Why is the moon a satellite? Lunar mysteries: why is the satellite so important to the earth? Physical characteristics of the moon

Moon- a satellite of the planet Earth in the solar system: description, history of research, interesting facts, size, orbit, dark side of the moon, scientific missions with photos.

Get away from the city lights on a dark night and admire the beautiful moonlight. Moon is the only terrestrial satellite that rotates around the Earth for more than 3.5 billion years. That is, the Moon accompanies humanity from the moment of its appearance.

Due to its brightness and direct visibility, the satellite has been reflected in many myths and cultures. Some thought it was a deity, while others tried to use it to predict events. Let's take a closer look at interesting facts about the moon.

There is no "dark side"

There are many stories where the other side of the moon appears. In reality, both sides receive the same amount of sunlight, but only one of them is available for terrestrial viewing. The fact is that the time of the axial lunar rotation coincides with the orbital one, which means that it always turns one side towards us. But we explore the "dark side" with spacecraft.

The moon influences the earth's tides

Due to gravity, the Moon creates two bulges on our planet. One is on the side turned to the satellite, and the second is on the back. These protrusions cause high and low tides throughout the Earth.

The moon tries to escape

Every year, the satellite moves away from us by 3.8 cm. If this continues, then in 50 billion years the Moon will simply run away. At that point, it would spend 47 days per orbital flyby.

The weight on the moon is much less

The moon yields to Earth's gravity, so you'll weigh 1/6 less on a satellite. That is why the astronauts had to jump around like kangaroos.

12 astronauts have landed on the moon

In 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped on the first satellite during the Apollo 11 mission. The last was Eugene Cernan in 1972. Since then, only robots have been sent to the moon.

No atmospheric layer

This means that the surface of the Moon, as seen in the photo, is devoid of protection from cosmic radiation, meteorite impacts and solar wind. Significant temperature fluctuations are also noticeable. You won't hear any sounds, and the sky always seems black.

There are earthquakes

Created by earth's gravity. The astronauts used seismographs and found out that there are cracks and gaps several kilometers below the surface. The satellite is believed to have a molten core.

The first apparatus arrived in 1959

The Soviet apparatus Luna-1 was the first to land on the moon. He flew past the satellite at a distance of 5995 km, and then went into orbit around the Sun.

Ranks 5th largest in the system

In diameter, the earth's satellite extends for 3475 km. The Earth is 80 times larger than the Moon, but they are about the same age. The main theory is that at the beginning of formation, a large object crashed into our planet, tearing material into space.

We'll go to the moon again

NASA plans to create a colony on the lunar surface so that there will always be people there. Work could begin as early as 2019.

In 1950, they planned to detonate a nuclear bomb on a satellite.

It was a secret Cold War project, Project A119. This would show a significant preponderance of one of the countries.

Size, Mass and Orbit of the Moon

The characteristics and parameters of the Moon should be studied. The radius is 1737 km, and the mass is 7.3477 x 10 22 kg, therefore it is inferior to our planet in everything. However, if compared with the celestial bodies of the solar system, it is clear that it is quite large in size (in second position after Charon). The density indicator is 3.3464 g / cm 3 (in second place among the moons after Io), and gravity is 1.622 m / s 2 (17% of the earth).

The eccentricity is 0.0549, and the orbital path covers 356400 - 370400 km (perihelion) and 40400 - 406700 km (aphelion). It takes 27.321582 days to make a complete circuit around the planet. In addition, the satellite is in the gravitational block, that is, it always looks at us with one side.

Physical characteristics of the moon

polar contraction	0,00125
Equatorial	1738.14 km 0.273 Earth
Polar radius	1735.97 km 0.273 Earth
Medium radius	1737.10 km 0.273 Earth
Large circumference	10,917 km
Surface area	3.793 10 7 km² 0.074 Earth
Volume	2.1958 10 10 km³ 0.020 Earth
Weight	7.3477 10 22 kg 0.0123 Earth
Average density	3.3464 g/cm³
Acceleration free fall at the equator	1.62 m/s²
First space speed	1.68 km/s
Second space speed	2.38 km/s
Rotation period	synchronized
Axis Tilt	1.5424°
Albedo	0,12
Apparent magnitude	−2,5/−12,9 −12.74 (full moon)

The composition and surface of the moon

The Moon repeats the Earth and also has an inner and outer core, mantle and crust. The core is a solid iron sphere extending for 240 km. The outer core of liquid iron (300 km) is concentrated around it.

Also in the mantle you can find igneous rocks, where there is more iron than ours. The crust extends for 50 km. The core covers only 20% of the entire object and contains not only metallic iron, but also small impurities of sulfur and nickel. You can see what the structure of the moon looks like in the diagram.

Scientists were able to confirm the presence of water on the satellite, most of which is concentrated at the poles in shaded crater formations and subsurface reservoirs. They think that it appeared due to the contact of the satellite with the solar wind.

Lunar geology is at odds with Earth. The satellite is devoid of a dense atmospheric layer, so there is no weather and wind erosion on it. The small size and low gravity result in rapid cooling and lack of tectonic activity. You can note a huge number of craters and volcanoes. Everywhere there are ridges, wrinkles, highlands and depressions.

The contrast between bright and dark areas is most noticeable. The former are called the lunar hills, but the dark ones are the seas. The highlands were formed by igneous rocks represented by feldspar and traces of magnesium, pyroxene, iron, olivine, magnetite and ilmenite.

Basalt rock formed the basis of the seas. Often these areas coincide with lowlands. Channels can be marked. They are curved and linear. These are lava tubes, cooled and destroyed since volcanic dormancy.

An interesting feature is the lunar domes, created by ejection of lava into the vents. They have gentle slopes, and a diameter of 8-12 km. Wrinkles appeared due to the compression of tectonic plates. Most are found in the seas.

A notable feature of our satellite is the impact craters that form when large space rocks fall. The kinetic impact energy forms a shock wave resulting in depression, causing a lot of material to be ejected.

The craters range from small pits up to 2500 km and a depth of 13 km (Aitken). The largest appeared in early history, after which they began to decrease. You can find about 300,000 depressions with a width of 1 km.

In addition, the lunar soil is of interest. It was formed due to impacts of asteroids and comets billions of years ago. The stones crumbled into fine dust that covered the entire surface.

The chemical composition of regolith differs depending on the position. If the mountains have a lot of aluminum and silicon dioxide, then the seas can boast of iron and magnesium. Geology was investigated not only by telescopic observations, but also by analysis of samples.

Atmosphere of the Moon

The moon has a thin layer of the atmosphere (exosphere), which causes the temperature to fluctuate greatly: from -153°C to 107°C. The analysis shows the presence of helium, neon and argon. The first two are created by solar winds, and the last one is the decay of potassium. There is also evidence of frozen water reserves in craters.

Formation of the moon

There are several theories of the appearance of the earth's satellite. Some people think that it's all about the gravity of the Earth, which pulled the already finished satellite. They formed together in the solar accretion disk. Age - 4.4-4.5 billion years.

The main theory is the impact. It is believed that a large object (Theia) flew into the proto-Earth 4.5 billion years ago. The ripped material began to rotate along our orbital path and formed the Moon. This is confirmed by computer models. In addition, the tested samples showed almost identical isotopic compositions with us.

Communication with the Earth

The moon revolves around the earth in 27.3 days (stellar period), but both objects move around the sun at the same time, so the satellite spends 29.5 days per phase for the earth (known phases of the moon).

The presence of the moon affects our planet. First of all, we are talking about tidal effects. We notice this when sea levels rise. Earth's rotation is 27 times faster than the moon's. Ocean tides are also enhanced by the frictional adhesion of water to Earth's rotation through ocean floors, water inertia, and basin wobble.

Angular momentum accelerates the lunar orbit and lifts the satellite higher with a longer period. Because of this, the distance between us increases, and the earth's rotation slows down. In a year, the satellite moves away from us by 38 mm.

As a result, we will achieve mutual tidal blocking, repeating the situation of Pluto and Charon. But it will take billions of years. So it's more likely that the Sun will become a red giant and engulf us.

Tides are also observed on the lunar surface with an amplitude of 10 cm for 27 days. Cumulative stress results in moonbeams. And they last an hour longer because there is no water to dampen the vibrations.

Let's not forget about such a magnificent event as an eclipse. This happens if the Sun, the satellite and our planet line up in a straight line. The lunar appears if the full moon is shown behind the earth's shadow, and the solar - the moon is located between the star and the planet. During a total eclipse, the sun's corona can be seen.

The lunar orbit is at an inclination of 5 ° to the earth, so eclipses occur at certain moments. The satellite needs to be near the intersection of the orbital planes. Periodicity covers 18 years.

History of Moon Observations

What does the history of lunar exploration look like? The satellite is located close and visible in the sky, so even prehistoric inhabitants could follow it. Early examples of recording lunar cycles begin in the 5th century BC. e. This was done by scientists in Babylon, who noted the 18-year cycle.

Anaxagoras from Ancient Greece believed that the Sun and the satellite act as large-scale spherical rocks, where the Moon reflected sunlight. Aristotle in 350 BC believed that the satellite is the boundary between the spheres of the elements.

The connection between the tides and the moon was stated by Seleucus in the 2nd century BC. He also thought that the height would depend on the lunar location in relation to the star. The first distance from the Earth and the size was obtained by Aristarchus. His data was improved by Ptolemy.

The Chinese began predicting lunar eclipses in the 4th century BC. They already knew then that the satellite reflects sunlight and is made in a spherical shape. Alhazen said that the sun's rays are not mirrored, but radiate from each lunar region in all directions.

Until the advent of the telescope, everyone believed that they were seeing a spherical object, as well as a completely smooth one. In 1609, the first sketch appears from Galileo Galilei, who depicted craters and mountains. This and observations of other objects helped advance Copernicus' heliocentric concept.

The development of telescopes has led to the refinement of surface features. All craters, mountains, valleys and seas were named after scientists, artists and prominent figures. Until the 1870s all craters were considered volcanic formations. But it wasn't until later that Richard Proctor suggested that they might be impact marks.

Exploring the moon

The space age of lunar exploration has allowed a closer look at the neighbor. The Cold War between the USSR and the USA caused all technologies to develop rapidly, and the Moon became the main target of research. It all started with launches of vehicles, and ended with human missions.

In 1958, the Soviet Luna program started, where the first three probes crashed on the surface. But a year later, the country successfully delivers 15 devices and extracts the first information (information about gravity and surface images). Samples were delivered by missions 16, 20 and 24.

Among the models were innovative ones: Luna-17 and Luna-21. But the Soviet program was closed and the probes were limited to only surveying the surface.

In NASA, the launch of probes started in the 60s. In 1961-1965s. the Ranger program was in operation, which created a map of the lunar landscape. Further in 1966-1968-s. landed rovers.

In 1969, a real miracle happened when Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong took the first step on the satellite and became the first man on the moon. This was the climax for the Apollo mission, which was originally aimed at human flight.

There were 13 astronauts on the Apollo 11-17 missions. They managed to extract 380 kg of rock. Also, all participants were engaged in various studies. After that, there was a long lull. In 1990, Japan became the third country to successfully place its probe above the lunar orbit.

In 1994, the United States sent a ship to Clementine, who was involved in the creation of a large-scale topographic map. In 1998, a scout managed to find ice deposits in craters.

In 2000, many countries became eager to explore the satellite. ESA sent the SMART-1 spacecraft, which first analyzed the chemical composition in detail in 2004. China launched the Chane program. The first probe arrived in 2007 and stayed in orbit for 16 months. The second device also managed to capture the arrival of asteroid 4179 Tutatis (December 2012). Chan'e-3 launched a rover in 2013.

In 2009, the Japanese Kaguya probe entered orbit, studying geophysics and creating two full-fledged video reviews. Since 2008-2009, the first mission from the Indian ISRO Chandrayan has been in orbit. They were able to create high resolution chemical, mineralogical and photogeological maps.

NASA in 2009 used the LRO spacecraft and the LCROSS satellite. The internal structure was considered by two additional NASA rovers launched in 2012.

The treaty between countries states that the satellite remains common property, so all countries can launch missions there. China is actively preparing a colonization project and is already testing its models on people who are closed for a long time in special domes. Not far behind is America, which also intends to populate the moon.

Use the resources of our site to view beautiful and high-quality photos of the Moon in high resolution. Useful links will help you find out the maximum known amount of information about the satellite. To understand which moon is today, just go to the appropriate sections. If you can not buy a telescope or binoculars, then look at the moon in an online telescope in real time. The picture is constantly updated, showing the crater surface. The site also tracks the phases of the moon and its position in orbit. There is a convenient and fascinating 3D model of the satellite, the solar system and all celestial bodies. Below is a map of the lunar surface.

Earth satellites: from artificial to natural

Astronomer Vladimir Surdin about expeditions to the Moon, the landing site of Apollo 11 and the equipment of astronauts:

Click on the image to enlarge it

More than half a century after the USSR launched mankind into space, the Russian Federation is barely holding on to the top three world leaders in terms of the number of launches, yielding to China, which has only recently begun to explore space, and the United States, which still have not learned how to make their own rocket engines and buy them in RF. Yesterday, Izvestiya reported that a new investigation into the case against the ex-head of the NPO Tekhnomash subordinated to Roscosmos could result in arrests in the ranks of the state corporation's management.

Former acting Director General of the company Dmitry Panov, who is suspected of fraud for half a billion rubles, on April 29 was sent to a pre-trial detention center by the Zamoskvoretsky Court for two months. According to the investigation, he was involved in the theft of money received for the implementation of the state defense order for the technical re-equipment of the Perm gunpowder factory. Experts note that the money withdrawal scheme used by the criminal group, which included officials from Roskosmos, was popular back in the late 1990s. According to investigators, Tekhnomash transferred more than 410 million rubles to the unremarkable Moskapstroy LLC. Shortly before this, the company won a tender for the reconstruction of the production of mixed solid fuels at the FKP Perm Powder Plant and was supposed to start work as early as 2017. However, after receiving several tranches as an advance, the subcontractor did not fulfill its obligations. In addition, according to the investigation, Genbank's guarantees provided under the contracts turned out to be fictitious.

Thus, corruption is becoming a real problem, due to which Russia's lag behind the leading space powers is increasing. Here is a table of space launches by country:

At this rate, in five years we will be competing with Japan and India for a place in the top five, especially since the Indian space program plans to double its presence in space. India has its own manned space program, and it is expected that from 2021 it will start its own manned space flights of Gaganaut astronauts on the Gaganyan spacecraft and become the fourth space superpower. In the future, it is planned to create a reusable apparatus and a reusable transport space system of a new generation, and in the distant future (after 2025-2030) - manned flights to the Moon in cooperation with other countries or even independently.

No, we also have a lot of plans and no less ambitious than Indian ones, but it’s hard to implement them in the current realities, and the more often “effective managers” come to some strategic area, the more theft flourishes instead of flying.

The base cost of launching the Russian Soyuz-2.1 launch vehicle with the Fregat upper stage is about $48.5 million, or 3 billion 137.5 million rubles at the current exchange rate, Glavkosmos Launch Services announced on Tuesday. Let's remember this number.

Before the current Cosmonautics Day holiday, the Prosecutor General's Office reported how much money was only stolen from subordinate enterprises of Roscosmos and Rostec. As stated in the report of the department on the state of law and order in Russia in the past 2018, during the inspections facts of illegal disposal of funds that were allocated for the performance of work under the defense order, overestimation of the cost of the work itself, failure to meet the deadlines for their execution, as well as other violations. According to the materials of prosecutor's checks, criminal cases were initiated. “The management of the state corporation is not only aware of the results of the audit of industrial enterprises by the Prosecutor General's Office, but also actively contributed to it. Based on these materials, at the end of 2018, exhaustive measures were taken at the enterprises of the rocket and space industry to restore order,”- said in Roskosmos.

However, the scale of theft in the industry is best shown by the construction of the never-completed Vostochny cosmodrome, which was supposed to become the pride and main platform for spacewalks in our country. Recall that the construction of the spaceport began seven years ago and has not yet been completed (the first launch was expected in 2015, but was postponed to the spring of 2016). Once again this spring, President Vladimir Putin announced that the construction must be completed. “We must have independent access to space from Russian territory, and in the near future, launch loads at the Vostochny cosmodrome should increase,”- said the head of the Russian state. The President hurried to complete the construction of complexes on the basis of Russian spaceports for the latest Angara-A5 and Angara-A5M launch vehicles. According to Putin, in order to complete the construction of the Plesetsk and Vostochny cosmodromes, the government needs to pay attention to prices. “It has already been reported several times that no company undertakes the completion of work with these prices. It is necessary to somehow approach this realistically, reasonably, not to overestimate, of course, nothing, ”- the President believes.

As for the prices, this is a separate issue, but given how much has already been stolen there, then by returning only half, Russia could become a leader in missile launches. On the facts of theft during the construction of the Vostochny cosmodrome, dozens of criminal cases were initiated in different regions of the country. The former head of Dalspetsstroy Yuri Khrizman, his son Mikhail Khrizman, the company's chief accountant Vladimir Ashikhmin, and ex-Speaker of the Khabarovsk Regional Duma Viktor Chudov are accused of embezzlement. According to the Investigative Committee, Yuri Khrizman and the chief accountant of the enterprise, Vladimir Ashikhmin, abused their official powers when using advances on 11 state contracts, which caused damage to the Russian Federation in the amount of 5.2 billion rubles. Depending on the role of each, they are accused of abuse of office and embezzlement. Several criminal cases were initiated against contractors and subcontractors of Spetsstroy. The head of one of the contracting firms, Vadim Mitryakov, received four years in prison for embezzling 1.3 billion rubles in the construction of transport facilities. Another figure, Anatoly Ryazanov, also received four years in prison. Together with his accomplices, according to the case file, he stole over 1.1 billion rubles in the supply of metal structures. http://rapsinews.ru/moscourts_news/20161228/277461800.html Sergei Ostrovsky, general director of the Ipromashprom design institute, according to investigators, stole almost half of the 143 million rubles allocated from the budget for the construction of the administrative complex of the cosmodrome. The investigation of this criminal case is ongoing. Earlier, Ostrovsky had already been sentenced to five years in a penal colony and a fine of 800,000 rubles for committing a similar crime - embezzlement of funds allocated for the design of the Vostochny cosmodrome, in the amount of 9.7 billion rubles.

More than 288 million rubles were stolen, according to investigators, by the former general director of the Pacific Bridge Construction Company, Viktor Grebnev. According to the investigation, he entered into surety agreements that were obviously unfavorable for TMK, the damage exceeded 130 million rubles. Another ex-general director of TMK, Igor Nesterenko, also stole 104.5 million rubles at the construction site of Vostochny and was sentenced to three years in prison. Former chairman of the board of directors of TMK Sergey Yudin, who, according to investigators, organized the embezzlement of money by Yuri Nesterenko, was sentenced to three years and four months in prison in a penal colony. In general, we add another half a billion to the previously known 9.7 billion, and the amount of the stolen increases to 10 billion rubles.

By the end of 2017, 13 people had been convicted in criminal cases initiated after prosecutorial inspections of the construction. On February 21, 2018, the Simonovsky Court of Moscow sentenced four defendants in the case of embezzlement during the construction of the Vostochny cosmodrome to terms of four and a half to eight years in prison. And such cases are brought up again and again. Meanwhile, only the proven amount of the stolen has already exceeded 10 billion rubles. At the same time, the cost of the entire cosmodrome is in the region of 180 billion rubles, or 3 billion of the launch cost. But in this case, it is not the money that matters, but the lost time. The stolen funds were to be spent on the construction and full commissioning of the spaceport, which means more launches, payloads, launch money, which were to be used for new developments, scientific programs and new breakthroughs. We've already lost a lot because of this, now it's time to clean up before we lose everything. 58 years ago, our fathers and grandfathers were able to give humanity access to space, today it is time to change the approach, or rather the entire system, so that the story of Gagarin's flight is the story of the beginning, and not one of the stories of past greatness.

Lesson summary using information technology (ICT)

Thing: the world.

UMC: N.Ya. Dmitrieva, A.N. Kazakov, developing training "System Zankov L.V."

Class: 2

Lesson type: introduction to new material.

Lesson topic: The Moon is the Earth's satellite.

Duration: 40 min.

Annotation: II quarter, the studied module "Space", 5th lesson.

Methods, techniques, forms:

- verbal (conversation), game;
– visual (multimedia presentation;);
– practical;
– method of self-control;
- problematic, organization of search and research work;

Combination of frontal, individual, group and pair forms of work;

The lesson of the surrounding world was developed in accordance with the requirements of the FGOS IEO.

Target: expand students' knowledge of the moon.

Tasks:

Educational tasks:

introduce the Earth's satellite - the Moon, with its movement around the Earth, size and distance from the Earth;

explain why the apparent shape of the moon changes throughout the month.

Development tasks:

develop spatial imagination, cognitive interest, outlook, creative abilities;

develop the ability to work with a globe, educational text;

develop skills of self-control and control, skills of practical work in groups;

to develop the cognitive activity of children, the ability to observe, compare, generalize and draw conclusions.

Educational tasks:

contribute to the formation of the student's personality, support the needs and motives to learn "new";

to instill respect for each other;

to form an emotionally positive attitude towards the subject, showing the connection of the studied subjects with life.

Value orientations: inquisitive, active and interested in knowing the world.

Planned results:

Personal UUD:

formation of a holistic, socially oriented view of the world in its limited unity;

to form motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity;

perceive classmates as members of their team (group);

contribute to the work to achieve common results;

be tolerant of other people's and their own mistakes, other opinions and be willing to discuss them.

Metasubject UUD.

Regulatory UUD:

together with the teacher to discover and formulate a learning problem;

after a preliminary discussion, independently formulate the topic of the lesson and the purpose of the lesson;

predict future work: determining the purpose of educational activities, choosing a topic, drawing up a plan;

evaluate learning activities in accordance with the task;

compare their actions with the goal, learn to evaluate the results of educational activities;

perform self-testing against the standard and adjust their activities.

Cognitive UUD:

navigate your knowledge system;

extract and process information to discover new knowledge;

extract information presented in different forms (test, text, illustration);

process the information received: draw conclusions as a result of the joint work of the whole class, group, couple.

Communicative UUD:

to convey one's position to others: to express one's point of view and try to substantiate it by giving arguments;

formulate your thoughts in speech form and convey your position to others;

listen to others, try to take a different point of view, be ready to change your point of view;

jointly agree on the rules of communication and behavior in the group and follow them;

consciously choose the criterion for the qualitative assessment of the work of the group.

Subject UUD:

be able to explain the meaning of "The moon is a satellite of the Earth";

work with ready-made models (globe);

expand knowledge of the moon.

Teaching technologies: technology of developing education, technology of activity approach, technology of problem-based learning, health-saving, technology of evaluation of educational achievements.

Equipment: computer, multimedia presentation of the lesson, handout for group work: evaluation signal cards, masks for the scene (moon phases), the dictionary word "crater".

During the classes

I .Motivation for learning activities(children in chorus) (slide 1)

The bell rang

The lesson starts.

To become a friend of nature

Know all her secrets

Unravel all mysteries

We learn to observe.

Together we will develop mindfulness,

And our curiosity will help to find out everything.

Hello guys, look at each other, smile and sit down. Now we have a lesson in the world around us.

I I . Knowledge update

Before moving on to the study of a new topic, we will complete a test, thereby checking how well you have learned the topic of the last lesson.(slide 2 - 7)

Test (Knowledge quality control and monitoring system) PROClass

The planets of the solar system are studying...

A) geographers;

B) chemists;

B) astronomers

D) physics.

The planets revolve around the sun. Them...

A) 7;

B) 9;

AT 11.

Pluto is...

a) the largest planet in the solar system

B) the smallest planet in the solar system;

C) the closest planet to the sun in the solar system.

The planets are located relative to the Sun:

A) Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter;

B) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus;

C) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

What is Earth?

A) a star

B) a planet

C) a flaming ball.

III . Formulation of the topic of the lesson, goal setting

I have prepared a small crossword puzzle for you. Let's guess it and see what keyword we get. (slide 8)

The star around which the earth revolves?

The planet farthest from the Sun?

Celestial body revolving around the sun?

A celestial body that itself glows?

So what's the keyword? (Moon)

So what are we going to talk about today? (about the moon)

Have you seen the moon?

What do you know about her?

Do you know everything about her?

Do you want to know more? (Yes)

What do you think the topic of our lesson is? ("The Moon is the Earth's satellite") (slide 9)

Let's see what we have to learn about her during this lesson? (slide 10)

1. The moon is a satellite of the Earth.

The surface of the moon.

Moon phases.

Human exploration of the moon.

To find out all this, we will go on an extraordinary journey to the moon. You will be real explorers, astronomers. You will draw conclusions based on scientific facts.

So, are you ready to embark on an extraordinary journey?

Fasten seat belts! Attention! Takeoff!

I V. Discovery of new knowledge.

Here we are, right there with you. Let's start looking for answers to our questions?

1. The moon is a satellite of the Earth. (slide 11)

Guys, in front of you is our planet Earth and the Moon. What can you say about them?

What is the size of the moon compared to the size of the earth?

The moon, it turns out, is 4 times smaller than the Earth.

What is the distance from Earth to the Moon?

The distance to the moon is about 400 thousand km. This is the closest cosmic body to the Earth.

It turns out that the Earth and the Moon, they are like 2 brothers, always inseparable. The Moon moves around the Earth, and together with the Earth around the Sun. Therefore, the Moon is called the satellite of the Earth.

Let's, in order to better imagine all this, we ourselves will briefly turn into the Sun, the planet Earth and the Moon. We will try to show the movement of the Earth around the Sun, and the Moon around the Earth. (Children demonstrate how the Sun, Earth and Moon move. Student - the Sun revolves around itself. Student - Earth - around itself and very slowly around the Sun. Student - the Moon revolves around itself and around the Earth.)

Here we have seen clearly the movement of the satellite of the Earth Moon.

Well done, sit down.

Now open the textbooks p.65 and read the first paragraph. Let's find out what the authors of the textbook offer us? (slide 12)

So why is the moon called the satellite of the earth? (children's answers)

2. The surface of the moon.(slide 13)

What do you see in the image?

Look at the surface of the moon and tell me what it is?

Look at the photo of the moon and listen to a poem by Gianni Rodari that your classmate will tell us... (one student says). Think what they called lunar seas. (Most likely, these are mountains and depressions on the surface of the moon.)

By the moonlit sea

Special secret -

It doesn't look like the sea.

There is not a drop of water in this sea,

And there are no fish either.

Into his waves

Can't dive

You can't splash in it.

You can't drown.

Swim in that sea

Convenient only for those

Who swim

Still can't do it at all!

What is said about the surface of the moon? (The surface of the Moon is rocky and very uneven. Mountains alternate with plains covered with dust. There are many depressions on the Moon that were formed from meteorite impacts on its surface).

Guys, these depressions are called craters, or in another way they are called "lunar seas."

Let's repeat this word in chorus - a crater (in chorus).

People even gave names to these seas: the Sea of Tranquility, the Sea of Rains, the Ocean of Storms.

So what are "moon seas"? (craters formed as a result of the fall of meteorites - stones that fell from space).

Fizminutka

Do not yawn on the sides, There will be a turn to the right.

You are an astronaut today! One - clap, two - clap,

Let's start training, Turn around again!

To become strong and dexterous. One two three four,

We put our hands to the sides, shoulders higher, arms wider.

We get the right left, we lower our hands down

And then vice versa - And sit down at the desk again!

3. Moon phases

- And now, guys, look at the fairy tale that your classmates and I have prepared for you. It's called "Why doesn't the month have a dress?" And why is it called that? (acting a fairy tale by two students)Appendix 1

What mystery does this story reveal? (slide 14)

Why doesn't the moon have a dress? (The moon is different)

Do you know what determines the different types of the moon?

Working in pairs (document camera application)

- Let's remember the rules of working in pairs, in groups. Annex 2

- Compare your drawings of the Moon with the drawings in your textbook.

Why do we see the Moon so differently from Earth? (Children's messages)

The different appearance of the Moon depends on how it is illuminated by the Sun invisible to us at night. The appearance of the Moon changes during the month, because it occupies a different position relative to the Sun and the Earth. Even in ancient times, people noticed that the moon changes its shape all the time. Either it looks like a round plate, or it looks like a sickle, which they called the month. There is an explanation for all this. The sun is a flaming ball. It emits light. And the moon does not emit light; it is like a mirror, reflecting the light of the sun. The sun's rays illuminate it from only one side. Only this illuminated side of the Moon is visible from Earth. As the Moon moves around the Earth, the Sun illuminates it in different ways. Depending on which part of the moon is illuminated, we see it in the sky - either as a whole, or as a half, or as a narrow sickle. If you watch the Moon, you will notice that the crescent of the "young", "growing" Moon is different from the "aging" Moon. To do this, you need to connect the ends of the horns with a straight line segment and slightly extend this line down. We will get the letter "P", i.e. the first letter of the word "growing". So we drew the young moon. And the “aging” sickle itself speaks of this, because it looks like the letter “C” - the first letter of the word “aging”.

Human exploration of the moon.(slide 15)

Guys, do you think people dreamed of visiting the moon? (Children's messages)

People have long dreamed of going to the moon. The real assault on the moon begins in 1959. In 1966, the Luna-9 station landed on the moon and transmitted a television image of the lunar landscape. In 1970, the Luna-16 station drilled and delivered lunar soil to Earth. Other countries were also engaged in the study of the moon.

And now you will learn about who managed to visit the moon. (Children's messages)

In 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed on the moon. They even managed to ride a lunar rover. In 1970, the first domestic self-propelled vehicle Lunokhod-1 began its movement on the surface of the Moon. A lot of craters on the Moon are caused by meteorite impacts. The moon has no atmosphere, unlike the earth. Due to the absence of an atmosphere on the surface of the moon, there are sharp temperature fluctuations. On the surface illuminated by the Sun, it rises to +130 degrees, and at night it drops to -160 degrees.

- What were the names of the American astronauts who landed on the moon? ( Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin)

What did scientists - astronomers manage to find out as a result of studying the moon? (Scientists have proven that there is no air, water, and therefore no animals and plants on the Moon.)

Have we received answers to questions previously unknown to us?

Now close your eyes and imagine that you and I are flying back to Earth. Happy landing, guys!

V. Consolidation of the studied material(slide 16)

Here we have learned a lot about the Earth's satellite, the Moon. And now let's check how well you remember everything.

Group work

Lay out statements on the tables using the words given to you. But keep in mind that not all words will be useful to you.

I Group

II Group

(

III Group

Read the statements you received.

One of the groups met the name Gagarin. Who can tell me who it is? (first man to fly into space).

State his full name. (Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin)

Or maybe someone can tell me the year when Yuri Gagarin made the flight? ( April 12, 1961)

Well done boys!

VI. Reflection of learning activities in the classroom.

- The bell will ring soon

Let's quickly summarize.

What new did you learn in the lesson? (about the fact that the Moon is a satellite of the Earth, about the surface of the Moon, about the phases, about the people who conquered the moon)

Self-assessment of work

I suggest that you evaluate your work in the lesson: (each has stars of three colors on the table)

red star- The lesson was easy, interesting.

yellow star- experienced difficulties.

Brown star- the lesson was boring, difficult, I did not understand anything.

Home Prepare a report on the Moon on behalf of an astronaut or a scientific astronomer.

Bibliography:

Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around: Textbook for grade 2: At 2 pm - 8th ed. - Samara: Educational Literature Publishing House: Fedorov Publishing House, 2012.

Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. Workbook on the world around for grade 2 - Samara: Educational Literature Publishing House: Fedorov Publishing House, 2013.

Gulueva T.S. The world around 2nd grade. Methodological recommendations for the textbook Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 2nd grade. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2009. - 281s.

Appendix 1

Fairy tale "Why the month has no dress"

The Crescent looked to the Tailor,

Not to the heavenly, but to the earthly.

- Sew me, master, an elegant dress,

I will walk in the sky on a holiday!

Tailor took measurements from the Crescent.

Invites him to try on.

But just for a few days

The Moon became twice as full.

Both in the shoulders and in the chest it is tight

So recovered the Heavenly Moon!

Almost crying with annoyance Tailor:

-What the devil was playing a trick on me!

Your grace is a little plump

Or from washing the matter of the village, -

I honestly don't understand...

Okay! I'll take a new sample.

Here days pass by,

Tailor doesn't waste a minute.

Well, the Moon is a reveler at night

In the meantime, it became a full moon.

He tries on a tight dress

And, sighing, he mutters curses:

- A sinner, a swindler, a villain!

I would be ashamed of good people.

For the last three days and three nights

The dress has become tighter and shorter!

Portnoy didn't answer.

Where can the Tailor argue with the Moon!

He took measurements from the customer again:

The dress will be ready for the holiday.

The tailor ripped the seams of the dress,

Chest expanded, extended the hem.

A little more to be done,

And the Moon is knocking on the window.

Yes, not the Moon, but a thin Sickle

At this time he went to the damage,

Not the Moon, but only half:

Only horns and a round back.

The whole trembled with anger Tailor:

- No, stop joking with me!

I foolishly tried to please you.

Every day, you changed shape.

Then you became round like a pancake.

Then thin, just this arshin.

Sewing a dress for you is an empty occupation,

Stay better without a dress!

Annex 2

Rules for working in pairs

Both should work.

One speaks, the other listens.

If you don't understand, ask again.

Group rules

The group must be responsible.

If you don't understand, ask again.

One speaks, others listen.

Express your disagreement politely.

Everyone should work for a common result.

Annex 3

Cards with sayings for group work.

I Group

Mars, Sun, Moon, artificial, natural, satellite of the Earth, Pluto.

("The moon is a natural satellite of the Earth")

II Group

The first, people, animals, Armstrong, Gagarin, who conquered, Aldrin, the Moon. ( The first people to conquer the moon - Armstrong and Aldrin")

III Group

Craters formed by, comets, from impacts, hollows, it, meteorites. (Craters are depressions formed from meteorite impacts.)

Appendix 4

Creative report with photographic materials

The Moon is the only natural satellite of the planet Earth. The Romans called the Earth's satellite the Moon, the Greeks - Selena, the ancient Egyptians - Iyah. The moon has attracted the interest of people since ancient times. . The Moon is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. Since the Moon revolves in a circle with a time of one month, the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes; we see this effect as a cycle of lunar phases. The time period between successive new months is 29.5 days (709 hours).

Although the Moon rotates around its own axis, it always faces the Earth with the same side. The fact is that it makes one circuit around its own axis in the same time (27.3 days) as one revolution around the Earth. And since the direction of both rotations coincides, it is unrealistic to see its opposite side from the Earth. But, since the rotation of the Moon around the Earth in an elliptical orbit proceeds unevenly, from the Earth it is possible to see 59% of the lunar surface.

The moon is not a self-luminous body like all planets. It can be observed only as far as it is illuminated by the Sun. Due to the peculiarities of the movement, our satellite is always illuminated by the Sun from only one side, but the earthly observer at different times sees the illuminated half in different ways. The moon changes its apparent shape, and these changes are called phases. The phases depend on the relative position of the Earth, Moon and .

Moon phases

New moon- the phase when the moon is between the Earth and the Sun. At this moment, it is invisible to the earthly observer.

Full moon- the opposite point of the Moon's orbit, in which its hemisphere is completely visible to the earthly observer illuminated by the Sun.

Intermediate phases- the position of the Moon between the new moon and the full moon, when the earthly observer sees a larger or smaller part of the illuminated hemisphere, they are called quarters.

Gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon invoke some interesting effects. The most recognizable of them is the tides of the sea. The gravitational pull of the Moon is stronger on the side of the Earth that is directed towards the Moon, and less on the other side. Therefore, the plane of the Earth, and especially the oceans, are stretched towards the Moon. If we looked at the Earth from the side, we would see two bulges, and both of them are oriented towards the Moon, but they are on opposite ends of the Earth.

This phenomenon is much stronger in ocean water than in solid crust, so the bulge of the water is greater. And since the Earth spins much faster than the Moon moves in its own orbit, the displacement of the bulges around the Earth once a day gives two high tide points per day.

Due to its size and composition, it is from time to time ranked among the planets of the terrestrial category along with, the Earth and. Because the study of the geological structure of the moon, scientists can learn a lot about the structure and development of the earth.

The average thickness of the moon's crust is 68 kilometers., varying from 0 km under the lunar sea of Crises to 107 km in the northern part of the Korolev crater on the reverse side. Under the crust is a mantle and, perhaps, a small core of iron sulfide (with a radius presumably 340 km and a mass that is about 2% of the mass of the entire moon.

Unlike the Earth's mantle, its shell is only partly molten. It is curious that the center of mass of the Moon is located approximately 2 km from the geometric center in the direction towards the Earth. On the side that is turned towards the Earth, the crust is the narrowest.

Measuring the speed of the Lunar Orbiter satellites made it possible to create a gravitational map of the Moon. With its help, unique lunar objects were discovered, called mascons - these are masses of matter of increased density.

The moon does not have a magnetic field. However, some of the rocks in its plane show residual magnetism, which indicates that the Moon may have had a magnetic field in the annals.

Having no atmosphere, no magnetic field, the Moon's plane is exposed to the direct influence of the solar wind. For 4 billion years, hydrogen ions from space hit the surface. Thus, the samples of lunar soil brought by Apollo turned out to be very significant for the study of the solar wind. This lunar element can still be used as rocket fuel.

The surface of the moon can be divided into 2 types: a very ancient mountainous region with a huge number of craters (lunar continents) and conditionally even and young lunar seas. The lunar seas, which make up approximately 16% of the entire plane of the moon, are huge craters formed as a result of collisions with celestial bodies that were later flooded with lava. A large part of the surface is covered with regolith - a mixture of fine dust and rocky fragments obtained from collisions with meteorites. For some unknown reason, the lunar seas are concentrated on the side facing us.

Most of the craters on the side facing us are named after famous people in the history of science, physics, astronomy, such as Tycho Brahe, Copernicus and Ptolemy. The relief features on the reverse side have the most modern names such as Apollo, and Korolev - these are mostly Russian names, since the first photographs were taken by the Russian ship Luna-3.

In addition to these features, the far side of the Moon contains a large basin of craters measuring 2,250 kilometers in diameter and 12 km deep - this is the largest basin that appeared as a result of a collision, in, and is located in the western part of the visible side (it is visible from the earth), which is a remarkable example of a multi-ring crater.

Secondary details of the lunar relief are also separated - domes, ridges, plains and cracks, which are called lunar furrows.

Before obtaining samples of the lunar soil, scientists knew nothing about when and how the moon formed.

3 principal theories of the formation of the moon

The Moon and the Earth formed at the same time from a gas and dust cloud
The moon broke away from the earth
The moon formed elsewhere and was subsequently captured by the Earth's magnetic field.

But new information, obtained by detailed study of samples from the Moon, in particular, the distribution of isotopes, led to the following theory: the Earth collided with an object the size of , (possibly formed at one of the Lagrange points), this planetoid was named Theia. The moon was formed from the matter knocked out by this collision. Not all the details of this theory have been worked out, but it is she who is most widespread today.

Planetary characteristics of the Moon

Radius = 1,738 km
Semi-major axis of the orbit = 384,400 km
Orbital period = 27.321661 days
Orbital eccentricity = 0.0549
Equator orbital inclination = 5.16
Surface temperature = -160° to +120°C
Day = 708 hours
Distance to Earth = 384400 km

Photos of the moon

Apollo mission

Full moon rising over the Temple of Poseidon (built 450-440 BC). Southern Greece, June 26, 2010, Anthony Iomamitis took 15 months to select the location and time for the five-minute exposure.

Relevance:

On April 12, our country remembers a grandiose event - a manned flight into space. At the lessons, we also discussed the topic of space, drew pictures. And the teacher asked us to prepare interesting reports about space. Therefore, I chose this particular topic, since it is interesting to me myself. And on the eve of this Cosmonautics Day holiday, this is relevant for us, I think that you will also be interested.

My assumptions:

At home, I took out the encyclopedia "Heavenly Bodies" and began to read. Then I asked myself, maybe the moon could fall on us? I replied that, probably, the Moon would fall if it approached the Earth. Or maybe something keeps her with the Earth, so she does not fall and does not fly away.

Purpose and objectives of my work:

I decided to study the literature in more detail, how the Moon was formed, how it affects the Earth, what connects it with the Earth, and why the Moon does not fly into space and does not fall to the Earth. And here's what I found out.

Introduction

In astronomy, a satellite is a body that revolves around a large body and is held by the force of its attraction. The Moon is the Earth's satellite. Earth is a satellite of the Sun. The Moon is a hard, cold, spherical celestial body, which is 4 times smaller than the Earth.

The Moon is the closest celestial body to Earth. If it were possible, then a tourist would walk to the moon for 40 years

The Earth-Moon system is unique in the solar system, since no planet has such a large satellite. The Moon is the only satellite of the Earth.

It is better visible to the naked eye than any planet through a telescope. Our satellite is fraught with many mysteries.

The moon is so far the only cosmic body that has been visited by man. The Moon revolves around the Earth in the same way that the Earth revolves around the Sun (see Fig. 1).

The distance between the centers of the Moon and the Earth is approximately 384467 km.

What does the moon look like?

The Moon is not at all like the Earth. There is no air, no water, no life. The concentration of gases near the surface of the moon is equivalent to a deep vacuum. Due to the lack of atmosphere, its gloomy dusty expanses heat up to + 120 ° C during the day and freeze at night or just in the shade up to - 160 ° C. The sky on the moon is always black, even during the day. The huge disk of the Earth looks from the Moon more than 3.5 times than the Moon from the Earth, and hangs almost motionless in the sky (see Fig. 2).

The entire surface of the moon is pitted with funnels, which are called craters. You can see them by looking at the moon on a clear night. Some craters are so large that they could fit a huge city. There are two main options for the formation of craters - volcanic and meteorite.

The lunar surface can be divided into two types: very old mountainous terrain (lunar mainland) and relatively smooth and younger lunar seas.

The lunar seas, which make up approximately 16% of the entire surface of the moon, are huge craters resulting from collisions with celestial bodies that were later flooded with liquid lava. The lunar seas were given names: the Sea of Crises, the Sea of Abundance, the Sea of Tranquility, the Sea of Rains, the Sea of Clouds, the Sea of Moscow and others.

Compared to the Earth, the Moon is very small. The radius of the moon is 1738 km, the volume of the moon is 2% of the volume of the Earth, and the area is approximately 7.5%

How was the Moon formed?

The Moon and the Earth are almost the same age. Here is one of the versions of the formation of the moon.

1. Shortly after the formation of the Earth, a huge celestial body crashed into it.

2. From the impact, it shattered into many fragments.

3. Under the influence of gravity (attraction) of the Earth, the fragments began to revolve around it.

4. Over time, the fragments gathered together, and the Moon was formed from them.

Moon phases

The moon changes its appearance every day. First, a narrow crescent, then the Moon grows fat and after a few days becomes round. For a few more days, the full moon gradually becomes smaller and smaller and again becomes like a sickle. The crescent moon is often called the month. If the sickle is turned with a convexity to the left, like the letter “C”, then the Moon is said to be “aging”. After 14 days and 19 hours after the full moon, the old month will disappear completely. The moon is not visible. This phase of the moon is called the “new moon”. Then, gradually, the Moon from a narrow crescent turned to the right turns back into the full Moon.

For the moon to “grow up” again, the same period of time is required: 14 days and 19 hours. Changing the appearance of the moon, i.e. the change of lunar phases, from full moon to full moon, occurs every four weeks, more precisely for 29 and a half days. This is a lunar month. It served as the basis for compiling the lunar calendar. During the full moon, the moon is turned to the Earth with the illuminated side, and during the new moon, the unlit side. Turning around the Earth, the moon turns to it either as a fully illuminated surface, or as a partially illuminated surface, or as a dark one. That is why the appearance of the Moon is constantly changing during the month.

Ebb and flow

The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects. The most famous of them is the tides of the sea. The difference between the levels of high and low tide in the open spaces of the ocean is small and amounts to 30–40 cm. However, near the coast, due to the incursion of a tidal wave onto a solid bottom, the tidal wave increases its height in the same way as ordinary wind waves of the surf.

Given the direction of rotation of the Moon around the Earth, it is possible to form a picture of the tidal wave following the ocean. The maximum amplitude of a tidal wave on Earth is observed in the Bay of Fundy in Canada and is 18 meters.

Moon exploration

The moon has attracted the attention of people since ancient times. The invention of telescopes made it possible to distinguish finer details of the relief (surface shape) of the Moon. One of the first lunar maps was compiled by Giovanni Riccioli in 1651, he also gave names to large dark areas, calling them “seas”, which we still use today. In 1881 Jules Janssen compiled a detailed "Photographic Atlas of the Moon".

With the advent of the space age, our knowledge of the moon has increased significantly. The Moon was first visited by the Soviet spacecraft Luna-2 on September 13, 1959.

For the first time, it was possible to look at the far side of the Moon in 1959, when the Soviet station Luna-3 flew over it and photographed part of its surface invisible from the Earth.

The American program of manned flight to the moon was called "Apollo".

The first landing took place on July 20, 1969, and the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon was the American Neil Armstrong. Six expeditions have visited the Moon, but the last time it was back in 1972, since the expeditions are very expensive. Each time, two people landed on it, who spent up to three days on the moon. New expeditions are currently being prepared.

Why doesn't the moon fall to the earth?

The moon would instantly fall to the Earth if it were stationary. But the Moon does not stand still, it revolves around the Earth.

When we throw an object such as a tennis ball, gravity pulls it towards the center of the earth. Even a tennis ball thrown at high speed will still fall to the ground, but the picture will change if the object is much further away and moving much faster.

My experience:

I asked this question to my dad and he explained it to me with a simple example. We tied an ordinary eraser to a thread. Imagine that you are the Earth, and the eraser is the moon, and start spinning it. The eraser on the thread will literally break out of your hand, but the thread will not let it go. The moon is so far away and moving so fast that it never falls in the same direction. Even falling constantly, the moon will never fall to the earth. Instead, it moves around the earth in a constant path.

If we rotate the eraser very strongly, the thread will break, and if we rotate it slowly, the eraser will fall.

We conclude: if the moon moved even faster, then it would overcome the gravity of the earth and fly away into space, if the moon moved more slowly, gravity would pull it to the earth. This precise balance of gravity creates what we call an orbit, where the smaller celestial body is constantly revolving around the larger one.

The force that keeps the Moon from “running away” as it spins is the Earth's gravity. And the force that prevents the Moon from falling to the Earth is the centrifugal force that occurs when the Moon rotates around the Earth.

Circling around the Earth, the Moon moves in orbit at a speed of 1 km / s, that is, slowly enough not to leave its orbit and “fly away” into space, but also fast enough not to fall to Earth.

By the way...

You will be surprised, but in fact the Moon ... is moving away from the Earth at a speed of 3-4 cm per year! The movement of the Moon around the Earth can be imagined as a slowly unwinding spiral. The reason for such a trajectory of the Moon is the Sun, which attracts the Moon 2 times stronger than the Earth.

Why then does the moon not fall on the sun? But because the Moon, together with the Earth, rotates, in turn, around the Sun, and the attractive action of the Sun is spent without a trace on constantly transferring both of these bodies from a direct path to a curved orbit.

- The Moon itself does not glow, it only reflects the sunlight falling on it;

- The moon rotates around its axis in 27 Earth days; during the same time it makes one revolution around the Earth;

- The moon, revolving around the earth, always faces us on one side, its reverse side remains invisible to us;

- The moon, moving along its orbit, gradually moves away from the Earth by about 4 cm per year.

- The force of gravity on the Moon is 6 times less than on Earth.

Therefore, it is much easier for a rocket to take off from the Moon than from the Earth.

It is possible that soon spaceships will be launched on distant interplanetary flights not from the Earth, but from the Moon.

Since the beginning of this century, China has announced its readiness to explore the moon, as well as to build several manned lunar bases there. After this statement, the space organizations of the leading countries, and in particular the USA (NASA) and ESA (European Space Agency) again launched their space programs.

What will come of it?

Let's see in 2020. It was for this year that George Bush planned to land people on the moon. This date is ten years ahead of China, since their space program said that the creation of habitable lunar bases and landing of people on them will take place only in 2030.

The moon is the most studied celestial body, but for a person it still holds a lot of mysteries: perhaps it is the base of extraterrestrial civilizations, perhaps life on Earth would be completely different if there was no moon, perhaps in the future a person will settle on the moon ...

Findings:

So, we found out that the Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth, it revolves around our planet and, together with the Earth, moves in orbit around the Sun;

- the question of the origin of the moon is still controversial;

The changes in the shape of the moon are called phases. They exist only for us

One of my assumptions turned out to be correct, the Moon is really holding something, and this is the Earth's gravity and centrifugal force.

And my other assumption that the Moon will fall if it approaches the Earth is not entirely correct. The moon will fall to the Earth when the moon stops rotating, is stationary, then the centrifugal force will not work.

Studying encyclopedias and the Internet, I learned a lot of new and interesting things. I will definitely share these discoveries with my classmates in the lesson about the world around us.

We managed to unravel some of the mysteries of the Moon, but this did not make it less interesting and attractive!

References:

1. “Space. Supernova Atlas of the Universe”, M., “Eksmo”, 2006.

2. New school encyclopedia "Heavenly bodies", M., "Rosmen", 2005

3. "Why" Children's Encyclopedia, M., "Rosmen", 2005

4. “What is it? Who it?" children's encyclopedia, M.,” Pedagogy -

Press" 1995

5. Internet - reference books, pictures about space.

Completed: 3B class student

Khaliullin Ildar

Supervisor: Sakaeva G.Ch.

MOU secondary school №79, Ufa