Features of the process of thinking are. Thinking and features of intellectual development in the learning process

Questions

Lecture 1.8. Thinking, speech and imagination

1. The concept of thinking. Features of thinking. Theories of thinking.

2. Types and forms of thinking.

3. Basic mental operations. Thinking as a process of problem solving.

4. The concept of speech. Functions and types of speech. Speech and thinking.

5. The concept of imagination. Functions, properties and types of imagination.

6. Development of thinking, speech and imagination of schoolchildren.

Sensation and perception give a person knowledge of the individual, that is, knowledge about individual objects and phenomena of the real world. However, such information cannot be considered sufficient. In order for a person to live and work normally, he must be able to foresee the consequences of certain phenomena, events or his actions. In order to foresee, it is necessary to generalize individual objects and facts and, proceeding from these generalizations, draw a conclusion about other individual objects and facts of the same kind.

This multi-stage transition - from the individual to the general and from the general back to the individual - is carried out thanks to a special mental process - thinking. Thinking is the highest cognitive mental process. The essence of this process lies in the generation of new knowledge based on the creative reflection and transformation of reality by a person.

Thinking- a mental cognitive process characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of the relationship between the phenomena of reality.

Thanks to cognitive activity, a person is not only able to adequately adapt to the external environment, but also actively change it in accordance with his needs.

Thinking as a special mental process has a number of specific characteristics and signs:

1. The first such sign is generalized reflection of reality, since thinking is a reflection of the general in objects and phenomena of the real world and the application of generalizations to individual objects and phenomena (table, chair, sofa, bed, cabinet - furniture or autumn, winter, spring, summer - the seasons).

2. The second no less important sign of thinking is mediated knowledge of objective reality. The essence of indirect cognition lies in the fact that a person is able to make judgments about the properties or characteristics of objects and phenomena without direct contact with them, but by analyzing indirect information (you cannot touch electrical appliances with wet hands, as it can cause electric shock, due to the fact that water is a good electrical conductor).

3. The next most important characteristic feature of thinking is that thinking is always connected with decision this or that tasks, arising in the process of cognition or in practical activity. The process of thinking begins to manifest itself most clearly only when a problem situation arises that needs to be solved. Therefore, thinking always starts with question, the answer to which is purpose thinking.

4. An exceptionally important feature of thinking is inseparable connection with speech. The close connection between thinking and speech finds its expression, first of all, in the fact that Thoughts always take the form of words, even in cases where speech does not have a sound form, for example, in the case of deaf and dumb people. People always think in words, i.e. they cannot think without uttering a word. So, special devices for recording muscle contractions note during the course of a person's thought process the presence of movements of the vocal apparatus that are imperceptible to the person himself.

It should be noted that speech is an instrument of thought. So, adults and children solve problems much better if they formulate them aloud. And vice versa, when in the experiment the schoolchildren's tongue was fixed (clamped with teeth), the quality and quantity of the solved problems worsened.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that, despite the close interaction of thinking and speech, these two phenomena are not the same. Thinking is not talking out loud or to yourself. This can be evidenced by the possibility of expressing the same thought in different words, as well as the fact that a person does not always find the right words to express his thought.

Thus, thanks to thinking, a person organizes his life at a higher level: comprehends the general laws of the world around him, finds solutions in difficult situations, acts as an active principle in interaction with the world. This allows us to consider thinking as the highest cognitive process.

Physiological basis of thinking. Like any mental process, thinking is a function of the brain. The physiological basis of thinking is complex analytical and synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex. In accordance with the theory of IP Pavlov, complex temporal connections formed between the brain ends of the analyzers are of great importance for the process of thinking. Mental activity is provided by systems of functionally integrated brain neurons that are responsible for specific mental operations and have their own characteristics (codes). Neural codes capture a certain frequency of impulse activity of neurons involved in solving specific mental tasks.

However, at present there is no consensus on the significance and order of interaction of all physiological structures that provide the thinking process. Thus, it is known that the frontal lobes of the brain play a significant role in mental activity and there are areas of the cerebral cortex that provide gnostic (cognitive) functions of thinking. In addition, it has been established that the speech centers of the cerebral cortex are also involved in the provision of the thought process. However, the complexity of studying the physiological foundations of thinking is explained by the fact that in practice thinking as a separate mental process does not exist. It present in all other cognitive mental processes, including in perception, attention, imagination, memory, speech. All the higher forms of these processes, to a certain extent, depending on the level of their development, are associated with thinking.

Problems of thinking were considered in various psychological theories. For example, within associative psychology thinking was understood as the result of establishing a connection between the traces of past experience and new information. Behaviorism substantiated the position according to which thinking is associated with the formation of complex relationships between stimuli and reactions. AT domestic psychology most often the study of thinking was carried out within the framework of activity approach. In accordance with it, the internal mental activity of a person is not only a derivative of external, practical activity, but also has the same structure. In it, mental actions and operations can be singled out as separate units of analysis. On the basis of the provisions of this approach, more particular theories were developed (P. Ya. Galperin, L. V. Zankov, V. V. Davydov, etc.). At present, attempts are being actively made to conduct complex, interdisciplinary studies of thinking, leading to the emergence of new theories. An example is the so-called. information-cybernetic theory of thinking, in which an attempt was made to study the patterns of human mental activity on the basis of knowledge of cybernetics, informatics, and other sciences. The result of this scientific research was the formulation of the problem "artificial intelligence".

Inability to remember or recognize;

2) incorrect recall or recognition.

forgetting factors:

1 .The rate of forgetting also depends on volume of material and degree of difficulty its assimilation.

2 .Another factor accelerating the process of forgetting is the nature of the activity immediately preceding memorization and occurring after it. The negative impact of pre-memorization activities is called proactive(forward directional) braking. The negative impact of the activity following memorization is called retroactive(backward directed) braking. It is clearly manifested when, for example, after memorization, an activity similar to it is performed or this subsequent activity requires significant efforts.

3 .Another significant factor affecting the rate of forgetting is age. With age, deterioration of many memory functions is noted. The main significant causes of forgetting, which go beyond the average statistical values, are various diseases of the nervous system, as well as severe mental and physical injuries (bruises associated with loss of consciousness, emotional trauma).

4 .The reason for forgetting can be an action extraneous stimuli that make it difficult to focus on the desired material, for example, annoying sounds or objects in our field of vision

In most cases, forgetting unintentional and unconscious process, the reverse side of memorization and preservation (did not remember, then forgot). However, in some cases, a person tries intentionally get rid of from some traumatic information. To do this, he makes special strong-willed efforts and uses certain techniques.

10.1 Thinking- an indirect generalized reflection of reality by a person in its essential connections and relationships. At the sensory level of cognition, external influences directly lead to the emergence of corresponding images in our consciousness. The reflection of objective reality at the logical level of cognition is much more complicated. It is not immediate, but mediated in nature, i.e., it is accomplished with the help of a whole system of means that are usually absent at the sensory level of cognition, presented as manifestations of thinking at the sensual stage of cognition.

The reflection of reality at the level of thinking is of a generalized nature. Such a generalization is the result of analyzing and comparing individual objects, highlighting and abstracting what is common in them. Highlighting the general, we usually rely not only on those objects that we perceive at the moment, but also use those representations that are available in our past experience. The wider and richer past experience, the broader and deeper is the generalization of a person.

mediated and generalized the nature of thinking provides a person's knowledge of both phenomena and their essence. Thanks to thinking, a person reflects not only what can be directly perceived with the help of the senses, but also what is hidden from perception and can be known only as a result of analysis, comparison, generalization. Thinking allows you to establish various connections and relationships.

human thinking is born with the help of language, develops with the help of language and is expressed in speech. Thinking and speech mutually support each other.

Thanks to the formulation and consolidation in the word, the thought does not disappear and does not fade away, having barely had time to arise. It is firmly fixed in the speech formulation - oral or even written. Therefore, there is always the opportunity to return to this thought again, to think it over even more deeply, to check it and, in the course of reasoning, to correlate it with other thoughts.

The deeper and more thoroughly this or that thought is thought out, the more clearly and clearly it is expressed in words, in oral and written speech: whoever thinks clearly, he clearly states, clearly expresses his thoughts in speech. And vice versa, the more the verbal formulation of a thought is improved, honed, the more distinct and understandable this thought itself becomes.

Speech is an assistant to thinking

The first feature of thinking is its indirect character. What a person cannot know directly, directly, he knows indirectly, indirectly: some properties through others, the unknown through the known. Thinking is always based on the data of sensory experience - sensations, perceptions, ideas - and on previously acquired theoretical knowledge. Indirect knowledge is also indirect knowledge. The second feature of thinking is its generalization. Generalization as knowledge of the general and essential in the objects of reality is possible because all the properties of these objects are connected with each other. The general exists and manifests itself only in the individual, in the concrete.

People express generalizations through speech, language. Verbal designation refers not only to a single object, but also to a whole group of similar objects. Generalization is also inherent in images (representations and even perceptions). But there it is always limited visibility. The word allows you to generalize without limit. Philosophical concepts of matter, motion, law, essence, phenomenon, quality, quantity, etc. - the broadest generalizations expressed by the word.

Thinking is the highest level of human cognition of reality. Sensual basis of thinking are sensations, perceptions and representations. Through the sense organs - these are the only channels of communication between the body and the outside world - information enters the brain. The content of information is processed by the brain. The most complex form of information processing is the activity of thinking. Solving the mental tasks that life puts before a person, he reflects, draws conclusions and thereby cognizes the essence of things and phenomena, discovers the laws of their connection, and then transforms the world on this basis.

Thinking is connected with sensations and perceptions, it is formed on the basis of them. The transition from sensation to thought is a complex process, which consists in isolating and isolating an object or its attribute, in abstracting from the concrete, individual and establishing the essential, common to many objects. Thinking acts mainly as a solution to problems, questions, problems that are constantly put forward before people by life. The real process of thought is always a process not only cognitive, but also emotional-volitional.

The objective material form of thinking is language. A thought becomes a thought both for oneself and for others only through the word - oral and written. Thanks to the language, people's thoughts are not lost, but are transmitted in the form of a system of knowledge from generation to generation. Means of transmitting thinking: light and sound signals, electrical impulses, gestures, etc. Putting on a verbal form, a thought is also formed and realized in the process of speech. The movement of thought, its refinement, the connection of thoughts with each other, and so on, occur only through speech activity. Thinking and speech (language) are one.

Thinking is inextricably linked with speech mechanisms, with speech-auditory and speech-motor, with the practical activities of people. Practical activity is the main condition for the emergence and development of thinking, as well as a criterion for the truth of thinking.

Thinking is a function of the brain, the result of its analytical and synthetic activity. It is provided by the operation of both signaling systems with the leading role of the second signaling system. When solving mental problems in the cerebral cortex, a process of transformation of systems of temporary neural connections takes place. Finding a new thought physiologically means closing the nerve connections in a new combination.

Consciousness is the highest form of reflection of the real world, it is peculiar only to people and the function of the brain is associated with speech, which consists in a generalized and purposeful reflection of reality, in a preliminary mental construction of actions and anticipation of their results, in reasonable regulation and self-control of human behavior.

The core of consciousness, the way of its existence is knowledge. Consciousness belongs to the subject, to the person, and not to the surrounding world. Consciousness is a subjective image of the objective world, the subjective side of the psyche, awareness of the nearest sensually perceived environment and awareness of a limited connection with other persons and things that are outside a person who is beginning to become aware of himself, and at the same time awareness of nature.

Consciousness has such aspects as self-awareness, introspection, self-control. Their formation occurs when a person separates himself from the environment. Self-consciousness is the most important difference between the human psyche and the psyche of the most developed animals.

Consciousness is always connected with the processes taking place in the brain and does not exist apart from them.

Consciousness is the highest form of reflection of the world and is associated with articulate speech,

logical generalizations, abstract concepts that are inherent only to man.

The core of consciousness, the way of its existence is knowledge.

Work develops consciousness.

Speech (language) forms consciousness.

Consciousness is a function of the brain.

Consciousness is multicomponent, but constitutes a single whole.

Consciousness is active and has the ability to influence the surrounding reality.

Consequently, for the features of the highest form of life, consciousness, we must thank the socio-historical experience of generations, labor, language and knowledge.

DEFINITION: Thinking is the intellectual phase of information processing by the brain in order to obtain a judgment about an object or phenomenon.

It follows from the definition that thinking should be considered in the chain of elements

Features of thinking consist in its mediated nature and generalizing essence.

Mediated nature

thinking lies in the fact that a person cannot think outside of images and concepts. He cognizes indirectly, indirectly: some properties through others, the unknown through the known. Thinking is always based on the data of sensory experience - sensations, perceptions, representation- and further on previously acquired theoretical knowledge. Indirect knowledge is also indirect knowledge.

Hence, thinking never brings new knowledge. This is what distinguishes thinking from insight, accessible only to intuition.

Generalizing entity

thinking follows from the first property - to comprehend through connection with the known. Generalization as knowledge of the general and essential in the objects of reality is possible because all the properties of these objects are connected with each other. The general exists in the particular, in the concrete, and manifests itself only in particulars.

The resulting generalizations are expressed by people through. Verbal designation refers not only to a single object, but also to a whole group of similar objects. Generalization is also inherent in images (representations and even perceptions). But there it is always limited visibility. The word allows you to generalize without limit. Philosophical concepts of matter, movement, law, essence, phenomenon, quality, quantity, etc. - the broadest generalizations expressed by the word.

The results of people's cognitive activity are recorded in the form of concepts.

DEFINITION: A concept is a reflection of the essential features of an object. The concept of an object arises on the basis of many judgments and conclusions about it. The concept as a result of the generalization of people's experience is the highest product of the brain, the highest stage of cognition of the world.

Forms of thinking:

Human thinking proceeds in the form of judgments and conclusions.

Judgment- this is a form of thinking that reflects the objects of reality in their connections and relationships. Each judgment is a separate thought about something. A consistent logical connection of several judgments, necessary in order to solve any mental problem, understand something, find an answer to a question, is called reasoning.

inference- this is a conclusion from several judgments, giving us new knowledge about the objects and phenomena of the objective world. Reasoning has practical meaning only when it leads to a certain conclusion, a conclusion. The conclusion will be the answer to the question, the result of the search for thought.

COMMENT

It is important to emphasize that a thought is born intuitively or associatively in the form of insight (enlightenment). And then it is already formalized by internal and then external speech. Any coding of thought impoverishes its primary depth, because language, like any coding of information, carries patterns of perception. It deprives the perception of novelty. No wonder there is an aphorism: A thought expressed aloud is a lie».

Types of thinking:

There are three types of thinking: concrete-effective, or practical; concrete and abstract. These types of thinking are also distinguished on the basis of the characteristics of the tasks - practical or theoretical.

Abstract thinking(Verbal-logical) - a kind of thinking, carried out with the help of logical operations with concepts.

This thinking is mainly aimed at finding common patterns in nature and human society. Abstract, theoretical thinking reflects general connections and relationships. It operates mainly with concepts, broad categories, and images, representations in it play an auxiliary role.

All three types of thinking are closely related to each other. Many people have equally developed concrete-active, concrete-figurative and theoretical thinking, but depending on the nature of the tasks that a person solves, then one, then another, then a third type of thinking comes to the fore.

mental operations

varied. These are analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction, concretization, generalization, classification. Which of the logical operations a person will use will depend on the task and on the nature of the information that he undergoes mental processing.

Analysis and synthesis- two interrelated logical operations. Analysis is the mental decomposition of the whole into parts or the mental separation of its sides, actions, relations from the whole. Synthesis is the reverse process of thought to analysis, it is the unification of parts, properties, actions, relations into one whole.

Synthesis, like analysis, can be both practical and mental. Both operations were formed in the practical activity of man. AT labor activity people constantly interact with objects and phenomena. Practical development of them led to the formation of mental operations of analysis and synthesis.

Comparison- this is the establishment of similarities and differences between objects and phenomena.

The comparison is based on analysis. Before comparing objects, it is necessary to select one or more of their features, according to which the comparison will be made. The comparison can be one-sided, or incomplete, and multi-sided, or more complete. Comparison, like analysis and synthesis, can be of different levels - superficial and deeper. In this case, a person's thought goes from external signs of similarity and difference to internal ones, from the visible to the hidden, from the phenomenon to the essence.

abstraction- this is a process of mental abstraction from some signs, aspects of the concrete in order to better know it.

A person mentally highlights some feature of an object and considers it in isolation from all other features, temporarily distracted from them. An isolated study of individual features of an object, while simultaneously abstracting from all the others, helps a person to better understand the essence of things and phenomena. Thanks to abstraction, a person was able to break away from the individual, concrete and rise to the highest level of knowledge - scientific theoretical thinking.

Specification- a process that is inverse to abstraction and is inextricably linked with it.

Concretization is the return of thought from the general and abstract to the concrete in order to reveal the content.

Classification— the process of structuring the accumulated information. It helps to isolate common features and differentiate objects of knowledge according to selected properties. Usually classification precedes generalizations in the same way that analysis precedes synthesis.

Generalization − the process of forming a complete judgment on the basis of highlighting the general in objects and phenomena, which is expressed in the form of a concept, law, rule, formula, etc. As a rule, generalization appears in the form of a result of mental activity.

Theories of thought

The associative theory of thought. According to O.K. Tikhomirov (1984), thinking in associative psychology is always figurative thinking, and its process is an involuntary change of images and accumulation of associations. In domestic psychology L.S. Vygotsky admitted that the principle of associations can be applied to simple forms of generalization (complexes).

Theory of thinking in behaviorism . studied thinking based on the generally accepted formula "stimulus-response". According to

Definition 1

Thinking is a mediated and generalized reflection of the real world, a kind of mental processes. Its essence lies in the comprehension and understanding of things and various phenomena, as well as their interconnections and relationships.

Thinking includes the following features:

Mediated nature

Creating interrelations and relationships with things, a person can rely not so much on his immediate feelings and sensations, but on the information of previous experience stored in his memory. This conditionality of thinking from past experience is clearly seen when there is a collision with the consequences, thanks to which a person determines the cause of phenomena.

For example, if there is snow on the street in the early morning, then a person can understand the reason for this, which is the snowfall at night. The recollection of previously experienced events that has surfaced in his memory helps a person to determine this relationship. So, if these memories were absent, it would be difficult for a person to find the cause of the event.

Thinking has a mediated character also in the open observation of the interrelationships of an event. For example, when a person sees how wet asphalt dries up on the street under the sun, then he understands the reason for this event because during the observation a memory of a similar situation that happened earlier surfaced in his memory.

Thinking is based on the laws of phenomena

Thinking is based on the information present in a person about the basic laws of phenomena. During thinking, a person uses the already established knowledge of the main provisions that reflect the general relationships and patterns of our reality. In the above example, it is clearly observed that water can evaporate under the influence of hot rays. At the same time, a judgment about causes and effects can appear in an indirect way, by generalizing various phenomena that are in memory, in which relationships between specific facts are traced.

Thinking is born from observation

Thinking is formed through contemplation, but it is not identified with this process. Observing the relationship between phenomena, a person perceives them in a detached and generalized form. These relationships can be observed in a particular phenomenon, because they are characteristic of these things and are manifested by the law of reality common to everyone. In order to show the connection between processes, it is important to abstract from the features of these processes. The very phenomenon of detachment is based on the interrelations and patterns of phenomena obtained during the life of knowledge. Without them, it would be difficult to determine the essential from the unimportant, the joint from the individual processes.

Thinking manifests itself in verbal form

Thinking always reflects the interrelationships and relationships between various objects in verbal form. Human thinking and speech complement each other. Thinking is expressed in words, which facilitates the process of detachment and generalization. This happens due to the fact that the word is inherently a special stimulus that signals reality in a generalized form. "Each word (speech) serves to generalize."

Thinking is based on life experience

Human thinking is directly related to human life experience. It is based on the social practice of man. This is not just observation of the outside world, but the perception of its reflection, which can respond to specific tasks that have arisen in the process of life and are aimed at changing the surrounding reality.

Thinking can arise when difficult life situations appear. If it is possible to react automatically, then thinking is not used.