the TsNSHB has been published quarterly. The journal is a body of current information about domestic and foreign literature on veterinary medicine and can serve as a reference tool for scientists and practical veterinarians, as well as librarians and employees of scientific and technical information bodies. Every year, the RJ includes over 1000 publications about the most significant articles from scientific veterinary journals and collections received by the library. The bibliographic description is accompanied by an annotation or abstract. The reference apparatus includes author's and subject indexes.

Influence of Feeding Sheep with a Limited Feeding Regime on the Level of Biochemical Components<...> <...>The immunogenicity of various components of the bacterial cell of the causative agent of necrobacteriosis [Compilation<...>Lidem preparation based on a complex of bacteriolytic enzymes and a bactericidal component with extended<...>Vetseptol consists of a mixture of glucose, salt components and an antiseptic, polyparenchymine from products

The article is devoted to the increase in humanitarian knowledge, professional dissatisfaction in historical science, the revision of some historical events.

"to abandon the poison, now especially dangerous, from the routine of learning and from empiricism in the guise of common sense

No. 3 [New Literature in the Social and Human Sciences. Linguistics: Bibliography. op., 2011]

branch annotated current bibliographic index on linguistics, published by INION RAS. Published since 1993, it is a continuation of the bibliographic indexes "New Soviet Literature in Linguistics" and "New Foreign Literature in Linguistics". Contains information about domestic and foreign publications on the problems of general, applied and particular linguistics, coming to the INION library. The index includes literature in Western European, Slavic and Oriental languages. The publication is supplied with author's and subject indexes, list of used sources.

"The Logic of Meaning" by Gilles Deleuze as a universal methodological basis for understanding linguistic phenomena<...>On the meaning of philosophical translation // Vestn. Leningrad. state university<...>Grammatical categories in the perception of comic meaning // Vestn. Chelyabin. state university Philology.<...>Concept: meaning, concept, meaning // Questions of German Studies. - Pyatigorsk, 2010. - Issue. 10. - S. 50-57.<...>"The Word Was to God": Higher Meaning or Nonsense?

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No. 9 [New Literature in the Social and Human Sciences. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. op., 2011]

Intuitive components in decision making // Philosophy, science, education. - 2010. - M., 2010. - S.<...>Self-realization as a component of acmeological development // Scientific notes of the department of acmeology and psychology<...>The motive of meaning in the philosophy of S.N.<...>Spengler on the meaning of history // Uchen. app.<...>4, 76, 859 and parks 581 and sociocultural context 581 and form 581 Meaning of life 145, 643, 825, 860 Meaning

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No. 10 [New Literature in the Social and Human Sciences. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. op., 2011]

The index has been published since 1946, published monthly. Its purpose is information about domestic and foreign literature on philosophy and sociology. Literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is provided with author's and subject indexes.

Ontology, methodology, epistemology, axiology and dialectics of social work as a component of "philosophy<...>T. Scanlon: criticism of the double effect doctrine as a key component of non-consequentialist moral<...>Rock music as a component of spirituality of informal youth subcultures // Vestn.<...>National Cuisine of Ashkenazi Jews as a Component of Identification (France). 1519 Code: 07037644 Matta<...>50, 972 Meaning of life 140, 146, 153, 161, 181, 182, 183, 185 Russia sociocultural context 1223 Meaning

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No. 11 [New literature on social and human sciences. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. op., 2011]

On the problem of the archaic component in the mind of the individual // The problem of assembling subjects in the post-non-classical<...>The new role of language: orientation towards the activity nature of cognition and its modal-constructive component<...>Worldview function of the philosophy of history: connection between the meaning of life and the meaning of history // Uchen. app.<...>Features of the patriotic component of the content of education in Russian spiritual and secular educational institutions<...>62, 115, 199, 247, 367, 547, 551, 577, 643 China 347 Meaning of life 163, 177, 316, 794, 801, 868 Meaning

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The world as the realization of beauty. Fundamentals of aesthetics

Moscow: Progress-Tradition

The work of the outstanding Russian philosopher N.O. Lossky, created by him in the last years of his life, completes the system of personalistic ideal-realism. For a number of reasons, this work remained unpublished and, until the time of this publication, lay in the archives of the Institute of Slavic Studies in Paris. BUT. Lossky conceived it as a textbook that was to be included in the program of Orthodox education.

He explains that this is not about truth in the subenpiito. and sense, i.e. in the sense of the consent of my representations<...>relations with a cognizable object, but about truth in an objective sense.<...>Beauty in nature and its meaning.<...>"I wanted to understand the meaning of every lie," he says (93).<...>In the book, at every step, the words good and evil are encountered, but not in the sense of moral good and evil, but in the sense of

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No. 2 [New literature on social and human sciences. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. op., 2012]

The development of the philosophical component in theoretical historiography. 280 Code: 27417632 Harper A.J.<...>Social representations as components of everyday ideology. 483 Code: 080531112 Popova I.M.<...>"Frustration of the Lost Meaning" and L.N.<...>Education as an integral component of the category "quality of life".<...>7, 304, 434 Meaning of life 141, 150, 622, 679, 783 Meaning of history 278 Dreams 68, 733, 981 Sobornost

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No. 1 [New literature on social and human sciences. Religious Studies: Bibliography. op., 2012]

The index includes the following types of publications in Western European, Slavic and Oriental languages: monographs, collections of articles, abstracts of dissertations, individual articles and reviews from collections, almanacs, journals and other periodicals, bibliographic and reference publications, manuscripts deposited in INION. Literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is supplied with author's and subject indexes, list of used sources. The index is intended for researchers, higher education teachers, graduate students and senior students, practitioners, as well as for use in the bibliographic and reference work of scientific libraries and information centers.

The cognitive aspect of the symbolic component in the structure of the concepts God and Devil in Russian, French<...>The Problem of the Ontological Status of the Religious Component of Russian Philosophy in the Late XIX – First Half<...>National-Religious Component of University Education: Philosophical and Cultural Dimension<...>Religious and moral meaning of M.Yu.<...>Eschatological meaning of the poem by S.A.

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No. 8 [New Literature in the Social and Human Sciences. Literary criticism: Bibliography. op., 2011]

It is a continuation of the bibliographic indexes "New Soviet Literature in Literary Studies" and "New Foreign Literature in Literary Studies". Published monthly. Contains information about domestic and foreign literature on the theory and history of literary criticism, literature of all countries and peoples, folklore, entering the INION RAS library. The publication is intended for use in scientific, educational, bibliographic and reference activities. The index includes information about books and articles from journals and collections. Each issue is provided with auxiliary author's and subject indexes.

The phenomenon of Chesterton journalism: common sense through the prism of paradox // Semantic space of the text<...>Esoteric component in the context of the Irish literary revival // Word and text in cultural<...>The Esoteric Component (Images-Symbols, Mythologems, Mystical Motifs) in W. B. Yeats' Poetry.<...>Religion of "common sense": From lectures on Leo Tolstoy / Publ. prepared<...>Brodsky // Values and meanings. - M., 2010. - No. 3. - P. 125-140. 733 Code: 13567632 Khudaiberdina M.U.

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Religion of Dmitry Merezhkovsky. "Neo-Christian" Doctrine and Its Artistic Embodiment monograph

M.: FLINTA

The monograph is a systematic study of the religious, philosophical and artistic heritage of D.S. Merezhkovsky - one of the brightest "spiritual leaders" of the literary and philosophical process at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The author analyzes the essence and main components of the "non-Christian" doctrine of Merezhkovsky and, on the basis of the definition of a single "picture of the world" of the writer and thinker, builds a holistic concept of his work. The evaluation of the specifics of the original heretical religion of the "Third Testament of the Holy Spirit" verified in the work, created by Merezhkovsky and the figures of the so-called "new religious consciousness" as opposed to the traditional Orthodox Christian dogma, allows us to clearly demonstrate where the "non-traditional" search for God leads. In general, the study contributes to a significant refinement and correction of the prevailing ideas about religious and artistic modernism in Russia in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

The epistemological component here is immeasurably stronger, it becomes equivalent to the ontological component.<...>The meaning of creativity is to become an android.<...>Chulkov, and "emblematics of meaning" by A.<...>This is also the meaning of sayings 6 1 and 64.<...>make sure that the theoretical constructions he builds contain not only a purely speculative component

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Practical thinking: theoretical problems and applied aspects [monograph]

The monograph is a generalization of research and theoretical developments of the team of the Yaroslavl scientific school, devoted to the problem of practical thinking. The work has two main sections. The first section is devoted to theoretical and research problems of practical thinking. It consists of four parts: "Practical thinking in the context of general theoretical problems of psychological science." “Practical thinking in the interaction of the subject with the world”, “Transformative orientation of practical thinking” and “The subject of practical thinking. Experience and construction of the situation. The second section, presented in the fifth part of the monograph "Methodological aspect of studying and diagnosing the features of practical thinking", includes practice-oriented developments of the team in the field of research and diagnostics of the features of practical thinking.

It is in this sense that the remarks of A.<...>Moreover, adaptation is understood both in the sense of material properties and in the cognitive sense, depending on<...>In this sense, the problem space is related to all other components of life and professional<...>M.: Meaning. 2000. 200 p. 90. Trifonova S. A.<...>extracting meaning from them, etc. - in a word, the production of meaning ".

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No. 5 [New Literature in the Social and Human Sciences. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. op., 2011]

The Phenomenon of Life and the Biological Component of the Universe // Consciousness and Physical. reality. - M., 2010. - T. 15<...>Noetic meaning of humor (humor as a form of expression of the meaning of life) // Innovative Personal Potential<...>Analysis of the work of G. Gshpet "Phenomenon and meaning.<...>Shpet: the perspective of the logic of content (meaning) // Creative heritage of G.G.<...>Thomas Reed and David Hume about common sense // Vestn.

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No. 9 [New Literature in the Social and Human Sciences. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. op., 2012]

Three ways of understanding the world by a person: through objective meanings, subjective meaning and object apriorism<...>The Antinomy of Being and Meaning. Meaning and finalism. 197 Code: 08997642 Portmore D.W.<...>The ideological component in the national self-consciousness of Russians // Man in the space of culture: "Russian<...>The concept of "another meaning" in the philosophy of L. Shestov and N.<...>Ethnosocial components of the communicative competence of the individual // Uchen. app.

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No. 1 [New literature on social and human sciences. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. op., 2012]

E. Levinas: nihilism and the problem of the meaning of being and human life.<...>The meaning of the article in the light of modern discussions on the topic of "falsification of history".<...>Ethno-cultural component in the formation of Russian identity // Issues of national and federal<...>The meaning of the book in history (the history of ideas). 868 Code: 067921112 Pervushina V. N.<...>The Problem of the Ontological Status of the Religious Component of Russian Philosophy in the Late XIX – First Half

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Philosophy of culture

FGBOU VPO "SHGPU"

The manual is recommended for use for the implementation of the main course "Philosophy of Culture" at the Faculty of History and Philology. It can also be used for all humanitarian specialties, as well as undergraduates, graduate students and doctoral students to consolidate basic knowledge and improve the overall level of qualifications of teaching staff.

The concept of "baroque" appears as a general and holistic meaning - as a meaning, obviously set before the whole<...>In the full sense of the word, it is the theology of Crisis (judgment) - but in the sense of salvation, not death.<...>Genre - there is a “form of meaning" (V. V. Kozhinov) in the sense in which " the world has a meaning" (M. M.<...>Such is the occult meaning of this profanity."<...>The meaning of history. M., 1990. 22. Berdyaev N. A. The meaning of creativity // Berdyaev N. A.

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System analysis in economics

M.: Publishing house "Finance and statistics"

For the first time, the provisions of systems theory and system analysis are considered in relation to the requirements of analysts who study economic systems. Classical analytical and specific procedures of structural analysis are presented. Considerable attention is paid to the description of the basic methodology for conducting system analysis and the formation of work plans for the study of specific systems.

What set of structural components is used to build a composition model? 5.7.<...>The name should reflect the meaning of the content of the stream.<...>In the beginning proceed from considerations of common sense.<...>What semantic components should contain a qualitative statement of the problem? 20.12.<...>Its meaning is as follows.

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The Meaning of Anxiety, The Meaning of Anxiety

M.: In-t general humanist. research

Anxiety is a pervasive and profound phenomenon of the twentieth century. The phenomenon of anxiety is important not only in the treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders, but also for literature, sociology, politics and economics, education, religion and philosophy.

Moreover, if, without risking at all, in the highest sense (and participation in the highest sense means awareness of<...>When verbal or motor components of emotional states are partially or completely suppressed,<...>positions, in turn, give rise to various emotions (both neurophysiological and hormonal components).<...>475 The obsessive component of the action can be seen in the fact that a more or less intense anxiety arises<...>Moreover, if I did not take risks at all, in the highest sense (and to take risks in the highest sense of the word means

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new renaissance

The book tests the assumption that our time can be considered an unprecedented shift and the threshold of an unimaginable historical era. The stages of a decisive uprising against historical fate in the early Italian Renaissance are traced. Its typical characteristics are critically evaluated, the defining figures of Dante, Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Machiavelli, Guicciardini are considered. Comparison of new ethical approaches with the Renaissance poetic philosophy reveals the common features of the revival as a historical beginning.

The man of modernity does not believe not only that things give us meaning, but also that they have meaning in themselves.<...>His teacher Max Dvorak has already written about the meaning of the cathedral.<...>The loss of the middle occurs in many ways.<...>Wisdom is understood here in the old sense of the highest virtue.<...>The machine also has the mystical meaning of initiation into the cult of technology.

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Management of sustainable development of active systems monograph

Rostov

The monograph outlines the author's concept of managing the sustainable development of active systems, based on the use of hierarchical differential game models and information technologies for their analysis. Along with theoretical ones, applied models of management of ecological, economic, organizational, social systems, as well as models of management of active systems in conditions of corruption are considered. The monograph reflects the results of scientific research and can be used for methodological purposes.

In this sense, the notorious statement of T.<...>The meaning of the introduced concept of IUDS is as follows.<...>can be performed with this component.<...>An OLAP system includes two main components: an OLAP server and an OLAP client.<...>Let us now consider the composition of the simulation system and the interaction of its components.

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Life").<...>At the same time, correlations between the components "meaning of life", "religion" and "I-image" were not revealed.

Modern Russian language. Lexicology: theory, training, control studies. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The manual presents a set of educational, scientific and methodological materials intended for studying the course “Modern Russian Language. Lexicology". It contains the necessary theoretical information on the main sections, a system of training and control tasks that can be used both for work in practical classes and for self-study. New theoretical approaches to language learning (cognitive, pragmatic, linguoculturological) are highlighted. The language material of modern media is used, which most fully reflects the active processes in vocabulary and phraseology.

The article touches upon the problem of teaching foreign students textual activity. From the standpoint of the semantic-cognitive approach, the process of qualitative formation of the skills and abilities of mastering and constructing a text is carried out taking into account the stages of the communicant's speech-thinking activity and involves the analysis of the semantics, syntactics and pragmatics of the signs that make up the text, their translation with the help of mental operations into the structures of inner speech and the production of these structures into the external plane with the involvement of presuppositions and subtext.

meaning.<...>The semantics of inner speech is the meaning, which consists of presupposition (part of the meaning, not expressed<...>) → to meaning → to thought.<...>Code units are linguistic signs and their components.<...>knowledge programming an unambiguous understanding of the phrase and its components.

The purpose of this study is to identify and compare the semantic structure of the meanings of ornithonyms in Russian and German. Based on the analysis of the definitions of the most famous dictionaries of the Russian and German languages, the semantic volume of the lexical meanings of ornithonyms is studied.

The scientist emphasizes that when describing the cultural component of the meaning of a word, it is necessary to take into account meaningful<...>contexts, that “reference point in the characterization of words whose cultural component of the meaning is determined<...>reveal meanings that are incomprehensible at first glance.<...>Types of values and their structural components / L. M.<...>On the cultural connotative component of vocabulary / Yu. A.

Pragmatics and semantics of means of expressing evaluation in Russian monograph

M.: MGUP named after Ivan Fedorov

This publication is devoted to the most important problem of understanding the system structure of the evaluative fragment of the language and the ways and means of its implementation in speech activity. The study not only presents a modern view of the problem in line with the interaction of semantics, grammar and pragmatics, but also for the first time presents an assessment as a functional-semantic category, implemented in speech activity by a system of multi-level linguistic means. The process of performance by these means of the evaluative function, which combines them into a functional-semantic field of evaluation with a nuclear and peripheral zone, is described in detail. Speech means of axiological "triunity" (cognitive, communicative and emotional) in the evaluative statement and text are revealed. Cases of grammatical and semantic-pragmatic "transformation" of lexical, derivational and syntactic units under the "evaluative beam" are demonstrated. When expressing a value attitude - positive or negative - the speaker is presented as a connoisseur or critic, in dynamics reflecting the linguistic picture of the world with its subjective-objective component of a qualitative assessment.

In the structure of the “proper” evaluative meaning, the descriptive and evaluative components of meaning are combined,<...>In the context, the meaning of the word roosters in combination Indian roosters consists of the components "men" (the name<...>Particles in utterances with an evaluative component of 219 meanings of the value attitude disappear: Well done!<...>Particles in utterances with an evaluative component 225 "mismatch of meanings" of the utterance, loss of contact<...>The interaction of evaluative (positive or negative) and existential components of meaning in semantic

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Linguistic anomalies in a literary text: Andrey Platonov and other monographs

M.: FLINTA

The book is devoted to a comprehensive study of the phenomenon of linguistic anomaly in a literary text within the framework of a consistent consideration of linguistic anomalies as a "world-forming", style-forming and text-forming factor on the levels of "artistic world" - artistic speech - artistic narration, which is carried out on the material of texts taken separately, "exemplarily abnormal" the author, who is Andrey Platonov. The book outlines ways to create a holistic theory of linguistic anomalies in a literary text and substantiates the relevant typology of linguistic anomalies in relation to the specifics of a literary word.

meaning, only non-conventional components collide here.<...>meaning, non-conventional components collide here, the anomaly of which is detected when inverting<...>the meaning of a word, phrase or statement; (2) excessive verbalization of the presuppositional component<...>meaning at the level of a word or statement; (3) excessive "literalization" of the presuppositive component<...>What is the general meaning of such strange "operations" on non-verbalized components of meaning

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The concept of the linguistic status of connotation is opposed by extreme points of view, or those that exclude connotation from the sphere of linguistics in general, on the sole basis that connotative semantics as a sign system should be attributed to the field of semiotics;

Morris (1971) in semiosis along with the traditional three components: sign, designate (class of objects<...>, denotation), interpretant (meaning, content of the sign) of the additional fourth component - the interpreter<...>All components of semiosis are organically related to each other, if we proceed from the multifunctionality of the<...>, in our opinion, is very productive in the study of the components of culture in the connotative content<...>sense).

M.: PROMEDIA

The question of the principles of the syntactic description of the sentence within the framework of the functional-communicative linguodidactic model of the language is considered on the example of binominal characterization sentences.

nevertheless, to very tangible meaningful shifts, the complication of the main meaning with connotative meanings<...>Bezyaeva, we understand the linguistic way of conveying the meanings (possible state of affairs) that the<...>the speaker in the process of thinking, bringing these meanings into a predicative connection.<...>It is this center of IC that determines the main meaning of the utterance.<...>meaning.

Speech situations of understatement in dialogic discourse (on the material of the English language) abstract

M.: PROMEDIA

The paper develops criteria for classifying specific ways of conveying subtextual information in dialogical communication. Speech situations of understatement are analyzed from the positions of pragmalinguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. The mechanism of explication of the hidden meaning in the situation of understatement is established.

The description of the functional features of figures and structures with an implicit meaning component is<...>Implicit meanings are an important and indispensable, information-capacious component of verbal communication.<...>In the case when some components of the utterance imply other components, the structural<...>sense, the remaining components have to be restored on the basis of the verbalized content.<...>Innuendo is an informative and functionally significant component of the communication process.

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Metaphorical images of Russia, America and Germany in the political discourse of the German media abstract

In the metaphorical images of different countries, the value meanings of sympathy and antipathy are found.<...>political discourse of the German media, allows us to identify the technique of meaning formation as a set of split components<...>meaning formation” [Arutyunova 1999, p. 336], which consists in the fact that split components are detected<...>meaning.<...>One of the components of the interpretant is the expressive components of the meaning contained in the actual

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the article deals with the cognitive nature of semiotics and the possibilities of using its apparatus in cognitive studies of language. As an example, a modeling construction is analyzed - the London metatext, i.e. "comprehensive" verbalization of the concept "London", and a strategy for its semiotic interpretation is proposed

the book "Semantic Primitives", basic relational concepts of Sapir, Hjelmslev figures, semantic components<...>Weinreich, Birvish's semantic markers, Apresyan's elementary meanings were presented assuming that<...>The structure of the London text is kaleidoscopic, probabilistic, as the components of meaning are actualized<...>formalized interpretive procedures and are accurately described as actualizable semantic components<...>another kind - statements based on propositional functions with constant and variable components

Lexical Meaning Components

The lexical meaning of a word is determined by a number of factors, both linguistic and extralinguistic. These include, first of all, the real reality, that is, the attitude to the subject, thinking, that is, the attitude to the concept, and the language system .. In addition, in

The lexical meaning also reflects the mental, emotional activity of a person, his attitude to the signified, or the pragmatic aspect of the word. This conditionality by various factors is the basis of the structure of the lexical meaning, or its component composition.

Each word is associated with certain objects and phenomena of the world around us, as it names them. So, in the lexical meaning, the subject relatedness of the word finds expression: the word names objects, i.e. realities of the surrounding world, "pieces of reality". It is this aspect of the lexical meaning of V.V. Vinogradov and called "object-material content".

The connection of a word with an object of the real world lies in the fact that the lexical meaning reflects the main features of the named objects, the most essential for distinguishing this word and the object called by it from others. The called object can be not only real, but also imagined, imaginary, even a “fantastic construct”, for example, a mermaid, a centaur. All this is reflected in the lexical meaning and its interpretation.

The correlation of a word with an object, reality, denotation is called denotative relation, and the corresponding component (or aspect) of lexical meaning is called a denotative component, or denotative meaning.

Only significant words have subject relatedness. Service words and interjections do not name objects of reality, do not perform a nominative function, and therefore do not have a denotative reference.

However, words and their lexical meanings do not correlate with the real world directly, but through the concept, thinking (categories of logic). The essential features of a number of homogeneous objects are generalized in our minds into the concept of these objects. Based on the totality of such essential features, we get an idea and make up a concept about some realities, even unfamiliar ones. The concept, therefore, is a generalized image of an object, a thought about an object that highlights its essential features. It is in this generalized form that the concept is embodied in the word, in its lexical meaning.

The correlation of a word with a concept is called a conceptual relationship, and the corresponding macrocomponent of a lexical meaning is called a lexical concept, or a significat, or a significative meaning.

Concepts can be everyday and scientific. Everyday concepts are expressed in primary generalizations, everyday ideas of people about reality. They are embodied in the everyday meanings of words, their lexical concepts reflect a naive picture of the world. On the basis of everyday thinking, scientific thinking develops, carried out in the form of scientific concepts. These concepts are expressed by terminological meanings of words.

So, in the word water, in everyday terms, they stand out as essential features “a liquid without color and odor, which you can drink, which you can wash with.” In scientific terms, such signs as “a substance that is a combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom” take the first place.

The conceptual component forms the basis of the lexical meaning of words, that is, the word includes the concept that reflects reality. The empirical component reflects the visual-sensory image of the denotation, and it is present in the meanings of not all words, but only those words that denote phenomena that are accessible to direct sensory perception. In this component, personal, individual knowledge is most manifested, due to which the content of the meanings of the same words in different people differs in specific details, but the conceptual, main part remains the same. Kuznetsova E.V. Lexicology of the Russian language. - M.: Higher school, 1989. - S. 25.

Not only the subject and concept, as well as the place in the system, determine the nature of the lexical meaning, but also the attitude of the speaker to the named object. This aspect of the semantics of the word is called pragmatic, which is to some extent additional and even somewhat opposed to denotative. If the denotative component of the meaning contains information about the called object of reality, then the pragmatic one contains information about the person's attitude to this object.

For example, the words house, house, little house, with the same denotative meaning "building for human habitation", differ in the expression of the attitude to the denotation: neutral, positive and negative.

This component of meaning is called connotative. In a narrow sense, connotations include emotionally expressive, evaluative or stylistic information, in a broad sense - any additional component of meaning.

The connotative component of the meaning of words is more significant for functioning, but not mandatory for all words, and it includes characteristics of an emotional, evaluative and proper stylistic nature. This additional information can be of two types. On the one hand, it can express an evaluative attitude towards a denotation, and in dictionaries words with an evaluative connotation are given with special markings: playful, contemptuous, disapproving, ironic, affectionate, etc., for example, dove (affectionate). On the other hand, additional information may be related to the social assessment of the word itself as obsolete, stylistically limited, dialectal or special, and in dictionaries such words are given with special marks: regional, colloquial, bookish, musical, etc.

Emotional connotation means the expression of emotions, feelings in addition to the denotative meaning: irony, jokes, affection, contempt. For example: to beg - “humiliating, importunately asking”, contemptuous. Usually, the emotional coloring of a word is shown in dictionaries with the help of appropriate labels. For example: house - mind-weasel.

Expressive coloring, in addition to emotional, also includes information about the intensity, strengthening of the trait. For example: house - will strengthen. to the house.

An evaluative connotation is an expression of approval or disapproval. For example: domina - disapproves. to the house.

Most often, all these connotations are combined, as they complement each other, therefore they are called together an emotional-evaluative connotation.

D.N. Shmelev refers to the emotionally colored vocabulary words, the emotional significance of which is created by vocabulary-sound means, and words, in the proper lexical meaning of which the assessment of the objects, phenomena or states they designate is expressed. Shmelev D.N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. - M.: Enlightenment, 1972. - P.164.

Stylistic connotation contains information about the use of a word in a particular style. For example: house, house.

Domina - colloquial, Penates - high.

Connotations in a broad sense include both socio-historical and national-cultural information. For example, the word terem contains information that in the old days in Russia this was the name of the boyar house.

Various kinds of associations and symbols are also considered connotations. For example, many animal names contain such connotations, from which figurative meanings are sometimes formed: a cat is a symbol of laziness, a donkey is stupidity.

Thus, the semantic structure of a word consists of a number of macrocomponents: grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, denotative meaning, derivational meaning, connotative meaning. The main thing in this structure is the denotative meaning.

Some words are motivated, for example, honey agaric - grows on stumps, window sill - is under the window, Wednesday - the average day of the week.

This feature, which is the basis of the name, is called the motivating component of the semantics of the word. Some researchers also call it the internal form of the word. However, the inner form can be lost, forgotten. So, the words man, table, currant, hut are no longer motivated.

Words with a lost inner form are called unmotivated. Compare the words mitten, glove and mitten. The first two have a clear internal form of a hand, a finger, therefore they are motivated, but the last one is unmotivated, its internal form has been lost, and it can only be recognized by the etymological dictionary: mittens - varega / varga - from Old Russian var - "protection".

The motivational component of the meaning is an optional, but a possible component, although sometimes it may not be comprehended by a native speaker, for example, the meaning of the word “pillow” is difficult to associate with the word “ear”, and the word itself is interpreted as a bag stuffed with down, feathers, etc. .

Each of the microcomponents is called the term sema. The totality of elementary semes constitutes the structure of the lexical meaning, or sememe. The semantic structure of the word as a whole also includes grammatical features, or semes - grammes.

So, the elementary unit of the semantic structure of a word is the seme, which is a reflection in the minds of native speakers of distinctive features that are objectively inherent in the denotation, or attributed to it by a given language environment and, therefore, are objective in relation to each speaker.

Since the lexical meaning of a word is a structure, the semes are organized in a special way in it. In linguistics, the following types of semes are distinguished: archiseme (generic seme) and differential semes.

For example, in the lexical meaning of the word house, the archiseme is “structure” (it is common for all words that name any buildings, for example, a barn, a cowshed, and differential semes are “for housing”, and not for something else.

Thus, differential semes are distinguished relative to other words.

There are also facultative semes (optional), peripheral semes (secondary) and potential semes. They reflect non-essential, indistinguishable features of the subject, which may appear under certain conditions.

For example: FIR-TREE: 1) "tree" - archisema; 2) "coniferous"; 3) "evergreen"; 4) "cone-shaped" - differential semes; 5) “symbol of the New Year” - a potential seme (Do not forget to buy a Christmas tree; “The Christmas tree cried at first from home warmth ...”).

It is on their basis that derivative, figurative meanings often develop.

For example, in the semantics of the word house, one can single out the potential “for family living”, on the basis of which one of the derivative meanings of the word “family” arose (cf.: make friends at home).

So, there are two sets of seme articulation: a complete one, consisting of semes of lexical and grammatical meanings, and a partial one, containing only semes of lexical meaning.

The complete set includes the following types of semes:

2) lexogramme - a lexical-grammatical seme, denoting, in particular, the lexical-grammatical category of nouns - concreteness, materiality, collectiveness, abstractness;

3) hyperseme (archiseme, generic seme), denoting a class of objects (plant, animal, color, verbs of motion, etc.);

4) hyposemes (species semes), which are semes of a specific nature, which designate differential features of an object, action, etc. and distinguish objects of the same class;

5) connotative semes are semes that express additional meaningful and stylistic (evaluative, emotional and expressive) meanings;

6) potential (probabilistic) semes are semes that appear in a specific text: Dasha said that she envies Ivan Ilyich - she has her own business, confidence in life ... and she is a woman (A.T.), where potential semes in the word woman are : "dependence", "weakness", "uncertainty".

Semes can be explicit (expressed in the lexicographic definition of the word) and implicit (unexpressed): high in the meaning of very good - a book of high quality (positive, approving, explicit) and thunder in the meaning of making loud sounds - rattling chairs (negative, disapproving, implicit) . Lekant P.A., Dibrova E.I., Kasatkin L.L., Klobukov E.V. Modern Russian language. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - P.14.

A. E. Bochkarev ON THE STATUS OF VALUE COMPONENTS

Discussions around component analysis come down mainly to questions: in what terms to define the components of meaning, can they be considered as small, limiting, universal "atoms of meaning"? The nature of semantic research depends on the answer to these questions, and with it the solution of such fundamental questions of the philosophy of language as the relationship between language and reality, existence, truth and knowledge.

A. Bochkarev STATUS OF SEMANTIC FEATURES

The semantic analysis is largely concerned with the question if the semantic features are conceptual, primitive, universal, referential or relative units. The reply to this question aims to clarify such problems of philosophy of language as a relation between the language and the world, the knowledge and the truth, how the language is related to the world and how the knowledge of the world is stated in the study of meaning.

According to the generally accepted opinion, the units of the content substance are semantic components - semantic markers and distinguishers, classemes and semanthemes, archisemes and differential semes, nuclear and contextual semes, differential and integral features, specific and generic semes, integral and afferent semes.

In addition to analogies with phonological analysis, the starting point for such a division is the well-known provision of morpho-syntax, according to which the content of any morpheme can be decomposed into elementary components. The English morpheme am, for example, can be represented as five constituent elements: /be/, /first person/, /singular/, /present/, /indicative/, and the meaning of English. ‘bachelor’ bachelor - display by analogy as a set of components /physical object/, /living/, /person/, /male/, /adult/, /never married/1.

Without going into a discussion of how acceptable this way of representation is, we note for now that discussions around the components of meaning are reduced to

mainly to such fundamental questions for semantics:

Are value components limiting?

Are meaning components universal?

In what terms to define the components of meaning - as referential, conceptual or relational features?

The nature of semantic research depends on the answer to these questions, and with it the solution of such fundamental questions of the philosophy of language as the relationship between language and reality, existence, truth and knowledge.

Let us dwell on the questions posed in more detail in order to understand how the substance of the content is shaped in interpretation and how epistemologically significant such shaping is.

1. Value components are not universal. With reference to "innate ideas," the components of meaning are often likened to the universal categories of the human mind. Following the example of E. Husserl, such "primitives" of semantic theory are called noems. “Noema,” writes B. Pottier, “is an elementary, universal, abstract figure of meaning”2.

If, following the example of E. Husserl, the noema is understood as the “semantic correlate of objectivity”, to which cognition ascends as the limit of the extra-subjective essence, then the content of the noema is indeed universal, and in universality it is free from subjective judgments: this is eidos in the Platonic sense . Meanwhile, even the noema, we note, can hardly be considered universal. In any case, as a "dialectical-hierarchical ascent to the idea" it is rather "infinite variation of meaning"3, "multifaceted meaning"4.

In the intentional experience of an object, only the principle of the correlation of objectivity and meaning can be universal, but not the semantic correlate of objectivity, not the content of the noema. Not-

for nothing, in the model of conceptualization of reality proposed by B. Pottier, universals are transformed as they pass through various “cultural filters”, including mythology, religion, society and experimental taxonomies, and thereby lose their universal character:

codification1 > cultural filters > codification2 > characterization > LANGUAGE...

Indeed, B. Pottier agrees, in any ascent to an idea there is something of “universality” and something of “culturality”5, and in proportional dependence, the ratio between “universal” and “cultural” can change significantly. For example:

(a) as an entity, the sun is universal, but it is often associated with various beliefs and ideas - warmth, rays, royalty, the Taoist masculine "yang", happiness and strength;

(b) shelter - a place where one can hide from dangers, taking on a wide variety of forms depending on ethnic, climatic or social conditions;

(c) as a positive aesthetic principle, beauty is everywhere recognized, but is defined each time in relation to ornaments, landscape, drawing or building as its necessary foundation, without which it cannot be imagined.

Whatever the relationship between the "universal" and "cultural" components, the noema does not therefore become a universal "atom of meaning":

versal" and "cultural" components of the codification of meaning, universals and "cultural filters".

Due to the changeability of intentional experiences, the semantic correlates of the objective essence themselves, and hence the content of the noema, can also differ. Therefore, in the "cultural" codification

B. Pottier distinguishes many “cultural filters”, including mythology and religion, beliefs and customs, scientific and worldly ideas.

Even if the noema is passed, as B. Pottier suggests, through “cultural filters” in the form of mythological, religious, scientific or some other representations, it does not therefore become a linguistic unit, but remains only a correlate of cognition in the corresponding system of representation.

The intentional correlate of objectivity and the component of linguistic meaning, the noema and the semantic feature, are quantities of a different order. It is not for nothing that B. Pottier distinguishes between mental representations and linguistic structures, between “to be” (être) and “to seem” (paraître)6.

The linguistic noema obviously becomes only after conversion into linguistic signs, i.e. at the stage: codification2 > transformation into signs > LANGUAGE.

Therefore, we conclude that the noetic component of meaning should not be confused with the linguistic components of meaning. Semantic features, no matter how universal "atoms of meaning" they may seem, should rather be defined within the framework of Saussure's theory of significance - by the relationship between sememes7. At the same time, in an epistemological sense, we note that it is far from indifferent how these relations are built in the language being studied and how the semantic features distinguished on the basis of these relations change from language to language.

2. Value components are not minimal. In striving for the absolute, component semantics intends to establish the minimum components of meaning in order to use them to describe the lexical composition of the language being studied and thereby reflect all the connections and relationships existing between words.

Let's take the famous example of J. Katz as a starting point: ‘bachelor’ bachelor = /physical object/, /living/, /person/, /male/, /adult/, /never married/8. The impression that the complex content of the ‘bachelor’ bachelor is divided into marginal components of meaning is illusory. And not only because each of the signs indicated here exists in the language as an independent lexeme, but also because it can be decomposed into other signs, and these signs can be reduced to even more “elementary” meaning components: 'man' = / living being/, /possesses the gift of thinking/; ‘adult’ = /age/, /puberty/ etc.

Without going into discussions about whether the semantic “primitives” established in the course of decomposition are the limiting components of meaning, we note for the time being that the reduction of a complex meaning to composite components makes it possible to reflect in the dictionary the systemic semantic connections of the studied lexical unit with the maximum number of other units9. In fact, it is precisely such connections that are, if not a condition, then at least a guarantee of an optimal interpretation. Otherwise, it is impossible to understand where the semantic decomposition ends and how justified the search for the limiting meaning components is.

For interpretive semantics, however, the main thing is not to establish the limiting components of meaning, but to understand what semantic features are in demand in interpretation and how these features correlate epistemologically with the system of knowledge, opinions and beliefs. For example, in the statement Wife was on a business trip, and he lived as a bachelor in the sememe 'bachelor', the afferent signs codified in the culture system /disorder of life/, /lack of home comfort/, etc. Apresyan this statement appears in a paraphrase of the form [lived] without complicating

life itself, not caring about home comfort and order, but, perhaps, participating in cheerful friendly meetings - in words, in the way that bachelors tend to live in the view of society10.

3. The components of meaning are not few.

Within the framework of component analysis, it is often believed that by sequentially decomposing complex meanings into elementary components, one can obtain a relatively small number of semantic features, and with the help of several hundred or even tens of semes, one can describe the vocabulary of any language.

The starting point of this "minimalist" approach to the study of meaning is the well-known statement from the field of phonology, that the phonological systems of all languages can, if desired, be described using a limited number of distinguishing features. Indeed, in the first approximation, it can be assumed by analogy that the same is true with the components of the meaning, that the basic components of the meaning are reproduced in the meaning of different words, that the meanings intersect, and the words studied by lexical semantics differ only in the composition and compatibility of the components of the meaning .

In the hierarchical classification of subject vocabulary, built according to the type of the Porfiry tree, one can, in fact, establish common features, and with a change in the taxonomic depth towards abstraction, extremely common features with a total number of no more than a dozen. So, in relation to classes of different sizes, a ‘cat’, for example, is characterized by the trait /family of cats/ (within the class of cats), /mammal/ (within the class of mammals), /animal/ (within the class of animals). Such components of meaning are generic semes of varying degrees of generalization. They can be used to judge the categorical division of the world, but it is impossible to describe all the shades and configurations of meaning that exist in the language.

In real use, in any case, in addition to the indicated categorical properties, 'cat' is also determined by some accompanying, but no less significant semantic features: /sacred animal/ (in the context of "ancient Egyptian mythology"), /failure/ (in the context of " a black cat will cross the road”) or / independent / (in the context of “likes to walk by itself”). The question arises whether it is possible and necessary to sacrifice such features in general for the sake of common components of meaning and thereby reduce the number of features to a certain limited set - several hundred or even tens of semes. Obviously not: such a reduction will result in a simplification and even impoverishment of the structure of meaning.

Against the "minimalist" approach in the study of meaning, finally, there is such an important circumstance that it is possible to count semes only if they are freely combined. Meanwhile, notes F. Rastier, it is not really such a thing - neither in paradigmatics, nor in syntagmatics: in paradigmatics, semes are determined by belonging to a semantic class, in syntagmatics - by lexical solidarity and compatibility restrictions11. Moreover, in both cases, the semes are defined through the relationships between the semes.

In short, the initial period of rosy hopes has irrevocably passed; and hardly anyone today would argue that the vocabulary of a language can be described with the help of a limited number of "meaning atoms". There are no fewer semantic features in a language than there are semes; and what is relevant for the analysis of meaning is, in fact, not even the number of features, but the relationships between sememes established through them.

4. Meaning components are not properties of the referent. As a first approximation, we can assume that the content of the sememe is extensional and that all the semantic features included here coincide as necessary.

in a dim way with the properties of an extralinguistic object (referent). In any case, empirical rules incline to this. Guided by such rules, one can, in particular, argue that a 'cat', for example, is characterized by features /with soft fur/, /vertically set pupil/, /likes to sleep/, if these properties are confirmed in reference to some individual object our immediate sensations.

In this case, the components of meaning are brought into line with the visual representations given to us in sensory sensation, and direct perceptual experience serves as a guarantee of correspondence. But no matter how convincing such a correspondence may look, an approximation to "empirical experience" is not yet an argument in favor of an exclusively extensional analysis of meaning. Some referential features do enter into the structure of meaning, but it does not follow from this that all components of meaning are necessarily referential features.

Installation on the extension for the sake of the notorious “sense of reality” (B. Russell) turns into in fact intractable problems:

In the extensional definition, the number of semantic features by which some individual object can be characterized is, if not infinite, then indefinite. So, in reference to some individual object, a cat, for example, can be characterized not only by generally significant taxonomic properties, but also by numerous variable values: /with soft hair/, /does not catch mice/, /scratches/, /loves sour cream/ And so on. Meanwhile, only distinguishing features13 are really in demand in the language, according to which, for example, a cat can be distinguished from a dog, and in use only features that are actualized in the context. So, in addition to taxonomic features /animal/, /cat families/, in the famous

in Kipling's work, for example, the profiling in the sememe 'cat' will obviously be an afferent sign /likes to walk by itself/, in Baudelaire's poems - /nega/ and /femininity/, and in ancient Egyptian sacred texts - /sacred/.

Moreover, one can speak about the referential components of meaning only if they fully and completely correspond to the properties of extralinguistic realities, and the perception of these realities is identical everywhere. Meanwhile, as a comparative analysis shows, in different systems of calculation, the properties attributed to a cat or a cat do not coincide: in the mythopoetic tradition, for example, a cat is associated with a demonic principle, learning or lust, and in an everyday notion - with failure (cf. a black cat will cross the road ) or, on the contrary, with an arranged life and home comfort.

Finally, cases of inconsistency (or incomplete correspondence), when the properties of some individual object come into conflict with well-known prototypical properties, also cause significant difficulties in referring to an individual object. Hence the invariable question, which is constantly asked by extensional semantics, whether a cat without a tail remains a “cat”, a knife without a blade remains a “knife”, a broken chair remains a “chair”.

Therefore, we conclude that the definition of meaning components should be rather intensional: the content of a sememe should be determined not through reference to extralinguistic objects, but by correlation with other sememes within the studied linguistic sequence.

5. Meaning components are not part of the concept. According to popular opinion, the meaning of a word cannot be represented without referring to the denotative-conceptual area: through the lexical meaning, the conceptual meaning will certainly shine through.

Linguistic meaning cannot, in fact, be studied without taking into account what lies beyond the limits of proper linguistic semantics.

ki. But even admitting that the meaning of words correlates with the concept, one cannot fail to notice that, with the exception of special terms, the meaning does not completely coincide with the conceptual content, but selects here only “a collectively meaningful and socially accepted semantic core”. It is this part of the conceptual information that “has a chance to become semantic components (conceptual and linguistic features) and, together with proper linguistic (systemically determined features), form a linguistic lexical meaning”14.

This, of course, is not a reason to liken all components of the meaning without exception to the elements of the concept, and then check, as is done in conditional truth semantics, whether they correspond to the true state of things in a particular field of knowledge. In addition to taxonomic knowledge, all sorts of ordinary ideas are taken into account in the meaning. As an example, let's take at least the following statement by N. S. Leskov: At the same time, I always remember the rather cynical, but fair words of a Russian general who spoke about the Germans: what a misfortune that they cleverly calculate, and we will let them down such stupidity that they won't even have time to open their mouths to understand it (Iron Will, II).

By definition, ‘German’ and ‘Russian’ (‘we’) coincide in terms of a common generic trait /nationality/, since they are included in the taxonomy of “nationality” according to this trait, within which they differ, respectively, according to specific characteristics /German/ vs /Russian/. Meanwhile, along with the indicated taxonomic features in the semes ‘German’ and |‘Russian’| (‘we’) actualization in the context is also subject to af-

ferent specific features: ‘German’ / prudent/ vs ‘Russian’ / unpredictable/. Moreover, the condition for such actualization here is, obviously, not only intra-text interpretants in the form of the nearest linguistic context, but

and, no less significant, stable ideas about the features of the national character. Therefore, we conclude that the components of meaning are not necessarily conceptual features.

As a result, the question of which taxonomists participate in the formation of linguistic meaning and how this meaning is formed in different systematics becomes paramount in epistemological terms.

instead of a conclusion. The meaning of a word cannot be imagined without taking into account what lies outside the language: knowledge about the world is taken into account in the necessary way; moreover, the main thing here is not to establish what in the language is from the external world, and what is from the internal structure, but to understand how knowledge about the world is refracted in the language.

Such a seemingly obvious establishment is fundamental for semantic analysis. In terms of at least the status of the value components. For if meaning is inferred from relations between signs, then it is hardly expedient to ask whether the components of meaning are limiting at all, whether they should be defined as referential and/or conceptual features, all the more so to assert that the components of meaning are universal features. Since semantic features are established within the area covered by linguistic semantics, it is much more expedient to define them within the framework of Saussure's theory of significance - by relationships between sememes.

NOTES

1 Katz J. Semantic theory // New in foreign linguistics. Issue. X. Linguistic semantics. - M.: Progress, 1981. - S. 35.

2 PottierB. Représentations mentales et categorisations linguistiques. - Louvin; Paris: Editions Peeters, 2000. - P. 14.

3 Losev A. F. Philosophy of the name. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow University, 1990. - S. 225.

4 Husserl E. Ideas towards pure phenomenology and phenomenological philosophy. - M.: House of Intellectual Books, 1999. - T. 1. - S. 197.

5 Pottier B. Op. cit. - P. 9.

6 Ibid. - P. 14-16, 20-22.

7 Wed. Rustier F. Interpretive semantics. - Nizhny Novgorod: DECOM, 2001. - S. 28-30.

8 Katz J. Semantic theory. - S. 35.

9 Wed. Apresyan Yu. D. Foundations of systemic lexicography // Linguistic picture of the world and systemic lexicography. - M.: Languages of Slavic cultures, 2006. - S. 56; Kustova G. I., Paducheva E. V. Dictionary as a lexical database // Problems of Linguistics. - 1994. - No. 4. - S. 96-106.

10 Apresyan Yu. D. Integral description of the language and systemic lexicography // Selected works in two volumes. - M.: Languages of Russian culture, 1995. - T. 2. - S. 164.

11 Rustier F. Interpretive semantics. - S. 31.

12 Aidukevich K. Language and meaning // Logos # 7. Philosophical and literary journal. - 1999. - No. 17. -S. 67-93.

13 Wed. Apresyan Yu. D. Foundations of systemic lexicography. - S. 75; Rustier F. Interpretive semantics. - S. 26, 27.

14 Kuznetsov A. M. From component analysis to component synthesis. - M.: Nauka, 1986. -S. 61-62.