Pavlik Frost betrayed his father. Why is Pavlik Morozov famous? Pavlik Morozov: history

In the Urals, the construction of a museum of the most famous pioneer of all times and peoples, Pavlik Morozov, begins. Funds for the creation of the museum and the collection of materials were allocated by the Soros Foundation - the first batch of the "Morozov" grant, the total amount of which is $7,000, has already arrived in the village of Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district. The creation of the museum will take about a year. Tavda schoolchildren, who are interested in history, and students of the history department of the Ural State University have already started collecting material. They will find out the whole truth about Pavlik Morozov with the assistance of the Yekaterinburg branch of the Memorial society. It is possible that thanks to the young frost experts, Russia, and the whole world, will learn a lot about the hero of the Soviet era, whose merits have recently been called into question - a year ago, the secrecy term in the case of the death of the legendary pioneer expired.

Pavlik Morozov died 71 years ago. During his short life, he became famous for several "exploits" (previously it was customary to write this word without quotes) - the young Pavel convicted his father Trofim Morozov, chairman of the village council, of selling clean forms with seals to the dispossessed. With the light hand of his son, Trofim was sent to Siberia for 10 years. Then, a young associate of the Soviet government reported about bread hidden from a neighbor, accused his aunt’s husband of stealing state grain and stated that part of this grain was with his grandfather, 80-year-old Sergey Sergeevich Morozov, who at one time hid his property from confiscations and some stranger.

For his frankness, Pavlik paid with his life - he and his brother were killed while walking through the forest. The entire Morozov family was accused of reprisals against children - an uncle, an elderly grandfather, grandmother, cousin, and at the same time the father, who was arriving at that time in Siberia. All these people were soon shot, leaving only the mother of the dead boys alive.

The woman who received an apartment in Crimea as compensation for the death of her hero son lived a very long life - Tatyana Morozova died in 1983. Almost until her death, she traveled around the country, telling the young inhabitants of the USSR about the life and death of Pavlik. Apparently, in recent years, she herself no longer remembered what really happened to her family in the distant 30s.

After the collapse of the Union, the figure of Pavlik began to be perceived in a completely different way - at first they began to talk about the boy simply as an informer who sold his family, and then the very fact of his existence was called into question. Indeed, was there Pavlik? The boy's homeland contains very contradictory data on the dates of his birth and death, 12 different versions of his accusatory speech are stored in the archives, and there is no unambiguous description of the appearance of the "pioneer-hero" at all. The fact that the boy, as they say, was, at one time was confirmed by his teacher Lyudmila Isakova. She also claimed that Pavel did not care much about politics, he was much more worried about troubles in the family - the cruelty of an alcoholic father who cheated on his mother, the bullying of a despot grandfather. Tired of this nightmare, Morozov betrayed his loved ones.

In 1997, the administration of the Tavdinsky district appealed to the Prosecutor General's Office with a request to review the decision of the Ural Regional Court, which had sentenced Pavlik's relatives to death. The Prosecutor General's Office came to the conclusion that the Morozovs are not subject to rehabilitation on political grounds, since the case is purely criminal in nature. The Supreme Court agreed with this opinion.

Perhaps soon we will find out what really happened in Gerasimovka more than 70 years ago. In any case, the museum will be interesting because in their exposition the authors of the project will present "a whole era of collectivization, the role played by it in the fate of hundreds and thousands of people", an era whose iconic figure was Pavlik Morozov.

Pavel Trofimovich Morozov, who in Soviet times was a role model for pioneers, according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka in a peasant family. During the period of collectivization, the boy, according to the official version, became an active participant in the fight against the kulaks, organized and led the first pioneer detachment in his native village.

Official Soviet history says that at the end of 1931, Pavlik convicted his father Trofim Morozov, then the chairman of the village council, of selling blank forms with a seal to special settlers from among the dispossessed kulaks. Based on the testimony of a teenager, Morozov Sr. was sentenced to ten years. Following this, Pavlik reported about the bread hidden from a neighbor, accused the husband of his own aunt of stealing state grain and stated that part of the stolen grain was with his own grandfather, Sergei Morozov. He spoke about the property, hidden from confiscation by the same uncle, actively participated in the actions, looking for hidden property together with representatives of the village council.

According to the official version, Pavlik was killed in the forest on September 3, 1932, when his mother left the village for a short time. The murderers, as determined by the investigation, were Pavlik's cousin, 19-year-old Danila, and Pavlik's 81-year-old grandfather, Sergei Morozov. Pavlik's grandmother, 79-year-old Ksenia Morozova, was declared an accomplice in the crime, and Pavlik's uncle, 70-year-old Arseny Kulukanov, was recognized as its organizer. At a show trial in a district club, they were all sentenced to death. Pavlik's father, Trofim, was also shot, although at that time he was far in the North.

After the death of the boy, his mother, Tatyana Morozova, received an apartment in the Crimea as compensation for her son, part of which she rented to the guests. The woman traveled a lot around the country with stories about the exploits of Pavlik. She died in 1983 in her apartment, lined with bronze busts of Pavlik.

Morozov's name was given to the Gerasimov and other collective farms, schools, pioneer squads and was the first to be entered in the Book of Honor of the V.I. Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization. Monuments to Pavlik Morozov were erected in Moscow (1948), the village of Gerasimovka (1954) and in Sverdlovsk (1957). Poems and songs were composed about Pavlik, an opera of the same name was written, and the great Eisenstein tried to make a film about him. However, the director's idea was not implemented.

Created by Soviet propaganda, the myth of the "pioneer-hero" existed for more than a dozen years. However, in the late 1980s, publications appeared that not only debunked the myth of Pavlik Morozov, who was called a traitor and informer, but also cast doubt on the very existence of a person with that name. First of all, doubts about the existence of the "hero" arose due to discrepancies with the dates of birth and death. His speech at the trial, in which he exposed his father, exists in 12 versions. In fact, it is impossible even to restore the appearance of Pavlik Morozov, since there are many descriptions that differ from each other. A number of publications questioned the fact that the teenager was really a pioneer.

In 1997, the administration of the Tavdinsky district decided to insist on a review of the criminal case on the fact of the murder of Pavlik Morozov, and in the spring of 1999, members of the Kurgan society "Memorial" sent a petition to the Prosecutor General's Office to review the decision of the Ural Regional Court, which sentenced the teenager's relatives to death.

His teacher Lyudmila Isakova told her version of the story of Pavlik Morozov. Moreover, this version was confirmed by Pavel's younger brother Alexei. According to Isakova, Pavlik's father drank, abused his sons and, in the end, left the family for another woman. Perhaps it was precisely this purely domestic motive that explained the desire of the “pioneer-hero” to take revenge on his father.

The Prosecutor General's Office, which is engaged in the rehabilitation of victims of political repression, came to the conclusion that the murder of Pavlik Morozov is purely criminal in nature, and, therefore, the criminals are not subject to rehabilitation on political grounds. In April 1999, the Supreme Court agreed with the opinion of the Prosecutor General's Office.

In Chelyabinsk, the children's railway bears the name of Pavlik Morozov, his bas-relief adorns the alley of pioneer heroes on the Scarlet Field. In Moscow, the monument to the "pioneer-hero", which stood in the children's park of the same name on Druzhinnikovskaya Street, was demolished in 1991, and a wooden chapel was built in its place.

Facts from the life of Pavel Morozov

According to the latest conclusions of historians, Pavel Morozov was not a member of the pioneer organization. In the Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V. I. Lenin, he was listed only in 1955, 23 years after his death.

At the trial, Pavel Morozov did not speak against his father and did not write denunciations against him. Witness testimony that the father beat the mother and brought into the house things received as payment for the issuance of false documents, he gave during the preliminary inquiry.

Trofim Morozov was subjected to criminal prosecution not for concealing grain, but for falsifying documents with which he supplied members of the counter-revolutionary group and persons hiding from Soviet power.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Many people mention it very often, but often know very little. And if they know, it is not the fact that the truth. He twice became a victim of political propaganda: in the era of the USSR, he was presented as a hero who gave his life in the class struggle, and in perestroika times, as an informer who betrayed his own father.
Modern historians question both myths about Pavlik Morozov, who became one of the most controversial figures in Soviet history.

The main attraction of the village of Gerasimovka, Sverdlovsk region. - Museum and grave of Pavlik Morozov. Up to 3 thousand people come here a year. And everyone is almost ready to tell how it all happened, so this image is imprinted in our consciousness ...


The story of the murder of Pavlik Morozov over 80 years has acquired a lot of myths, but until recently there were two main versions. According to one of them, Pavlik wrote a denunciation of his father, a kulak, and then on other kulaks who hid grain from the state. Grandfather and uncle did not forgive him for this, they waylaid him with his brother Fedya in the forest and slaughtered him. A demonstration trial took place over the grandfather, uncle and relatives of the children. Some were accused of murder, others of covering up a crime. Sentences - the death penalty or long terms of imprisonment.


According to another version, Pavlik was killed by the OGPU: allegedly, the system needed a hero to justify the repressions. A child killed with fists was perfect for this role.


Meanwhile, the director of the Pavlik Morozova Museum, Nina Kupratsevich, told us her version of this story. After many years of research, work with archival documents, meetings with Pavlik's relatives, Nina Ivanovna is absolutely sure: the boy did not betray any of his relatives and it was by no means relatives and not employees of the OGPU who killed him, but completely different people.
In all this tragic story, the figure of the father, Trofim Sergeevich Morozov, is very important. According to Kupratsevich, in fact, he was a literate, respected person in the village, otherwise he simply would not have been elected to the chairmanship of the village council. What Trofim was later accused of would today be called corruption. He illegally issued certificates of registration to dispossessed peasants and their families exiled to Gerasimovka. Without them, they had no right to leave the village. People worked in logging, starving, dying, and many wanted to leave. Of course, at that time it was considered a crime, but, in fact, Trofim Morozov saved people. The criminal case was initiated precisely because of fake certificates: two peasants were detained with them at the station in Tavda ...
Resentment for the mother.


Kupratsevich believes that an illiterate thirteen-year-old boy could not “lay down” his father. At the time of the trial, Trofim had already left the family, lived with a cohabitant for a long time, and his son was simply not aware of his affairs. Secondly, the small, thin Pavlik stuttered and simply could not give out that “anti-Kulak” monologue that Soviet propagandists attributed to him. And this monologue sounded like this (according to the writer Pavel Solomein): “Uncle judges, my father created a clear counter-revolution, I, as a pioneer, am obliged to say this, my father is not a defender of the interests of October, but is trying in every possible way to help the kulak escape, stood behind him with a mountain, and not as a son, but as a pioneer, I ask that my father be held accountable, because in the future I will not give the habit to others to hide their fist and clearly violate the line of the party ... "


[The house where Pavlik Morozov lived, 1950]

Yes, he had a reason to be offended by his father - for his mother. After all, Trofim went to a strange woman. Pashka stayed behind the owner in a family with four children, he didn’t even have time to study.
- On that day, Pavlik and Fedya went to the swamp for cranberries, - Nina Kupratsevich tells her version of those events. - The Morozovs' house was extreme, and, apparently, the grandfather, later accused of murder, saw them. But then the whole village went to those places for cranberries! Pavlik's grandfather, who was over 80, could not be so bad as to kill his grandson in front of possible witnesses. Did he not understand that the children would scream? And they were screaming! You read the protocol of examination of corpses: the brothers were cut with knives, their hands were injured. Apparently, they grabbed the blades, called for help. It doesn't look like a premeditated murder at all. Everything suggests that the guys were killed in a state of extreme fear. I think that these were dispossessed peasants-special settlers who lived in a dugout and hid in the forest from the authorities. Fearing that the boys would betray them, they grabbed their knives...
"Participation not proven"


Kupratsevich also does not believe in the version about the OGPU: “Do you really think that the authorities would not have found a suitable village closer to the center? How long did you travel to us? Three hours from Yekaterinburg? And at that time there was no direct road at all, it was necessary to get across the river by ferry. And when “myth-making” began, people began to be driven to the collective farm, it turned out very conveniently: the kulaks took the lives of two little brothers. And in fact, from scratch, the image of a pioneer hero was created. Maxim Gorky himself at the All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers said: “Relatives by blood, strangers by class killed Pavlik ...”
In fact, Pavlik was not a pioneer - a pioneer organization appeared in their village only a month after his murder. The tie was later simply added to his portrait.


[Pioneers visit the site of the death of Pavlik Morozov, 1968]

Meanwhile, in the late 90s, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation came to the conclusion that the murder of Pavlik Morozov was purely criminal in nature, and the criminals were not subject to rehabilitation for political reasons. However, retired Colonel of Justice Alexander Liskin, who took part in an additional investigation of the case in 1967 and worked with the KGB archives, concluded in 2001 that the participation of the people accused of Pavlik's death was not proven. Moreover, he claims that Pavlik appeared in court in his father's case as a witness. And there are no denunciations in this case.
By the way…


[Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the Sverdlovsk region, 1968. Pavlik's mother Tatyana Morozova with her grandson Pavel, 1979]

The fate of Pavlik's relatives developed in different ways. His godfather Arseny Kulukanov and cousin Danila were shot. Grandfather Sergey and grandmother Xenia died in prison. Trofim Morozov received ten years in the camps, worked on the construction of the White Sea Canal, where he died. According to other information, he remained alive, was released and spent his last days somewhere in the Tyumen region. Pavlik's brother Alexei Morozov fought at the front, but in 1943 he recklessly praised the brand of some German aircraft and spent 10 years near Nizhny Tagil. “I met with him. A very positive, wonderful person, ”Kupratsevich recalls. Mom Tatyana Semyonovna Morozova moved to the Crimea, to Alupka, where Nadezhda Krupskaya secured an apartment for her. She was given a small pension. She lived modestly, instead of a signature, she put a cross all her life.
P.S.


No matter how the story of Pavlik Morozov is interpreted, his fate does not become less tragic. His death served the Soviet government as a symbol of the struggle against those who do not share its ideals, and in the perestroika era it was used to discredit this government.

November 14, he could have turned 90 years old, but he forever remained 13 years old. Pavlik Morozov, over the past 76 years after his death, managed to be elevated to the rank of a pioneer hero and overthrown to a banal juvenile informer.

Pioneer Hero

To fully understand what happened in the early 30s of the last century in the remote Ural village of Gerasimovka, even the archives of the criminal case opened in 2002 did not help. It is only known for certain that Pavlik Morozov really existed. But there was a time when, in the wake of exposing communist myths, the most desperate heads even questioned this fact.

Recall: according to the official version, on which more than one generation grew up, Pavlik Morozov denounced his father at the GPU that he was hiding bread. Father was given 10 years. Some time later, thirteen-year-old Pavlik and his nine-year-old brother Fedya were found dead in the forest. Relatives of the boys were accused of the murder: grandfather, grandmother and cousin. They were shot, and Pavlik Morozov was made a pioneer hero.

During perestroika, historians and journalists rushed to investigate this case again. 20 years ago, some eyewitnesses to this story were still alive, and their testimony, backed up by old interviews with Pavlik's mother, Tatyana Morozova, divided the researchers into two camps. Some are sure that the child was slandered, while others found the bloody hand of the Chekists in a long history ...

Father Reveler

So, on September 3, 1932, the bodies of Pavlik and his younger nine-year-old brother Fedya were found in the forest near the village. “Paul was dealt a fatal blow to the belly. The second blow was struck in the chest near the heart, - the district police officer wrote in the protocol of the inspection of the scene. “Fyodor was stabbed to death with a knife in the belly above the navel, where the intestines came out, and his hand was cut with a knife to the bone ...”

In 1997, the administration of the Tavdinsky district, in which the village of Gerasimovka is located, turned to the Prosecutor General's Office with a request to review the decision of the court that sentenced Pavlik's killers to death. The Prosecutor General's Office decided that the Morozovs were not subject to rehabilitation on political grounds, since the case was a criminal one. Similar conclusions were made later by the Supreme Court.

As it became known, in the case of Father Pavlik, Trofim Morozov, there was no question of any bread. The chairman of the Gerasimovsky village council was tried for selling blank forms with seals to the dispossessed. For such trade, Trofim was imprisoned along with five other chairmen of the village councils of the district. Pavlik's younger brother Alexei recalled in the late 80s: “They really sent us to us. They brought settlers in the fall of the thirtieth year. Do you think their father felt sorry for them? Not at all. He is our mother, he did not spare his sons, let alone strangers. He loved only himself and vodka. And they tore three skins from the settlers for forms with seals.

It turns out that the moral character of Trofim could play an important role in this story. Pavlik's first teacher, Larisa Isakova, who arrived in Gerasimovka as a 17-year-old girl, could not stand the perestroika revelatory wave and wrote an open letter: how to write and count. As soon as Trofim sat down at his post, he completely abandoned his household, his wife and Pavlik were alone overstrained. He came home drunk, where did he get money only for vodka? Apparently, he was already receiving offerings.”

offended mother

Professor of the University of California Yuri Druzhnikov, who died this year, called for attention to the only surviving character in the Morozov family saga - the boys' mother Tatyana. She was not repressed, and, according to him, as compensation for everything that happened, the party even provided the woman with an apartment in the Crimea. Druzhnikov claims that Morozova told him that it was her idea to denounce her husband. It was revenge for the fact that he left for another woman. She, according to the researcher, persuaded her son Pavlik to “punish dad.” In his research, Druzhnikov went as far as to say that the killers of the boys were NKVD officers. They committed such a terrible crime in order to untie their hands in the fight against the fists, and at the same time present the hero-martyr to the younger generation. Documentary evidence of this has not been found. And Tatyana Morozova really moved to live in Alupka. The woman died in 1983, but the neighbors remember the pioneer hero's mother and brother.

She was a normal woman and a good mother. I remember her son Alexei very well, we worked together, ”said Tatiana’s neighbor Alexandra Yegorovna to the Sobesednik. - He often told us that there was no politics in the Pavlik case. Their grandfather went crazy, so he killed the brothers. And the mother was very worried about that tragedy. When Aleksey also called his son Pavlik, she cried a lot ... She was simple, in the summer she rented out housing to vacationers, at one time she traded fruit in the market.

Grandfather-murderer

By the way, there is not a word about the denunciation of Pavlik Morozov in the materials of the court. And when Trofim Morozov was tried, this fact was not mentioned. It is only known that Pavlik acted as a witness at the trial.

During interrogation, his grandfather Sergey, who was arrested on suspicion of killing Pavlik, admitted that the idea of ​​​​the murder belonged to him, since “Pavel brought out of patience, did not let pass, reproached me for being the keeper of the confiscated kulak things.” But at the same time he stated, however, that “he himself did not kill the brothers. Only kept Fedor. The grandson of Danila stabbed the guys.” 19-year-old Danila confirmed this: “We killed Fedya only so that we would not be extradited. He cried, asked not to kill, but we did not regret it ... ”The grandmother of the killed boys, Aksinya, was accused of inciting. Allegedly, she knew about the plan of the killers, approved of it and repeatedly said to her grandson Danila: “Kill this snotty communist!”

No one can figure out how strong the ideological component is in this story. Too many myths have wound around the tragedy. Fellow villagers, who were children at that time, recalled that the Morozov family was very pious, and Pavlik and Fedya were killed when they returned from the local priest.

And his teacher Larisa Isakova wrote in an open letter: “Now Pavlik seems like a kind of boy stuffed with slogans in a clean pioneer uniform. And because of our poverty, he never saw this uniform, he did not participate in pioneer parades. He did not know about any Stalin then ...

I did not have time to organize a pioneer detachment in Gerasimovka then, it was created after me, but I told the guys about how children are fighting for a better life in other cities and villages. Once I brought a red tie from Tavda, tied it to Pavel, and he joyfully ran home. And at home, his father tore off his tie and beat him terribly.

09/10/2003 The mystery of the life and death of Pavlik Morozov

Tyumen. September 3 marks the 71st anniversary of the death of Pavlik Morozov. He, along with his younger brother Fedya, was killed for denouncing his father to the Chekists. The village of Gerasimovka, where Pavlik was born and buried, is located 40 kilometers from the regional center of Tavda, Sverdlovsk Region.

In Soviet times, when the pioneer hero Pavlik Morozov was a model for the younger generation, an asphalt road was laid in the village and the House-Museum was built. Tourists from all over the country were taken by bus - 10-15 excursions a day. Now Gerasimovka is known only to old-timers and historians. The memorial complex is closed and is in a deplorable state.

Train of mystery

Streets in dozens of Russian cities still bear the name of Pavlik Morozov, although the main monument to the hero with a banner in his hand has long been removed from its pedestal in a park on Moscow's Krasnaya Presnya. After his death, he was forever inscribed in the history of the pioneers at number 001, and now his name has become a symbol of betrayal.

"There is still no clarity in this case. Even in the materials that are available, inconsistencies can be found, but no re-analysis has been carried out," says Anna Pastukhova, chairman of the Yekaterinburg branch of the Memorial human rights society. She believes that it is too early to close the case of Pavlik Morozov, "who has become a bargaining chip in adult games."

After several decades, it is already difficult to understand where is the myth about a 14-year-old boy who allegedly sacrificed his life in the fight against the "kulaks" who hid bread from the village poor, and where is the real life of a semi-literate teenager from a large village family.

Informer 001

The first attempt to make an independent investigation into the life of Pavlik was made back in the mid-80s by the Moscow prose writer Yuri Druzhnikov, who later wrote the book Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov, translated into several foreign languages. During the investigation, Druzhnikov was able to talk with some of the boy's surviving relatives, including his mother, Tatyana Morozova, whom Soviet propaganda turned into the heroic mother of the pioneer hero.

Pavlik's closest relatives were accused of Pavlik's death - grandfather Sergei Morozov, his wife Ksenia, cousin Danila and godfather - Armenia Kulukanov. Druzhnikov was the first to question the verdict. The trial itself was conducted in violation of the law, and "the main evidence of the guilt of the defendants were quotations from the reports of Stalin and Molotov that the class struggle intensified in certain areas, and the accused were an illustration of the correctness of their statements."

Druzhnikov, now a lecturer at the University of California, believes that Pavlik's denunciation of his father was made by him at the "instigation of his mother, whom his father left by going to another."

“He was never a pioneer either, he was made a pioneer after his death,” says Druzhnikov. “And most importantly, I revealed secret documents that Pavlik and his brother were killed not by kulaks, but by two NKVD officers: one is a voluntary and the second is a professional. They killed and pinned the blame on relatives who did not want to join the collective farm. By the way, the convicts were not kulaks either. They were forced to dig a hole for themselves, stripped naked and shot for example. This is how Stalin's directive on total collectivization was carried out locally. And the pioneer hero was needed two years later, when the Writers' Union was created and the boy was named the first positive hero of socialist realism.

Poor Pavlik Morozov

On September 3, 1982, the country widely celebrated the 50th anniversary of the death of the pioneer hero Pavlik Morozov, who was brutally murdered by bandits-kulaks. And a few years later, the memory of the hero began to be debunked, who allegedly turned out to be a juvenile informer against his own father. Meanwhile, the famous revolutionary Shlisselburger N. Morozov told the truth about the tragedy that had unfolded in the Urals to the writer Alexei Tolstoy back in 1939 ... This mysterious story is told in an article by the Tsarskoye Selo local historian, our longtime author Fyodor Morozov.

About twenty years ago, I remember, Lenin's rooms in secondary, music and sports schools throughout the country were covered with portraits of Pavlik Morozov. And the stories about the young pioneer, who allegedly exposed the hostile activities of his father, a fist, who hid grain from starving workers, and for this he was brutally murdered by his own grandfather and brother, the fists, diluted the radio stations "Mayak" and "Youth" almost every Saturday.

During the reign of Andropov, the feat of Pavlik received a new interpretation. His father turned from a kulak into a village headman, who enjoyed a reputation among his fellow villagers as a respected, decent person, but succumbed to intimidation by bandits hiding in the forests, to whom he issued false certificates. And in 1984, it suddenly turned out that Pavlik Morozov himself was not at all the one for whom he had been given out for fifty years ...

The family of Trofim Morozov - the head of the village of Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district, Sverdlovsk region - was, it turns out, very pious and did not miss a single Sunday service and church holiday. Moreover, both sons of the headman, Pavel and Fedor, often helped the local priest, for which he taught them to read and write. On the day of death on September 3, 1932, when both brothers were returning home from the local priest, they were slaughtered not far from their native village.

In 1989, the Ogonyok magazine published a new version, according to which it turned out that Pavlik Morozov, in principle, could not be a pioneer, since the nearest pioneer organization at that time was 120 kilometers from Gerasimovka. The reason for his murder was as if purely domestic. Pavlik's mother allegedly died, and his relationship with his stepmother did not work out. A strange and terrible role in the events was played by the jealousy of Morozov's neighbor, who, on behalf of Pavlik, wrote a denunciation to the Tavdinsky department of the GPU, casting a shadow of suspicion on the unsuspecting boy. During interrogations, Pavlik allegedly answered insulting questions with silence, which was taken as his confession in writing the denunciation. Mad with shame and grief, grandmother Aksinya decided in her own way to deal with Pavlik and his brother. Watching them on a forest road late in the evening of September 3, 1932, she strangled them ...

In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, this story looks different. Pavlik Morozov handed over his father, who allegedly sold documents to the enemies of the people, to the secretary of the Tavdinsky district party committee back in 1930, and at the same time appeared in court as an accuser of his own ancestor. At the same time, Pavlik Morozov was allegedly elected chairman of the council of the pioneer detachment of Gerasimovka. And in 1932, Pavlik, being a 14-year-old teenager, allegedly headed local food detachments to seize surplus grain from the kulaks of the entire Tavdinsky district, for which the kulaks slaughtered him along with his brother on a forest road (TSB 1954, vol. 28, p. 310 ).

Meanwhile, back in 1939, the famous honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, revolutionary Schlisselburger Nikolai Morozov, outraged by the proximity of his surname to the surname of Pavlik in the first Soviet encyclopedia of 1936, undertook an investigation of this case, so to speak, in hot pursuit. And I found out that everything was completely different from what was said and written in all the then official sources. According to Morozov's investigation, it turned out that Pavlik was not a pioneer, just as he was not an informer. At the trial against the head of the family, he acted as a witness and defended his father with all his might, which there were still many witnesses at that time: the court session in Tavda was held with open doors.

The honorary academician failed to talk with the secretary of the Tavdinsky district committee, to whom Pavlik allegedly whispered in his ear about the atrocities of his father: by that time the official had already been shot as an enemy of the people. But in the case of the murder of Pavel and Fyodor Morozov, Nikolai Alexandrovich discovered the testimony of members of the Morozov family - mother, sister and uncle. In her explanatory note, Tatyana Semyonovna, Pavel's mother, obviously under dictation, called her son a snitch, and blamed his grandfather, grandmother and uncle Danila for his death. In the same note, she first called Pavlik a pioneer. “My son Pavel, no matter what he saw or heard about this kulak gang, always reported them to the village council. Because of this, the kulaks hated him and in every possible way wanted to wipe out this young pioneer from the face of the earth.” (A curious detail: Pavlik's father was the chairman of the Gerasimovsky village council, so it turns out that he passed denunciations on his father and relatives to his father himself!)

As a result of meetings and conversations with the surviving Morozov relatives, the academician found out that a conflict had long been ripening in the family. By writing out left-wing documents, Trofim Morozov brought terrible misfortune to the family. Endless showdowns at night eventually led to a divorce and division of property. Taking advantage of the opportunity, numerous "well-wishers" intervened in the case, a train of denunciations about Trofim Sergeyevich, grandmother Aksinya and grandfather Sergey reached the Tavdinsky district committee and the district police department. All the slanders were allegedly written from the words of Pavlik by the local policeman Ivan Poputchik and the hut Pyotr Yeltsin. On their basis, the trial of Trofim Morozov was hastily concocted.
By that time, Pavlik himself knew how to write, so the denunciations allegedly recorded from his words that went to the area were 100% fakes! For some reason, Pavel was not asked questions about his "denunciations" at the trial. Nevertheless, although the guilt of Trofim Sergeevich was not proven, he got a sentence, and the Morozov family was almost repressed as a kulak family. This happened, however, two years later, and the district police officer demanded that Pavel himself testify against his grandfather and grandmother, respected in the district. Morozov, as their eldest grandson, resolutely refused, saying that he would beg a priest he knew to anathematize the district police officer for such thoughts and proposals. Pavel's conversation with the district police officer took place on September 1, 1932, and Pavel managed to convey its content to his confessor. And on September 3, he, together with his brother, returning from the church, did not reach the house ... Two days later, the bodies of the tormented brothers were found literally a stone's throw from the village. On the same day, the district police officer had terrible suspicions, and he conducted searches in the house of grandfather Pavlik and his cousin Danila, where he found bloody pants, a shirt and a knife. What kind of fool keeps such evidence in the house? The precinct was not going to answer such a stupid question from fellow villagers, he did not care about trifles.

On September 8, the district police officer, with the support of the opera from Tavda, knocked out testimony from Danila Morozov that the brothers were stabbed to death by the neighbor of the Morozovs, Efrem Shatrakov, who, Danila, only kept both "pioneers". The district police officer I. Poputchik added to the case of the murder of the brothers the last one, allegedly written from the words of Pavlik by the district police officer, "denunciation" against Shatrakov's neighbor, who allegedly concealed large surpluses of grain. On the same day, a strange explanatory note from Pavlik's mother appeared, in which he already appears as a pioneer and scammer, and the grandfather, grandmother and cousin Danila are called the main culprits of the tragedy.

On September 12, Danila changed his testimony and declared guilty of the death of the brothers of their own 80-year-old infirm grandfather Sergei Sergeyevich, who was not even able to keep up with his grandchildren, not to mention raising a knife over their heads! In the final version of the investigation, it is already indicated that the bloody "evidence" was found in the house of his grandfather, S.S. Morozov ...

The court sentenced the grandfather and cousin Pavlik Morozov, and at the same time the grandmother "for non-information" to be shot, while Shatrakov's neighbor was released from the courtroom as "repentant" ...

According to Tatyana Semyonovna, Pavlik's mother, the testimony against her grandfather was beaten out of her by employees of the Tavdinsky department of the OGPU by threats of reprisals against the whole family.

Honorary academician N.A. Morozov brought this maternal recognition with him in 1939 from Gerasimovka; he showed it to his acquaintances, in particular, to the deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, writer Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy. However, he was afraid to launch the document.

Just before his death in 1946, Morozov handed over the confessions of Pavlik's mother to Tsarskoye Selo local historians, from whose funds they were stolen in April 1951. Vladimir Nikolayevich Smirnov, at that time the deputy chairman of the local section of local lore, told me about this.

Before the war, no one tried to shoot at least a small documentary about the most legendary pioneer of the era ... Is it because, apart from the Tavda Chekists and their rough cooking, there was nothing to shoot?

The name of Pavlik Morozov forever remained crap, the truth-bearers of all generations ruffled him at every corner and, no matter how scary, they rattle him to this day. Who and when will anathematize them for such fanaticism and mockery of the memory of innocent people?

Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man"