Case questions. Russian case endings rules

The Russian language belongs to the languages of the synthetic structure: in them, inflection occurs by adding or changing inflections - in other words, endings - that convey several meanings. A distinctive feature of such a paradigm is the combination of several meanings within one morpheme.

In analytical languages (for example, Romance: Spanish, French), word order and prepositions perform the same purpose, which requires cases of nouns and adjectives in Russian, that is, they establish the grammatical meaning of the word form and its syntactic connection with other members of the sentence.

The concept of declension: declension in Russian

The inflectional nature of the Russian language is manifested in the fact that the nominal parts of speech add endings that convey the categories of the year, numbers and cases. This process is called inclination. In Russian, according to the traditional classification, the noun has three declensions, although there are other approaches. For example, Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak proposes to define the first and second declension "school" paradigms as variations of the general substantive type.

The diversity of concepts is observed not only in this area. It is known from school textbooks that nouns and adjectives of the Russian language change in six cases, but linguistics disputes this statement. This is because in some cases the noun takes on an ending that is not part of the traditional declension paradigm (for example, have a cup of tea Yu , instead of have a cup of tea I ; don't know the truth s instead of don't know the truth at ). Fortunately, knowing these additional cases, examples of which are given, is not necessary at all.

Nevertheless, most people are far from scientific research and disputes, still operating only six cases memorizing them using mnemonic rules. Unfortunately, to memorize case endings, there are none and you have to memorize them. But even the most literate people sometimes fall into a stupor, wondering which ending will be true in this case. If you have problems, it is best to contact table:

Case name	Question	Prepositions	Endings of the 1st declension	Endings 2 declensions	Endings 3 declensions	Plural endings
Nominative	who? what?		-and I	-o, -e		-s, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	whom? what? whose? whose? whose?	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	-s, -and	-and I	-and	-, -ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	to whom? what?	to, by	-e, -i	-u, -u	-and	-am, -yam
Accusative	whom? what?	in, for, on, about, through	-u, -u	-o, -e	= I.p.	-, -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	by whom? how?	for, over, under, before, with	-oh (-oh), -ee (-ee)	-om, -em	-Yu	-ami, -ami
Prepositional	about whom? about what?	in, on, oh, about, both, at	-e, -i	-e, -i	-and	-ah, -ah

As can be seen from the table, in many cases the forms of the noun in the accusative and nominative cases are the same. This is due to their grammatical and syntactic meaning: the noun in the nominative case denotes the subject of the action and is the subject in the sentence, while the accusative introduces the object of the action and is an object.

In ancient Greece, grammarians, strongly influenced by natural philosophy, assumed that the nominative was a kind of perfection, the "correct" form of the word, and all the rest are deviations from the ideal. Actually, the very term "declination" conveys the logic of ancient scientists. The opposition they created still exists, albeit for different reasons. So, cases are divided into:

direct (nominative) - do not depend on other members of the sentence and are not controlled by verbs;
indirect (all others) - are introduced by prepositions and act as a complement.

Meanings of indirect cases

The cases of the Russian language have specific functions in the formation of connections between the members of the sentence. For example, the genitive conveys the meaning of belonging and inclusion in something ( son's notebook, wooden house), while the dative introduces the addressee of the speech or process ( call your mom, tell a friend). The modern instrumental case included several meanings at once, among which one can single out the instrument of action ( knock with a hammer) and path trajectory ( walk the forest path). The prepositional case, as the name implies, conveys many different meanings with the help of prepositions, from which, as an example, one can single out a location in space ( room in the house).

The selection of these meanings and the ability to determine them is the basis for observing spelling norms. Mistakes in case endings are very common. To avoid them, you must at least correctly determine the case.

Determining the case of a noun

simple table there are not enough endings for the correct spelling of the word. As a rule, the problem is to determine the necessary case. As an example of such a difficulty, one can name orthoepic similar forms of the genitive and dative cases of the 1st declension of the singular ( grandmothers – grandmother). However, there is an easy way to determine the ending needed in a particular case. For this you need:

The operations described above are very simple and effective. But there are other tools that do not require memorization of case questions and declension types. With the development of high technologies and Internet communications, it has become possible to compile special programs and services that can decline the necessary noun online in a split second. This method is suitable for both students and adults.

Russian grammar is one of the most important parts of the language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words at the same time sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, after all, everyone has heard how some foreigner is trying to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't work and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like they need to know grammar.

The noun is one of the most important independent parts of speech, which is practically the most common part of speech. It has such inconsistent features as number, case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in the sentence. In this article, you will learn how to determine cases for nouns what are indirect cases, how to ask them questions correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.

Cases

The only rule for the correct change of nouns is the correct setting of the ending in connection with the question asked. For native speakers, this is an easy task, but foreigners need to memorize the endings and correctly determine them.

Declension

Also exists 3 types of declension at nouns.

First decline. The name of the creatures. masculine and feminine with the ending -a, -я. For example, a flask, a pig.
Second decline. The name of the creatures. masculine and neuter with the ending -o, -e. For example, a tree, a well.
Third declension. The name of a feminine being with a null ending, or in -ь. For example, horse, horse.

Noun change different declensions.

	Question	1 declension (plural)	2 declension (plural)	3rd declension (plural)
Nominative pad.	who what?	tire (tires), moms (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horse (horses)
Parental fall.	who?, what?	tires (tires), moms (moms)	spaceship(s)	horses (horses)
Dative pad.	to whom; to what?	tire (tires), mom (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horses (horses)
Accusatory pad.	who?, what?	tire (tires), mom (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horse (horses)
Creative pad.	who?, what?	tire (tires), mother (mothers)	by spaceship(s)	horse(s)
Prepositional fall.	About who about what?	about a tire (about tires), about mom (about moms)	about a spaceship (about spaceships)	about a horse (about horses)

In Russian there is such a thing as indirect cases- these are all cases, except for the nominative.

All of them have their meaning:

Determinants

There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most efficient way to date is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.

The use of determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, it is enough to put this word before the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to memorize one word.

In addition, the question is of great importance for determining the case. The table gives an idea of what prepositions are used with case forms of nouns in Russian.

Cases are the foundation of the grammar of the Russian language and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But remembering all of them is very easy, two days of cramming is enough to remember them for a lifetime. Good luck!

Instruction

To begin with, you can explain the meaning in speech with the help of a simple exercise. Make a proposal and make a planned mistake in it. For example: “On Sunday we will definitely go to visit grandparents.” Ask the child what is wrong with this sentence? Usually children find and correct obvious mistakes without difficulty. Using such examples, one can clearly show that cases make our speech connected, thanks to them we can easily understand each other.

There are only six main cases in Russian. A rhyme familiar to many from childhood helps to remember them. It is quite unusual, but it contributes to the assimilation of the sequence of cases in the best possible way:
Ivan (nominative)
Born (genitive)
girl (dative)
Velel (accusative)
Drag (Creative)
Diaper (Prepositional)
The initial letter of each of the words of the poem corresponds to the first letter of the case. This is a kind of mnemonic rule that promotes memorization by expanding associative links.

Another expression is based on this, the memorization of which will also help to learn the order of cases:
Ivan (nominative)
Rubil (Genitive)
Firewood (Dative)
Barbara (accusative)
Topila (Creative)
Furnace (Prepositional)
Knowing your child, you can come up with any other statement for him based on this principle.

Auxiliary words and small hints help memorize cases and their corresponding questions.
The nominative case answers the questions "who?" "what?" ("Masha", "chair", "").
Genitive case - there is no "whom?", "what?" next to us (“Masha”, “chair”, “horses”).
Dative case - give a toy “to whom?”, “What?” (“Masha”, “chair”, “horses”).
Accusative case - I see nearby, in the distance "who?", "What?" (“Masha”, “chair”, “horse”).
Instrumental case - I create (draw, compose) together “with whom?”, “With what?” (“with Masha”, “with a chair”, “with a horse”).
Prepositional case - I propose to talk about “whom?”, “About what?” (“about Masha”, “about a chair”, “about a horse”).
In this case, be sure to pay the child’s attention to the identity of the initial letters in the name of the case and the auxiliary word: “dative - give”, “accusative - I see”, “creative - I create”, “prepositional - I suggest”.

Sources:

Kanakina V.P. Russian language. Cases

Tip 2: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian language is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

Knowledge of the Russian language according to the school curriculum, nouns in the accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

Six are distinguished: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?), since the same questions are asked for animated objects: "whom?".

Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: "no what?" (for the genitive) and "see what?" (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it is accusative. For example: a small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to arrange endings, substitute the word "cat" or any other word for the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Determine the case depending on the ending. For example: pride in a teacher is an accusative case, because, substituting the word "cat" for a noun, we get: pride in a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in . Genitive, as a rule, the ratio of part and whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used in comparison (more beautiful than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work a week), the transition from action to an object (drive a car).

Use the same methods for indeclinables. For example: put on a coat (put on a cat - accusative case), do without coffee (do without a cat - genitive).

note

The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Helpful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

Page dedicated to the grammatical characteristics of the noun

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks of the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question each of the cases answers.

Instruction

case nominative- the initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, mom, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?”. This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". As funny as it may sound, this is how the question should be asked. A number of questions coincide, therefore, some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put the correct case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun matches, so the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), and crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. A person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, a machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Tip 4: How to explain the word "no" to your child in 2019

To protect the child from danger, adults are forced to say "no". This does not always meet the understanding of the child. To avoid quarrels and conflicts, follow a few rules.

In Russian, word change by cases called inclination. case-- is a certain the form given word. There are six cases in Russian.

Nominative singular is the initial form of a noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral or verb form - participle. For nouns in the nominative case, we will ask questions who? or what?: boy, tree. The nominative case usually belongs to subject in a sentence.

Genitive answers the questions whom? or what?, no boy, no tree.

Dative answers the questions to whom? or what? give to the boy, give to the tree.

Accusative answers the questions whom? ** or ** what? I see a boy, a tree.

AT instrumental nouns we will ask questions by whom? or how?, admiring the boy, the tree.

AT prepositional legitimate questions to the noun about whom? or about what?, I think about the boy, about the tree.

Case, in Russian, is a category of grammar that interacts nouns with other words in a text or sentence. Cases directly depend on the declined noun to one degree or another, while, as a rule, the ending of these words changes. In total, there are six cases in Russian, namely:

1) nominative (answers questions: who? Or what?)

2) genitive (answers the questions: whom? Or what?)

3) dative (answers questions to whom? Or what?)

4) accusative (answers questions: whom? Or what?)

5) creative (answers the questions: by whom? or what?)

6) prepositional (answers questions: about whom? or about what?)

In Russian, a case is a grammatical category that expresses an attitude towards an object denoted by a noun. Modern Russian has 6 cases. Here is a table where you can see all cases, as well as their endings for various genders in the singular and plural.

Case is a grammatical category characteristic of nouns and adjectives. Words can change in cases and this change is called declension. That is, nouns (and adjectives) are declined according to cases. This declension depends on other words that stand next to the given word and determine its case.

In total, there are 6 cases in Russian:

Nominative - who? / what? - friend, bag

Genitive - whom? / what? - friend, bags

Dative - to whom? / what? - friend, bag

Accusative - whom? / what? - friend, bag

Creative - by whom? / by what? - friend, bag

Prepositional - about whom? / about what? - about a friend, about a bag

The case in Russian is a separate grammatical category, through which the relation to any subject is expressed. In general, there are cases determined on the basis of the questions asked, and here is the table:

Pay attention to the auxiliary words that help determine the case.

The one below will allow you to study and remember such an important topic in Russian as case well.

A case is called the form of a word, when the word changes in cases - it declines.

But not all parts of speech can have a case and decline in cases.

For example, we can decline nouns, adjectives, pronouns, but we do not decline verbs by case.

There are only six cases in Russian, each case has its own questions for animate and inanimate objects, and also has different endings for singular and plural.

Table of cases of the Russian language with questions and examples below:

Case is the form of the word in which it is used in Russian. There are six cases in the Russian language, and each of them has its own formulation of the question to which it answers. Here is a case table with prepositions and endings used -

The case is the grammatical basis of the word, shows the syntactic role of the word and connects the words into sentences. To change in cases means to decline a word.

In order for sentences to be logically connected and nouns to be easily perceived, adjective numerals must take the necessary form. To do this, you need to be able to decline correctly, and here we turn to CASE for help.