Instruction

To begin with, you can explain the meaning in speech with the help of a simple exercise. Make a proposal and make a planned mistake in it. For example: “On Sunday we will definitely go to visit grandparents.” Ask the child what is wrong with this sentence? Usually children find and correct obvious mistakes without difficulty. Using such examples, one can clearly show that cases make our speech connected, thanks to them we can easily understand each other.

There are only six main cases in Russian. A rhyme familiar to many from childhood helps to remember them. It is quite unusual, but it contributes to the assimilation of the sequence of cases in the best possible way:
Ivan (nominative)
Born (genitive)
girl (dative)
Velel (accusative)
Drag (Creative)
Diaper (Prepositional)
The initial letter of each of the words of the poem corresponds to the first letter of the case. This is a kind of mnemonic rule that promotes memorization by expanding associative links.

Another expression is based on this, the memorization of which will also help to learn the order of cases:
Ivan (nominative)
Rubil (Genitive)
Firewood (Dative)
Barbara (accusative)
Topila (Creative)
Furnace (Prepositional)
Knowing your child, you can come up with any other statement for him based on this principle.

Auxiliary words and small hints help memorize cases and their corresponding questions.
The nominative case answers the questions "who?" "what?" ("Masha", "chair", "").
Genitive case - there is no "whom?", "what?" next to us (“Masha”, “chair”, “horses”).
Dative case - give a toy “to whom?”, “What?” (“Masha”, “chair”, “horse”).
Accusative case - I see nearby, in the distance "who?", "What?" (“Masha”, “chair”, “horse”).
Instrumental case - I create (draw, compose) together “with whom?”, “With what?” (“with Masha”, “with a chair”, “with a horse”).
Prepositional case - I propose to talk about “whom?”, “About what?” (“about Masha”, “about a chair”, “about a horse”).
In this case, be sure to pay the child’s attention to the identity of the initial letters in the name of the case and the auxiliary word: “dative - give”, “accusative - I see”, “creative - I create”, “prepositional - I offer”.

Related article

Sources:

• Kanakina V.P. Russian language. Cases

Tip 2: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian language is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

• Knowledge of the Russian language according to the school curriculum, nouns in the accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

Six are distinguished: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?), since the same questions are asked for animated objects: "whom?".

Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: "no what?" (for the genitive) and "see what?" (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it is accusative. For example: a small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to arrange endings, substitute the word "cat" or any other word for the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Determine the case depending on the ending. For example: pride in a teacher is an accusative case, because, substituting the word "cat" for a noun, we get: pride in a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in . Genitive, as a rule, the ratio of part and whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used when comparing (more beautiful than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work a week), the transition from action to an object (drive a car).

Use the same methods for indeclinables. For example: put on a coat (put on a cat - accusative case), do without coffee (do without a cat - genitive).

note

The accusative case indicates the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case - the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Helpful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

• Page dedicated to the grammatical characteristics of the noun

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks of the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question each of the cases answers.

Instruction

case nominative- the initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, mom, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?”. This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". As funny as it may sound, this is how the question should be asked. A number of questions coincide, therefore, some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put the correct case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun matches, so the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), and crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. A person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, a machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Related videos

Helpful advice

Even if a case question does not match the meaning of a given sentence, it should still be asked to determine the case of a noun.

Related article

Sources:

• School experience
• cases example words

Tip 4: How to explain the word "no" to your child in 2019

To protect the child from danger, adults are forced to say "no". This does not always meet the understanding of the child. To avoid quarrels and conflicts, follow a few rules.

In the third grade, students are introduced to the concept of "case" and learn that nouns change by case. Despite the fact that only 6 cases are studied in the school curriculum, for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics to study in elementary school. Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions in order to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why define case? So that in the future, based on the case and declension of the noun, it is correct to write the endings of words.

case- This fickle sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (decline) according to cases. Changing by cases means changing nouns by questions. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word is changed by cases, its ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship with other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

It is very difficult for a child to remember dry names of cases. He needs associations. Therefore, the child's acquaintance with cases can begin with a fairy tale.

Tale about cases

There lived the Case.
He had not yet been born, but they were already thinking about what name to give him and decided to name him - Nominative.
Born - became Genitive. He liked this name even more.
He was a baby, they gave him food and toys, and he became a Dative.
But he was a big mischief-maker, he was blamed for all sorts of tricks, and he became accusatory.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and now called him Prepositional.
They said exactly that when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To remember the order of the pages, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag the diaper.

Table of cases of the Russian language

Please note that in almost all cases, the first letters can be used to recall the key word.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Prepositions of cases and semantic questions

Nominative case - no prepositions. Meaningful questions: who? what?

Genitive case: y, from, before, for, from, without, after, near (y), near (y), against, from under, because of. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases: p. Meaningful questions: where? where? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: to, to. Meaningful questions: where? as?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Meaningful questions: where? where?

Instrumental case: over, between, before. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - under, for, with. Meaningful questions: where? as?

Prepositional case: o, o, at. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on. Meaningful questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

direct case- is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be the subject.

Indirect cases- all others, except for the nominative. In a sentence, words in oblique cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you must:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun refers, put a question from it;
2. By question and pretext (if any), find out the case.

Seagulls circled over the waves. Circled (above what?) above the waves (T. p.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only by asking questions. We formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, we replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. For two questions, we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) a cat. We replace the cat with an inanimate object: I caught (what?) A feather. Whom? What? - Accusative.

I couldn't reach (who?) the cat. Replace with inanimate: I couldn't reach the (what?) branch. Whom? What? - Genitive

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns 1,2,3 declensions

Russian Name case	latin Name case	Questions	Prepositions	The ending
				Singular			Plural Number
				1 cl.	2 fold.	3 fold.
Nominative	Nominative	Who? What? (there is)	--- ---	And I	Oh, uh	---	S, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What? (No)	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	Y, -i	And I		Ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	Dative	To whom? What? (ladies)	to, by	E, -i	U, u		Am, -yam
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What? (see)	in, for, on, about, through	U, u	Oh, uh	---	S, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	instrumental	By whom? How? (proud)	for, over, under, before, with	Oh (oh) To her (-s)	Om, -em		Ami, -yami
Prepositional	Prepositive	About whom? About what? (think)	in, on, oh, about, both, at	E, -i	E, -i		Ah, yah

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms or prepositions

How to distinguish nominative and accusative cases:

A noun in the nominative case is the subject of the sentence and does not have a preposition. And the noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence, it can be with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) puts cucumbers (V. p.) in the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish genitive and accusative cases:

If the questions in R. p. and V. p. (whom?) coincide, cases are distinguished by the endings of words: in R. p. endings -a (ya) / -s (and). In V. p. endings -y (y).

Paw (of whom?) martens - R.p. / I see (who?) a marten - V. p.

If both questions and endings are the same, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending -а(я)- instead of words. Then in R. p. the ending will be -s (u), and in V. p. the ending will be -y (u).

Paw (whom?) Of a bear - I see (whom?) A bear.

We check:

Paw (who?) (foxes) of a bear - R. p. - I see (who?) (a fox) a bear - V. p.

How to distinguish the genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition "s":

If the preposition “with” coincides with R. p. and Tv. n. distinguish them by case and semantic questions (from where? at R. p. and with what? at Tv. p.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Raised (from where?) From the ground - R. p. / Raised a box (with what?) With the ground - V. p.

How to distinguish dative and genitive cases that are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in D. p. will coincide in pronunciation with a word in R. p. (they have different endings in writing). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother's name is Natasha

R. p. - wrote a letter to Natasha's grandmother [and] - this is Natasha's grandmother

How to distinguish the dative and prepositional cases if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different in these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) On the sea - prepositions to, by

P. p. - located (where?) In the sea - prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions, TV. p. and v. p. you need to focus on case questions and endings.

Tv. p. - hid (where ?, for what?) Behind the chest of drawers

V. p. - hid (where ?, for what?) behind the chest of drawers

How to distinguish accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. and P. p. coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - climbed (where ?, on what?) On the pedestal

P. p. - stood (where ?, on what?) on a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am the nominative case,
And there are no other people's clothes on me.
Everyone can easily recognize me
And in the subject name.
I do not like pretexts since childhood,
I can't stand being around me.
My questions are WHO? and what?
Nobody messes with anything.

And I'm Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look accusatory
I am sometimes
But in the text you can tell
Always two cases.

I'm called Dative,
I work diligently.
TO whom to give? What to call for?
Only I can say.

And I am the accusative case,
And I blame the ignorant for everything.
But I love excellent students
For them, "five" I catch.
Who to name, what to play,
Ready for advice guys.
Do not mind making friends with suggestions,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental
I am filled with every hope.
Create! - How? Create! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I'm a prepositional case,
My case is complicated.
The world is not nice to me without pretexts.
ABOUT COM? ABOUT WHAT? I told?
Oh yes, I need suggestions.
Without them, I have no way.
Then I can tell
What is the dream about.

nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional…
It's hard to remember them all.
You always keep in mind
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He is a beginner
Questions - WHO? and what?
In it - mom, dad, elephant, arena,
And school, and coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHOM? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And hamsters - not a single one ...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

It's an apple, tell me
I will give to WHOM? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vite?
No, probably no one...

Accusative

Ouch! The toys are a mess!
I don't understand myself:
Blame WHO? and what?
Doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to write songs.
WITH WHOM? WITH WHAT should I study music?
Write to me with a pen or pen,
Or colored pencil?

Prepositional

Who am I thinking? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Come on, I'm thinking about
How tired of school...

But now all cases
I learned hard.
Try to teach like this too
After all, knowledge is POWER!

Polak Frida

The nominative is you
picking flowers,
and the parent is for you
the trill and clicking of a nightingale.
If the dative is all for you,
happiness, named in fate,
then accusative ... No, wait,
I'm not easy in grammar
you want new cases
offer you? - Suggest!
- Conversative is a case,
recognition is a case,
loving, affectionate,
kissing is a case.
But they are not the same...
expectant and weary,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them
and only six in grammar!

Kirsanov Semyon

The NOMINAL exclaimed:
- My birthday is THAT,
Which is amazing
Learn science!
- TOGO, - said the GENENT, -
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
- THAT, - answered DATIVE, -
Bad name ladies
Who didn't love diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
- TOGO, - said the accusatory, -
I will blame
Who book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said the CREATIVE, -
I'm just fine
Who is very respectful
Relates to work.
- ABOUT THAT, - said the PROPOSITIONAL, -
I'll offer a story
Who in life can do
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything has awakened from sleep:
SPRING is sweeping the world.

It's like we're blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to get out
Towards the young SPRING.

I'll drown in the green leaves
And I blame VESNA for this.

Nature breathes only one
Unique SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Bawling songs ABOUT SPRING.

Tell others about it
And you repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until evening
I dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For collection of snowflakes
I collected with my tongue.
Dancing around the fire
And jumped around the yard.
Do I need to do lessons?
I didn't care!
Here I stand at the blackboard
And I sigh in anguish.
But the genitive
I won't forget, at least slaughter. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
He gave cases
I would then gift
DATALY called!
And how I dream
Santa Claus dress up
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
And who else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
Cat, hare, hippo,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to the steam locomotive,
I'm flying on the ground, I'm rushing!
I will bring gifts to everyone
And then I'll be back home! (T. Rick)

Accusative

I am accusative
I blame everyone everywhere.
I don't have any hope
That I won't make a mistake.
Substitute the word "see"
And define me.
- "If you want to know a lot,
Hurry up and learn to read!"
To remember the accusatory
I learned ... to fly!
How to fly up to the ceiling
Let me wave over the threshold,
I fly out the window
I am heading for the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT I SEE AND WHO -
I'll name one!
I see a river, I see a garden
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful all around!
Building a club nearby
Painting a boat in the sand...
Enough, I'm going back to school
I fly light into class. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone
To sound smart
Gotta understand now
In the CREATIVE case.
What is there to say for a long time.
So I decided ... to create!
Pencil, take paper
And I painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a great guy I am!
In front of the castle the bush blooms,
A snake lives under a snag,
A falcon flies over the road
Behind the fence, the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On a big sheet.
I decorated the view with difficulty
Forest, cloud over the pond.
Come on, I'll turn the leaf
And I'll start creating again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country
Hit enemies with an arrow
Pour pitch from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
It's better to end things peacefully!
I will close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I'm bored in class.
Well, I better dream.
I really love to dream!
If only I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight.
I dream of earrings
I dream about boots.
Evenings in the semi-darkness
I dream of an eagle
I will fly freely with him.
I will go to school...
Oh, I'm already dreaming...
About the PREPOSITIONAL case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who ?, what?
2) Genitive case - no one ?, what?
3) The dative case - to give to whom ?, to what ?, determines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case - I see whom ?, what ?, denotes the immediate object of the action;
5) Instrumental case - I create by whom ?, with what ?, determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - think about whom ?, about what?

7) Vocative case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case, we only have the word “God!” (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimon, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by “cutting off” the ending or a specially added ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions "At", "In" and "On". Descriptive question: Where? At what? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) - but what about in Holy Russia, in Ukraine?

9) Separating case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lies a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set heat (not heat), Add move (not move), Young man, no spark there?

10) Counting case - found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step).

11) Deferent case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was severe frost.

12) Deprivative case - used exclusively with negative verbs: I don’t want to know the truth (not the truth), I cannot have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separating case - similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set heat (instead of heat), add a move (instead of add a move).

14) Waiting case - He is also a genitive-accusative case: Wait (for whom? What?) Letters (not a letter), Wait (for whom? What?) Mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather).

15) Transformative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (to whom? to what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to pilots, Run for deputies, Marry, Become sons.

Oh, this declension ... When studying a noun, it is this topic that makes you rack your brains properly in order to remember all unstressed endings in various cases and numbers. How to determine the declension of nouns? The table and examples will make the task easier! Let's try to figure it out and become even a little more literate!

What is declination?

The declension of a noun (a table of examples is given in the text) is a change in the case of a word and its number. Consider the examples in the table.

The declension table of nouns by cases shows that all nouns are divided into groups depending on what endings they acquire in the form of a particular case. Accordingly, all words related to the same elephantine will have the same set of endings. Knowing how to determine the declension, you can avoid mistakes in writing noun endings in a weak position, in other words, not under stress.

How many declensions can a noun have?

The table of declensions of nouns by cases, given in the previous section, showed that any words of the same declension in the form of the same case will have the same endings. It presents the three most common types of declension in our language. But he is known to be very rich, and there are no simple rules in it. In addition to the three presented, there are other types of declensions.

So, what types of declensions exist? The most common are the first, second and third declension.

A separate group is made up of words that end in -s: intent, crime, agreement, etc.

The next group is words ending in -and I: mania, Natalia, waist, session, commission, etc.

There is a small group of words ending in -me, which are also inclined in a certain way: time, tribe, etc. Such words are called dissimilar nouns (a separate paragraph of the article will be devoted to them). Words such as the path and the child are also considered to be divergent.

And finally, there are words that cannot change either by cases or by numbers, and in all forms they "look" the same. These are indeclinable, or invariable, nouns: kangaroo, kiwi and others.

Why do you need to be able to determine the declination?

How to determine the declension of a noun, the table will tell us a little later. But very often the question arises as to why this should be done? Why memorize all these cases, endings, a lot of "special" words that need to be remembered? But for what. Let's take the word "path" as an example: I'm walking down the path or I'm walking along the path? How to be? What letter to choose? And here's another word: "winter". It is also feminine with the ending -a-. We put in the same case: (to whom? What?) - winter. But we already know that all words of the same declension acquire the same ending when changed. So you need to write like this: I'm walking along(to whom; to what) footpath. Issue resolved!

How to determine the declension of a noun? The table and examples in the following paragraphs will help you not to make a mistake in this rather simple question!

Nouns 1 declension

These are feminine and masculine words that have endings in their initial form -a or -I(recall that the initial form for a noun is nominative and singular).

There are a lot of feminine words with such endings in Russian: mom, Masha, pajamas, apartment, work, daughter, and many, many others. There are fewer masculine words, but they exist and are very common: dad, grandfather, Vasya, Petya and other male names.

The 1st declension noun table will compare words with stressed and unstressed endings to show that all words in a given declension will have similar case endings.

Nouns 2 declensions

These are masculine words that have (it is not expressed by a letter in the nominative case, but "appears" in other forms) and neuter with endings -o, -e: raft, horse, lake, sea, field, etc. The table of nouns of the 2nd declension will show which endings the words acquire when changing in cases.

As you can see, in the accusative case they have different endings. And only forms of the prepositional case with an unstressed ending can cause difficulties, so you should remember that in this form you need to write - e.

Nouns 3 declensions

These are feminine words with a zero ending. They all end in a soft sign: mouse, brooch, region, passion, and so on. Let's see what endings these words acquire in different forms.

It is very easy to remember: in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, such words acquire the ending - and.

Nouns with -ie, -ia

The word "aspiration" is of the middle gender, but it cannot be attributed to the 2nd declension; the word "mantle" is feminine, but does not change, like the words of the 1st declension. The declension table of nouns by case will show the difference in endings.

As can be seen from the table, the words -s differ from the words of the 2nd declension only in the prepositional case, and the words in -and I from words of the 1st declension - in the dative and prepositional.

Please note that words ending in -ya, in all forms behave like words of the 1st declension. Therefore, for example, the forms of the same name Natalia and Natalia will decline differently: (give) Natalia, Natalia, (talk) about Natalia, about Natalia.

Table of declension endings for nouns

Let us summarize what has been said with a table of case endings for words belonging to different declensions.

case	-1 skl-	-2 skl-	-3 skl-	-s	-and I
I.p.	paw, bullet	__ -o, -e house, dish
R.p.	paws, bullets	home, food
D.p.	paw, bullet	home, food
V.p.	paw, bullet	__ -o/-e house, dish
etc.	-oh/-she paw, bullet	-om/-em house, food		greatness
P.p.	about the paw, about the bullet	about the house, about the dish		about greatness

Let's hope that no one will have difficulty choosing the right ending and determining the declension of nouns in Russian. The table explained everything in great detail.

It should be noted that -s and -and I cannot be singled out as a separate morpheme, ending. In this case, these are just the letters that the word ends with. such words are the topic of another article.

The declension of nouns in the plural (the table here, in general, without the need) very rarely causes difficulties, since the letters are mostly clearly audible. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases in the plural, all three declensions will have the same endings. We suggest you independently decline any words in the plural and make sure of this.

Inflected nouns

There are few dissimilar words among the nouns of the Russian language. Why are they divergent? Because they cannot be attributed to any one declension, in different cases they "behave" differently. These are words ending in -me(there are only about ten of them), the words "path" and "child". Let's look at the features of the declension of nouns in the Russian language (table) - those words that are considered heterogeneous.

I.p.	stirrup	way	child
R.p.	stir-en-and	put-and	dit-yat-i
D.p.	stir-en-and	put-and	dit-yat-i
V.p.	stirrup	way	child
etc.	stir-en-eat	put-em	dit-yat-ee
P.p.	oh stir-en-and	about the way	oh dit-yat-i

As you can see, the word "child" is inclined in a very special way. The word "way" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases "behaves" like the word of the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental - like the word of the 2nd declension. Well, words ending in -me, in oblique cases acquire the suffix -en-.

These words must be remembered so as not to make a mistake in choosing the right ending.

Indeclinable words

Basically, these are borrowed words - which came from other languages. They can denote the names of animals, plants, dishes, as well as the names or surnames of people, the names of objects. Having come into our language, such words retained the peculiarity of not changing their form when they get into a sentence. In whatever case or number such a word needs to be put, it will sound the same.

• Pour me coffee - admiring morning coffee - talking about coffee.
• This is my cockatoo - I don't have a cockatoo - feed the cockatoo - remember about the cockatoo.
• Roman Dumas - dedicated to Dumas - writes about Dumas.

It is wrong and illiterate to decline such words in a sentence. Everyone knows the phrase-joke "I'm sitting in a kin on the front row with a feast in my tooth." Let's not be like the hero of this joke! Inflected words must be used correctly, and indeclinable ones do not need to be changed at all.

Summing up

Determining the declension of nouns (table above) is not at all a complicated process that will help you avoid mistakes when writing. Let's try to summarize all of the above.

There are three main declensions in Russian, but there are also special words ending in -and I and - ie, and a few odd words. Words are divided into three main groups depending on the gender and ending in the nominative case.

All words of the same declension in have similar endings. They can be learned so as not to make mistakes. And you can do it differently: instead of a word with an unstressed ending, substitute any word of the same declension, but in which the stress falls on the ending. The letter at the end of these words will be the same!

Words on -and I and -s are not included in the three main groups, because they change in cases and numbers in a special way, and they need to be remembered.

You should also remember a small group of divergent words. Their set of endings does not match any of the above declensions, which is why they require special attention.

And finally, indeclinable words: they do not change, in whatever context they are used. Decline in a sentence words such as movie, coat, coffee, purse, kangaroo,- a sign of low literacy and general culture.

We hope that the article turned out to be useful and helped to understand such a difficult topic as the declension of a noun. The table and examples were clear, and therefore choosing the right ending is now not difficult.

Be smart!

In Russian, word change by cases called inclination. case-- is a certain the form given word. There are six cases in Russian.

Nominative singular is the initial form of a noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral or verb form - participle. For nouns in the nominative case, we will ask questions who? or what?: boy, tree. The nominative case usually belongs to subject in a sentence.

Genitive answers the questions whom? or what?, no boy, no tree.

Dative answers the questions to whom? or what? give to the boy, give to the tree.

Accusative answers the questions whom? ** or ** what? I see a boy, a tree.

AT instrumental nouns we will ask questions by whom? or how?, admiring the boy, the tree.

AT prepositional legitimate questions to the noun about whom? or about what?, I think about the boy, about the tree.

Case, in Russian, is a category of grammar that interacts nouns with other words in a text or sentence. Cases directly depend on the declined noun to one degree or another, while, as a rule, the ending of these words changes. In total, there are six cases in Russian, namely:

1) nominative (answers questions: who? Or what?)

2) genitive (answers the questions: whom? Or what?)

3) dative (answers questions to whom? Or what?)

4) accusative (answers questions: whom? Or what?)

5) creative (answers the questions: by whom? or what?)

6) prepositional (answers questions: about whom? or about what?)

In Russian, a case is a grammatical category that expresses an attitude towards an object denoted by a noun. Modern Russian has 6 cases. Here is a table where you can see all cases, as well as their endings for various genders in the singular and plural.

Case is a grammatical category characteristic of nouns and adjectives. Words can change in cases and this change is called declension. That is, nouns (and adjectives) are declined according to cases. This declension depends on other words that stand next to the given word and determine its case.

In total, there are 6 cases in Russian:

Nominative - who? / what? - friend, bag

Genitive - whom? / What? - friend, bags

Dative - to whom? / what? - friend, bag

Accusative - whom? / what? - friend, bag

Creative - by whom? / by what? - friend, bag

Prepositional - about whom? / about what? - about a friend, about a bag

The case in the Russian language is a separate grammatical category, through which the relation to any subject is expressed. In general, there are cases determined on the basis of the questions asked, and here is the table:



Pay attention to the auxiliary words that help determine the case.

The one below will allow you to study and remember such an important topic in Russian as case well.

A case is called the form of a word, when the word changes in cases - it declines.

But not all parts of speech can have a case and decline in cases.

For example, we can decline nouns, adjectives, pronouns, but we do not decline verbs by case.

There are only six cases in Russian, each case has its own questions for animate and inanimate objects, and also has different endings for the singular and plural.

Table of cases of the Russian language with questions and examples below:





Case is the form of the word in which it is used in Russian. There are six cases in the Russian language, and each of them has its own formulation of the question to which it answers. Here is a case table with prepositions and endings used -



The case is the grammatical basis of the word, shows the syntactic role of the word and connects the words into sentences. To change in cases means to decline a word.

In order for sentences to be logically connected and nouns to be easily perceived, adjective numerals must take the necessary form. To do this, you need to be able to decline correctly, and here we turn to CASE for help.

Case is a form of education and a function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a link between the individual parts of a sentence's speech. Other definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.

Possession to perfection of the ability to decline different parts of speech in cases is a hallmark of a literate, educated person. Often, the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in compiling the correct sentence structure, which is why the members of the sentence become inconsistent with each other.

An example of an irregular declension of a word

To understand what is at stake, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of a word.

• The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste experience.

There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in Russian are safely forgotten, so the word "taste" has the wrong declension.

The correct variant would be to write the sentence as follows:

• Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight in (what?) taste.

How many cases in the Russian language, so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also the number, gender.

I wonder what percentage of adults who are not associated with writing, editorial, educational or scientific activities remember how many cases are in Russian?

The disappointing results of this year's Total Dictation leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy for most of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved "five".

The largest number of errors were found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so deplorable. With the correct spelling of words, people do not experience any special problems.

And for their correct declension in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.

Brief description of cases

The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. It is the only one always used without prepositions.

The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.

The dative case defines a period that symbolizes the end of an action.

The accusative case is a designation of the immediate object of the action.

The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.

The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, indicates a place of action or points to an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:

• explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “About what?” (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
• local, answering the question "where?" (directly the area or the hour of the action).

But in modern educational science, it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.

There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Word declension applies to both singular and plural.

Cases of Russian nouns

A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question "who?" or "what?".

The variety of ways of declension of words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to perceive. Cases of nouns inflect a word by changing its ending.

Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering questions:

• regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
• inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.

Noun cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing endings	Prepositions
Nominative		boy(), ball()
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Dative	To whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball()	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(om), ball(om)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Indeclinable nouns

There are nouns that are used in any case without declension endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:

• kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
• some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
• common foreign nouns (Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
• Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
• complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
• surnames of women denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).

Changing adjectives

Adjectives are an independent part of speech denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.

Just like a noun, it is declined in cases by changing endings. Examples are shown in the table.

Cases of adjectives with prepositions

Cases	Questions		Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?	Good	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? What?	Good
Accusative	Whom? What?	Good	On, for, through, about
Instrumental			For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Non-inflected adjectives

Cases of the Russian language are able to change all adjectives, if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question "what?". These adjectives in the sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.

Plural cases

Nouns and adjectives can be in the singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.

The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question that the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.

Plural cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing the endings of nouns	Examples of changing the endings of adjectives	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	good(s), red(s)	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good (s), red (s)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Features of the genitive and accusative cases

Some people find it difficult and somewhat confusing to have two cases with seemingly identical questions that the inflected word answers: the genitive case and the question “who?”, and the accusative case with the question “who?”.

For ease of understanding, it should be remembered that in the genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:

• there was no “who?” at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• there was no “who?” in the store (seller), "what?" (of bread);
• there was no “who?” in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).

That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the subject.

In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound as follows:

• brought to the party "who?" (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• they didn’t bring “who?” to the store (salesperson) "what?" (bread);
• in the prison cell they did not find “who?” (prisoner) "what?" (bed).

The case refers directly to the object around which the action is performed.

The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech according to cases, number, gender is a hallmark of a smart, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a hallmark of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.