Punjabi language. The meaning of the word Punjabi in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary Punjabi language
Punjabi or Eastern Punjabi (pañjābī; V.-Panj. ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Z.-Panj. پنجابی; in Russian-language literature there are names of Punjabi, Punjabi language, Punjabi language) - the language of Punjabis and Jats. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. One of the official languages of India.
Distribution and abundance of speakers
It is distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, as well as in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab, as well as in the neighboring states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). About 28-29 million speakers live in India. The largest Punjabi-speaking cities are Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Patiala.
In Pakistan, according to the 2008 census, about 76 million people speak Punjabi. In particular, Punjabi is spoken by 86% of the inhabitants of Lahore and 71% of the inhabitants of Islamabad.
In addition, expatriate Punjabi speakers live outside of India and Pakistan.
Estimates of the total number of Punjabi speakers fluctuate, as some researchers include Siraiqi, Dogri, and Pothohari (Punjabi University at Patiala), which are recognized as independent languages.
Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab.
Dialects
Punjabi is divided into a number of standard dialects.
The Maji dialect (mājhī) is the basis of the literary Punjabi. Maji sub-dialects include Amritsari (district of the city of Amritsar), Lahauri (districts of Lahore, Sialkot, Shakargarh and partly in the territory of Gujranwala), Gurdaspuri.
Doabi dialect (dōābī) with sub-dialects Jallandari, Hoshiarpuri and Kapurthali.
Malvai or Malvai dialect (mālwāī; region of Firozpur, Ludhiana, Tava, Dhanaula).
In addition, Yu. A. Smirnov identifies transitional (between Punjabi and Western Punjabi languages) dialects, which in the traditional classification are considered together with the standard ones.
Povadi or Puadi dialect (pōwādhī; Banjara region, Sarhinda, Evam, Rajpur, Kharara, Rupara, Kurali).
Rathi dialect (rāṭhī).
Bhattiani dialect (bhaṭṭiānī; Firozpur district).
Phonetics
It has four tones: smooth, ascending, pharyngeal descending and pure descending, performing a semantic and grammatical role. Tones are not native to the language and are not characteristic of other Aryan languages; they arose as a result of rethinking the pronunciation of vowels in combination with various consonants. The Punjabi language is inflectional-analytical.
Grammar
Grammatical features: a developed case system, changing some adjectives by gender only in the function of a predicate, the presence of subjective, indirect-objective and relational circumstances. The most ancient Punjabi monument is a series of works of the sacred book of the Sikhs "Adigranth" (or "Granth Sahib") of the XII-XVII centuries.
Writing
Initially, the Punjabi language used a special Lakhnda script. In the 16th century, a new type of writing arose - Gurmukhi, originally intended for Sikh cult purposes. Gurmukhi has a tone-denoting and letter-syllabic character and is common in India. In Pakistan, the Shahmukhi letter.
Books
Rabinovich I.S., Serebryakov I.D. - Punjabi-Russian Dictionary - 1961 () ()
If you're trying to learn the Punjabi Alphabet which is also called Panjabi, check our courses about pronunciation, and sound of all letters...to help you with your Punjabi grammar. Try to concentrate on the lesson and memorize the sounds. Also don "t forget to check the rest of our other lessons listed on Learn Punjabi . Enjoy the rest of the lesson!
Punjabi Alphabet
Learning the Punjabi alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. Without it, you will not be able to say the words properly even if you know how to write those words. The better you pronounce a letter in a word, the more understood you will be in speaking the Punjabi language.
Below is a table showing the Punjabi alphabet and how it is pronounced in English, and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word.
| ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ) Gurmukhi (Punjabi) | English | Pronunciation Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
ਓ | ਓੂੜਾ | Oo"rhaa | o" as in room |
ਅ | ਐੜਾ | Ai "rhaa | a" as in hat |
ੲ | ਈੜੀ | Ee"rhee | e" as in energy |
ਸ | ਸੱਸਾ | sas"saa | s" as in the same |
ਹ | ਹਾਹਾ | haa"haa | h" as in home |
ਕ | ਕੱਕਾ | Kak "kaa | k" as in Kate, kite |
ਖ | ਖੱਖਾ | khakh"khaa | "kh" as in khan, khaki |
ਗ | ਗੱਗਾ | gag"gaa | g" as in God |
ਘ | ਘੱਘਾ | ghag"ghaa | "gh" as in aghast, ghost |
ਙ | ਙੰਙਾ | Ngan "ngaa | "ng" as in England |
ਚ | ਚੱਚਾ | chach"chaa | ch" as in change |
ਛ | ਛੱਛਾ | chhachh "chhaa | ch" as in cheddar more like ch/sh robustly aspirated |
ਜ | ਜੱਜਾ | jaj"jaa | j" as in Japan |
ਝ | ਝੱਝਾ | jhaj"jhaa | pronounced as harder stressed "j" as in jolt more robustly aspirated |
ਞ | ਞੰਞਾ | Njan "njaa | There is no English equivalent of this sound |
ਟ | ਟੈਂਕਾ | tain "kaa | t" as in Tom |
ਠ | ਠੱਠਾ | thath'thaa | "th" harder th as in river Thames |
ਡ | ਡੱਡਾ | ddad"daa | d"as in daddy |
ਢ | ਢੱਢਾ | dhad"daa | dd" as in daddy |
ਣ | ਣਾਣਾ | nhaa"nhaa | Pronounced like English "n" with tip of tongue upwards touching palette of mouth |
ਤ | ਤੱਤਾ | tat "taa | t" softer unaspirated t as inTim |
ਥ | ਥੱਥਾ | thath'thaa | "th" as in Thailand |
ਦ | ਦੱਦਾ | dad "daa | th" softer th as in "then" |
ਧ | ਧੱਧਾ | dhad"daa | "th" stressed th seventh |
ਨ | ਨੱਨਾ | nan "naa | n" as in name |
ਪ | ਪੱਪਾ | pap"paa | p" as in papa |
ਫ | ਫੱਫਾ | phaph "phaa | "ph" as in philosopher |
ਬ | ਬੱਬਾ | bab "baa | b"as in baby |
ਭ | ਭੱਭਾ | bhab"baa | there is no English equivalent of this sound more like bha combined together |
ਮ | ਮੱਮਾ | mam "maa | m"as in mother |
ਯ | ਯੱਯਾ | yay"yaa | y"as in yellow |
ਰ | ਰਾਰਾ | ra "raa | r" as in run |
ਲ | ਲੱਲਾ | lal "laa | l" as in lake |
ਵ | ਵੱਵਾ | vav"vaa | v" as in Victor |
ੜ | ੜਾੜਾ | rhar "rhaa | "rr" hard double r |
ਸ਼ | ਸ਼ੱਸ਼ਾ | shash "shaa | sh" as in shade |
ਖ਼ | ਖ਼ੱਖ਼ਾ | kha "khaa | "kh" as in khan or as "ch" As in the Scottish Loch |
ਗ਼ | ਗ਼ੱਗ਼ਾ | gag"gaa | g"as in good |
ਜ਼ | ਜ਼ੱਜ਼ਾ | Zaz"zaa | z" as in zebra |
ਫ਼ | ਫ਼ੱਫ਼ਾ | faf"faa | "ph" as in philosopher |
ਲ਼ | ਲ਼ੱਲ਼ਾ | lal "laa | l" as in land |
| Vowels in Gurmukhi (Punjabi) | There are 10 vowels. | ||
| Vowel Sign (broken circle represents a alphabet) | pronunciation | Name of vowel | example |
| invisible is with every consonant | a | ਮੁਕਤਾ mukta | ਸ sa |
ਾ | ā | ਕੰਨਾ kannā | ਸਾ sā |
ਿ | I | ਸਿਹਾਰੀ siharī | ਸਿsi |
ੀ | ī | ਬਿਹਾਰੀ biharī | ਸੀ si |
ੁ | u | ਔਂਕੜ auṅkaṛ | ਸੁsu |
ੂ | ū | ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ dulaiṅkaṛ | ਸੂ sū |
ੇ | ē | ਲਾਂਵਾਂ lāṃvāṃ | ਸੇ se |
ੈ | ai | ਦੁਲਾਂਵਾਂ dulāṃvāṃ | ਸੈ sai |
ੋ | ō | ਹੋੜਾ hōṛā | ਸੋ sō |
ੌ | au | ਕਨੌੜਾ kanauṛā | ਸੌ sau |
| Nasal signs> | |||
ਂ | ਬਿੰਦੀ bindī | It "s sound is the same as "n" in land, sand | |
ੰ | ਟਿੱਪੀ ṭippi | Its sound is the same as "n" in punch, lunch | |
ੱ | ਅਧਕ adhak | double sound to the particular consonant that it is assigned to |
Punjabi Pronunciation
You saw how a letter is written and might be pronounced, but there is nothing better than hearing the sound of the letters in a video or audio. Below you will be able to hear how the letters above are pronounced, just press the play button.
Punjabi or Eastern Punjabi (pañjabī; v.-panj.ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Z.-Panj. پنجابی ; in Russian-language literature there are names punjabi, Punjabi, Punjabi listen)) is the language of Punjabis and Jats. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. One of the official languages of India.
Distribution and abundance of speakers
Distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, as well as in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab, as well as in the neighboring states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). About 28-29 million speakers live in India. The largest Punjabi-speaking cities are Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Patiala.
In Pakistan, according to the 2008 census, about 76 million people speak Punjabi. In particular, Punjabi is spoken by 86% of the inhabitants of Lahore and 71% of the inhabitants of Islamabad.
In addition, expatriate Punjabi speakers live outside of India and Pakistan.
Estimates of the total number of Punjabi speakers fluctuate, as some researchers include Siraiqi, Dogri, and Pothohari (Punjabi University at Patiala), which are recognized as independent languages.
List of countries in the world in descending order of the number of Punjabi speakers
| Place | The country | Number of media |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pakistan 22x20px Pakistan | 76,335,300 |
| 2 | India 22x20px India | 29,109,672 |
| 3 | United Kingdom 22x20px United Kingdom | 2,300,000 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] |
| 4 | Canada 22x20px Canada | 1,100,000[[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] |
| 5 | UAE 22x20px UAE | 720,000 |
| 6 | USA 22x20px USA | 640,000 |
| 7 | Saudi Arabia22x20px Saudi Arabia | 620,000 |
| 8 | Hong Kong 22x20px Hong Kong | 260,000[[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] |
| 9 | Malaysia 22x20px Malaysia | 185,000 |
| 10 | South Africa 22x20px South Africa | 140,000[[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] |
| 11 | Myanmar 22x20px Myanmar | 120,000 |
| 12 | France 22x20px France | 90,000 |
| 13 | Italy 22x20px Italy | 80,000 |
| 14 | Thailand 22x20px Thailand | 75,000 |
| 15 | Japan 22x20px Japan | 75,000 |
| 16 | Mauritius 22x20px Mauritius | 70,000 |
| 17 | Singapore 22x20px Singapore | 70,000 |
| 18 | Oman 22x20px Oman | 68,000 |
| 19 | Libya 22x20px Libya | 65,000 |
| 20 | Bahrain 22x20px Bahrain | 60,000 |
| 21 | Kenya 22x20px Kenya | 55,000 |
| 22 | Australia 22x20px Australia | 50,000 |
| 23 | Tanzania 22x20px Tanzania | 45,000 |
| 24 | Kuwait 22x20px Kuwait | 40,000 |
| 25 | Germany 22x20px Germany | 35,000 |
Status
Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab.
Dialects
Punjabi is divided into a number of standard dialects.
- Dialect maji (mājhī) is the basis of literary Punjabi. Maji sub-dialects include amritsari(district of the city of Amritsar), lahauri(Districts of Lahore, Sialkot, Shakargarh and parts of Gujranwala), gurdaspuri.
- Dialect doabi (dōābī) with subdialects jallandari, hoshiarpuri and kapurthali.
- Dialect Malwai or malvai (mālwāī; region of Firozpur, Ludhiana, Tava, Dhanaula).
In addition, Yu. A. Smirnov identifies transitional (between Punjabi and Western Punjabi languages) dialects, which in the traditional classification are considered together with the standard ones.
Writing
Initially, the Punjabi language used a special Lakhnda script. In the 16th century, a new type of writing arose, the gurmukhi, originally intended for Sikh cult purposes. Gurmukhi has a tone-denoting and letter-syllabic character and is common in India. In Pakistan, the Shahmukhi script.
Linguistic characteristic
Phonetics
It has four tones: smooth, ascending, pharyngeal descending and pure descending, performing a semantic and grammatical role. Tones are not native to the language and are not characteristic of other Aryan languages; they arose as a result of rethinking the pronunciation of vowels in combination with various consonants. The Punjabi language is inflectional-analytical.
| Before. | Non-voltage before. | Avg. | Non-voltage ref. | Rear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top. | ī /iː/ | /u/ | |||
| Mid-top. | ē /eː/ | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ | ō /oː/ | |
| Avg. | a /ə/ | ||||
| Mid-low | e /ɛː/ | o /ɔː/ | |||
| Lower | ā /aː/ |
| Labial | labiodental | dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-veolar, / Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| explosive | p /p/ ph /pʰ/ |
b /b/ | t /t̪/ th /t̪ʰ/ |
d /d̪/ | ṭ /ʈ/ ṭh /ʈʰ/ |
ḍ /ɖ/ | k /k/ kh /kʰ/ |
g /g/ | ||||||||
| affricates | c /tʃ/ ch /tʃʰ/ |
j /dʒ/ | ||||||||||||||
| nasal | m /m/ | n/n/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ṅ /ŋ/ | |||||||||||
| fricatives | f /f/ | s /s/ | z /z/ | ś /ʃ/ | x /x/ | ġ /ɣ/ | h /h/ | |||||||||
| single beat | r /ɾ/ | ṛ /ɽ/ | ||||||||||||||
| Approximants | v /ʋ/ | y /j/ | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximants | l /l/ | ḷ /ɭ/ | ||||||||||||||
Morphology
Grammatical features: a developed case system, changing some adjectives by gender only in the function of a predicate, the presence of subjective, indirect-objective and relational circumstances. The oldest Punjabi monument is a series of works of the sacred book of the Sikhs "Adigranth" (or "Granth Sahib") XII-XVII centuries.
Syntax
The standard word order in Punjabi is subject-object-verb. Postpositions are used to express relationships between words.
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Notes
Literature
- Smirnov Yu.A. Grammar of the Punjabi language. - M .: Nauka, GRVL, 1976. - 479 p.
- Smirnov Yu.A. Lendy language. - M .: Nauka, GRVL, 1970. - 195 p.
- Smirnov Yu. A., Detection of the fourth tone in the Punjabi language and the pharyngeal character of another well-known tone, “Uch. app. State. Institute of International Relations, 1971, c. 7.
- Gill H. S., Gleason H. A. A reference grammar of Panjabi. — Hartford, 1963.
- Duni Chandra. Pañjãbï bhãshã dã wiãkarana. - Chandigarth, 1964.
- Smirnov U.A. The composite sentence Main problems. - Chandigarh, 1966.
- Smirnov U.A. Panjabi Kosh. v. 1-4. - Patiala, 1955-67.
Links
- (in Punjabi)
Dictionaries
Soft
Miscellaneous
Excerpt characterizing Punjabi
To be honest, I also had such a thought, but I didn’t have time to express it for the simple reason that, leading three kids, Luminary appeared ... The kids were mortally frightened by something and, shaking like autumn leaves, timidly huddled to the Luminary, afraid to move away from him at least a step. But children's curiosity soon clearly overcame fear, and, looking out from behind the broad back of their protector, they examined our unusual trio in surprise ... As for us, we, forgetting even to say hello, probably stared at the kids with even greater curiosity, trying to figure out where they could come from in the “lower astral plane”, and what exactly happened here...– Hello, dear... You shouldn't have come here. Something bad is going on here... – Svetilo greeted affectionately.
“Well, one could hardly expect anything good here ...” Stella commented with a sad smile. – But how did it happen that you left?!... After all, any “bad” person could come here during this time and occupy all this...
- Well, then you would have “turned” everything back ... - the Light answered simply.
At this point, we both stared at him in surprise - it was the most appropriate word that could be used to describe this process. But how could the Sunlight know him?! After all, he didn’t understand anything about it!.. Or did he understand, but didn’t say anything about it?...
– During this time, a lot of water has flowed under the bridge, dear… – as if answering our thoughts, he calmly said. “I'm trying to survive here, and with your help I'm starting to understand something. And that I bring someone, so I cannot enjoy such beauty alone, when only behind the wall such small ones are shaking in terrible horror ... All this is not for me if I cannot help ...
I looked at Stella - she looked very proud, and, of course, she was right. It was not in vain that she created this wonderful world for him - the Luminary was truly worth it. But he himself, like a big child, did not understand this at all. It's just that his heart was too big and kind and didn't want to accept help if he couldn't share it with someone else...
– How did they get here? Stella asked pointing at the frightened kids.
- Oh, it's a long story. I visited them from time to time, they came to my father and mother from the upper “floor” ... Sometimes I took them to my place in order to save them from trouble. They are small, they did not understand how dangerous it was. Mom and dad were here, so it seemed to them that everything was fine ... But I was always afraid that they would understand the danger when it was already too late ... So this same “late” thing just happened ...
What did their parents do to get them here? And why did they all “leave” at the same time? They died, didn't they? – could not stop, compassionate Stella.
– In order to save their babies, their parents had to kill other people... That's what they paid posthumously here. Like all of us... But now they are no longer here either... They are nowhere else... - the Sunlight whispered very sadly.
- How - nowhere? But what happened? Did they manage to die here too?! How did this happen? .. - Stella was surprised.
The luminary nodded.
"They were killed by a human, if 'it' can be called a human... He's a monster... I'm trying to find him... to destroy him."
We immediately stared at Maria in unison. Again it was some kind of terrible person, and again he killed ... Apparently, this was the same one who killed her Dean.
“This girl, her name is Maria, has lost her only defense, her friend, who was also killed by a “man.” I think it's the same one. How can we find it? You know?
- He will come himself ... - the Sunlight answered quietly, and pointed to the kids clinging to him. - He will come for them ... He accidentally let them go, I prevented him.
Stella and I got big, big, spikey goosebumps down our backs...
It sounded ominous... And we were not yet old enough to destroy someone so easily, and we didn't even know if we could... It's very simple in books - good heroes defeat monsters... But in reality everything is much more complicated. And even if you are sure that it is evil, it takes a lot of courage to defeat it... We knew how to do good, which not everyone can do either... But how to take someone's life, even the worst , neither Stella nor I had yet to learn somehow ... And without trying this, we could not be absolutely sure that our same "courage" at the most necessary moment would not let us down.
I didn’t even notice that the Sun was watching us very seriously all this time. And, of course, our confused faces spoke to him about all the “hesitations” and “fears” better than any, even the longest confession ...
– You are right, my dears – only fools are not afraid to kill... or monsters... And a normal person will never get used to it... especially if he has never even tried it. But you don't have to try. I won't allow it... Because even if you righteously defend someone and take revenge, it will burn your souls... And you'll never be the same again... Trust me.
Suddenly, a terrible laughter was heard right behind the wall, chilling the soul with its wildness ... The kids squealed, and all at once fell to the floor. Stella feverishly tried to close the cave with her protection, but, apparently due to strong excitement, she did not succeed ... Maria stood motionless, white as death, and it was clear that the state of shock she had recently experienced was returning to her.
“He is…” the girl whispered in horror. “He killed Dean… And he will kill all of us…”
- Well, we'll see about that. - Deliberately, very confidently said the Sun. - You haven't seen them! Hold on, Maria girl.
The laughter continued. And I suddenly realized very clearly that a person could not laugh like that! Even the most "lower astral"... Something in it all was wrong, something did not fit... It was more like a farce. To some kind of fake performance, with a very terrible, deadly end ... And then, finally, it “lighted up” on me - he was not the person he looked like !!! It was just a human mask, but the inside was terrible, alien ... And, it wasn’t, - I decided to try to fight it. But, if I knew the outcome, I probably would never have tried ...
The little ones with Maria hid in a deep niche that the sunlight did not reach. Stella and I stood inside, trying to somehow keep, for some reason, torn all the time, protection. And the Sun, trying to maintain iron calmness, met this unfamiliar monster at the entrance to the cave, and, as I understood, was not going to let him in there. Suddenly my heart ached a lot, as if in anticipation of some great misfortune ....
A bright blue flame flared up - we all gasped in unison ... What a minute ago was the Luminary, in just a short moment turned into “nothing”, without even starting to resist ... Flashing with a transparent blue haze, he went into distant eternity, not leaving a trace in this world...
We did not have time to get scared, as immediately after the incident, a terrible person appeared in the aisle. He was very tall and surprisingly... handsome. But all his beauty was spoiled by the vile expression of cruelty and death on his refined face, and there was also some kind of terrifying “degeneration” in him, if you can somehow define it ... And then, I suddenly remembered Maria’s words about her “horror movie " Dina. She was absolutely right - beauty can be surprisingly scary ... but the good "terrible" can be deeply and strongly loved ...
The creepy man laughed wildly again...
His laughter echoed painfully in my brain, sticking into it with thousands of the finest needles, and my numb body weakened, gradually becoming almost “wooden”, as if under the strongest alien influence... The sound of crazy laughter like fireworks scattered into millions of unfamiliar shades, immediately sharp fragments returning back to the brain. And then I finally realized - it really was something like a powerful "hypnosis", which, with its unusual sound, constantly increased fear, making us panicky afraid of this person.
- So what - how long are you going to laugh ?! Or are you afraid to speak? And then we are tired of listening to you, all this nonsense! – unexpectedly for myself, I rudely shouted.
I had no idea what came over me, and where did I suddenly get so much courage?! Because fear was already making me dizzy, and my legs gave way, as if I was going to fall asleep right now, on the floor of this very cave ... But it’s not for nothing that they say that sometimes people are able to perform feats out of fear ... Here I am, I was probably already so “outrageously” afraid that I somehow managed to forget about the same fear ... Fortunately, the scary person did not notice anything - apparently he was knocked out by the fact that I suddenly dared to speak to him so brazenly. And I continued, feeling that it was necessary at all costs to break this "conspiracy" as quickly as possible ...
| Punjabi language | |
| Self-name: |
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, پنجابی |
|---|---|
| Countries: | |
| Regions: | |
| official status: | |
| Total number of carriers: | |
| Rating : | |
| Classification | |
| Category : | |
| Indo-Iranian branch Indo-Aryan group Central subgroup | |
| Writing : | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 : | |
| ISO 639-2: | |
| ISO 639-3: |
pan, pnb, pmu, lah |
| See also: Project:Linguistics | |
Punjabi(Punjabi) (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ / پنجابی) is the language of the Punjabis. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family.
Distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, as well as in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab), one of the official languages of India. In Pakistan, about 80 million people speak Punjabi, despite the fact that the official language of the country is Urdu. In India, Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab, although it is also spoken in the neighboring states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. In addition, approximately a quarter of New Delhi's population uses Punjabi in their daily lives. Thus, there are about 50 million Punjabi speakers in India.
Dialects
It breaks up into dialects - maji, doabi, malvai, povadi, rathi and bhatiani.
Phonetics
It has four tones: smooth, ascending, pharyngeal descending and pure descending, performing a semantic and grammatical role. Tones are not native to the language and are not characteristic of other Aryan languages; they arose as a result of rethinking the pronunciation of vowels in combination with various consonants. The Punjabi language is inflectional-analytical.
Grammar
Grammatical features: a developed case system, changing some adjectives by gender only in the function of a predicate, the presence of subjective, indirect-objective and relational circumstances. The most ancient Punjabi monument is a series of works of the sacred book of the Sikhs "Adigranth" (or "Granth Sahib") of the XII-XVII centuries.
Writing
Initially, the Punjabi language used a special Lakhnda script. In the 16th century, a new type of writing arose, the gurmukhi, originally intended for Sikh cult purposes. Gurmukhi has a tone-denoting and letter-syllabic character and is common in India. In Pakistan, the Urdu script.
Literature
- Smirnov Yu. A., Detection of the fourth tone in the Punjabi language and the pharyngeal character of another well-known tone, “Uch. app. State. Institute of International Relations, 1971, c. 7;
- Gill H. S. and Gleason H. A., A reference grammar of Panjabi, Hartford, 1963;.
- Duni Chandra, Pañjãbï bhãshã dã wiãkarana, Chandigarth, ;
- Smirnov U. A., The composite sentence Main problems, Chandigarh, ; Panjabi Kosh, Patiala, v. 1-4, , 1955-67.
Northwest group
Punjabi or Eastern Punjabi (pañjabī; v.-panj.ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Z.-Panj. پنجابی ; in Russian-language literature there are names punjabi, Punjabi, Punjabi listen)) is the language of Punjabis and Jats. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. One of the official languages of India.
Distribution and abundance of speakers
Distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, as well as in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab, as well as in the neighboring states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). About 28-29 million speakers live in India. The largest Punjabi-speaking cities are Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Patiala.
In Pakistan, according to the 2008 census, about 76 million people speak Punjabi. In particular, Punjabi is spoken by 86% of the inhabitants of Lahore and 71% of the inhabitants of Islamabad.
In addition, expatriate Punjabi speakers live outside of India and Pakistan.
Estimates of the total number of Punjabi speakers fluctuate, as some researchers include Siraiqi, Dogri, and Pothohari (Punjabi University at Patiala), which are recognized as independent languages.
List of countries in the world in descending order of the number of Punjabi speakers
| Place | The country | Number of media |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pakistan Pakistan | 76,335,300 |
| 2 | india india | 29,109,672 |
| 3 | UK UK | 2,300,000 |
| 4 | Canada Canada | 1,100,000 |
| 5 | UAE UAE | 720,000 |
| 6 | USA USA | 640,000 |
| 7 | Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia | 620,000 |
| 8 | Hong Kong Hong Kong | 260,000 |
| 9 | Malaysia Malaysia | 185,000 |
| 10 | South Africa South Africa | 140,000 |
| 11 | Myanmar Myanmar | 120,000 |
| 12 | France France | 90,000 |
| 13 | Italy Italy | 80,000 |
| 14 | Thailand Thailand | 75,000 |
| 15 | japan japan | 75,000 |
| 16 | Mauritius Mauritius | 70,000 |
| 17 | Singapore Singapore | 70,000 |
| 18 | Oman Oman | 68,000 |
| 19 | Libya Libya | 65,000 |
| 20 | Bahrain Bahrain | 60,000 |
| 21 | Kenya Kenya | 55,000 |
| 22 | Australia Australia | 50,000 |
| 23 | Tanzania Tanzania | 45,000 |
| 24 | Kuwait Kuwait | 40,000 |
| 25 | Germany Germany | 35,000 |
Status
Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab.
Dialects
Punjabi is divided into a number of standard dialects.
- Dialect maji (mājhī) is the basis of literary Punjabi. Maji sub-dialects include amritsari(district of the city of Amritsar), lahauri(Districts of Lahore, Sialkot, Shakargarh and parts of Gujranwala), gurdaspuri.
- Dialect doabi (dōābī) with subdialects jallandari, hoshiarpuri and kapurthali.
- Dialect Malwai or malvai (mālwāī; region of Firozpur, Ludhiana, Tava, Dhanaula).
In addition, Yu. A. Smirnov identifies transitional (between Punjabi and Western Punjabi languages) dialects, which in the traditional classification are considered together with the standard ones.
Writing
Initially, the Punjabi language used a special Lakhnda script. In the 16th century, a new type of writing arose, the gurmukhi, originally intended for Sikh cult purposes. Gurmukhi has a tone-denoting and letter-syllabic character and is common in India. In Pakistan, the Shahmukhi script.
Linguistic characteristic
Phonetics
It has four tones: smooth, ascending, pharyngeal descending and pure descending, performing a semantic and grammatical role. Tones are not native to the language and are not characteristic of other Aryan languages; they arose as a result of rethinking the pronunciation of vowels in combination with various consonants. The Punjabi language is inflectional-analytical.
| Before. | Non-voltage before. | Avg. | Non-voltage ref. | Rear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top. | ī /iː/ | /u/ | |||
| Mid-top. | ē /eː/ | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ | ō /oː/ | |
| Avg. | a /ə/ | ||||
| Mid-low | e /ɛː/ | o /ɔː/ | |||
| Lower | ā /aː/ |
| Labial | labiodental | dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-veolar, / Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| explosive | p /p/ ph /pʰ/ |
b /b/ | t /t̪/ th /t̪ʰ/ |
d /d̪/ | ṭ /ʈ/ ṭh /ʈʰ/ |
ḍ /ɖ/ | k /k/ kh /kʰ/ |
g /g/ | ||||||||
| affricates | c /tʃ/ ch /tʃʰ/ |
j /dʒ/ | ||||||||||||||
| nasal | m /m/ | n/n/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ṅ /ŋ/ | |||||||||||
| fricatives | f /f/ | s /s/ | z /z/ | ś /ʃ/ | x /x/ | ġ /ɣ/ | h /h/ | |||||||||
| single beat | r /ɾ/ | ṛ /ɽ/ | ||||||||||||||
| Approximants | v /ʋ/ | y /j/ | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximants | l /l/ | ḷ /ɭ/ | ||||||||||||||
Morphology
Grammatical features: a developed case system, changing some adjectives by gender only in the function of a predicate, the presence of subjective, indirect-objective and relational circumstances. The oldest Punjabi monument is a series of works of the sacred book of the Sikhs "Adigranth" (or "Granth Sahib") XII-XVII centuries.
Syntax
The standard word order in Punjabi is subject-object-verb. Postpositions are used to express relationships between words.
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Notes
Literature
- Smirnov Yu.A. Grammar of the Punjabi language. - M .: Nauka, GRVL, 1976. - 479 p.
- Smirnov Yu.A. Lendy language. - M .: Nauka, GRVL, 1970. - 195 p.
- Smirnov Yu. A., Detection of the fourth tone in the Punjabi language and the pharyngeal character of another well-known tone, “Uch. app. State. Institute of International Relations, 1971, c. 7.
- Gill H. S., Gleason H. A. A reference grammar of Panjabi. — Hartford, 1963.
- Duni Chandra. Pañjãbï bhãshã dã wiãkarana. - Chandigarth, 1964.
- Smirnov U.A. The composite sentence Main problems. - Chandigarh, 1966.
- Smirnov U.A. Panjabi Kosh. v. 1-4. - Patiala, 1955-67.
Links
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Dictionaries
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Miscellaneous
Excerpt characterizing Punjabi
The countess, with a coldness that her son had never seen, answered him that he was of age, that Prince Andrei was marrying without the consent of his father, and that he could do the same, but that she would never recognize this intriguer as her daughter.Blown up by the word intriguer, Nikolai, raising his voice, told his mother that he never thought that she would force him to sell his feelings, and that if this was so, then he would say the last time ... But he did not have time to say that decisive word, which, judging by according to the expression of his face, his mother waited with horror and which, perhaps, would forever remain a cruel memory between them. He did not have time to finish, because Natasha with a pale and serious face entered the room from the door at which she was eavesdropping.
- Nikolinka, you are talking nonsense, shut up, shut up! I'm telling you, shut up! .. - she almost shouted to drown out his voice.
“Mom, my dear, it’s not at all because ... my dear, poor thing,” she turned to her mother, who, feeling herself on the verge of a break, looked at her son with horror, but, due to stubbornness and enthusiasm for the struggle, did not want and could not give up.
“Nikolinka, I’ll explain to you, you go away - you listen, mother dear,” she said to her mother.
Her words were meaningless; but they achieved the result to which she aspired.
The Countess, sobbing heavily, hid her face on her daughter's chest, and Nikolai stood up, clutched his head and left the room.
Natasha took up the matter of reconciliation and brought it to the point that Nikolai received a promise from his mother that Sonya would not be oppressed, and he himself promised that he would not do anything secretly from his parents.
With the firm intention, having arranged his affairs in the regiment, to retire, come and marry Sonya, Nikolai, sad and serious, at odds with his family, but, as it seemed to him, passionately in love, left for the regiment in early January.
After Nikolai's departure, the Rostovs' house became sadder than ever. The Countess became ill from a mental disorder.
Sonya was sad both from separation from Nikolai and even more from that hostile tone with which the countess could not but treat her. The count was more than ever preoccupied with the bad state of affairs, which required some kind of drastic measures. It was necessary to sell the Moscow house and the suburban one, and to sell the house it was necessary to go to Moscow. But the health of the countess forced her to postpone her departure from day to day.
Natasha, who easily and even cheerfully endured the first time of separation from her fiancé, now every day became more agitated and impatient. The thought that so, for nothing, her best time wasted for no one, which she would have used to love him, relentlessly tormented her. Most of his letters annoyed her. It was insulting to her to think that while she lives only by the thought of him, he lives a real life, sees new places, new people who are of interest to him. The more entertaining his letters were, the more annoyed she was. Her letters to him not only did not bring her consolation, but seemed to be a boring and false duty. She did not know how to write, because she could not comprehend the possibility of expressing in a letter truthfully at least one thousandth of what she was accustomed to express in her voice, smile and look. She wrote him classically monotonous, dry letters, to which she herself did not ascribe any significance and in which, according to bruillons, the countess corrected her spelling errors.
The health of the countess did not improve; but it was no longer possible to postpone the trip to Moscow. It was necessary to make a dowry, it was necessary to sell the house, and, moreover, Prince Andrei was expected first to Moscow, where Prince Nikolai Andreevich lived that winter, and Natasha was sure that he had already arrived.
The countess remained in the village, and the count, taking Sonya and Natasha with him, went to Moscow at the end of January.
Pierre, after the courtship of Prince Andrei and Natasha, for no apparent reason, suddenly felt the impossibility of continuing his former life. No matter how firmly he was convinced of the truths revealed to him by his benefactor, no matter how joyful he was at that first time of being carried away by the inner work of self-improvement, which he indulged in with such fervor, after the engagement of Prince Andrei with Natasha and after the death of Joseph Alekseevich, about which he received news almost at the same time - all the charm of this former life suddenly disappeared for him. There was only one skeleton of life left: his house with a brilliant wife, who now enjoyed the favors of one important person, acquaintance with all of Petersburg and service with boring formalities. And this former life suddenly presented itself to Pierre with unexpected abomination. He stopped writing his diary, avoided the company of his brothers, began to go to the club again, began to drink heavily again, again became close to single companies and began to lead such a life that Countess Elena Vasilyevna considered it necessary to make him a strict reprimand. Pierre, feeling that she was right, and in order not to compromise his wife, left for Moscow.
In Moscow, as soon as he drove into his huge house with withered and withering princesses, with huge domestics, as soon as he saw - driving through the city - this Iberian chapel with countless candle lights in front of golden robes, this Kremlin Square with snow that had not been driven, these cab drivers and the shacks of Sivtsev Vrazhka, saw the old men of Moscow, wanting nothing and slowly living their lives nowhere, saw old women, Moscow ladies, Moscow balls and the Moscow English Club - he felt at home, in a quiet haven. He felt calm, warm, familiar and dirty in Moscow, as in an old dressing gown.
Moscow society, everything from old women to children, accepted Pierre as their long-awaited guest, whose place was always ready and not occupied. For the Moscow world, Pierre was the sweetest, kindest, smartest, cheerful, generous eccentric, absent-minded and sincere, Russian, old-fashioned, gentleman. His wallet was always empty, because it was open to everyone.
Benefit performances, bad pictures, statues, charitable societies, gypsies, schools, signature dinners, revels, masons, churches, books - no one and nothing was refused, and if not for his two friends, who borrowed a lot of money from him and took him under their guardianship, he would give everything away. There was no dinner in the club, no evening without him. As soon as he leaned back in his place on the sofa after two bottles of Margot, he was surrounded, and rumors, disputes, jokes began. Where they quarreled, he - with his kind smile and by the way said joke, reconciled. Masonic dining lodges were dull and sluggish if he wasn't there.
When, after a single supper, he, with a kind and sweet smile, surrendering to the requests of a cheerful company, got up to go with them, joyful, solemn cries were heard among the youth. At the balls he danced, if he did not get a gentleman. Young ladies and young ladies loved him because, without courting anyone, he was equally kind to everyone, especially after dinner. “Il est charmant, il n "a pas de sehe", [He is very nice, but has no gender,] they talked about him.
Pierre was that retired chamberlain, good-naturedly living out his life in Moscow, of which there were hundreds.
How horrified he would have been if seven years ago, when he had just arrived from abroad, someone would have told him that he did not need to look for and invent anything, that his track had long been broken, determined eternally, and that, no matter how he turn around, he will be what everyone in his position was. He couldn't believe it! Didn't he wish with all his heart to first create a republic in Russia, then to be Napoleon himself, then a philosopher, then a tactician, the conqueror of Napoleon? Didn't he see the opportunity and passionately desire to regenerate the vicious human race and bring himself to the highest degree of perfection? Didn't he establish both schools and hospitals and set his peasants free?
And instead of all this, here he is, the rich husband of an unfaithful wife, a retired chamberlain who loves to eat, drink and easily scold the government, a member of the Moscow English Club and everyone's favorite member of Moscow society. For a long time he could not reconcile himself to the idea that he was that same retired Moscow chamberlain, the type of whom he so deeply despised seven years ago.
Sometimes he comforted himself with the thought that this was the only way, for the time being, he was leading this life; but then he was horrified by another thought, that for the time being, so many people had already entered this life and this club with all their teeth and hair, like him, and left without one tooth and hair.
In moments of pride, when he thought about his position, it seemed to him that he was completely different, special from those retired chamberlains whom he had despised before, that they were vulgar and stupid, pleased and reassured by their position, “and even now I am still dissatisfied I still want to do something for humanity,” he said to himself in moments of pride. “And maybe all those comrades of mine, just like me, fought, looked for some new, their own path in life, and just like me, by the force of the situation, society, breed, that elemental force against which there is no powerful man, they were brought to the same place as I, ”he said to himself in moments of modesty, and after living in Moscow for some time, he no longer despised, but began to love, respect and pity, as well as himself, his comrades in the fate .
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