Voicing of consonants: examples. Phonetics of the Russian language

Phonetic parsing of a word is increasingly difficult, although such tasks are already performed in elementary school. The essence of the analysis hear and put on paper the sound of a word. For most children, the task is difficult and incomprehensible. Let's try to help the guys analyze the word, answer the main question, how many sounds are in the word.

In contact with

Features of phonetics

The science of language has its own classification. One of its sections is phonetics. She studies the sound composition of the language. The sound ratio in human speech is interesting:

you can pronounce several hundred sounds;
used to convey thoughts over 50;
in written speech, there are only 33 images of sounds.

To understand phonetics, one should highlight sounds and letters, clearly distinguish them.

letters are a symbolic image of what is heard, they are written and seen;
sounds are a spoken unit of speech, they are pronounced and heard.

The spelling and pronunciation of the same word most often does not match. Characters (letters) can be less or more than sounds. A variant is possible when one sound is pronounced, and the letter image of the other is fixed on the letter. Such inconsistencies are explained by spelling and orthoepic rules. Phonetics reserves only the norms of pronunciation. What concepts are found in the section "Phonetics":

sound;
syllable;

Each concept has its own characteristics, the number of terms. This is how a whole science is created. What is phonetic analysis of a word? This is characteristic of its sound composition of the word.

Phonetics - scheme

Principles and rules

The main difficulties that appear during phonetic analysis are the frequent discrepancy between a letter and its pronunciation. It is difficult to perceive the word not as written, but as audible. The principle of phonetic analysis - focus on correct pronunciation. A few tips for sound analysis of words:

Determine the features of the sound.
Write down the transcription of each letter.
Do not adjust sounds to letters, for example, zhi or shi sound [zhi], [shy].
Make adjustments by clearly pronouncing each minimal unit of speech.

Phonetic parsing of a word is performed in a certain sequence. Some of the data will have to be memorized, other information can be prepared in the form of a memo. Special sections of phonetics need to be understood. Phonetic processes that are considered basic in school education:

Stunning and voicing. The positions at which the consonants become deaf are the end of the word. Oak [dup].
Softening consonants in position before soft ones. More often they become soft: s, s, d, t, n. Here - [z'd'es'].
Stunning voiced consonants before deaf ones. Teeth - [zupk'i].
The voicing of the deaf before the voiced. Make - [zd'elat '], mowing - [kaz'ba].

In higher educational institutions, there are more phonetic processes studied by philology students:

accommodation,
dissimilation,
reduction.

Such processes give a deeper understanding of phonetics and transformations of speech norms. They help future teachers see where children can go wrong, how to explain complex topics.

Phonetic parsing of a word is an example.

Characteristics of vowels and consonants

When dividing a word into sounds, the science of language recognizes the distribution into two large groups:

consonants;
vowels.

The main difference is in the anatomical formation. Vowels - pronounced in a voice without obstacles with the participation larynx and oral organs. The air leaves the lungs without interference. Consonants in the formation meet obstacles. These can be various organs or a combination of them: tongue, lips, teeth.

Vowels

There are only 6 of them in the language: a, o, y, s, e, and, and 10 alphabetic characters are required for transmission in writing. Is in semivowel. In the school course, she is considered agreeable - it's "y". It helps to hear the letters i, e, e, yu. In this case, two sounds will be heard:

ya—I;
ye - e;
yu - yu;
yo - yo.

The split appears under certain conditions:

At the beginning of the word: Yura, Yasha, Elena.
After vowels: quiet, blue, blue.
After hard and soft signs: blizzard, congress.

In other positions, after consonants, they soften, but do not create a double sound.

Vowels can be divided into two groups.

Point to the previous solid consonant: a, o, y, s, e.
They warn that there is a soft consonant ahead: I, e, e, i, e.

The main characteristic that is required to perform word parsing by sounds in school concerns stress. Vowels can be of 2 types: shock and unstressed.

Phonetic construction, how many sounds in a word becomes clear only after analyzing and presenting it in the form of a diagram.

Speech sounds

Consonants

In russian language only twenty consonants. They can be distributed according to the characteristics that will be required for analysis:

Paired by voiced and deaf have the same articulation, which is why they can replace each other during pronunciation. Voiced in certain positions becomes deaf.

Attention! To memorize paired students, students can be asked to remember the first consonants of the alphabet.

word model

For figurative perception and understanding of the structure of a speech unit, a sound model of the word. What is such a dissection of words? In simple words, this is drawing up a diagram in the form of colored cards of different shapes: a square and a rectangle. Color differentiation:

hard consonants - blue square;
soft consonants - green square;
vowels - red square;
a syllable where a solid consonant with a vowel is a rectangle divided diagonally, blue and red (two triangles);
a syllable where a soft consonant with a vowel is a rectangle divided into two parts diagonally, green with red.

The sound model of a word is colored cards laid out in a certain sequence. The model is used in preschools and elementary grades. She is helps children learn to read. With a correct explanation, the teacher creates conditions for the merging of units of speech into a single whole. Training is based on pictures simple and easy. In addition, the model of parsing words into sounds and letters is a way to hear the difference in the pronunciation of consonants and vowels.

Table of sound-letter parsing of a word.

Analysis algorithm

Consider how the sound analysis of the word is carried out. The word is analyzed in writing. The process can be compared to transcription, which we are used to when learning foreign languages. Analysis order:

Recording the spelling of the concept being analyzed.
Division into syllabic parts, into a possible division into syllables (hyphenation).
Placement of stress, the correct location of its place.
Distribution in order of their sound.
Characteristic.
Counting the number of letters and sounds.

To simplify the task, the word written in a column by individual letters, then next to each letter is decomposed into sounds with a description of their characteristics.

Example. Phonetic analysis of the word "everything"

Everything - 1 syllable

in- [f] - acc. hard, deaf and double;

s - [s '] - acc., soft, deaf and double;

e - [o] - vowel and stress.

Phonetic analysis of the word yula.

Phonetic analysis of the word "laser", an example

Lazer - 2 syllables

l - [l] - acc., solid, voiced and unpaired;

a - [a] - vowel and stress;

s - [h ’] - acc., soft, voiced and paired;

e - [e] - vowel and unstressed;

p - [p] - acc., solid, voiced and unpaired.

All stages of analysis develop phonemic hearing. It is needed not only for future musicians.

Hearing helps with learning oratory, mastering Russian spelling, it is actively used by polyglots.

Syllabication

The sound scheme of a word begins by dividing it into syllables. The smallest unit of oral speech structure is a syllable. The clue for the child is the number of vowels: how many there are, how many syllables. In Russian, syllabic division into significant parts is subject to certain requirements. Phonetics rules do not always match with division of words into parts for transfer.

Types of syllables:

open - end in a vowel;
closed - into a consonant;
covered - uncovered, which begin with a consonant.

Parsing a word into syllables is built according to the rules:

The syllable necessarily contains a vowel, one consonant (even a significant part, for example, a prefix) cannot be a syllable: s-de-la-t is wrong, do-lat is right.
A syllable begins more often with a consonant, if it is followed by a vowel, it cannot remain a separate part: ko-ro-va - right, ko-ova - wrong.
Signs, hard and soft, are included in the previous one: horse - ki, drive - drive.
The letters that form a single sound are not divided into parts: according to - zhe [zhe], learn - tsya [ca].

AT attention! The order of parsing changes over time.

Parents often find they were taught differently. In syllable division, new rules also appeared.

Previously, doubled consonants in the middle of a word were distributed in different parts. Now they are introduced into the syllable that they begin: kla - ssny, ka - ss, ma-ss.
Voiceless consonants go to the next syllable, voiced consonants go to the previous one: bul-ka, then - chka.

Phonetic analysis of words

Russian lessons. Sounds and letters

Conclusion

Now you know how a sound analysis of a word is done and a scheme is created that conveys its sound in live speech. Parsing helps develop phonetic awareness, strengthens memory, clarifies some spelling rules. Knowing the parsing algorithm will allow you to do everything quickly and competently.

In the process of school teaching the Russian language, students get acquainted with different types of analysis. This is both a lexical analysis of a word, and an analysis of the composition and methods of formation. Children learn to parse a sentence by members, to identify its syntactic and punctuation features. And also to perform many other language operations.

Rationale for the topic

After repeating the material covered in elementary school, 5th grade students proceed to the first major section of linguistics - phonetics. The completion of its study is the analysis of the word by sounds. Why does a serious and deep acquaintance with native speech begin with phonetics? The answer is simple. The text consists of sentences, sentences - of words, and words - of sounds, which are those bricks, building material, the fundamental principle of the language, and not only Russian, but any. That is why the analysis of a word by sounds is the beginning of the formation of practical skills and abilities of schoolchildren in linguistic work.

The concept of phonetic parsing

What exactly does it include, and what do students need to know in order to successfully cope with phonetic tasks? First, it is good to navigate in syllabic articulation. Secondly, the analysis of a word by sounds cannot be carried out without a clear distinction between phonemes, paired and unpaired, weak and strong positions. Thirdly, if it (a word) includes iotized, soft or hard elements, doubled letters, the student must also be able to navigate which letter is used to denote a particular sound in a letter. And even such complex processes as accommodation or assimilation (similarity) and dissimilation (dissimilarity) should also be well studied by them (although these terms are not mentioned in textbooks, nevertheless, children get acquainted with these concepts). Naturally, the analysis of a word by sounds cannot be carried out if the child does not know how to transcribe, does not know the elementary rules of transcription. Therefore, the teacher must seriously and responsibly approach the teaching of the Phonetics section.

What is a word parsing scheme for sounds? What steps does it include? Let's look into this in detail. To begin with, the lexeme is written out from the text, a dash is put, after which it is written again, only already divided into syllables. Emphasis is placed. Then square brackets are opened, and the student must transcribe the word - write it down as it is heard, i.e., reveal its sound shell, indicate the softness of phonemes, if any, etc. Next, you need to skip the line under the transcription option, swipe down vertical line. Before it, all the letters of the word are written in a column, after - in sounds and their full description is given. At the end of the analysis, a small horizontal line is drawn and, as a summary, the number of letters and sounds in the word is noted.

Example one

How does all this look in practice, that is, in a school notebook? First, let's do a trial parsing of the word by sounds. Examples of analysis will provide an opportunity to understand many of the nuances. We write down: a coverlet. We divide into syllables: in-kry-va´-lo. We transcribe: [covering la]. We analyze:

p - [p] - this is a consonant sound, it is deaf, paired, pair - [b], solid;

o - [a] - this is a vowel sound, unstressed;

k - [k] - sound acc., it is deaf, guy, [pair - g], solid;

p - [p] - the sound is therefore unpaired in sonority, solid;

s - [s] - this is a vowel, unstressed in this position;

in - [c] - this sound acc., is voiced, its pair is [f], solid;

a - [a´] - a vowel sound, in a stressed position;

l - [l] - this is a sound acc., refers to sonorants, therefore unpaired, solid;

o - [a] - consonant, unstressed.

Total: 9 letters in a word and 9 sounds; their number is exactly the same.

Example two

Let's see how to parse the word "friends" by sounds. We are working according to the already planned scheme. We divide it into syllables, set the stress: friends. Now we write it down in transcribed form: [druz "th" a´]. And we analyze:

d - [d] - consonant, it is voiced and is paired, pair - [t], solid;

p - [p] - acc., voiced, sonorous, unpaired, solid;

y - [y] - vowel, unstressed;

s - [s "] - acc., is voiced, has a deaf pair - [s], soft and also paired: [s];

b - does not mean a sound;

i - [th "] - semi-vowel, voiced always, therefore unpaired, always soft;

[а´] - vowel, stressed.

This word has 6 letters and 6 sounds. Their number is the same, since b does not mean a sound, and the letter I after a soft sign means two sounds.

Example three

We show how to parse the word "language" by sounds. The algorithm is familiar to you. Write it out and divide it into syllables: I-language. Transcribe: [y "izy´k]. Parse phonetically:

i - [th "] - semi-vowel, voiced, unpaired always, only soft;

[a] - this and unstressed;

s - [s] - acc., voiced, paired, pair - [s], solid;

s - [y´] - vowel, shock;

k - [k] - consonant, deaf, double, [g], solid.

The word consists of 4 letters and 5 sounds. Their number does not match because the letter I stands at the absolute beginning and denotes 2 sounds.

Example Four

Let's see how the parsing of the word "squirrel" looks like by sounds. After extracting it, perform syllable division: protein. Now transcribe: [b "e'lka]. And produce:

b - [b "] - acc., voiced, paired, [n], soft;

e - [e´] - vowel, shock;

l - [l] - acc., sonorous, unpaired, in this case solid;

to - [k] - acc., deaf., double, [g], solid;

a - [a] - vowel, unstressed.

This word has the same number of letters and sounds - 5 each. As you can see, it is quite simple to make a phonetic analysis of this word. It is only important to pay attention to the nuances of its pronunciation.

Example five

Now let's parse the word "spruce" by sounds. Fifth graders should be interested in this. It will help to repeat and consolidate the phonetic features of iotized vowels. The word consists of one syllable, which is also unusual for students. It is transcribed like this: [ye´l "]. Now let's analyze:

e - [th "] - semi-vowel, voiced, unpaired, soft;

[e´] - vowel, shock;

l - [l´] - consonant, sonorous, therefore unpaired, soft in this word;

b - does not indicate a sound.

Thus, in the word "spruce" there are 3 letters and 3 sounds. The letter E stands for 2 sounds, because it stands at the beginning of a word, and the soft sign does not designate sounds.

Drawing conclusions

We have given examples of phonetic parsing of words consisting of a different number of syllables and sounds. The teacher, explaining the topic, teaching his students, should try to fill their vocabulary with the appropriate terminology. Speaking about the sounds "H", "R", "L", "M", one should call them sonorous, indicating along the way that they are always voiced and therefore do not have a pair of deafness. [Y] is not sonorous, but also only voiced, and in this parameter it adjoins the 4 previous ones. Moreover, it was previously believed that this sound refers to consonants, but it is fair to call it a semivowel, since it is very close to the sound [and]. What is the best way to remember them? Write down a sentence with the children: "We did not see a friend." It includes all sonorants.

Special cases of parsing

In order to correctly determine the phonetic structure of a word, it is important to be able to listen to it. For example, the word form “horses” will look like this in transcription: [lashyd "e´y"], “rain" - [do´sh"]. It is quite difficult for fifth-graders to deal with such and similar cases on their own. Therefore, the teacher should try to analyze interesting examples and draw students' attention to some linguistic subtleties. This also applies to words such as "holiday", "yeast", i.e., containing doubled or unpronounceable consonants. In practice, it looks like this: holiday, [ pra´z "n" ik]; yeast, [dro´zhy]. A line should be drawn above the “g”, indicating the duration of the sound. The role of the letter I is also non-standard here. Here it denotes the sound Y.

About the role of transcription

Why does the word need to be transcribed? Phonetic analysis helps to see the graphic appearance of the lexeme. That is, to clearly show how the word looks in its sound shell. What is the purpose of such an analysis? It consists not only in comparison (letters and sounds, their number). Phonetic analysis makes it possible to trace in which positions the same letter denotes different sounds. Thus, it is traditionally believed that in Russian the vowel “ё” always stands in a strong stressed position. However, in words of foreign origin, this rule does not work. The same applies to complex lexemes consisting of two or more roots. For example, the adjective three-core. Its transcription is as follows: [tr "ioh" a´d "irny"]. As you can see, the percussive sound here is [a].

To the question of syllable division

Syllabic division is also a rather difficult question for fifth graders. Usually the teacher orients the children on such a rule: how many vowels are in the word, so many syllables. Re-ka: 2 syllables; douche-ka: 3 syllables. These are the so-called simple cases, when vowels are surrounded by consonants. The situation is somewhat more difficult for children. For example, in the word "blue" there is a confluence of vowels. Schoolchildren find it difficult how to divide such options into syllables. It should be explained to them that here the rule remains unchanged: b-nya-ya (3 syllables).

These are the features observed in phonetic analysis.

Phonetics- a branch of the science of language, which studies the sounds of speech, stress, syllable.

A person can make several hundred different sounds. But in his speech (through which people communicate with each other) he uses a little more than fifty sounds. In the written speech of the Russian language, there are only 31 letters and 2 signs to designate (record) these sounds.

It is necessary to distinguish between the sounds and letters of our speech.

Sound is the smallest sound unit of a syllable.
Letters- These are signs that indicate sounds in writing.

Sound is what we hear and pronounce.
The letter is what we see and write.

When writing in a word, there may not be a quantitative relationship between sounds and letters (pit - three letters, and four sounds y-a-m-a). In some words, we do not pronounce all the sounds that are indicated by the corresponding letters when writing (the word honest does not pronounce the sound indicated by the letter T) or pronounce another sound (in the word please, pronounce the sound [ W], and write With), etc. Such inconsistencies are determined by the rules of spelling and orthoepy.
Letters arranged in a certain order are called an alphabet, or alphabet. Each letter has its own name.

Vowel sounds

vowels called sounds, in the formation of which the voice is most involved, and the exhaled air during their formation, without encountering obstacles, exits easily through the mouth.

There are six vowels - a, o, u, uh, s, and , but in writing they are indicated by ten letters - a, o, u, uh, s, i, e, yo, yu i . The last four letters are called compound vowels, as they mean two sounds at the same time: e-ye, yo-yo, yu-yu, ya-ya - go - [ j "e]hat, hedgehog- [ j "about]zhik, spinning top - [ j "y]la, pit-[ j "a]ma. In Russian, native Russian words do not begin with the letter й. The letter y is called non-syllable, or semi-vowel, in transcription it is designated as [ j"].

Consonants

Consonants called sounds, which are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only one noise. The air leaving the lungs meets various obstacles in the oral cavity. There are only 20 consonants. According to the participation of the voice in their formation, they are divided into voiced and deaf. There are 10 voiced consonants in Russian and 10 deaf ones.

voiced - b, c, d, e, f, h, r, l, n, m
Deaf - p, f, k, t, w, s, x, c, h, u

The first six voiced and deaf are paired consonants, as they are formed with the same articulation. With known positions of these paired consonants in the layer, they are easily replaced by one another. For example, at the end of words, instead of a voiced one, a voiceless consonant is pronounced, paired with a voiced one.

We say: [ sat], [bread], [drizzle], but we write: garden, bread, frost. Before voiced sounds, instead of a voiceless consonant, a voiced one is pronounced. We say [ goats "ba], and we write mowing.

Paired consonants are easy to remember, knowing that voiced ones are the first consonants in the alphabet - b, c, d, e, g, z.

The remaining four voiced - r, l, n, m and four deaf - x, c, h, u are unpaired consonants and are not replaced by one another. Of the consonants, 4 sibilants stand out - w, h, w, w .
All consonants except sibilant and c can be both hard and soft.

Was, ball - consonants b, l in these words are solid.

Bili- consonants b, l this word is pronounced softly.

Usually the softness of the consonant sound is easily distinguished by ear.

The softness of the consonant is created by additional articulation - the rise of the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate. At the end of words, the softness of the consonants is heard even more clearly, since it often serves as a means of distinguishing the meaning of the word:
became - steel, was - true story, become - stan, fry - heat.

Consonant c and consonants hissing w, w in Russian are always hard, hissing" h, w- always soft. After cь (soft sign) never "is written ( finger, well, cucumber), and after hissing w, w, as well as h,_uь (soft sign) is sometimes put, but not to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant, but to indicate various grammatical forms of words - gender, number, designation of a part of speech ( night, cut, clouds, watchman).

The softness of consonants (except for hissing) in writing is indicated in two ways:
1) placing ь after a consonant at the end of a word or in the middle of it between two consonants - steel, day, true story, dictionary, dove, skates, hemp, money, rural, letter;
2) setting letters after a consonant and, e, yo, Yu, I; before these letters, all consonants (except for hissing and " c") are pronounced softly, although their softness is not heard as clearly as in front of a soft sign - beat, bureau, uncle, less often, gray.

In some words with two consonants, if the first of them is pronounced softly, it is written after it - very, request, threshing, marriage, etc.
In other words, although the softness of the first consonant is heard, b (soft sign) is not written - early, mason, tip.
In addition to softening consonants, a soft sign is also used to separate sounds when it stands between a consonant and a vowel (family, blizzard, beat)

Syllable

syllable the part of the word is called, which is pronounced with one push of the exhaled air from the lungs and in which there is only one vowel, for example:
Go-lo-va, extreme, my-I, city-born, city-ska-ya.

A word can have one syllable or several. There is always only one vowel in each syllable, but there may be no consonants at all (my-ya - the second syllable does not have a consonant), there may be several. Consonants are adjacent to vowels for the convenience of their pronunciation.

Examples:
My, my-me, casually, seven-me, local and local, sister and sister, stone, public.
If the consonants stand on both sides of the vowel, then such a syllable is called closed ( extreme. kao man. like, long). if only on one side, then open ( mo-i, boo-ma-ga, de la).
The division of words into syllables is necessary for mastering the rules of word hyphenation, for determining stress, for correct pronunciation of words and spelling.

stress

stressed is called pronunciation of one of the syllables of the word with greater force. This is a sound accent. Usually there is one sound stress in a word, but in compound words there can be two ( cafe e-restaurant a n, bargain about in-industry s sluggish).

The stress in Russian can be on any syllable on the first, second, third, etc. Therefore, they are called free ( book and" ha, boom a" ha, before e" lka).

Stress can be both mobile and permanent.

permanent the stress is always placed on the same syllable ( longing, longing, longing).

Movable stress shifts from one syllable to another head, head, head).

Stress in Russian not only performs a pronunciation function (i.e., indicates how to pronounce the word correctly), but can simultaneously indicate a different semantic meaning of the word ( at same and already e , zas s fall and backfill a be, house a and d about ma).

Phonetic parsing

Phonetic analysis of the word is carried out according to the following plan:

1. Transcribe the word by putting the stress.
2. Determine the number of syllables, indicate stress.
3. Show what sound each letter corresponds to. Determine the number of letters and sounds.
4. Write the letters of the word in a column, sounds next to them, indicate their correspondence.
5. Specify the number of letters and sounds.
6. Characterize the sounds according to the following parameters:
vowel: stressed / unstressed;
consonant: deaf / voiced, hard / soft.

Sample phonetic parsing:
his [ j "and-vo] 2 syllables, second stressed

In phonetic analysis, they show the correspondence of letters and sounds, connecting letters with the sounds they designate (with the exception of the designation of hardness / softness of a consonant with a subsequent vowel). Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the letters denoting two sounds, and to the sounds indicated by two letters. Particular attention should be paid to the soft sign, which in some cases denotes the softness of the preceding paired consonant (and in this case, it, like the consonant preceding it, is combined with a consonant sound), and in other cases does not carry a phonetic load, performing a grammatical function.

Students should be able to do not only complete (presented above), but also partial phonetic analysis, which is usually carried out as a “background”, additional task to the vocabulary dictation, syntactic analysis of a sentence, etc.

The following types of exercises may be suggested:
find words that:
- the number of letters is greater than the number of sounds;
- the number of letters is less than sounds;
- all consonant sounds are voiced (deaf, hard, soft);
- there is a sound [ b"] (or any other, the detection of which requires the use of certain skills and abilities);
- the sound side of which somehow correlates with their semantics (for example: rustle, whisper, screech, rumble, thunder, drum etc.).

At the unified state exam as tasks for the section " Phonetics» it is proposed to make a partial phonetic parsing.

Do you know why Russian is so hard for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that you can’t say anything about our language, that words can be written as they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written through 3 letters O: “MILKO”.

This is the simplest and most obvious example. And no one, as a rule, thinks about how the transcription (that is, the graphic recording of sounds) of the most familiar words for us looks like. To learn how to figure out what sounds words consist of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.

It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in the classroom and when preparing homework.

Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at disassembling a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it contains and how many sounds. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.

Vowels

There are 10 vowels in the alphabet of the Russian language: "a", "o", "y", "e", "s", "ya", "e", "yu", "e", "i".

But there are only 6 vowels: [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [and]. The vowels "e", "ё", "yu", "ya" consist of two sounds: vowel + th. They are written as follows: "e" = [y'+e], "e" = [y'+o], "yu" = [y'+y], "i" = [y'+a]. And they are called iotized.

Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “I” do not always decompose into two sounds. But only in the following cases:

when they stand at the beginning of the word: food [y'eda], ruff [y'orsh], skirt [y'upka], pit [y'ama];
when they stand after other vowels: my [my'em], my [may'o], wash [my'ut], warrior [way'aka];
when they stand after “b” and “b”: pedestal [p’y’ed’estal], drink [p’y’ot], drink [p’y’ut], nightingale [salav’y’a].

If "e", "e", "yu", "i" are in the word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.

Not under the stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “I” give a sound [and]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter "I" without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr'es'ina].

Another interesting thing about the relationship between “b” and vowels: if after the soft sign in the word there is the letter “and”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].

But after the consonants "zh", "sh" and "c", the letter "i" gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].

The vowels "a", "o", "u", "e", "s" denote the hardness of consonants. The vowels "e", "ё", "yu", "ya", "and" denote the softness of consonant sounds.

By the way, in many words with the vowel "ё" it is always stressed. But this rule does not work for loanwords (amebiasis) and compound words (such as trinuclear).

Consonants

There are 21 consonants in Russian. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.

So, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the sonority of deafness:

[b] - [p]: [b] a [b] eyelet - [p] a [n] a;
[c] - [f]: [c] oda - [f] anera;
[g] - [k]: [g] olos - [k] orova;
[d] - [t]: [d ’] yatel - [t] teaching;
[w] - [w]: [w ’] life - [w] suba;
[h] - [s]: [h ’] ima - o [s ’] en.

This is interesting because paired sounds are denoted by different letters. Such pairs are not found in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired voiceless and voiced sounds are indicated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound, depending on the position in the word.

And there are 15 pairs of hardness-softness:

[b] - [b ’]: [b] a [b] point - [b ’] tree;
[in] - [in ']: [in] ata - [in '] fork;
[g] - [g ’]: [g] amak - [g ’] idrant;
[d] - [d ']: [d] wait [d '];
[h] - [h ’]: [h] gold - [h ’] to eat;
[k] - [k ']: [k] mouth - [k '] true;
[l] - [l ']: [l] dot - [l '] istik;
[m] - [m ’]: [m] a [m] a - [m ’] claim;
[n] - [n ']: [n] os - [n '] yuh;
[n] - [n ']: [n] archa - [n '] and [n '] mark;
[r] - [r ’]: [r] ys - [r ’] is;
[s] - [s ']: [s] both - [s '] herring;
[t] - [t ’]: [t] apok - [t ’] hen;
[f] - [f ']: [f] camera - [f '] hunting;
[x] - [x ']: [x] okkey - [x '] ek.

As you can see, the softness of sounds is provided by the letter “b” and soft consonants after the consonants.

There are unpaired consonant sounds in Russian that are never deaf:

[th '] - [th '] od;
[l] - [l]ama;
[l '] - [l '] lake;
[m] - [m] orkovka;
[m '] - [m '] yusli;
[n] - [n] rhino;
[n '] - [n '] bat;
[r] - [r] daisy;
[p '] - [p '] child.

To make it easier to remember all voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: "We didn't forget each other".

As well as unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples aloud and see for yourself:

[x] - [x] orek;
[x ‘] - [x ‘] irrg;
[c] - [c] drop;
[h '] - [h '] man;
[u’] - [u’] etina.

To remember exactly which sounds remain deaf in any situation, two phrases will help: "Stepka, do you want a cabbage?" - "Fi!" and “Foka, do you want to eat a cabbage soup?”.

If you carefully read the examples above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in Russian are never soft:

[f] - [f]uk and even [f] acorn;
[w] - [w] uba and [w] ilo are read equally firmly;
[c] - [c] scratch and [c] irk - the same thing, the sound is pronounced firmly.

Remember that in some borrowed words and names, “w” is still soft [w ’]: jury [w ’] yuri, Julien [w ’] julienne.

Similarly, there are consonants in Russian that are never pronounced firmly:

[th '] - [th '] cucumber;
[h '] - [h '] yell and [h '] asy - the sound is equally soft;
[u’] - [u’] eka and [u’] dropped - similarly: no matter what vowel comes after this consonant, it is still pronounced softly.

Sometimes, in some textbooks, the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in Russian. And “u” is often referred to as [w ’:].

Remember also that the consonants "zh", "sh", "h", "u" are called hissing.

Phonetic parsing plan

First you need to spell the word correctly in terms of spelling.
Then divide the word into syllables (remember that there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it), mark the stressed syllable.
The next item is the phonetic transcription of the word. Do not immediately transcribe the word - first try to pronounce it out loud. If necessary, speak several times - until you can say with certainty which sounds to record.
Describe in order all vowel sounds: designate stressed and unstressed.
Describe in order all consonant sounds: designate paired and unpaired ones according to sonority / deafness and hardness / softness.
Count and write down how many letters and how many sounds are in the word.
Note those cases in which the number of sounds does not correspond to the number of letters, and explain them.

In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and under it write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.

Special transcription marks

Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:

["] - this is how the stressed vowel is designated in the main stressed syllable (O "canopy);
[ `] - this is how a side (secondary) substressed vowel sound is indicated: usually such a substressed syllable is located at the beginning of a word, occurs in compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, super-, super-, ex -, vice and others (`near "many);
['] - a sign of softening a consonant sound;
[Λ] - transcription sign for "o" and "a" in the following cases: position at the beginning of a word, the first pre-stressed syllable in a position after a solid consonant (arch [Λrka], king [kΛrol']);
- a more “advanced” transcription sign for recording iotized sounds, you can also use [th ’].
[and e] - something between [and] and [e], used to denote the vowels "a", "e", "e" in the first pre-stressed syllable in a position after a soft consonant (baubles [bl "and e sleep]) ;
[s e] - something between [s] and [e] or [s] and [a], is used to denote the vowels “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in position after a solid consonant (whisper [shy e ptat '];
[b] - a transcription sign for the vowels "o", "a", "e" in positions after a solid consonant in the pre-stressed and stressed syllable (milk [milk]);
[b] - a transcription sign for the vowels "o", "a", "ya", "e" in the position after a soft consonant in an unstressed syllable (mitten [var'shka]);
[–] - a sign indicating the absence of sound in place of "ъ" and "ь";
[ ‾ ] / [ : ] - transcription signs (you can use one or the other of your choice - this will not be a mistake) to indicate the longitude of consonants (be afraid of [bΛy’atz: b]).

As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more accurate transcription signs are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, instead of “and with an overtone e” and other complex designations, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [i] and [th ’] in phonetic analysis.

Transcription rules

Do not forget also about the following rules for transcription of consonants:

voicing of deaf consonants in a position before voiced ones (bend [zg'ibat '], mowing [kΛz'ba]);
stunning voiced consonants in position at the end of a word (ark [kΛfch'ek]);
stunning a voiced consonant in a position before a deaf one, for example, a voiced “g”, which can turn into deaf sounds [k] and [x] (nails [noct’i], light [l’ohk’iy’]);
softening of the consonants "n", "s", "z", "t", "d" in a position in front of soft consonants (kantik [kan't'ik]);
mitigation of “s” and “z” in prefixes with-, from-, times- in the position before “b” (remove [from’y’at’]);
unreadable consonants "t", "d", "v", "l" in combinations of several consonant letters in a row: in this case, the combination "stn" is pronounced as [sn], and "zdn" - as [zn] (district [uy 'ezny']);
combinations of the letters "sch", "zch", "zsch" are read as [u'] (accounts [sh'oty]);
combinations of "ch", "th" are pronounced [w] (what [what], of course [kΛn'eshn]);
infinitive suffixes -tsya / -tsya are transcribed [c] (bite [bite: b]);
the endings of the -th / -it are pronounced through the sound [in] (your [tvy’evo]);
in words with double consonants, two transcription options are possible: 1) double consonants are located after the stressed syllable and form a double sound (kassa [kas: b]); 2) double consonants are located before the stressed syllable and give the usual consonant sound (million [m'il'ion]).

And now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words with examples. For recording, we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonants.

Examples of phonetic transcription of words

departure
ot-e "zd (2 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[aty'e "st]
o - [a] - vowel, unstressed
t- [t] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
ъ – [–]
e - [y ’] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (unpaired) and [e] - vowel, stressed
s - [s] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
d - [t] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
6 letters, 6 sounds
The letter "e" after the dividing "b" gives two sounds: [th "] and [e]; the letter "d" at the end of the word is stunned into the sound [t]; the letter "z" is stunned to the sound [c] in the position before the deaf sound.

One more example:

grammar
gram-ma "-ti-ka (4 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[gram: at "ika]
g - [g] - consonant, voiced (paired), solid (solid)
p - [r] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
mm - [m:] - double sound, consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, stressed
t - [t '] - consonant, deaf (pair), soft (pair)
k - [k] - consonant, deaf (paired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, unstressed
10 letters, 9 sounds
Double consonants "mm" give a double sound [m:]

And last:

became
sta-no-vi "-lis (4 syllables, stress falls on the 3rd syllable)
[standav'i "l'is']
s - [s] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
t - [t] - concordant, deaf (paired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, unstressed
n - [n] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
o - [a] - vowel, unstressed
in - [in '] - consonant, voiced (paired), soft (paired)
and - [and] - vowel, stressed
l - [l '] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (paired)
and - [and] - vowel, unstressed
s - [s '] - consonant, deaf (paired), soft (paired)
b - [-]
11 letters, 10 sounds
The letter "o" in an unstressed position gives the sound [a]; the letter "b" does not denote a sound and serves to soften the consonant preceding it.

Instead of an afterword

Well, did this article help you deal with the phonetic parsing of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up the word - there are many pitfalls along the way. But we tried to make it easier for you and explain all the slippery moments in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.

Use this article when preparing for lessons and passing the GIA and the Unified State Examination. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic word parsing are given to you at school.

blog.site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

We list the rules that must be taken into account when parsing a word phonetically: compiling a transcription and phonetic characteristics. Consider the rules for soft and hard signs, for vowels and consonants. There are some nuances from the list of rules that are paid attention to in the middle classes and not studied in elementary school, we will give examples for them. The rules considered on this page are correct and complete only for the school curriculum.

Notation

Notations used in phonetic analysis:

The transcription of the word is enclosed in square brackets: family → [with "im" th "a]. Sometimes an accent mark is put in the transcription: [with "im" th "a ́];
Each sound in phonetic analysis is enclosed in square brackets: s - [s], and - [i], m - [m "], etc. Opposite the soft and hard signs put a dash or a dash in square brackets: b - [- ];
The softness of sound is marked with an apostrophe: m - [m "];
A long sound (long sound) is denoted through a colon: tennis → [t "en": is], loader → [grush': ik];
instead of a colon, a long sound is also indicated by a horizontal line above the sound;
In most school programs, a line is drawn at the end of phonetic analysis, under which the number of letters and sounds in the word is indicated.

A detailed plan, oral and written examples of phonetic parsing are presented on the page.

Rules for b, b

The letters b, b do not represent sounds. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
The letter ь softens the previous consonant.
The letter ъ is used only as a separator character.

Vowel phonetics

There are no sounds [e], [e], [yu], [i]. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
The letters a, o, y, s, e make the previous consonant hard.
The letters i, ё, yu, and, e make the previous consonant soft. But in some foreign words, the consonant before the letter e remains solid.
Cafe → [cafe], coupe → [coupe], hotel → [atel"].
The letters i, u, e, e after consonants denote the following sounds: i → [a], u → [y], e → [e], e → [o].
Ball → [m "ah"], chalk → [m "el].
Letters i, e, e, o after consonants without accent denote the following sounds: i → [e] or [i], e → [i], e → [e] or [i], o → [a].
Rowan → [r"eb"ina], spot → [n"itno], fun → [v"es"ila], cow → [karova].
The letter ё, i, u, e after vowels, after ъ, ь and at the beginning of the word denote the following sounds: i → [y "a], yu → [y" y], e → [y "e], yo → [ th "o] (under stress) and I → [th" and], e → [th" and] (without stress). They are called iotized. In some publications, j is written instead of y.
The letter and after b denotes the sound [th "and].
Streams → [ruch "th" and] .
The letter and after the consonants w, w, c denotes the sound [s].

Let's summarize the rules for "transforming" vowels into sounds with a table:

	a	about	and	e	at	Yu	yo	I	uh	s
under stress	a	about	and	uh	at	at	about	a	uh	s
without accent	a	a	and	and	at	at	about	uh, and	uh, and	s
at the beginning of a word	a	about	and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after vowels	a	about	and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after b, b	a	about	th "and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after w, w, c	s	about	s	s	at	at	about	a	uh	s

Phonetics of consonants

In phonetic analysis, soft consonants are denoted by the apostrophe ": [l"], [s"], [h"], etc.
In phonetic analysis, a long sound (stretching) is indicated by a colon [g:], [c:] or a dash above the sound [g], [c].
The letters d, h, u always denote soft sounds: [y "], [h"], [u"]. They remain soft, even if they are followed by vowels a, o, y, s, e.
The letters w, c, w always denote solid sounds: [g], [c], [w]. They remain solid even if they are followed by the vowels i, e, u, i, e.
The letter y always denotes a voiced and soft sound [th "].
The letters l, m, n, p, d always denote voiced sounds and are called sonorous.
The letters x, c, h, u always denote deaf sounds.
Consonants paired in voicing / deafness at the end of a word and before a deaf consonant denote a deaf sound: b → [p], d → [t], g → [k], s → [s], c → [f]:
pillar → [pillar], train → [sing" est].
The unpronounceable consonants в, d, l, t do not mean a sound at the root:
feeling → [h "ustva], sun → [sonts" e].
Double consonants after a stressed vowel produce a long sound:
group → [group:a], tennis → [ten:is].
Double consonants before a stressed vowel give a single consonant sound:
million → [m "il" ion], alley → [al "hey" a].

In some cases:

The letter c at the beginning of a word means a voiced sound [z]:
did → [z "d" elal].
The letter g before a voiceless consonant is pronounced as [k] or [x]:
claws → [kokt "and], soft → [m" ah "k" y"]
Consonants between a root and a suffix before a soft consonant are pronounced softly:
umbrella → [zone "t" ik].
The letter n denotes a soft sound before the consonants h, u:
cup → [glass "h" ik], changer → [cm "en" uh "ik].
The combination -ch-, -th- is pronounced like [sh]:
of course → [kan "eshna], boring → [boring], what → [what].

The combination of certain consonant letters in words gives a long or unpronounceable sound:

The combination of letters -zzh- denotes one sound [zh:]:
get rid of → [izh: yt "], leave → [uizh: at"].
The combination of letters -ts-, -ts- denotes one sound [ts:]:
swim → [merchant:a].
The combination of letters -stn- is pronounced as [sn], -stl- - [sl], -zdn- - [zn]:
starry → [star "ozny"], stairs → [l "es" n "itsa].
In the endings of adjectives -th, -his, the consonant Г denotes the sound [v]:
golden → [zalatov], blue → [sin "eva].
Combinations of letters -sch-, -zch-, -zhch- denote the sound [u "]:
happy → [shch "aslivy"], cabman → [izvoshch" ik], defector → [p "ir" ib "esch" ik].

These are all the basic rules of phonetic parsing. To consolidate the topic within the framework of the school curriculum, the publication of E.I. Litnevskaya is suitable. "Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren.

There are a number of rules for the institute's program and in-depth study of the phonetics of the Russian language. The rules take into account the subtleties of modern phonetic pronunciation and phonetic features over the past centuries. Such rules are not considered in the school curriculum, so as not to complicate an already difficult topic for students to understand. So, outside the framework of the school curriculum, variants with a soft sound [zh '], including those characteristic of the old Moscow pronunciation, are considered. At the root of the word in the combinations -zhzh-, -zhzh- and -zhd- in the word rain, instead of a hard sound [zh:], there is a soft [zh ':]. For example, yeast - [yeast': and]. According to another rule: the letter u before a voiced consonant receives voicing and is marked with a voiced sound [zh ':]. For example, in the word material evidence - [v'izh': doc].

Our site can do phonetic parsing of words in automatic mode. Use the word search form.